View source for Cutback Amendment

{{Short description|Amendment to the Illinois Constitution}}
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The '''Cutback Amendment''' (formally named the "Size of State House of Representatives Amendment"; and also known as both "Amendment 1" and the "Legislative Article")<ref name=ilga1/><ref name="ISOSHORA"/><ref>{{cite web |title=OFFICIAL VOTE Cast at the GENERAL ELECTION NOVEMBER 4, 1980 |url=https://www.elections.il.gov/DocDisplay.aspx?doc=Downloads/ElectionOperations/VoteTotals/Archived/1980/1980%20GE.PDF |website=www.elections.il.gov |publisher=Illinois State Board of Elections |access-date=24 June 2020 }}</ref> is an amendment to the [[Illinois Constitution]] that abolished multi-member districts in the [[Illinois House of Representatives]] and the process of [[cumulative voting]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://illinoisissues.uis.edu/features/2004oct/retro2.html |title=Cutback Amendment |work=Illinois Issues |date=November 1980 |access-date=2008-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516013011/http://illinoisissues.uis.edu/features/2004oct/retro2.html |archive-date=2008-05-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref>  Before the amendment, the [[Illinois General Assembly]] was divided into 59 legislative districts, each of which elected one [[Illinois Senate|senator]] and three representatives. In state house elections, voters could vote three times for one candidate or spread their votes between two or three candidates.  When the Cutback Amendment was approved in 1980, the total number of House representatives was reduced from 177 to 118 and members were elected from single-member districts formed by dividing the 59 Senate districts in half. The movement to pass the bill was largely led by Democrats [[Pat Quinn (politician)|Pat Quinn]] and [[Harry Yourell]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Schaller|first1=Robert|title=The 'Cutback Amendment' and diversity in the House|pages=9–10|work=Illinois Issues|volume=6|issue=11|issn=0738-9663|publisher=[[Sangamon State University]]|url=https://www.lib.niu.edu/1980/ii801109.html}}</ref>

The amendment was passed via a referendum and popularly seen as a way to punish the legislature for voting to give itself a 40% raise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ma.fairvote.org/illinois-drives-to-revive-cumulative-voting/|title=Illinois drives to revive cumulative voting|date=April 21, 2006|access-date=2010-06-20|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710125835/http://ma.fairvote.org/illinois-drives-to-revive-cumulative-voting/|archive-date=July 10, 2012}}</ref> It amended Article IV, Sections 1, 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Illinois.<ref name=ilga1/>

==Passage==
Voters approved the measure by referendum on November 4, 1980. In order to be approved, the measure required either 60% support among those specifically voting on the measure or 50% support among all ballots cast in the [[1980 Illinois elections]].<ref name=ilga1>{{cite web |title=Illinois Constitution - Amendments Proposed |url=http://www.ilga.gov/commission/lrb/conampro.htm |website=www.ilga.gov |publisher=Illinois General Assembly |access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref> Ultimately, the threshold of 60% among those voting on the measure was met. Alongside the [[1980 Illinois elections#Sale of Tax Delinquent Property Amendment|Sale of Tax Delinquent Property Amendment]], it became one of the first two amendments adopted following [[1970 Illinois elections#Illinois Constitution Ratification Question|the 1970 passage]] of the revised Constitution of Illinois.<ref name=ilga1/>

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=4 text align=center | Illinois Size of State House of Representatives Amendment<ref name=ilga1/><ref name="ISOSHORA">{{cite web |title=Illinois Size of State House of Representatives Amendment (1980) |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Illinois_Size_of_State_House_of_Representatives_Amendment_(1980) |website=Ballotpedia |access-date=29 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! Option
! Votes
! % of votes<br>on measure
! % of all ballots<br>cast
|-
|  text align=center | Yes
|  text align=center | 2,112,224
|  text align=center | '''68.70'''
|  text align=center | 43.38
|-
|  text align=center | No
|  text align=center | 962,325
|  text align=center | 31.30
|  text align=center | 19.77
|-
!  text align=center | Total votes
!  text align=center | '''3,074,549'''
!  text align=center | '''100'''
!  text align=center | '''63.15'''
|}
[[File:1980 Illinois Cutback Amendment results map by county.svg|300px|thumb|Cutback Amendment results by county
{{collapsible list
|title=Yes:
|{{legend|#28497C|80–90%}}
|{{legend|#47729E|70–80%}}
|{{legend|#7D9CBB|60–70%}}
|{{legend|#B6C8D9|50–60%}}
}}
{{collapsible list
|title=No:
|{{legend|#BCBC83|60–70%}}
|{{legend|#DEDEBD|50–60%}}
}}
]]
{{Clear}}

==Calls for repeal==
Since the adoption of the Cutback Amendment, there have been proposals by some major political figures in Illinois to bring back multi-member districts.  A task force led by former governor [[Jim Edgar]] and former federal judge [[Abner Mikva]] issued a report in 2001 calling for the revival of cumulative voting,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.fairvote.org/?page=512 |title=FairVote - Illinois' Drive to Revive Cumulative Voting |publisher=Archive.fairvote.org |access-date=2015-06-01}}</ref>  in part because it appears that such a system increases the representation of racial minorities in elected office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.fairvote.org/?page=419 |title=FairVote - Black Representation Under Cumulative Voting in Illinois |publisher=Archive.fairvote.org |access-date=2015-06-01}}</ref>  ''[[The Chicago Tribune]]'' editorialized in 1995 that the multi-member districts elected with cumulative voting produced better legislators.<ref>{{cite web |last=Farrell |first=John |url=http://www.newrules.org/governance/rules/proportional-representation/cumulative-voting-illinois |title=Cumulative Voting – Illinois &#124; Institute for Local Self-Reliance |publisher=Newrules.org |access-date=2015-06-01 |archive-date=2011-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105213856/http://www.newrules.org/governance/rules/proportional-representation/cumulative-voting-illinois |url-status=dead }}</ref>  Others have argued that the now-abandoned system provided for greater "stability" in the lower house.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/illlr32&div=13&id=&page= |title=32 Illinois Law Review 1937-1938 Cumulative Voting in Illinois |journal=Illinois Law Review |volume=32 |page=12 |publisher=Heinonline.org |access-date=2015-06-01 |last1=Hyneman |first1=Charles S. |last2=Morgan |first2=Julian D. }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Constitution of Illinois (1970)|Cutback Amendment]]
[[Category:Illinois General Assembly]]
[[Category:1980 Illinois ballot measures]]
[[Category:Illinois General Assembly elections]]

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