View source for Cyrillic numerals

{{Short description|Numeral system derived from the Cyrillic script}}
[[File:Suzdal Kremlin clock.JPG|thumb|right|Tower clock with Cyrillic numerals, in [[Suzdal]], Russia]]
[[File:Cyrillic-Dates-on-Russian-Coins.png|thumb|right|[[obverse and reverse|Reverse]] of silver [[Russian ruble|half ruble]] (left) and copper [[beard token]] featuring the year 1705 in Cyrillic numerals (҂АѰЕ)]]
{{Table_Numeral_Systems}}
{{SpecialChars}}

'''Cyrillic numerals''' are a [[numeral system]] derived from the [[Cyrillic script]], developed in the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] in the late 10th century. It was used in the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] and by [[South Slavs|South]] and [[East Slavs|East]] [[Slavic peoples]].<ref name="Dejić2013">{{cite journal|last1=Dejić|first1=Mirko|title=How the old Slavs (Serbs) wrote numbers|journal=BSHM Bulletin: Journal of the British Society for the History of Mathematics|volume=29|issue=1|year=2013|pages=2–17|issn=1749-8430|doi=10.1080/17498430.2013.805559|s2cid=121899464}}</ref> The system was used in Russia as late as the early 18th century, when [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] replaced it with [[Arabic numerals|Hindu-Arabic numerals]] as part of his [[Reforms of Russian orthography#18th-century changes|civil script reform]] initiative.<ref name="Chrisomalis2010">{{cite book|last=Chrisomalis|first=Stephen|title=Numerical Notation: A Comparative History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXZhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA182|access-date=2016-12-28|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=978-1-139-48533-3|pages=180–182}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Yefimov |first=Vladimir |contribution=Civil Type and Kis Cyrillic |title=Language Culture Type: International Type Design in the Age of Unicode |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5j33ihraUYC&pg=PA128 |editor-last=Berry |editor-first=John D. |publisher=Graphis Press |place=New York City |year=2002 |isbn=978-1932026016 |pages=369–147 |contribution-url=http://typejournal.ru/en/articles/Civil-Type |access-date=2017-01-02 }}</ref> Cyrillic numbers played a role in Peter the Great's currency reform plans, too, with silver wire kopecks issued after 1696 and mechanically minted coins issued between 1700 and 1722 inscribed with the date using Cyrillic numerals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metaldetectingworld.com/russian_coins_peter_i.shtml |title=How To Identify & Interpret Cyrillic Dates on Russian Coins of Peter I The Great |last=Teplyakov |first=Sergei |work=Metal Detecting World |date=2011 |access-date=2016-12-30 }}</ref> By 1725, Russian Imperial coins had transitioned to Arabic numerals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.library.yale.edu/slavic/coins/peter1.html |title=Coins and Medals of Imperial Russia |last=Lorković |first=Tatjana |publisher=[[Yale University]] Library |date=2003 |access-date=2016-12-30 }}</ref> The Cyrillic numerals may still be found in books written in the [[Church Slavonic language]].<ref name="Looijen2015">{{cite book|last=Looijen|first=Maarten|title=Over Getallen Gesproken/Talking About Numbers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k11dCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62|edition=2nd|year=2015|publisher=Van Haren Publishing|location=Zaltbommel, Netherlands|language=nl, en|isbn=978-94-018-0601-5|pages=59–60}}</ref>

==General description==
The system is a quasi-decimal [[alphabetic numeral system]], equivalent to the [[Greek numerals|Ionian numeral system]] but written with the corresponding [[grapheme]]s of the [[Cyrillic script]]. The order is based on the original Greek alphabet rather than the standard Cyrillic alphabetical order.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/cyrillic.htm |title=Omniglot: Cyrillic Script |last=Ager |first=Simon |access-date=2016-12-29 }}</ref>

A separate letter is assigned to each unit (1, 2, ... 9), each multiple of ten (10, 20, ... 90), and each multiple of one hundred (100, 200, ... 900). To distinguish numbers from text, a [[titlo]] ({{Script|Cyrs|&nbsp; ҃ }}) is sometimes drawn over the numbers, or they are set apart with dots.<ref>{{citation |last=Gesang |first=Philipp |title=Typesetting Cyrillic Numerals with ConTEXt MkIV |page=3 |year=2013 |url=http://mirror.hmc.edu/ctan/macros/context/contrib/context-cyrillicnumbers/doc/context/third/cyrillicnumbers/cyrillicnumbers.pdf |access-date=2016-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230155855/http://mirror.hmc.edu/ctan/macros/context/contrib/context-cyrillicnumbers/doc/context/third/cyrillicnumbers/cyrillicnumbers.pdf |archive-date=2016-12-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The numbers are written as pronounced in [[Church Slavonic language|Slavonic]],<ref name="Lunt2001">{{cite book|last=Lunt|first=Horace Gray |author-link=Horace Lunt |title=Old Church Slavonic Grammar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7BXJgfIo_fYC&pg=PA16|edition=7th|year=2001|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|location=Berlin, Germany|isbn=978-3-11-016284-4|pages=16–18}}</ref> generally from the high value position to the low value position, with the exception of 11 through 19, which are written and pronounced with the ones unit before the tens; for example, ЗІ (17) is "семнадсять" (literally ''seven-on-ten'', cf. the [[English language|English]] ''seven-teen'').<ref name="Chrisomalis2010" />

Examples:
* [[File:Slavic-numerals-1706.svg|45px]] ({{Script/Slavonic|҂аѱ҃ѕ}}) – 1706
* [[Image:Cyrillic numerals-7118.svg|42px|҂зр︮и︯і]] ({{Script/Slavonic|҂зр︮и︯і}}) – 7118
*A long titlo may be used for long runs of numbers: {{Big|{{Script/Slavonic|҂з︮р︦н︦і︯}}}}.

To evaluate a Cyrillic number, the values of all the figures are added up: for example, ѰЗ is 700 + 7, making 707. If the number is greater than 999 (ЦЧѲ), the thousands sign (҂) is used to multiply the number's value: for example, ҂Ѕ is 6000, while ҂Л҂В is parsed as 30,000 + 2000, making 32,000. To produce larger numbers, a modifying sign is used to encircle the number being multiplied.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gamanovich |first1=Alypy |title=Grammar of the Church Slavonic Language |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xxKAAAAYAAJ |editor-last=Shaw |editor-first=John |location=Jordanville, New York |publisher=Holy Trinity Monastery |year=2001 |isbn=978-0884650645 |access-date=2016-12-28 }}</ref> Two scales existed in such cases (similar to the [[long and short scales]]): one is 'Малый счёт' or Lesser Count, giving a new name and sign every order of magnitude, and the other is 'Великий счёт' or Greater Count, where every name and sign is the previous one squared, up until 10<sup>48</sup>- instead of going to 10<sup>96</sup>, it goes to 10<sup>49</sup>.<ref name="Kozlovsky2007">{{cite news |last=Козловский |first=Станислав |url=http://www.vokrugsveta.ru/telegraph/theory/251/ |title=У больших чисел громкие имена |language=ru |trans-title=Big Names of Large Numbers |work=Вокруг Света |location=Moscow |date=2007-02-25 |access-date=2017-01-02 }}</ref><ref name="KentLancour1979">{{cite book|editor1=A. Kent|editor2=H. Lancour|editor3=J.E. Daily|editor4=W.Z. Nasri|title=Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA513|access-date=26 March 2018|volume=27|date=1979|publisher=Marcel Dekker Inc.|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-8247-2027-8|pages=510–520|chapter=Slavic Paleography}}</ref>

[[File:Cyrillic_thousands.svg|650px|center|Modifying signs used to denote values 1000 and greater. For example, {{Slavonic|А҉}}&nbsp;denotes 1 million.]]

==Table of values==
{| class="wikitable"
!Value!!Greek!!Cyrillic
!Value!!Greek!!Cyrillic
!Value!!Greek!!Cyrillic
|-
|1||Αʹ||А
|10||Ιʹ||І
|100||Ρʹ||Р
|-
|2||Βʹ||В
|20||Κʹ||К
|200||Σʹ||С
|-
|3||Γʹ||Г
|30||Λʹ||Л
|300||Τʹ||Т
|-
|4||Δʹ||Д
|40||Μʹ||М
|400||Υʹ||У or [[Ѵ]] or [[Ꙋ]]
|-
|5||Εʹ||Е
|50||Νʹ||Н
|500||Φʹ||Ф
|-
|6||[[Ϛ]]ʹ or [[Ϝ]]ʹ||Ѕ
|60||Ξʹ||[[Ѯ]] or Ч{{ref|Che|†}}
|600||Χʹ||Х
|-
|7||Ζʹ||З
|70||Οʹ||О
|700||Ψʹ||[[Ѱ]]
|-
|8||Ηʹ||И
|80||Πʹ||П
|800||Ωʹ||[[Ѡ]] or [[Ѿ]] or [[Ꙍ]]
|-
|9||Θʹ||[[Ѳ]]
|90||[[Ϟ]]ʹ or [[Ϙ]]ʹ||Ч or [[Ҁ]]{{ref|Che|†}}
|900||[[Ϡ]]ʹ or [[Ͳ]]ʹ||Ц or [[Ѧ]]
|}
:{{note|Che|†}} In some varieties of Western Cyrillic, [[Ч]] was used for 60 and [[Ҁ]] was used for 90.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Cyrillic modifying signs
|-
! Name (English)<ref name="Kozlovsky2007" />
! Lesser count multiplier
! Greater count multiplier
! Sign
|-
|{{Script/Slavonic|Тысѫщи}} (Thousand)||1,000||1,000|| {{Slavonic|&nbsp;҂&nbsp;&nbsp;}} 
|-
|{{Script/Slavonic|Тьма}} (Myriad)||10,000||1,000,000|| {{Slavonic|&nbsp;&nbsp; ⃝}} 
|-
|{{Script/Slavonic|Лєгєонъ}} (Legion)||100,000||10<sup>12</sup>|| {{Slavonic|&nbsp;&nbsp;҈}} 
|-
|{{Script/Slavonic|Лєѡдръ}} (Legion of Legions)||1,000,000||10<sup>24</sup>|| {{Slavonic|&nbsp;&nbsp;҉}}  
|-
|{{Script/Slavonic|Вранъ}} (Raven/Crow)||10,000,000||10<sup>48</sup>|| {{Slavonic|&nbsp;&nbsp;꙰}} 
|-
|{{Script/Slavonic|Клада}} (Trough/Log)||100,000,000||10<sup>96</sup>|| {{Slavonic|&nbsp;&nbsp;꙱}} 
|-
|{{Script/Slavonic|Тьма тьмъ}} (Many Myriad)||1,000,000,000||10<sup>192</sup>|| {{Slavonic|&nbsp;&nbsp;꙲}} 
|-
|}

==Computing codes==
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right
|- align=center
! align=right | character
| colspan=2 | ◌҃ 
| colspan="2" |◌︮
| colspan="2" |◌︦
| colspan="2" |◌︯
| colspan="2" | ҂ 
|- align=center
! align=right | Unicode name
| colspan=2 | <small>COMBINING CYRILLIC<br/>TITLO</small> 
| colspan="2" |<small>COMBINING CYRILLIC TITLO LEFT HALF</small> 
| colspan="2" |{{Small|COMBINING CONJOINING MACRON}}
| colspan="2" |<small>COMBINING CYRILLIC TITLO RIGHT HALF</small>
| colspan="2" | <small>CYRILLIC<br/>THOUSANDS SIGN</small> 
|-
! align=left | character encoding
| decimal || hex
| decimal || hex
| decimal || hex
| decimal || hex
| decimal || hex 
|-
! align=left | [[Unicode]]
| 1155 || 0483 
|65070
|FE2E
|65062
|FE26
|65071
|FE2F||  1154 || 0482 
|-
! align=left | [[UTF-8]]
| 210 131 || D2 83 
|239 184 174
|EF B8 AE
|239 184 166
|EF B8 A6
|239 184 175
|EF B8 AF|| 210 130 || D2 82 
|-
! align=left | [[Numeric character reference]]
| &amp;#1155; || &amp;#x0483; 
|&amp;#65070;
|&amp;#xFE2E;
|&amp;#65062;
|&amp;#xFE26;
|&amp;#65071;
|&amp;#xFE2F;|| &amp;#1154; || &amp;#x0482; 
|}

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right
|- align=center
! align=right | character
| colspan=2 | &nbsp;⃝
| colspan=2 | &nbsp;҈
| colspan=2 | &nbsp;҉
| colspan=2 | &nbsp;	꙰ 
| colspan=2 | &nbsp;꙱ 
| colspan=2 | &nbsp;	꙲
|- align=center
! align=right | Unicode name
| colspan="2" |<small>COMBINING<br />ENCLOSING CIRCLE<br />(Cyrillic combining<br />ten thousands sign)</small>|| colspan="2" | <small>COMBINING<br />CYRILLIC HUNDRED<br />THOUSANDS SIGN</small> || colspan="2" | <small>COMBINING<br>CYRILLIC<br/>MILLIONS SIGN</small> || colspan=2 | <small>COMBINING<br>CYRILLIC TEN<br />MILLIONS SIGN</small>|| colspan="2" | <small>COMBINING<br />CYRILLIC HUNDRED<br />MILLIONS SIGN</small>
| colspan="2" |<small>COMBINING<br />CYRILLIC BILLIONS SIGN</small>
|-
! align=left | character encoding
| decimal || hex
| decimal || hex
| decimal || hex
| decimal || hex
| decimal || hex
| decimal || hex
|-
! [[Unicode]] 
|8413
|20DD|| 1160 || 0488 || 1161 || 0489 || 42608 || A670 || 42609 || A671
|42610
|A672
|-
! [[UTF-8]] 
|226 131 157
|E2 83 9D|| 210 136 || D2 88 || 210 137 || D2 89 || 234 153 176 || EA 99 B0 || 234 153 177 || EA 99 B1
|234 153 178
|EA 99 B2
|-
! [[Numeric character reference]] 
|&amp;#8413;
|&amp;#x20DD;|| &amp;#1160; || &amp;#x0488; || &amp;#1161; || &amp;#x0489; || &amp;#42608; || &amp;#xA670; || &amp;#42609; || &amp;#xA671;
|&amp;#42610;
|&amp;#xA672;
|}

==See also==
*[[Early Cyrillic alphabet]]
*[[Glagolitic alphabet]]
*[[Glagolitic numerals]]
*[[Greek numerals]]
*[[Relationship of Cyrillic and Glagolitic scripts]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline|Cyrillic numerals}}

{{Cyrillic navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cyrillic Numerals}}
[[Category:Cyrillic script|Numerals]]
[[Category:Cyrillo-Methodian studies]]
[[Category:Numeral systems]]
[[Category:Numerals]]
[[Category:Church Slavonic language]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Russia]]