View source for Cursive script (East Asia)

{{Short description|Script style of Asian orthography}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=May 2024}}
{{No footnotes|date=August 2024}}
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{{Use American English|date = February 2019}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Cursive script
| pic = Mi Fu-On Calligraphy.jpg
| piccap = [[Mi Fu]]'s ''On Calligraphy'', a written discourse about the cursive style
| float = left
| t = {{linktext|草書}}
| s = 草书
| p = cǎoshū
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|c|ao|3|.|sh|u|1}}
| j = cou2 syu1
| bpmf = ㄘㄠˇ ㄕㄨ
| w = ts'ao<sup>3</sup> shu<sup>1</sup>
| l = draft script
| wuu = <sup>5</sup>tshau-sy<sub>1</sub>
| phfs = chhó-sû
| poj = chhó-chir
| kanji = 草書体
| kana = そうしょたい
| romaji = sōshotai
| hangul = 초서
| hanja = 草書
| rr = choseo
| vie = thảo thư, chữ thảo
| hn = {{vi-nom|草書, 𡨸草}}
}}
{{Infobox writing system
| fam1        = [[Oracle bone script]]
| fam2        = [[Seal script]]
| fam3        = [[Clerical script]]
}}
{{Table Hanzi}}

'''Cursive script''' ({{zh|t=草書|s=草书|p=cǎoshū}}; {{Langx|ja|草書体}}, ''sōshotai''; {{Langx|ko|초서}}, ''choseo''; {{Langx|vi|thảo thư}}), often referred to as ''grass script'', is a [[Chinese script styles|script style]] used in [[Chinese calligraphy|Chinese]] and [[East Asia|East Asian]] [[calligraphy]]. It is an umbrella term for the cursive variants of the [[clerical script]] and the [[regular script]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=caoshu {{!}} Chinese calligraphy {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/caoshu |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

The cursive script functions primarily as a kind of [[shorthand]] script or calligraphic style and is faster to write than other styles, but it can be difficult to read for those unfamiliar with it because of its abstraction and alteration of character structures. People who can read only [[regular script|standard]] or printed forms of Chinese or [[Chinese family of scripts|related scripts]] may have difficulty reading the cursive script.

==Names==
The character {{Lang|zh-Hant|{{linktext|草}}}} {{Lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|cǎo}} primarily means "grass", and the character {{Lang|zh-Hant|{{linktext|書}}}} {{Lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|shū}} means script in this context, which has led to the literal [[calque]] for {{lang|zh-Hant|{{linktext|草書}}}} as "grass script".<ref name="Ge_2019">{{cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Ge |title=Toward standardization: the English translation of Chinese terms related to calligraphic scripts |journal=Asia Pacific Translation and Intercultural Studies |date=2 January 2019 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=17–30 |doi=10.1080/23306343.2019.1605763 |url=https://commons.ln.edu.hk/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1029&context=otd |access-date=12 May 2024|url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, {{Lang|zh-Hant|草}} can be extended to mean "hurried" or "rough", from which the name {{Lang|zh-Hant|草書}} came. Thus, the name of this script is literally "draft script",<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kroll |first=Paul W. |date=2017 |title=A student's dictionary of classical and medieval Chinese |edition= Rev. |publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV |isbn=978-90-04-32478-7 |oclc=973401527}}</ref> "quick script" or "rough script". The character {{Lang|zh-Hant|草}} appears in this sense, for example, in {{Lang|zh|{{linktext|草稿}}}} (Modern Mandarin {{Lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|cǎogǎo}}, "rough draft") and {{Lang|zh|{{linktext|草擬}}}} ({{Lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|cǎonǐ}}, "to draft [a document or plan]"). The use of "cursive script" as the English translation was adopted in the early 20th century, and has become the mainstream translation, being widely used in academia and also by the [[British Museum]] in London and the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York.<ref name="Ge_2019" />

==History==
Cursive script originated in China through two phases during the period from the [[Han dynasty|Han]] to [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin]] dynasties. Firstly, an early form of cursive developed as a cursory way to write the popular but hitherto immature [[clerical script]]. Faster ways to write characters developed through four mechanisms: omitting part of a graph, merging strokes together, replacing portions with abbreviated forms (such as one stroke to replace four dots), or modifying stroke styles. This evolution can best be seen on extant [[bamboo]] and wooden slats from the period, on which the use of early cursive and immature clerical forms is intermingled. This early form of cursive script, based on clerical script, is now called {{Lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|zhāngcǎo}} ({{Lang|zh|章草}}), and variously also termed ancient cursive, draft cursive or clerical cursive in English, to differentiate it from modern cursive ({{Lang|zh|今草}} {{Lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|jīncǎo}}). Modern cursive evolved from this older cursive in the [[Cao Wei|Wei Kingdom]] to Jin dynasty with influence from the [[semi-cursive]] and [[Regular script|standard]] styles.

==Styles==
Besides {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|zhāngcǎo}} and "modern cursive", there is also "wild cursive" ({{CJKV|c={{linktext|狂草}}|j={{linktext|狂草}}|p=kuángcǎo|r=kyōsō}}) which is even more cursive and difficult to read. When it was developed by [[Zhang Xu]] and [[Huaisu]] in the [[Tang dynasty]], they were called {{Lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|Diān Zhāng Zuì Sù}} (crazy Zhang and drunk Su, 顛張醉素). Cursive, in this style, is no longer significant in legibility but rather in artistry.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

Cursive scripts can be divided into the unconnected style ({{CJKV|s=|p=dúcǎo|j=独草|r=dokusō|c=獨草}}) where each character is separate, and the connected style ({{CJKV|t=|p=liánmián|j=連綿体|r=renmentai|c=連綿}}) where each character is connected to the succeeding one.

==Derived characters==
Many [[simplified Chinese characters]] are derived from the standard script rendition of their corresponding cursive form ({{zh|t=[[wikt:草書楷化|草書楷化]]|p=cǎoshūkǎihuà|c=}}), e.g. 书, 东.

Cursive script forms of Chinese characters are also the origin of the Japanese [[hiragana]] script. Specifically, hiragana developed from cursive forms of the [[man'yōgana]] script, called {{Nihongo|2=草仮名|3=[[sōgana]]}}. In Japan, the {{Lang|ja-Latn|sōgana}} cursive script was considered to be suitable for women's writing, and thus came to be referred to as {{Nihongo|women’s script|女手|onnade}}.  {{Lang|ja-Latn|Onnade}} was later applied to hiragana as well. In contrast, kanji was referred to as {{Nihongo|men’s script|男手|otokode}}.

<gallery>
Image:Treatise On Calligraphy.jpg|Cursive script in [[Sun Guoting]]'s ''Treatise on Calligraphy''
Image:Cur eg.svg|Chinese characters of "Cursive Script" in [[regular script]] (left) and cursive script (right). Notice that for the cursive form, there is only a total of 3 [[Stroke (CJK character)|stroke]]s, 17 strokes less than its regular counterpart.
Image:Cursive characters dragon.jpg|Eight different cursive representations of the character 龍 (dragon), from ''Compilation of Cursive Characters'' (《草字彙》), authored by Shi Liang (石梁) of the [[Qing dynasty]]. The artists are: 1 Sun Guoting; 2, 3 [[Huaisu]]; 4 [[Yan Zhenqing]]; 5 [[Zhao Mengfu]]; 6, 7 [[Zhu Zhishan]]; 8 anonymous.
</gallery>

==Notable calligraphers==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Huaisu]]
* [[Wang Xizhi]]
* [[Wang Xianzhi (calligrapher)|Wang Xianzhi]]
* [[Wen Zhengming]]
* [[Yu Youren]]
* [[Zhang Zhi (calligrapher)|Zhang Zhi]], sage of Cursive Script
* [[Zhang Xu]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
* ''The Art of Japanese Calligraphy'', 1973, author Yujiro Nakata, publisher Weatherhill/Heibonsha, {{ISBN|0-8348-1013-1}}.
* [[Qiu Xigui]] (2000). ''Chinese Writing''. Translation of 文字學概要 by Gilbert L. Mattos and [[Jerry Norman (sinologist)|Jerry Norman]]. Early China Special Monograph Series No. 4. Berkeley, Cal.: The Society for the Study of Early China and the Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. {{ISBN|1-55729-071-7}}.

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Chinese cursive script}}
* [https://www.chine-culture.com/en/chinese-calligraphy/model-of-chinese-calligraphy.php Cursive script/grass script calligraphy generator]

{{Chinese Calligraphies}}
{{Chinese language}}
{{Writing systems}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:East Asian calligraphy]]
[[Category:Chinese script style]]
[[Category:Logographic writing systems]]