View source for DC connector

{{Short description|Electrical connector for carrying DC power}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
[[File:Klinken- und Hohlstecker.jpg|thumb|Some common DC power connectors]]
A '''DC connector''' (or '''DC plug''', for one common type) is an [[electrical connector]] that supplies [[direct current]] (DC) power.

Compared to domestic [[AC power plugs and sockets]], DC connectors have many more standard types that are not interchangeable. The dimensions and arrangement of DC connectors can be chosen to prevent accidental interconnection of incompatible sources and loads. Types vary from small coaxial connectors used to power portable electronic devices from [[AC adapter]]s to connectors used for automotive accessories and for battery packs in portable equipment.

== Extra-low voltage (under 120 VDC) ==
These [[extra-low voltage]] connectors are rated at or below 120&nbsp;VDC.

=== Cylindrical connectors ===
[[File:Photo-RoundPowerConnectors.jpg|thumb|Common male DC power connectors (shown with a ruler marked in cm/mm)]]
{{Main|Coaxial power connector}}

Small cylindrical connectors come in various sizes. They may be known as "coaxial power connectors," "barrel connectors," "concentric barrel connectors," or "tip connectors."

These plugs are intended for use on the cable connected to an external [[AC adapter]] ([[power supply]]). The matching jack or socket is permanently fitted to power the equipment. Some of these jacks contain a normally closed contact, which can be used to disconnect internal batteries whenever the power supply is connected, avoiding the risk of [[battery leakage]] or explosion posed by incorrect battery recharging.

Cylindrical plugs usually have an insulated tip constructed to accept the insertion of a pin. The outer body of the plug is one contact, most often but not always the negative side of the supply. Inverted polarity plugs can and do damage circuitry when plugged in, even if the voltage is correct; not all equipment is equipped with protection. A pin mounted in the socket makes contact with a second internal contact. The outer plug contact is often called the ''barrel'', ''sleeve'', or ''ring'', while the inner is called the ''tip''.

There are a wide variety of sizes and designs for these power connectors, and many appear pretty similar to each other yet are not quite mechanically or electrically compatible.  In addition to many generic designs (whose original designer is unknown), there are at least two national standards—[[EIAJ connector|EIAJ]] in [[Japan]] and [[DIN connector|DIN]] in [[Germany]], plus the JSBP connector used on some laptop computers.  The Japanese EIAJ standard includes five sizes, each supporting a specified range of voltages.  However, most other coaxial DC power connectors have no specified voltage association. Generic plugs are often named for the pin diameter they are designed to take.

Many [[Free and open-source software|non-proprietary]] co-axial power plugs are {{convert|5.5|mm|abbr=on}} in outside diameter (OD) and {{convert|9.5|mm|abbr=on}} in length. Two pin sizes are standard in the jacks for this size plug body, {{convert|2.1|mm|abbr=on}} and {{convert|2.5|mm|abbr=on}}, and the plugs should match. If the size is not known, it is difficult to distinguish by eye or measurement between the 2.1mm and 2.5mm ID plugs; some suppliers suggest simple methods.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://forum.digikey.com/t/measuring-power-supply-barrel-plug-id-2-1mm-vs-2-5mm/401 |title=Measuring Power Supply Barrel Plug ID 2.1mm vs 2.5mm|website=DigiKey Tech Forum: Tech Tips – Engineering and Component Solution Forum|date=August 2017|author=Robert Fay |access-date= 7 January 2019}}</ref>

Maximum current ratings commonly vary from unspecified up to 5&nbsp;A (11&nbsp;A for unique high-power versions from some companies<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mouser.com/new/switchcraft/Switchcraft-HiAmpJP/|title=High Amperage Jacks and Plugs – Switchcraft – Mouser}}</ref>), with 1&nbsp;A, 2&nbsp;A, and 5&nbsp;A being common values.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mouser.com/ProductDetail/Switchcraft/S760K/?qs=Z0CQwBkL9d0b%252by2xBlPCrw==|title=S760K|work=Mouser Electronics}}</ref> The smaller types usually have lower ratings, both for current and voltage. The 'tip' (i.e., the inner conductor) usually carries the positive (+) pole, but some devices and their power supplies use the negative tip. The connector size does not usually indicate the voltage. It is not possible, except for some proprietary connectors, to reliably infer any information on power parameters (current, voltage, polarity, even whether AC or DC) by examining the connector.

=== {{anchor|Kycon}}Snap and lock DC power connectors ===
[[File:Mini-DIN male 4-pin power connector.jpg|thumb|upright|A male 4-pin "Kycon" power connector, which appears similar to a Mini-DIN connector]]
[[File:Lenovo mini laptop Charger.jpg|thumb|upright|Right-angle DC connector]]

Snap and lock DC power connectors look similar to [[Mini-DIN]] connectors but have either 3 or 4 thicker pins and a slightly larger mating shell. Because of this, they do not mate with any of the standardized Mini-DIN connectors. Some devices, however, use a proper 4-pin Mini-DIN connector for power instead, presenting the possibility of mating such a connector with the wrong port (such as an [[S-Video]] output).
* Known as Kycon 3-pin and 4-pin DC power plugs.
* Erroneously also known as "Power DIN",<ref>{{citation
 |url=http://products.cui.com/categoryproducts.asp?catky=619701&subcatky1=447353&subcatky2=177075
 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130120033353/http://products.cui.com/categoryproducts.asp?catky=619701&subcatky1=447353&subcatky2=177075
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-date=20 January 2013
 |title=Power DIN Connectors
 |access-date=21 January 2012
 |publisher=CUI Inc
}}
</ref> although different from any standardized Mini-DIN or [[DIN connector]] type.
* The male plug's mating shell outer diameter is {{convert|10|mm|abbr=on}}, and the pins are {{convert|1.5|mm|abbr=on}} diameter
* Standard may include a limit of 20&nbsp;V at 7.5 amperes<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hosiden.co.jp/web/english/web/products/pdf/e_product.pdf |title=Hosiden product guide |access-date=9 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013214555/http://www.hosiden.co.jp/web/english/web/products/pdf/e_product.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Sometimes, there's a knurled retaining ring surrounding the male plug which allows fastening the plug to the chassis receiving the power.
* Some connectors have a right-angle connector, as seen in the picture.
* For aesthetics, some Dell laptop chargers have a glowing ring at the connector tip.

=== Molex connector ===
[[File:Molex female connector.jpg|thumb|upright|A Molex connector]]
{{Main|Molex connector}}

[[Molex connector]]s were frequently used as DC power connectors in personal computers, for floppy, hard disk, and CD drives.  These connectors have four pins, +5&nbsp;V (red), 2 common ground (black), and +12&nbsp;V (yellow).  [[Serial ATA#Power connectors|SATA]] peripherals use a different style of connector.

Locking Molex connectors are available in 3, 4, and 6 terminal configurations.
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=== XT connectors ===
Solder cup terminals are primarily designed for the in-line solder termination of conductors. This style of terminal is principally designed as a precision-machined pin for insertion into connector bodies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NASA |title=THROUGH-HOLE SOLDERING SOLDER CUPS |url=https://workmanship.nasa.gov/lib/insp/2%20books/links/sections/614%20Solder%20Cups.html#:~:text=Solder%20cup%20terminals%20are%20primarily,for%20insertion%20into%20connector%20bodies.}} {{pd-notice}}</ref>

=== IEC 60906-3:1994 ===
The [[International Electrotechnical Commission]] (IEC) has produced a standard for a system of 2-pin plugs and socket-outlets for household and similar purposes in fixed and portable applications, either indoors or outdoors.  [[Extra-low voltage|Safety extra-low voltage]] (SELV) plugs and socket-outlets carry up to 16 amperes, and have eight keying possibilities, to indicate 6, 12, 24, or 48 volts, [[Alternating current|AC]] or [[Direct current|DC]].

The connector is circular, with the male connector having two pins placed symmetrically inside a circular shield, and the female connector having two receptacles surrounded by a circular groove to accept the male shield, in turn surrounded by a second circular shield which projects {{cvt|6|mm}} past the mating surface and encloses the male connector.  (It somewhat resembles a smaller [[IEC 60309]] connector.)

The dimensions are as follows:<ref>{{Citation |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200095828 |title=ГОСТ IEC 60906-3-2011 Система МЭК вилок и штепсельных розеток бытового и аналогичного назначения |language=ru |trans-title=GOST IEC 60906-3-2011 IEC system of plugs and socket-outlets for household and similar purposes |date=13 December 2011 |access-date=19 July 2014}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Parameter                    !! Value
|-
| Pin-to-pin distance          || {{cvt|7.0|+/-|0.1|mm|3}}
|-
| Pin diameter                 || {{val|3.5|0.000|-0.075|u=mm}} ({{val|0.140|0.000|-0.003|u=in}})
|-
| Pin length                   || {{cvt|9.5|mm||3}} (ref)
|-
| Female pin receptacle        || {{cvt|4.0|+/-|0.1|mm|3}}
|-
| Female body diameter         || {{cvt|15.6|+/-|0.15|mm|3}}
|-
| Female groove depth          || {{cvt|10.0|+/-|0.2|mm|3}}
|-
| Male shield inner diameter   || {{val|16.0|0.2|-0.1|u=mm}} ({{val|0.630|0.008|-0.004|u=in}})
|-
| Male shield length           || {{val|10.0|+0.5|0.0|u=mm}} ({{val|0.394|+0.020|0.000|u=in}})
|-
| Male pin tip to shield tip   ||  {{cvt|0.5|+/-|0.2|mm|3}}
|-
| Male shield outer diameter   || {{cvt|19.0|+/-|0.1|mm|3}}
|-
| Female shield inner diameter || {{cvt|19.4|+/-|0.2|mm|3}}
|-
| Female shield length         || {{cvt|16.0|+/-|0.2|mm|3}}
|}<!-- Drawing? -->

The male shield has two keys projecting inwards, which fit into notches in the female body.  The larger key is at right angles to the pins, {{cvt|2.0|+/-|0.1|mm|3}} wide and ending at a radius of {{cvt|4.9|+/-|0.1|mm|3}} from the connector centre.  The corresponding notch is {{cvt|2.3|+/-|0.1|mm|3}} wide and ends at a radius of {{cvt|4.6|+/-|0.1|mm|3}} from the connector centre.

The angle of the second key from the first indicates the voltage and current type.  The eight permitted angles are multiples of 30° which are not multiples of 90°.  Angles of ±30° and ±60° indicate alternating current (50 or 60&nbsp;Hz), while angles of ±120° or ±150° indicate direct current with the pin at 90° being negative and the pin at 270° being positive.

The second key is smaller than the first, {{cvt|1.5|+/-|0.1|mm|3}} wide ending at a radius of {{cvt|6.4|+/-|0.1|mm|3}} from the connector centre.  The corresponding notch in the female connector body is {{cvt|1.8|+/-|0.1|mm|3}} wide and ends at a radius of {{cvt|6.2|+/-|0.1|mm|3}} from the connector centre.

With the angles measured clockwise looking at the female connector (counter-clockwise looking at the male), the various key positions indicate:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Angle !! Supply
|-
|  30°  ||  6 V AC
|-
|  60°  || 12 V AC
|-
| 120°  ||  6 V DC
|-
| 150°  || 12 V DC
|-
| 210°  || 24 V DC
|-
| 240°  || 48 V DC
|-
| 300°  || 24 V AC
|-
| 330°  || 48 V AC
|}

The so-called "Mini IEC connectors" are unrelated and not even standardized by the IEC at all; they are called that because they resemble a smaller [[IEC 60320#C13|IEC C13 connector]].

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=== IEC 61076 (ELV) ===
<div class="infobox" style="width: auto; max-width: 50%; float: right; margin-left: 1em;">
<gallery mode="packed">
File:IEC 61076 M12 L-coding 4-pin connector diagram.svg|M12 L-coding, 2-4 pins, 64&nbsp;Vdc 12/16&nbsp;A
File:IEC 61076 M12 T-coding 4-pin connector diagram.svg|M12 T-coding, 2-4 pins, 60&nbsp;Vdc 12&nbsp;A
</gallery>
</div>
{{Main|IEC metric screw sized connectors}}
The [[International Electrotechnical Commission]] (IEC) has standardized a set of multi-pin screw plugs matching [[ISO metric screw thread]], available in M5, M8 and M12 sizes.  M5 connectors are very low current, typically only used for signal wiring, while some M8 pin arrangements are rated for up to 3&nbsp;A, and some M12 arrangements are available up to 16&nbsp;A.  The multi-pin design caters for Ethernet, single and three-phase AC, as well as single or multiple voltage DC.  The DC ratings are typically 60&nbsp;V and below, however the F-coding is rated for 300&nbsp;V (see [[#IEC 61076 (LV)]] below).

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=== Tamiya connectors ===
{{Main|Tamiya connector}}
[[File:Tamiya Connector.gif|thumb|upright=0.40|A Tamiya connector]]
Tamiya connectors are commonly used on [[radio control]] (toy) vehicle battery packs and chargers.
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=== JST RCY connector ===
{{Main|JST connector}}
[[File:JST RCY.JPG|thumb|JST RCY connectors]]

The JST RCY-series connector is a 2.5mm-pitch and manufactured by J.S.T. Mfg. Co., Ltd.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jst-mfg.com/product/detail_e.php?series=521 |title=J.S.T. Mfg. Co., Ltd.}}</ref> It is known in radio control circles as the [[battery eliminator circuit]] (BEC) or P connector. JST also produces other types of connectors that are used in R/C and hobby electronics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jst.com/home8.html |title=Direct to Connector Series |access-date=1 September 2013 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024233/http://www.jst.com/home8.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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=== Deans style T-Plug ===
[[File:T-plug.jpg|thumb|Deans style T-Plug]]
The Deans style T-Plug connector is a polarized high power plug that inhibits accidental reversed connections. This also applies in particular to avoid the LiPo flash, which can cause burn injuries or related damage. Depending on the make, Deans plugs are sensitive to [[Overheating (electricity)|overheating]] during soldering, as the plastic can become soft and the plug surfaces can easily twist. Depending on the construction, they can support currents up to 40A (pulse to 70A){{cn|date=June 2024}}.

Usual pin assignment T-Plug: negative (-) is the parallel pin; positive (+) is the perpendicular pin.

{{Clear}}

=== Inverter tabs/lugs ===
[[File:Tabs.png|thumb|upright=0.4|Inverter lugs]]

Inverter tabs/lugs are available in 2, 4, and 8&nbsp;[[American wire gauge|AWG]]. These are designed to pass very high currents at voltages up to 600&nbsp;V&nbsp;DC to and from battery packs, inverters, and other high-current loads to a terminal bus.
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=== Airline in-seat power supply system ===
[[File:Empower jack.png|thumb|upright=0.5|An EmPower plug]]
{{Main|EmPower (aircraft power adapter)}}

Two different airline in-seat power supply system (ISPSS) standards for DC power have been used in the past. [[American Airlines]] in the past used an [[automobile auxiliary power outlet]]. Most other airlines that provide DC power use the smaller [[EmPower]] system, which has a 4-pin Hypertronics' D-series connector. It can supply 15 volts maximum 5 amperes.
{{Clear}}

=== Anderson Powerpole connectors ===
[[File:Pp01.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|An Anderson Powerpole]]
{{Main|Anderson Powerpole}}

Powerpole connectors are a series developed by Anderson Power Products[10] and available in a variety of sizes and colors. The commonly used 15/30/45 series connectors are interoperable and use the same housings but different contacts for different wire sizes and current requirements.

Powerpole connectors are physically and electrically genderless, thus avoiding the need to worry about which end is the plug and which the socket, or which end has the correct polarity, as is the case with the physically but not electrically genderless two-wire [[trailer plug]].

Powerpoles have been adopted as a standard 12&nbsp;V<sub>DC</sub> connector by most RACES [[Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service]] organizations and ARES [[Amateur Radio Emergency Service]] units. They deliver good current capability for their sizes and facilitate very easy pluggability for those without good eyesight or good lighting. However, they can be damaged relatively quickly and, if not correctly crimped, can occasionally separate from each other easily with minimal force unless additional retaining measures are taken.

=== SAE connector ===
[[File:SAE Connector.png|thumb|An SAE connector]]

The SAE connector is a physically [[gender of connectors and fasteners|self-mating hermaphrodite]] two-conductor DC connector commonly used for solar and [[automotive]] applications (including [[motorcycle]]s). It is so named for the [[Society of Automotive Engineers]] which created the specifications this connector is based on.

Although the plug is physically hermaphroditic, and any SAE connector can be connected to any other SAE connector, they are NOT electrically [[Hermaphroditic connector|hermaphroditic]], and care needs to be taken to maintain correct polarity when connecting different plugs.

This connector typically applies a maintenance charge to a vehicle battery. When installed in a vehicle and attached to a battery, the polarity of the connector is always such that no short circuit will occur if the exposed terminal touches the vehicle chassis. In most vehicles, this means that the exposed terminal connects to the battery's negative terminal. Conversely, the positive terminal on a [https://www.elvistech.ng/product/laptop-power-bank battery charger] is exposed to mate with the concealed one on the vehicle side. (This is reversed on vehicles with a positive-ground frame, such as vintage British motorcycles.)

Although there is a risk of [[Short circuit|short-circuiting]] a battery charger, the risk is minimal and often mitigated by the circuitry of the battery charger itself. On the other hand, the [[short-circuit current]] of the [[lead–acid battery|lead–acid batteries]] installed in vehicles is sufficiently great that a short circuit could result in a fire or explosion. The priority is therefore given to avoiding short circuits of the vehicle battery rather than the charger.

Although the term "SAE connector" is commonly used to refer to the pictured two-pin connector, many different connector standards are designated by [[Society of Automotive Engineers|SAE International]] which may also be referred to by this term. Furthermore, while the design of the subject connector was inspired by and based on SAE Standards, the connector itself has no official SAE designation.
{{Quote
|text=Upon researching, we found that there is no specification addressing the SAE 2 Pin overmold connector.  SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) Specification J928 addresses “Electrical Terminals – Pin and Receptacle Type” and SAE J1239 addresses 4, 5, and 8 pin trailer connectors, but there doesn’t seem to be an SAE specification for the 2 pin overmold configuration.

Seems the 2 pin overmold configuration was sort of a spin off developed in the early ’80’s using the spacing from the SAE 4 pin connector addressed by SAE J1239.  So, technically speaking, the 2 pin configuration is not governed by any SAE standard, but they were developed to be compliant with SAE J928 and J1239.

Certainly, the SAE perspective was toward automotive applications, including: trailer hitch/lighting wiring, onboard mechanisms (such as power windows), and battery maintenance.
|source=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701114324/http://sae2pin.com/tag/j928/ Retrieved May 21, 2020
}}
The SAE Specifications are available for [https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j928_201011/ J928] and [https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j1239_201009/ J1239] but do require payment to be viewed.

{{Clear}}

=== Car lighter sockets and plugs ===
{{Main|Automobile auxiliary power outlet}}
[[File:Car 12V DC plug.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|A 12–Volt cigar lighter plug]]<!-- Better picture please -->

The [[automobile auxiliary power outlet]] is also called a cigarette lighter receptacle, or cigar lighter receptacle, since it was originally designed as a [[lighter]] for cigars—hence its rather large size. Nowadays, it is used to power automotive accessories such as portable inverters, mobile phone chargers and portable refrigerators.

These sockets were not originally designed to provide DC power, and are not an ideal DC connector for several reasons{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}, but still widely used for compatibility to existing accessories. Three sizes exist, one for 6&nbsp;V<sub>DC</sub> and two for 12&nbsp;V<sub>DC</sub>{{Citation needed|date=February 2017}} and the mating of the different sized 12&nbsp;V<sub>DC</sub> plugs and jacks is problematic.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} Because of this, and the small gauge wire sometimes used, they may provide unreliable power connections.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

The polarity for 12&nbsp;V<sub>DC</sub> sockets is center pin positive (+), outer collar negative (−). Reversed polarity will damage some electronic devices.

Although the nominal voltage of a 12&nbsp;V lead acid battery is 12&nbsp;V<sub>DC</sub>, when the engine is running the car's battery charging system will bring the system voltage to 13.8&nbsp;V<sub>DC</sub> or higher.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.familycar.com/Classroom/charging.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130208072257/http://www.familycar.com/Classroom/charging.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 February 2013 |title=Automotive Charging Systems -  A Short Course on How They Work - CarParts.com }}</ref> The possible range of battery voltages from 11–15&nbsp;V<sub>DC</sub> must be taken into account by devices attached to the cigar lighter socket.

This connector is also often used for powering accessories on motorcycles, such as heated clothing (vests, gloves, etc.) or GPS units. This makes "plugging in" easier to manage while wearing gloves. As the accessory lacks any power of its own, there's no risk of "shorting" the exposed connector.{{Citation needed|date=February 2017}}

=== ISO 4165 connector ===
[[File:Four plugs for handlamp sockets (iso 4165) and cigarette-lighter 2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.50|ISO&nbsp;4165]]
{{Main|ISO 4165}}

Similar in concept to an automotive cigar lighter, the [[ISO 4165]] connector is shorter and smaller.

Found most frequently on motorcycles, it is also known as a "BMW Accessory", "Hella", "Merit", "Norm"{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}} or "Powerlet" connector.

=== XLR connectors used for power ===
[[File:XLR4 PICT6913a.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|XLR4]]
{{See also|Phantom power}}

In the broadcast, film, and television industries, the 4-pin [[XLR connector]] is the standard for 12 V power. The connectors are wired pin 1 negative, pin 4 positive. Often pins 1 and 2 will be negative, 3 and 4 positive for a higher current rating. Female connectors are used as supply and male connectors are used on loads. Most battery belts and power supplies output 13.2&nbsp;V, but equipment can usually handle a range of 11–18 volts to accommodate battery packs of varying voltages and charging while operating.

The readily available XLR3 is also used by some manufacturers as power supply plugs despite their being a well-accepted standard for other purposes.
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=== Clipsal connectors ===
{{anchor|Clipsal}}
[[File:T configuration 01 Pengo.jpg|thumb|Clipsal 492/32 DC plug, not wired]]

In Australia, a T-configuration [[Clipsal]] socket is used for [[extra-low voltage]] DC power outlets, such as in [[stand-alone power system]]s (SAPS) or on boats, in order to prevent accidental connections of 12&nbsp;V appliances into {{nowrap|240 V}} socket-outlets.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.commerce.wa.gov.au/energysafety/PDF/Publications/unsafe_generators.pdf |title=Unsafe Battery Charging Leads and Small Portable Generators |access-date=9 April 2012 |publisher=The Government of Western Australia, Department of Commerce |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323215412/http://www.commerce.wa.gov.au/energysafety/PDF/Publications/unsafe_generators.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2012  }}</ref> This connector is also used for temporary equipment in emergency vehicles.

The connector pins are mutually [[perpendicular]], and are usually oriented to look like a capital T. Polarity at the outlet can be random, and must be verified to avoid equipment damage.
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=== USB socket ===
[[File:MicroB USB Plug.jpg|thumb|Micro-B USB]]
Due to the popularity of USB for mobile phones and tablets, USB sockets and plugs have become a common choice for other small devices that require five volts or less, even those that require no data connection. Examples include flashlights, toys such as small helicopters, and rechargeable battery packs (which in turn provide five volts over USB to recharge other devices).<!-- please include only examples here where the USB connection is not used for data transfer, since these would have USB for that reason anyway. --> Wall sockets with built-in USB power adapters and USB sockets are available.

In 2009, the EU created a [[common external power supply]] specification, a voluntary specification which encouraged mobile phone manufacturers to use the [[USB#Micro connectors|micro USB-B]] connector. As of 2016, most new mobile phones used this connector for charging.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

In 2012, the [[USB Power Delivery]] (PD) specification was released.  The USB PD specification provides the ability for 5&nbsp;V devices to draw more than (the USB battery-charging specification limit of) 7.5&nbsp;W of power from USB "PD-aware" ports when using PD-aware USB cables. The specification also allows USB PD ports to provide even greater power at higher voltages over PD-aware cables – up to 36&nbsp;W at 12&nbsp;V and 60&nbsp;W at 20&nbsp;V (for micro-USB connectors) and up to 60&nbsp;W at 12&nbsp;V and 100&nbsp;W at 20&nbsp;V (for standard USB A/B connectors).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usb.org/developers/powerdelivery/ |title=USB Power Delivery |publisher=usb.org |year=2012 |access-date=25 February 2013}}</ref>

[[File:MacBook with Retina Display (5).jpg|thumb|The 12-inch 2015 MacBook uses a USB-C port for charging]]
After previous connectors were deprecated in USB 3.2, the new [[USB-C]] plug has become a new standard for charging (and data transfer) over USB.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/usb-type-c-one-cable-to-connect-them-all/|title=USB Type-C: One cable to connect them all|author=Dong Ngo|date=9 March 2015|publisher=CBS Interactive|work=CNET}}</ref>

In the European Union, the [[Radio Equipment Directive (2021)|Radio Equipment Directive 2021/0291]], requires new [[smartphone]]s to use [[USB-C]] as a [[universal charger]] by the end of 2024, and laptops by 2026.<ref name="BBC USB-C">{{cite news |last1=Gerken |first1=Tom |title=December 2024 set as date for universal phone charger in EU |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-63907702 |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=BBC News |date=12 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="NYT Satariano">{{cite news |last1=Satariano |first1=Adam |title=Europe wants to help clear out your drawer full of chargers. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/07/technology/eu-tablets-phones-usbc-chargers.html |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=7 June 2022}}</ref>

=== Other DC connectors ===
[[File:Heathkit power supply 11 pin connector.jpg|thumb|left|[[Heathkit]] power supply female connector for tube equipment]]
* There are a number of similar design PC board power connectors, including Molex Mini-Fit SR, Molex Mini-fit jr., MOLEX MICROFIT and Molex SABRE connectors, and AMP DUAC connectors that look similar to each other.
* Some plugs with three, four, five or more pins are also called ''DC plugs''. These were common on [[vacuum tube]] equipment and continue to be used where several voltages are supplied. On vacuum tube equipment the pins are normally on the equipment side of the join for safety reasons.
* Many [[mobile phone]]s use DC connectors that are unique to the manufacturer, or even a specific phone. In the interest of improved interoperability of phone battery chargers, major manufacturers have agreed to standardize on the [[micro-USB]] connector for new phone chargers from 2010.<ref>[http://internal.omtp.org/Lists/ReqPublications/Attachments/51/OMTP%20Common%20Charging%20and%20Local%20Data%20Connectivity%20v1.0.pdf Common charging and local data connectivity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512203439/http://internal.omtp.org/Lists/ReqPublications/Attachments/51/OMTP%20Common%20Charging%20and%20Local%20Data%20Connectivity%20v1.0.pdf |date=12 May 2011 }}, [[Open Mobile Terminal Platform]], February 2009</ref>
* Many manufacturers make special-purpose DC power connectors for battery packs, instruments, medical equipment, communications equipment and other devices.
* [[Power Pack (battery series)|Power Pack]] (PP) series of batteries such as the PP3 [[nine-volt battery]] have circular and hexagonal terminals which mate with a "snap" connector with physically identical (but opposite-polarity) terminals.
* Special "octal" connectors with either 8 or 11 pins, almost identical to octal [[relay]] sockets or [[tube socket]]s, were used to connect power supplies to some tube audio amplifiers, transmitters, and transceivers (especially in amateur radio models). Female sockets were installed on the power supply and male sockets (with exposed pins) on the radio equipment. Cable assemblies with mating connectors were also readily available. These connections transferred anode positive voltage (typically 600&nbsp;VDC for Heathkit, 800&nbsp;VDC for Collins), grid negative bias (−130&nbsp;VDC), 6.3 and 12.6&nbsp;VAC for heaters (filaments), and control functions (remote mains switching).

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== Low voltage (120–1,500 VDC) ==
These [[low voltage]] connectors are rated at or below 1,500&nbsp;VDC.

=== Anderson SBS ===
The Anderson SBS<ref name="sbs">[https://www.andersonpower.com/content/dam/app/ecommerce/product-pdfs/SBS-50/ds-sbs.pdf Anderson SBS series]</ref> and SBS Mini series of connectors are rated at up to 600&nbsp;VDC at (depending on the connector) 50&nbsp;A, 75&nbsp;A or 110&nbsp;A.  They are only rated for disconnection under load at up to 120&nbsp;VDC however.<ref name="sbs"/>

These connectors see use as battery bank connectors in higher power [[Uninterruptible power supply|UPS]] systems, where the battery bank voltages are between 48&nbsp;VDC and 500&nbsp;VDC.

=== MC4 connector ===
[[File:MC4 Connector Front and Top View.jpg|thumb|[[MC4 connector|MC4]] connectors, used on solar panels]]
{{Main|MC4 connector}}

MC4 connectors are common on [[Photovoltaic module|photovoltaic panels]].  Because these panels are exposed to the weather for decades, MC4 includes a rubber sealing ring to keep out moisture.  Because solar panels are often stacked in strings of hundreds of volts, MC4 has locking clips to hold the wires together.  Because solar panels can be connected in series strings, or parallel arrays, the positive and negative terminals use separate connectors.

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=== IEC 61076 (LV) ===
<div class="infobox" style="width: auto; max-width: 50%; float: right; margin-left: 1em;">
<gallery mode="packed">
File:IEC 61076 M12 F-coding 4-pin connector diagram.svg|M12 F-coding, 2-4 pins, 300&nbsp;Vdc 16&nbsp;A
</gallery>
</div>
{{Main|IEC metric screw sized connectors}}
The [[International Electrotechnical Commission]] (IEC) has standardized a set of multi-pin screw plugs matching [[ISO metric screw thread]], available in M5, M8 and M12 sizes (see [[#IEC 61076 (ELV)]] above).  The M12 F-coding is rated for 300&nbsp;V.

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=== IEC TS 62735 ===
[[File:IEC TS 62735 400 VDC 2.4 kW plug and socket.jpg|thumb|right|IEC TS 62735 plug and socket, 2.6&nbsp;kW version]]
[[File:IEC TS 62735 vs IEC320 C14.jpg|thumb|right|Comparison of 2.6 kW IEC TS 62735 (left) and [[IEC 320#C13/C14 coupler|IEC320 C14]] (right) inlets for receiving power]]
[[File:IEC TS 62735 vs IEC320 C13.jpg|thumb|right|Comparison of 2.6 kW IEC TS 62735 (left) and [[IEC 320#C13/C14 coupler|IEC320 C13]] (right) outlets for supplying power]]

The ''IEC TS 62735'' standard<ref>[https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/23188 IEC TS 62735-1:2015]</ref> specifies connectors capable of carrying between 294 and 400&nbsp;VDC.  There are two connectors in the standard rated at 2.6&nbsp;kW and 5.2&nbsp;kW.<ref>[https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/27246 IEC TS 62735-2:2016]</ref>  The lower current plug can be inserted into the higher current socket, but the higher current plug will not mate with the lower current socket.  The 2.6 kW plug can be disconnected under load, but the 5.2&nbsp;kW plug cannot.<ref>[https://www.schurter.com/en/Newsroom/Timeline/400-VDC-for-Data-Centers 400 VDC for Data Centers]</ref>

Designed primarily for supplying power to computer and communications equipment, these connectors are intended to allow [[data center]]s to migrate towards supplying equipment with DC power as an alternative to AC.

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=== Saf-D-Grid ===
The Saf-D-Grid<ref>[https://www.andersonpower.com/us/en/resources/SafDGridResourcesPage.html Saf-D-Grid]</ref> connector delivers up to 600&nbsp;VDC at up to 30&nbsp;A, with the connector occupying the same space as an [[IEC 320#C13/C14 coupler|IEC 320 C13/C14 connector]] normally limited to 250&nbsp;VAC at 10&nbsp;A.  The connector can also be disconnected under load.

Like the IEC 62735, this connector was designed to replace the IEC connector used in computer power supplies so that they can be operated from 380–400&nbsp;VDC instead.  Introduced in January 2009,<ref>[https://www.andersonpower.com/content/dam/app/ecommerce/product-pdfs/misc12052018/ds-sdg.pdf Saf-D-Grid - Connector System for Higher Voltage Power Distribution]</ref> it arrived before the competing IEC standard, however despite this it has not seen widespread use.

=== Molex Imperium ===
The Imperium connector from Molex is aimed at automotive applications and is rated at 1,000&nbsp;VDC at 250&nbsp;A.<ref>[https://www.molex.com/molex/products/family/imperium_high_voltagehigh_current_hvhc_connector_system Molex Imperium connector system]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>  As of 2021 the manufacturer has classed this connector as obsolete.<ref>[https://www.molex.com/molex/products/part-detail/pcb_headers/1714671001 Obsolete Molex part 1714671001]</ref>

=== Vehicle charging connectors ===
In order to avoid heavy transformers onboard vehicles, high power charging of battery [[electric vehicles]] has the transformers in the ground station, and supply to the vehicle is done with DC at around 400 volts.

There are some competing standards:
* [[Combined Charging System]] (CCS) in Europe and Americas
* [[North American Charging System|NACS]] in the United States
* [[GB/T]] in China
* [[CHAdeMO]] in Japan and for Japanese vehicles

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== High voltage (over 1,500 VDC) ==
These [[high voltage]] connectors are rated for voltages above 1,500&nbsp;VDC.

=== Banana connector ===

The [[Banana connector]], normally only rated for extra-low voltage, is available in a high voltage variant as well.  This version of the connector contains a thick shroud around both male and female connectors, permitting use at voltages of up to 30&nbsp;kV.  The shroud is typically deep enough to prevent connection by traditional banana plugs.  This style of connector is often seen on high voltage test equipment, such as power supplies and volt meters capable of handling 10 kV and above.

== See also ==
{{div col}}<!-- New links in alphabetical order please -->
* [[Banana connector]]
* [[Battery terminal]]
* [[Binding post]]
* [[Cable tie]]
* [[FASTON terminal]]
* [[MagSafe]], for Mac laptops
* [[MagSafe (wireless charger)]], for iPhone and AirPods
* [[Phone connector (audio)]]
* [[RCA connector]]
* [[Speaker terminal]]
* [[Telephone jack and plug]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.globtek.com/connectors.php GlobTek, Inc] has a data page that could be used to further research these and other connectors.
* [[Appropedia:Low voltage connection basics|Low voltage connection basics]]
* Patent: {{patent|US|7,033,209|''Vehicle accessory power connector''}} – includes diagrams of SAE connector

[[Category:DC power connectors]]

[[de:Hohlstecker]]