View source for Cynopolis

{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Cynopolis
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| etymology               = "City of the dog"
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'''Cynopolis''' ({{langx|el|Κυνόπολις and Κυνῶν πόλις}} for "city of the dog"<ref>{{harvp|Room|2006|p=102}}</ref>) was the [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Hellenistic]] [[Toponymy|toponym]] for two cities in [[ancient Egypt]]. Both Cynopolis superior and Cynopolis inferior were [[bishoprics]] in Christian times.<ref>{{harvp|Wiltsch|1846|pp=184f}}</ref>

== Cynopolis superior ==
{{hiero| Sꜣkꜣ<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wallis Budge |first1=E. A. |title=An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II |date=1920 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |page=1087 |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft/page/1047}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gauthier |first1=Henri |title=Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 4 |date = 1927 |page=40 |url=https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1927/page/n23}}</ref> | <hiero>Aa18:Z1-kA-D53-t:niwt</hiero> '''or''' <hiero>Aa18:Z1-kA:Z1-D53:E1-niwt</hiero> | align = left | era = default}}
Cynopolis was the Greek name for the ancient Egyptian town of Saka (or Hardai?); ({{langx|cop|Ⲕⲁⲓⲥ or Ⲕⲟⲉⲓⲥ}}<ref>[[#An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II|Budge (1920)]] p. 1087</ref>) in the seventeenth [[Nome (Egypt)|nome]] of [[Upper Egypt]],<ref name="Černý_631">{{harvp|Černý|1975|p=631}}</ref> was home to the cult of [[Anubis]],<ref>{{harvp|Helck|1974|p=113}}</ref> a canine-shaped [[Ancient Egyptian deities|deity]]. According to [[Claudius Ptolemy]], the town was situated on an island in the river.<ref>{{harvp|Lane|2000|p=31}}</ref> The modern settlement of [[El Kays]] now stands on the site.<ref>{{harvp|Lane|2000|p=27}}</ref> The nome of Cynopolis extended to both banks of the [[Nile]].<ref>{{harvp|Lane|2000|p=248}}</ref>

A burial ground for dogs was discovered on the opposite bank of the Nile, near Hamatha.<ref>{{cite book |last1=D. Cummins |first1=Bryan |title=Our Debt to the Dog: How the Domestic Dog Helped Shape Human Societies |date=7 November 2013 |publisher=[[Carolina Academic Press]] |isbn=9781611635560 |page=130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0esAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT130}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=G. Wilkinson |first1=John |title=Hand-book for Travellers in Egypt: Including Descriptions of the Course of the Nile to the Second Cataract, Alexandria, Cairo, the Pyramids, and Thebes, the Overland Transit to India, the Peninsula of Mount Sinai, the Oases, &c. Being a New Edition, Corrected and Condensed, of "Modern Egypt and Thebes". |year=1847 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |page=286 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sWBFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA286}}</ref> The neighbouring cities were rivals according to [[Plutarch]], who wrote (''De Iside'', 72) that when a Cynopolis resident ate an Oxyrhynchos fish, the people of [[Oxyrhynchos]] started attacking dogs in revenge, which resulted in a minor civil war.<ref>{{harvp|Sayce|Maspero|McClure|King|1904|p=77}}</ref>

Cynopolis was destroyed by the viceroy of Nubia [[Pinehesy]] during the reign of [[Ramses XI]]: the survivors were enslaved.<ref name="Černý_631"/>

The diocese, which became obscure under Islam, was nominally restored in 1933 as a Latin Catholic [[titular bishopric]]. It was named Cynopolis in Aegypto. The see has been vacant for several decades, having had the following incumbents, both of the lowest (episcopal) rank:
* Giacomo Eich, [[Oblates of St. Francis de Sales]] (O.S.F.S.) (1942.04.21 – 1947.02.04)
* Joseph Gerald Holland, [[Society of African Missions]] (S.M.A.) (1953.05.07 – 1970.12.07)

== Cynopolis inferior ==
There was a second Cynopolis, referred to as ''Cynopolis Inferior'' or ''Cynum'',<ref>{{harvp|Wiltsch|1846|p=184}}</ref> which was located in the [[Busiris (Lower Egypt)|Busirite]] nome in [[Lower Egypt]] (the Nile delta),<ref>{{harvp|Bingham|2005|p=356}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Müller|1877|p=786}}</ref> now modern Meniet ebn Kasib.<ref>{{harvp|Hardouin|Pihan Delaforest|1828|p=464}}</ref>{{Dubious|Confusion between two different places|reason= Confusion between two different places|date=February 2020}}
It was a [[suffragan]] bishopric of [[Oxyrhynchus]], the Metropolitan Archbishopric and provincial capital of the Late [[Roman province]] of [[Arcadia Aegypti]].

The diocese was nominally restored in 1922 as a Latin Catholic [[titular bishopric]] under the name Cynopolis. In 1933 the name of the see was changed to Cynopolis in Arcadia. The see has been vacant for several decades. The incumbents from 1922 to 1968 were:
* Robert Dobson (1922.08.22 – 1942.01.06)
* Angel Maria Ocampo Berrio, [[Jesuits]] (S.J.) (1942.06.23 – 1947.07.19) as [[Coadjutor Bishop]] of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Socorro y San Gil|Socorro y San Gil]] (Colombia) (1942.06.23 – 1947.07.19), succeeding as bishop (1947.07.19 – 1950.12.06), later Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tunja|Tunja]] (Colombia) (1950.12.06 – 1964.06.20), promoted first Metropolitan Archbishop of Tunja (1964.06.20 – 1970.02.20), on emeritate [[Titular Archbishop]] of [[Castulo]] (1970.02.20 – 1973.03.10)
* Joseph Zhang Run-bo (張潤波) (1947.11.20 – 1949.08.10)
* Jean-Marcel Rodié (1956.02.15 – 1968.04.10)

== References ==
{{Reflist|21em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|32em}}
*{{cite book |last=Bingham |first=Joseph |year=2005 |title=The Antiquities of the Christian Church Part 1 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing }}
*{{cite book |last=Černý |first=J. |year=1975 |chapter=Egypt: from the death of Rameses III to the end of the Twenty-First Dynasty |pages=606–657 |editor=I. E. S. Edwards |editor2=C. J. Gadd |editor3=N. G. L. Hammond |editor4=E. Sollberger |series=The Cambridge Ancient History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=2, Part 2 |title=The Middle East and the Aegean Region, ''c.'' 1380–1000 BC |edition=3rd |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-0-521-08691-2 }}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Hardouin |editor1-first=Jean |editor2-first=Ange Augustin Thomas |editor2-last=Pihan Delaforest |year=1828 |title=Historiae naturalis libri XXXVII'' By the Elder Pliny |publisher=N.&nbsp;E. Lemaire }}
*{{cite book |last=Helck |first=Wolfgang |year=1974 |title=Die altägyptischen Gaue |publisher=L. Reichert }}
*{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Edward William |year=2000 |title=Description of Egypt: Notes and Views in Egypt and Nubia |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=977-424-525-3 }} The text was written in the 1830s.
*{{cite book |last=Müller |first=Karl Otfried |year=1877 |title=Strabonis Geographicorum tabulae XV'' by Strabo, Editore Ambrosio Firmin Didot }}
*{{cite book |last=Room |first=Adrian |year=2006 |title=Placenames Of The World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites |publisher=McFarland & Company }}
*{{cite book |last1=Sayce |first1=Archibald Henry |first2=Gaston |last2=Maspero |first3=M.&nbsp;L. |last3=McClure |first4=L.&nbsp;W. |last4=King |first5=H.&nbsp;R. |last5=Hall |year=1904 |title=History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria |publisher=Grolier Society }}
*{{cite book |last=Wiltsch |first=Johann Elieser Theodor |year=1846 |title=Handbuch der kirchlichen Geographie Statistik von den Zeiten der Apostel bis zu dem Anfange des sechszehnten Jahrhunderts |publisher=Schultze |location=Berlin |url=https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10137101?page=5 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0510.htm GigaCatholic - Cynopolis in Aegypto]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0509.htm GigaCatholic - Cynopolis in Arcadia]

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[[Category:Archaeological sites in Egypt]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Egypt]]