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{{short description|Japanese band}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name            = D'espairsRay
| image           = D'espairsRay Jrock revolution.jpg
| caption         = D'espairsRay in Los Angeles, 2007
| image_size      =
| landscape       = yes
| alias           = Animalmania
| origin          = Japan
| genre           = {{hlist|[[Industrial metal]]<ref>{{cite news|first= Darryl |last= Smyers |title= Tonight's D'espairsRay Show at The Loft Has Been Canceled |newspaper= [[Dallas Observer]] |date= 16 August 2010 |access-date= 12 March 2018 |url= http://www.dallasobserver.com/music/tonights-despairsray-show-at-the-loft-has-been-canceled-7063045}}</ref>|[[nu metal]]<ref name="All music">{{cite web|first= Alexey |last= Eremenko |title= D'espairsRay – Artist Biography |website= [[AllMusic]] |access-date= 11 December 2015 |url= http://www.allmusic.com/artist/despairsray-mn0001538903/biography}}</ref>|[[alternative metal]]|[[gothic metal]]<ref name="AllMusic">{{cite web| last = Freeman | first = Phil | title = Redeemer - D'espairsRay | url= https://www.allmusic.com/album/redeemer-mw0000822362}}</ref>}}<!-- Please don't add every applicable sub-genre, Template:Infobox musical artist states it should "aim for generality". Any undiscussed genre changes will be reverted, thanks -->
| years_active    = {{hlist|1999–2011|2014}}
| label           = {{flatlist|
* Speed Disk
* Maniac
* [[Delicious Deli Records|Delicious Deli]]
* [[Sword Records, Inc.|Sword]]/[[Universal Music Group|Universal]]
* [[Gan-Shin]]
* [[Spinefarm Records|Spinefarm]]
* JShock
* Maru}}
| website         = {{URL|https://despairsray.com/|despairsray.com}}
| current_members =
| past_members    = Hizumi<br />[[Karyu]]<br />Zero<br />Tsukasa
}}

'''D'espairsRay''' (formerly stylized as '''DéspairsRay''' or '''+DéspairsRay+''') was a Japanese [[visual kei]] [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band active from 1999 to 2011. The lineup of Hizumi on vocals, [[Karyu]] on guitar, Zero on bass and Tsukasa on drums remained the same, with the group having released four full-length records, three [[Extended play|EP]]s and thirteen singles. Outside Japan, D'espairsRay have toured Europe and North America and had domestic releases in those territories.

They performed at the [[Wacken Open Air]] festival in 2006, to several thousand people,<ref>{{cite web|title=2006 billing/bands|work=wacken.com|url=http://www.wacken.com/en/woa2007/main-history/woa-2006/billing-2006/|access-date=2007-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309022148/http://www.wacken.com/en/woa2007/main-history/woa-2006/billing-2006/|archive-date=2007-03-09|url-status=dead}}</ref> and a second album, titled ''[[Mirror (D'espairsRay album)|Mirror]]'' was released on April 11, 2007.<ref>{{cite web | title=''Mirror'' release information | work=cdjapan.co.jp | url=http://www.cdjapan.co.jp/detailview.html?KEY=POCE-94102}}</ref> They also performed during Jrock Revolution 2007 held on Memorial Weekend in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]. In 2008 they performed at the [[Taste of Chaos]] tour in the United States.

On March 11, 2009, their third album ''[[Redeemer (D'espairsRay album)|Redeemer]]'' was released. In the summer of 2010, the band had a world tour entitled Human-Clad Monsters in which they performed in Japan, the US, Canada and Europe. After the last show of the tour, on December 30, the band went on an indefinite hiatus so Hizumi could recover from a rare throat condition.<ref name=TokyoHiveDisbandment>{{cite web|url=http://www.tokyohive.com/2011/06/despairsray-announces-their-official-disbandment/|title=D'espairsRay announces their official disbandment| website=tokyohive.com|access-date=2011-06-15}}</ref> However, on June 15, 2011, D'espairsRay announced that they had no choice but to disband, due to Hizumi's health having no recovery in sight.<ref name=TokyoHiveDisbandment/><ref name=Disbandment>{{cite web|url=http://shattered-tranquility.net/index.php/06/15/despairsray-officially-disbands/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827041310/http://shattered-tranquility.net/index.php/06/15/despairsray-officially-disbands/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=August 27, 2011|title=D'espairsRay officially disbands| website=shattered-tranquility.net|access-date=2011-06-15}}</ref> D'espairsRay reunited for a one-night performance on July 29, 2014.

==History==

===1999–2001: Early career===
D'espairsRay was formed on September 9, 1999, by Hizumi (ex-Le'veil), [[Karyu]] (ex-Dieur Mind), Zero and Tsukasa (ex-Le'veil). They released their first demotape, ''Ao'', in December of that year. 2000 began with the release of two more demotapes, and during the rest of the year they gained popularity, eventually leading to the release of their first [[maxi-single]] in October, ''Kumo''. With only 1000 copies pressed, the CD sold out immediatrely. In April 2001, they released their second maxi-single, "Genwaku", along with a second press of their first maxi-single. Because it had sold out through web-ordering, a second press was released the same day as the first. This was followed by the release of their first [[Extended play|EP]], ''[[Terrors (EP)|Terrors]]'', in July. Their popularity rose after the release of this album and they started to move out of the local scene.

===2002–2004: The road to success===
Following the success of their previous releases, D'espairsRay wanted to give their fans an insider's look into their music, so they released their final demotape, ''Ura Mania Theatre'', which was sold at several stores only. They then released their second EP, ''[[Sexual Beast]]'' in June 2002, along with a second press of their first EP. Once again the CD sold out, so another 2000 copies of their second EP were pressed in July. At the end of 2002, they released another single, titled ''Ori no Naka de Miru Yume'', which came in two editions: a regular edition and a special edition with a bonus track by their alter-ego band ''Animalmania'', which was only available through web-ordering. In January 2003, they gave out a "secret CD" titled ''tanji'', with an unnamed song, to the people who attended one of their live shows. The song would later be renamed ''[[Maverick (song)|Maverick]]'', which was also their next maxi-single, released in February. The CD was reissued in March because of high sales. At the end of 2003, yet another single was released, ''[[Garnet (song)|Garnet]]''.

In April 2004, the band released their third EP, ''[[Born (D'espairsRay album)|Born]]''. It featured a DVD with the video for the song "Garnet". In July, a second press of the album was released, but without the DVD. Two months later, they released another maxi-single, called ''[[Gemini (D'espairsRay song)|Gemini]]''. A limited edition of the CD came with a DVD with the video for the song ''[[Born (D'espairsRay album)|Born]]''. In 2004 they also played outside Japan for the first time, in [[Berlin]] and [[Paris]], gaining them some international fans. Footage for their first live DVD was also shot at the end of 2004.

===2005: ''Coll:set''===
2005 began with the release of their first live DVD, ''Murder Day Live''. A video for the song "[[Gemini (D'espairsRay song)|Reddish: Diva Version]]" was included as a bonus. Soon after, they released their first full-length album, ''[[Coll:set]]''. It contained two previously released songs, "[[Gemini (D'espairsRay song)|Fuyuu Shita Risou]]" and "[[Garnet (song)|Garnet]]", which were not on the initial limited edition of the album. Their maxi-single "Garnet" was reissued for promotion of their album later that year.

===2006–2008: Going international & ''Mirror''===
[[Image:D'espairsRay at Ruisrock 07.jpg|thumb|left|Hizumi and Tsukasa at [[Ruisrock]] 2007.]]

In 2006, they went international with the European release of ''[[Coll:set]]'' in January. 2006 also marked the start of their international career, as they began touring in Europe and the United States afterwards. A documentary-DVD was released in March, with the title ''The World Outside the Cage'' (as a reference to their song ''The World in a Cage''), with footage from their last tour. Soon after that, they released another single, ''[[Kogoeru Yoru ni Saita Hana]]''.  At the end of 2006, they released their second live DVD, ''Liquidize'', which would also be released in Europe the following year. 2007 began with the release of their latest maxi-single, ''[[Squall (song)|Squall]]'', in March. One month later, they released their second full-length album, ''[[Mirror (D'espairsRay album)|Mirror]]'', which was also released in Europe in June. The year ended with the release of yet another live DVD, ''Spiral Staircase #15'', with footage from their latest tour. The DVD was also released in Europe in January 2008.  D'espairsRay participated in the [[Taste of Chaos]] 2008 tour, along with fellow Japanese bands [[Mucc]] and [[The Underneath (band)|the Underneath]]. On May 4, 2008,  they performed at the [[Hide (musician)|hide]] memorial summit at [[Ajinomoto Stadium]], along with bands such as [[X Japan]], [[Luna Sea]], [[Maximum the Hormone]] and [[Marbell]].<ref>{{cite web| title = hide Memorial Summit Day 2 - Part B| work = jame-world.com| url = http://www.jame-world.com/us/articles-4680-hide-memorial-summit-day-2-part-b.html| access-date = 2012-07-11}}</ref> Their album ''Mirror'' was released in the [[United States]], and their new single "[[Brilliant (song)|Brilliant]]" was released on 14 May.<ref>{{cite web|title= D'espairsRay pre-Taste of Chaos interview|work= jrockeventsusa.com|url= http://www.jrockeventsusa.com/articles/despa_toc1_interview.html|access-date= 2008-02-27|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080229002712/http://www.jrockeventsusa.com/articles/despa_toc1_interview.html|archive-date= 2008-02-29}}</ref>

===2008–2010: ''Redeemer'', ''Immortal'' & ''Monsters''===
A new single titled "Kamikaze" was released August 6, followed by their "88-99" anniversary tour in Japan. The band announced a winter tour and a new release titled "Horizon", which was released December 3. During the same month, D'espairsRay also announced a new album titled ''[[Redeemer (D'espairsRay album)|Redeemer]]'', through Delicious Deli Records, a label under [[Universal Music Japan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=D'espairsRay Official Website|work=despairsray.jp|url=http://www.despairsray.jp|access-date=2008-12-15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216050731/http://www.despairsray.jp/|archive-date=2008-12-16}}</ref>
The first reported release date was March 4m 2009, however the date was pushed back one week, and was released March 11. The band embarked on a nationwide tour of Japan in promotion of ''Redeemer'' named "Psychedelic Parade", and then during July its European brother, "Psychedelic Parade in Europe" began, a tour which included often multiple stops in seven different countries.

They were set to release their first "best of" compilation album, ''[[Immortal (D'espairsRay album)|Immortal]]'', and a live DVD of their [[Shibuya C.C. Lemon Hall]] performance on December 16, but the release date was pushed back to December 29.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jame-world.com/us/news-57055.html|title=Details on D'espairsRay's Live DVD and Best-of Compilation|website=www.jame-world.com|access-date=2009-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091023155555/http://www.jame-world.com/us/news-57055.html|archive-date=2009-10-23|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdjapan.co.jp/detailview.html?KEY=POCE-14106|title=Immortal D'espairsRay CD| website=cdjapan.co.jp|access-date=2009-12-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdjapan.co.jp/detailview.html?KEY=UIBV-90001|title=10th Anniversary Live Closer to ideal -Brandnew scene- D'espairsRay DVD|website=cdjapan.co.jp|access-date=2009-11-27}}</ref> ''Immortal'' was then released in the United States on April 20, 2010, through Maru Music. During January 2010, the band began recording for a new single. At an instore event during this month, Karyu and Zero briefly and ambiguously told fans that the single would be "dance style". The new single was titled "[[Love Is Dead (D'espairsRay song)|Love Is Dead]]" and was released on April 14, 2010.

The band's fourth full-length album entitled ''[[Monsters (D'espairsRay album)|Monsters]]'' was released in Japan on July 28, 2010. Just five days after the album was out, D'espairsRay began their "Human-Clad Monsters World Tour" starting in Los Angeles, California on August 3.<ref name=NEO>{{cite magazine| author=Smith, Tom | title=D'espairsRay Return for World Tour 2010 | work=[[Neo (magazine)|NEO Magazine]] | publisher=Uncooked Media| date=2010-04-24 }}</ref>

===2010–2011: Hiatus and disbandment===
On September 20, 2010, D'espairsRay announced on their [http://www.facebook.com/notes/despairsray/despairsray-announces-hiatus-important/135725039806722 Facebook page] that they would be going on an indefinite hiatus following the conclusion of the "D'espairsRay World Tour 2010 "Human-clad Monsters"". This was due to Hizumi having a rare throat condition which he has suffered with for some time. Although he has undergone treatment for it in the past, he has not been able to find a permanent fix. The band mentioned that the first half of the year was to be focused on Hizumi's recovering, and it was said that Karyu would be writing songs during this time.

The band's last show of the world tour (and last show ever) was held on December 30, 2010. They released a live DVD of said show, titled ''Human-Clad Monsters Final'', on March 30, 2011, along with a compilation album titled ''Antique''. The album features 17 [[A-Side and B-Side|B-Sides]], the limited edition contained a DVD with every music video the band has made, from "Garnet" to "Death Point".

On June 15, 2011, it was announced that due to Hizumi's health having no recovery in sight, D'espairsRay had no choice but to disband. There was no farewell concert or tour.<ref name=Disbandment/> The band posted the following note on their official Facebook page on Wednesday, June 15, 2011, at 5:02{{nbsp}}am:

''Thank you for your continued support of D'espairsRay. Due to Hizumi's throat troubles, we had decided to take a hiatus immediately following our show at Yokohama Blitz on 30 Dec. 2010. However, after further discussions amongst the four members, we have decided to disband as of 15 June 2011 and cease all activities under the name D'espairsRay. To our loving fans and supportive staff members, who have followed us diligently from our founding on 9 Sept. 1999 until now, we deeply apologize for such a sudden and troubling announcement. All four members are deeply thankful, from the bottom of our hearts, for your enthusiastic support and encouragement. Thank you, D'espairsRay: Hizumi, Karyu, Zero, Tsukasa.''

===Post D'espairsRay and reunion concerts===
Hizumi started a design company called Umbrella, where he works as an illustrator and in other aspects of design.<ref name="Umbrella">{{cite web| title = HIZUMI of D'espairsRay's Design Project| work = jame-world.com | url = http://www.jame-world.com/us/news-78150-hizumi-of-d-espairsray-s-design-project.html| access-date = 2011-09-17}}</ref> In May 2019, he formed the band NUL. with guitarist Masato ([[Defspiral]]) and programmer Toshiyuki Kishi ([[Abingdon Boys School]]).<ref>{{cite web| title = HIZUMI Makes Comeback with New Band NUL.| work = jame-world.com | date = 26 May 2019 | url = https://www.jame-world.com/en/news/150181-hizumi-makes-comeback-with-new-band-nul.html| access-date = 2020-12-29}}</ref>

[[Karyu]] joined [[Angelo (band)|Angelo]] in August 2011, which includes [[Kirito]], Kohta, Takeo (all three ex:[[Pierrot (band)|Pierrot]]) and Giru (ex:[[Vidoll]]).<ref name="Angelo">{{cite web| title = Karyu (ex-D'espairsRay) and Giru (ex-Vidoll) to Join Angelo| work = jame-world.com| url = http://www.jame-world.com/us/news-78561-karyu-ex-d-espairsray-and-giru-ex-vidoll-to-join-angelo.html| access-date = 2011-09-17}}</ref> In 2022, Karyu formed the trio H.U.G with vocalist Ryo (Hollowgram) and manipulator and percussionist Kazutoshi Yokoyama.<ref>{{cite web| title =Karyu Forms New Unit| url = https://www.jame-world.com/en/news/161299-karyu-forms-new-unit.html| work = jame-world.com|date=2022-09-03| access-date =2023-04-06}}</ref>

On August 24, 2011, Zero and Tsukasa formed The Micro Head 4N's with Kazuya and Shun (both ex:[[Fanatic Crisis]]), and [[Ricky (musician)|Ricky]] (Dasein). They had their first live show on December 1 at Shibuya O-East.<ref name="Micro Head">{{cite web| title = The micro head 4n's| work = jame-world.com| url = http://www.jame-world.com/de/news-79204.html| access-date = 2011-09-17| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121023173050/http://www.jame-world.com/de/news-79204.html| archive-date = 2012-10-23| url-status = dead}}</ref> Ricky left the group in 2015 and was replaced by Nimo. However, Nimo also left after four years, and vocalist Ameno joined the band in 2019.<ref>{{cite web| title = New Album from THE MICRO HEAD 4N'S| work = jame-world.com | date = 21 December 2020 | url = https://www.jame-world.com/en/news/156157-new-album-from-the-micro-head-4n-s.html| access-date = 2020-12-29}}</ref> In 2021, Zero, Kazuya and Shun formed OFIAM as a side project outside of The Micro Head 4N's. Tsukasa acts only as a support member.<ref>{{cite web| title =THE MICRO HEAD 4N'S 10th Anniversary "THE MICRO HEAD 4N'S vs OFIAM"| url =https://www.jame-world.com/en/article/158379-the-micro-head-4n-s-10th-anniversary-the-micro-head-4n-s-vs-ofiam.html| work = jame-world.com|date=2021-09-10| access-date =2023-04-06}}</ref>

Tsukasa also started a solo career as an [[enka]] singer in 2014.<ref>{{cite web| title = TSUKASA's First Solo Single| work = jame-world.com| url = http://www.jame-world.com/us/news-111711-tsukasa-s-first-solo-single.html| access-date = 2015-04-19}}</ref> He is known as the first visual kei enka singer under the name {{nihongo|Tsukasa Mogamigawa|最上川 司}}.<ref>{{cite web| title = TSUKASA's Major Debut Single| work = jame-world.com| url = http://www.jame-world.com/us/news-115031-tsukasa-s-major-debut-single.html| access-date = 2015-04-19}}</ref>

D'espairsRay reunited for a performance at Angelo's The Intersection of Dogma event on July 29, 2014, at [[Zepp Diver City]], which also featured [[Rize (band)|Rize]], [[lynch.]] and [[Fake?]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Angelo will host ＜THE INTERSECTION OF DOGMA＞. 5 bands including RIZE and D'ESPAIRSRAY to perform| work = barks.jp| url = http://www.en.barks.jp/news/?id=1000004768| access-date = 2011-09-17| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150423125241/http://www.en.barks.jp/news/?id=1000004768| archive-date = 2015-04-23| url-status = dead}}</ref> In 2022, Karyu, Zero and Tsukasa revived Luv Parade, originally a cover band they created for D'espairsRay's 2009 Psychedelic Parade tour in order to give Hizumi a short rest during concerts.<ref>{{cite web| title =Interview with Luv PARADE| url = https://www.jame-world.com/en/article/161247-interview-with-luv-parade.html| work = jame-world.com|date=2022-09-04| access-date=2023-04-06}}</ref> With Taka from [[Defspiral]] as support vocalist, they performed at Devil's Party 2022 at [[Spotify O-East]] on June 20.<ref>{{cite web| title = Session Band Luv PARADE to Return for DEVIL'S PARTY 2022| url = https://www.jame-world.com/en/news/160368-session-band-luv-parade-to-return-for-devil-s-party-2022.html| work = jame-world.com|date=2022-04-03| access-date =2023-04-06}}</ref> Luv Parade released their first mini-album, ''Joker'', on June 1, 2024.<ref>{{cite web| title =First Mini-Album from Luv PARADE| url =https://www.jame-world.com/en/news/165259-first-mini-album-from-luv-parade.html| work = jame-world.com|date=2024-04-03| access-date =2023-04-06}}</ref>

D'espairsRay is scheduled to reunite to perform at the first day of the Cross Road Fest, which will take place at the [[Makuhari Messe|Makuhari Event Hall]] on November 15, 2025.<ref>{{cite news| title =D'ESPAIRSRAY to Reunite for CROSS ROAD Fest 2025 Performance| url =https://www.jame-world.com/en/news/168297-d-espairsray-to-reunite-for-cross-road-fest-2025-performance.html| work = jame-world.com| date =2025-05-08| access-date = 2025-05-16}}</ref>

==Members==
* Hizumi – lead vocals
* [[Karyu]] – guitar, programming, backing vocals
* Zero – bass, backing vocals
* Tsukasa – drums, percussion, programming

==Discography==
{{Infobox artist discography
|Artist       = D'espairsRay
|Image        = 
|Caption      = 
|Alt          = 
|Studio       = 4
|Live         = 
|Compilation  = 2
|Video        = 7
|Music videos = 11
|EP           = 3
|Singles      = 13
|B-sides      = 27
}}

'''Studio albums'''
*2005: ''[[Coll:set]]'' [[Oricon]] Weekly Album Chart Top Position: 97<ref name="OA">[http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/315739/ranking/cd_album/ www.oricon.co.jp] ''D'espairs Ray Oricon CD Album Rankings'' Retrieved February 20, 2011</ref>
*2007: ''[[Mirror (D'espairsRay album)|Mirror]]'' Oricon Weekly Album Chart Top Position: 36<ref name="OA"/>
*2009: ''[[Redeemer (D'espairsRay album)|Redeemer]]'' Oricon Weekly Album Chart Top Position: 39<ref name="OA"/>
*2010: ''[[Monsters (D'espairsRay album)|Monsters]]'' Oricon Weekly Album Chart Top Position: 49<ref name="OA"/>

'''EPs'''
*2001: ''Terrors''
*2002: ''Sexual Beast''
*2004: ''Born''

'''Compilation albums'''
*2009: ''[[Immortal (D'espairsRay album)|Immortal]]''
*2011: ''[Antique]''

'''Demo tapes'''
*1999: "Ao" [蒼]
*2000: "System"
*2000: "Sakura" (さくら)
*2000: "Razor"
*2002: "Ura Mania Theatre" (裏マニアシアター)

'''Singles'''
*2000: "Kumo" (蜘蛛)
*2001: "Genwaku" (眩-げんわく-惑)
*2002: "Ori no Naka de Miru Yume" (檻の中で見る夢)
*2003: "[[Maverick (song)|Maverick]]" Oricon Weekly Single Chart Top Position: 70<ref name="OS">[http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/315739/ranking/cd_single/ www.oricon.co.jp] ''D'espairs Ray Oricon CD Single Rankings'' Retrieved February 20, 2011</ref>
*2003: "Garnet" Oricon Weekly Single Chart Top Position: 70<ref name="OS"/>
*2004: "Gemini" Oricon Weekly Single Chart Top Position: 46<ref name="OS"/>
*2006: "Kogoeru Yoru ni Saita Hana" (凍える夜に咲いた花) Oricon Weekly Single Chart Top Position: 41<ref name="OS"/>
*2007: "Squall" Oricon Weekly Single Chart Top Position: 42<ref name="OS"/>
*2008: "Brilliant" Oricon Weekly Single Chart Top Position: 30<ref name="OS"/>
*2008: "Kamikaze" Oricon Weekly Single Chart Top Position: 30<ref name="OS"/>
*2008: "Horizon" Oricon Weekly Single Chart Top Position: 47<ref name="OS"/>
*2009: "Final Call" Oricon Weekly Single Chart Top Position:16<ref name="OS"/>
*2010: "Love Is Dead" Oricon Weekly Single Chart Top Position: 16<ref name="OS"/>

'''Videos'''
*2002: ''Ura Video''
*2005: ''Murder Day Live''
*2006: ''The World Outside the Cage''
*2006: ''Liquidize: Live Tour '06''
*2007: ''Spiral Staircase # 15''
*2009: ''10th Anniversary Live Closer to Ideal: Brandnew Scene''
*2011: ''Human-clad Monsters: Final''

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|https://despairsray.com/}} {{in lang|ja}}
* [http://www.despairsray.jp Old official website] {{in lang|ja}}

{{D'espairsRay}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gan-Shin artists]]
[[Category:Universal Music Japan artists]]
[[Category:Visual kei musical groups]]
[[Category:Japanese alternative metal musical groups]]
[[Category:Japanese gothic metal musical groups]]
[[Category:Japanese nu metal musical groups]]
[[Category:Japanese industrial rock musical groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1999]]
[[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 2011]]
[[Category:Japanese musical quartets]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Japan]]