View source for DBm0

{{lowercase}}
'''dBm0''' is an abbreviation for the power in [[dBm|decibel-milliwatts (dBm)]] measured at a [[zero transmission level point]] (ZLP).

dBm0 is a concept used (amongst other areas) in audio/telephony processing since it allows a smooth integration of analog and digital chains. Notably, for [[A-law]] and [[μ-law]] codecs the standards define a sequence which has a {{val|0|u=dBm0}} output.{{efn|A consequence for the [[A-law]] and [[μ-law]] codecs of the {{val|0|u=dBm0}} definition is that they have a respective {{val|3.14|u=dBm0}} and {{val|3.17|u=dBm0}} maximum signal level (ratio between the maximum obtainable sine wave amplitude and the specified reference {{val|0|u=dBm0}} sine wave amplitude).}}{{efn|{{val|0|u=dBm0}} is often replaced by or used instead of [[digital milliwatt]] or [[zero transmission level point]].}}

The unit dBm0 is used to describe levels of digital as well as analog signals and is derived from its counterpart dBm. Although today dBm0 may be considered supplanted by the similar unit [[dBFS|decibels relative to full scale (dBFS)]] (discussion at {{Slink|2=Comparison to dBFS|nopage=yes}}), dBm0 can be viewed as connecting both the old world of analog telecommunication and the new world of digital communication. The {{val|0|u=dBm0}} level corresponds to the [[digital milliwatt]] (DMW) and is defined as the absolute [[electric power|power]] level at a digital reference point of the same signal that would be measured as the absolute power level, in dBm, if the reference point was analog.

The absolute power in dBm scale for a power {{mvar|P}} in [[milliwatt]]s (mW) is defined as:
<math display="block">10 \log_{10} \frac{P}{1~\text{[mW]}} \, .</math>
When the test [[electrical impedance|impedance]] is {{val|600|ul=Ω}} resistive, {{val|0|u=dBm}} can be referred to a [[voltage]] of {{val|775|ul=mV}}, which results in a reference active power of {{val|1|u=mW}}. Then {{val|0|u=dBm0}} corresponds to an overload level of approximately {{val|3|u=dBm}} in the [[analog-to-digital conversion]].

Given a sinusoid signal of {{val|0.775|u=V}} [[Root mean square|RMS]], the power at a zero transmission level point is:

<math display="block">P = \frac{(0.775 [\mathrm{V}])^2}{600 [\Omega]} = 0.001 [\mathrm{W}] = 1 [\mathrm{mW}] = 0 [\mathrm{dBm}]\,,</math>

and the voltage level at the ZLP is:

<math display="block">L = 10*\log_{10}\left( \frac{0.775 [\mathrm{V}]}{1 [\mathrm{V}]} \right)^2 \approx -2.214 [\mathrm{dBV}].</math>

TIA-810<ref>TIA/EIA 810-A, Transmission Requirements for Narrowband Voice over IP and Voice over PCM Digital Wireline Telephones</ref> characterizes:

<blockquote>When a {{val|0.775|u=volt RMS}} analog signal is applied to the coder input, a {{val|0|u=dBm0}} digital code is present at the digital reference. In general, when a {{val|0|u=dBm0}} digital code is applied to the decoder, a {{val|0.775|u=volt RMS}} analog signal appears at the decoder output. More specifically, when the {{val|0|u=dBm0}} periodic sequence as given in Table 2, in either mu-law or A-law as appropriate, is applied to the decoder at the digital reference point, a {{val|1|u=kHz}}, {{val|0.775|u=volt RMS}} sine-wave signal appears at the decoder output. {{val|0|u=dBm0}} is 3.14 (A-law) or 3.17 (mu-law) dB below digital full scale.</blockquote>

In all standards, dBm0 is always an RMS unit. Peaks are described in a different way, sometimes by mentioning the margin to overload or clipping.

The nominal downlink level in mobile phone telecommunication at the point of interconnection is {{val|-16|u=dBm0}}.

== Comparison to dBFS ==
Digital signals in the abstract digital realm do not necessarily inherently represent any type of measurable physical unit. They are not necessarily relative to any specific reference power level, and thus they need not be expressed as dBm0. But the [[History of the telephone|early pioneers of telephonometry]] gave us the pseudo-digital unit of dBm0, which persists. 

A more commonly used unit today for digital signal levels is dB Full Scale or [[dBFS]]. The relationship between dBm0 and dBFS is unfortunately ambiguous. It depends how RMS and peak levels in dBFS are defined. 

The ambiguity is if a full scale sinusoidal in a digital system is defined to have an RMS level of {{val|-3|u=dBFS RMS}} or if it should be defined to have a RMS value of {{val|0|u=dBFS RMS}}, equal to the dBFS peak value. Today, the interpretation by many companies tend to go towards a definition that a full scale sinusoidal is {{val|-3|u=dBFS RMS}} and {{val|0|u=dBFS peak}}. The only signal that can hold {{val|0|u=dBFS RMS}} according to this definition, is a fully saturated square wave. For the relationship between dBm0 and dBFS, this means that {{val|+3.14|u=dBm0}} is equivalent to {{val|0|u=dBFS peak}} and {{val|-3|u=dBFS RMS}}. 

This also means that the commonly used POI (Point of Interconnect) level of {{val|-16|u=dBm0}} can be transformed to {{val|-22.14|u=dBFS RMS}} in an A-law codec system, or {{val|-22.17|u=dBFS RMS}} in a μ-law codec system (using the definition of a full scale sinusoidal being {{val|-3|u=dBFS RMS}} and {{val|0|u=dBFS peak}}.

Though, there are some companies defining that dBFS RMS equals dBFS peak for sinusoidal signals. Examples are: Qualcomm and Knowles (and other digital [[MEMS]] microphone companies). This gives some consequences when trying to calculate crest factors for speech or noise, because the difference between peak and rms value in analog domain does not correspond to the difference between peak and rms level in digital domain.

Other companies like Adobe (software creator of Adobe Audition) and Listen Inc. (software creator of SoundCheck) offer the possibility to choose which dBFS rms definition you want to use in the program.

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*[http://portal.etsi.org/stq/ES202020/TIA-912.pdf ETSI]
*[[G.711]]

[[Category:Radio frequency propagation]]