View source for Cubo-Futurism

{{Short description|Russian art movement}}
{{other uses|Futurism (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Natalia Goncharova, 1913, The Cyclist, oil on canvas, 78 x 105 cm, The Russian Museum, St.Petersburg.jpg|thumb|Natalia Goncharova, ''[[Cyclist (painting)|Cyclist]]'' (1913), oil on canvas, 78×105 cm,  State Russian Museum|right]]
'''Cubo-Futurism''' ({{langx|ru|кубофутуризм|kubofuturizm}}) was an [[art movement]], developed within [[Russian Futurism]], that arose in the early 20th-century [[Russian Empire]], defined by its amalgamation of the artistic elements found in [[Futurism|Italian Futurism]] and [[Cubism|French Analytical Cubism]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Cubo-Futurism|url=https://www.rem.routledge.com/articles/cubo-futurism|last=Parton|first=Anthony|date=2016-05-09|website=Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism|access-date=2020-03-18|archive-date=2020-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531125801/https://www.rem.routledge.com/articles/cubo-futurism|url-status=live}}</ref> Cubo-Futurism was the main school of painting and sculpture practiced by the Russian Futurists.  
In 1913, the term "Cubo-Futurism" first came to describe works from members of the poetry group "Hylaeans", as they moved away from poetic [[Symbolism (movement)|Symbolism]] towards Futurism and ''[[zaum]]'', the experimental "visual and sound poetry of [[Aleksei Kruchyonykh|Kruchenykh]] and [[Velimir Khlebnikov|Khlebninkov]]".<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|last=Gourianova|first=Nina|title=The Aesthetics of Anarchy: Art and Ideology in the Early Russian Avant-Garde|publisher=University of California Press|year=2012|location=California|page=17|chapter=The Aesthetics of Anarchy}}</ref> Later in the same year the concept and style of "Cubo-Futurism" became synonymous with the works of artists within Ukrainian and Russian post-revolutionary avant-garde circles as they interrogated non-representational art through the fragmentation and displacement of traditional forms, lines, viewpoints, colours, and textures within their pieces.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Douglas|first=Charlotte|date=1975|title=The New Russian Art and Italian Futurism|journal=Art Journal|volume=34|issue=3|pages=229–239|doi=10.1080/00043249.1975.10793686}}</ref> The impact of Cubo-Futurism was then felt within performance art societies, with Cubo-Futurist painters and poets collaborating on theatre, cinema, and ballet pieces that aimed to break theatre conventions through the use of nonsensical ''zaum'' poetry, emphasis on improvisation, and the encouragement of audience participation (an example being the 1913 Futurist satirical tragedy ''[[Vladimir Mayakovsky (tragedy)|Vladimir Mayakovsky]]'').<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Cubo-Futurism: Art Movement|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cubo-Futurism|last=Sarabianov|first=Andrei|date=2019-12-06|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2020-03-18|archive-date=2019-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223165836/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cubo-Futurism|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Russian Futurism Movement Overview and Analysis|url=https://www.theartstory.org/movement/russian-futurism/history-and-concepts/|date=2017|website=The Art Story|access-date=2020-03-18|archive-date=2020-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419051357/https://www.theartstory.org/movement/russian-futurism/history-and-concepts/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The coexistence of these differing strands of artistic practice within Cubo-Futurism reflects an ideological preoccupation with collective renewal and deconstruction (a notion born of their post-revolutionary context) with each poet or painter free to create their own aesthetic consciousness based on the concept of revolution and collective action through reinterpretation of artistic and social traditions.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Hughes|first=Robert|title=The Shock of the New: Art and the Century of Change|publisher=British Broadcasting Company|year=1980|location=London|page=85|chapter=Faces of Power}}</ref>

== Background ==

=== Importance of Post-Revolutionary context ===
In the context of late [[Russian Empire|Tsarist Russia]], society was deeply divided by social class. Russian industrialisation, development, economic growth, and urbanisation fell far behind other Western nations, with the country experiencing high levels of illiteracy, poor health care, and struggling with the limitations of little mass communication outside larger cities.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tian-Shanskaia|first=Olga|title=Village Life in Late Tsarist Russia|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1993|location=Indiana|page=xi|chapter=Introduction}}</ref> Looking outward at the realities of those from neighbouring countries, artists who would later become members of the Cubo-Futurist movement noticed the impacts of the burgeoning [[Machine Age]] on everyday life, recognising the beauty, dynamism, and energy of the utilitarian [[machine aesthetic]] leading to a renewed interest in technological modernisation within art, poetry, and life.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kinchin|first=Juliet|title=MOMA at NGV: 130 Years of Contemporary Art|publisher=The Council of Trustees of the National Gallery of Victoria|year=2018|location=Melbourne|page=44|chapter=The Machinery of the Modern World}}</ref> Ukrainian modernist painter [[Aleksandr Shevchenko]] (1883–1948) echoed this sentiment when, in 1913, he stated, "the world has been transformed into a single, monstrous, fantastic, perpetually-moving machine, into a single huge non-animal automatic organism… [this] cannot help but be reflected in our thinking and in our spiritual life: in Art".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vaingurt|first=Julia|title=Wonderlands of the Avant-Garde: Technology and the Arts in Russia of the 1920s|publisher=Northwestern University Press|year=2013|location=Illinois|page=241}}</ref> The "cult of the machine" became an increasingly utopic concept within Cubo-Futurist circles, with artists perceiving the idyllic phenomenon of machine production as the foremost "[[proletariat]] creation" due to its ability to help construct an equitable, collective life for all people regardless of class.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hughes|first=Robert|title=The Shock of the New: Art and the Century of Change|publisher=British Broadcasting Company|year=1980|location=London|pages=85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gassner|first=Hubertus|title=The Great Utopia: The Russian and Soviet Avant-Garde 1915–1932|publisher=Guggenheim Museum Publications|year=1992|location=New York|pages=298|chapter=The Constructivists: Modernism on the Way to Modernisation}}</ref> This ideological conception of utopic perfection through machinery significantly impacted the stylistic elements of the Cubo-Futurist movement, influencing artists to experiment with pure [[Abstract art|abstraction]], geometric shapes, harsh lines and planes, and the deconstruction of organic forms into powerful structures infused with machine symbolism.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharp|first=Jane Ashton|title=in Russian Modernism between East and West: Natalia Goncharova and the Moscow Avant-Garde|publisher=University of Cambridge Press|year=1986|location=Cambridge|pages=61|chapter=A Westernising Avant-Garde}}</ref>

=== Impact of Russian art collectors ===
[[File:Sergey_Schukin_by_Dm._Melnikov_(1915).jpg|thumb|Sergey Schukin by Dm. Melnikov (1915)|alt=|left]]
At the top of early 20th century Russia’s deep social, political, and class divisions were a small group of elite aristocrats and businessmen. With considerable access to international [[art market]]s and [[Art dealer|dealers]], they assembled significant number European [[masterpiece]]s of the early 20th century for their own personal collections. Collectors and [[Patronage|patrons]], [[Sergei Shchukin]] (1854–1936) and [[Ivan Morozov (businessman)|Ivan Morozov]] (1871–1921), paid special attention to [[Impressionism|Impressionist]], [[Post-Impressionism|Post-Impressionist]], [[Fauvism|Fauvist]], [[Cubism|Cubist]], and [[Futurism|Futurist]] art from all over Europe amassing a large selection of momentous works, and consequently introducing local Russian artists to art movements, techniques, and styles popular around the continent.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Hughes|first=Robert|title=The Shock of the New: Art and the Century of Change|publisher=British Broadcasting Company|year=1980|location=London|pages=81|chapter=Faces of Power}}</ref> Shchukin’s collection included a considerable number of [[Pablo Picasso|Picassos]], [[Henri Matisse|Matisses]], [[Paul Cézanne|Cezannes]], [[Claude Monet|Monets]], and [[Paul Gauguin|Gauguins]], thus allowing artists in [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]] and [[Moscow]] access to Cubist and Futurist artworks that would later influence the development of the Cubo-Futurist movement.<ref name=":6" />

==='Hylea' and the impact of Marinetti's '<nowiki/>''Futurist Manifesto''' ===
[[File:Manifesto of Futurism.jpg|thumb|[[Filippo Tommaso Marinetti]], author of the ''Manifesto of Futurism''|alt=]]
While Cubo-Futurism was first named and identified in 1913, the movement can be traced back to a congregation of Russian artists who called themselves ''[[Soyuz Molodyozhi]]'' ('Union of Youth') in 1910.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Edward|title=Mayakovsky: A Poet in the Revolution|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1973|location=New Jersey|pages=41}}</ref> The group was brought together by the Ukrainian painter and poet [[David Burliuk]] (1882–1967) under the name ''budetlyane'' (a Russian interpretation of the western term "futurists"), inspired by Italian [[Filippo Tommaso Marinetti]]'s (1876–1944) 1909 ''[[Manifesto of Futurism|Futurist Manifesto]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Edward|title=Mayakovsky: A Poet in the Revolution|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1973|location=New Jersey|pages=42}}</ref> Marinetti's work espoused the need for creatives (e.g. artists and writers) to abandon the past by moving towards the utilisation of the aesthetic language of machinery, industrialisation, urban living, and [[utilitarian design]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Words in Freedom: Futurism at 100|url=https://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2009/futurism/|website=MoMA|access-date=2020-05-18|archive-date=2020-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127015030/https://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2009/futurism/|url-status=live}}</ref> For Marinetti and those that followed him, the futurist movement stood for freedom, collectivity, perfection, and social rejuvenation.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blum|first=Cinzia|title=The Other Modernism: F.T. Marinetti's Futurist Fiction of Power|publisher=University of California Press|year=1996|location=New Jersey|pages=7}}</ref> Influenced by the ''Futurist Manifesto'', the aesthetics of dislocation and fragmentation became the vocabulary of the Cubo-Futurists in their attempt to interrogate the tireless and repetitive dynamism of technology, and highlight their fantasies of a utopic mechanical modernity. The Cubo-Futurists combined the modernist, cosmopolitan spirit of Marinetti's futurism with the aesthetic characteristics of analytical cubism (e.g. abstracted forms, flatness, fragmentation, geometric shapes, muted and dark colours, combination of various viewpoints) in order to create their own didactic art form designed to display the revolutionary focus of the artistic community.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The History of Futurism: The Precursors, Protagonists, and Legacies|publisher=Lextingon Books|year=2012|editor-last=Buelens|editor-first=Geert|location=New York|editor-last2=Hendrix|editor-first2=Harald|editor-last3=Jansen|editor-first3=Monica}}</ref>

==History==
===Origin of the term===

The term 'Cubo-Futurism' first appeared in a lecture in 1913, originally to refer to the poets who belonged to [[David Burliuk|David]] and [[Vladimir Burliuk]]'s literary group, 'Hylaea', also spelt 'Guilée'<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Severini|first=Gino|title=The Life of a Painter|publisher=Princeton University Press|pages=294–7}}</ref> and 'Gylea'.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|chapter=Cubo-Futurism|chapter-url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000020562|last=Parton|first=Anthony|title=Oxford Art Online|website=Grove (Oxford) Art Online|year=2003|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T020562|isbn=978-1-884446-05-4|access-date=19 May 2020|archive-date=2022-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202084705/https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000020562|url-status=live}}</ref> This term was coined by [[Korney Chukovsky]] (1882–1969), a Russian art critic, in reference to the work of [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]], [[Aleksei Kruchyonykh|Aleksey Kruchonykh]], [[Velimir Khlebnikov]], [[Benedikt Livshits|Benedict Livshits]], and [[Vasily Kamensky]], members of the Hylaea group.<ref name="all-art">{{Cite web|title=Art of the 20th Century: A Revolution in the Arts - Great Avant-Garde Movements|url=http://www.all-art.org/history580-1a.html|website=A World History of Art|access-date=2020-05-20|archive-date=2011-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216170722/http://www.all-art.org/history580-1a.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was only after aforementioned poets began to display shocking public behaviour (for example wearing absurd clothes), when the writers and the movement in general began to be called simply '[[Russian Futurism]]'.<ref name=":7" /> As a result, 'Cubo-Futurism' then began to refer to the artists who were influenced by Cubism and Futurism,<ref name=":1" /> though both terms still remain interchangeable.

===Development of the movement===

The earliest appearances of the Cubo-Futurist art style can be found in the works of [[Natalia Goncharova]], who, as early as 1909, applied Cubist and Futurist means of expression in her paintings.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Dietfried|first1=Maly|title=Cubism and Futurism|last2=Dietfried|first2=Gerhardus|publisher=Phaidon|pages=74}}</ref>

Thanks to modern technology (transport and telegraphy, for example) and the artists' experience of other countries, the creatives in Russia knew much about the avant-garde events in Europe.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Futurism (2009 exhibition) room guide, room 6, Russia: Cubo-Futurism|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-modern/exhibition/futurism/futurism-room-guide-room-1-introduction/futurism-room-5|date=12 June – 20 September 2009|website=Tate|access-date=19 May 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308125758/https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-modern/exhibition/futurism/futurism-room-guide-room-1-introduction/futurism-room-5|url-status=live}}</ref> Cubo-Futurism as an art style would begin to take its full form in the years 1912 to 1913,<ref name=":8" /> though the style of poetry ended when [[Russian Futurism]] itself also faded.

One of the first major painters to become a Cubo-Futurist would be [[Kazimir Malevich]], who entered his Cubo-Futurist phase in 1912–13; he termed the works he exhibited at the 1912 '[[Donkey's Tail]]' and 1913 'Target' exhibitions as being 'Cubo-Futurist'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cubo-Futurism|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095652828|website=Oxford Reference|access-date=19 May 2020|archive-date=2 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402233729/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095652828|url-status=live}}</ref> For Malevich, Cubo-Futurism would be especially important, because it symbolised the connection between the stillness of conventional Cubism, and the dynamism inherent in Futurism.<ref name=":8" /> Rather than simply following the example of painting industrial scenes, set by the Futurists in Italy, or of painting in fairly flat colours, set by the Cubists in France, he placed heavy rural Russian themes on his work; this therefore led to his paintings of traditional village life in a bright, juxtaposing avant-garde style.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malevich (Exhibition) Room Guide: Room 3: Cubo-Futurism|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-modern/exhibition/malevich/malevich-room-guide/malevich-room-3|website=Tate|access-date=19 May 2020|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607064508/https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-modern/exhibition/malevich/malevich-room-guide/malevich-room-3|url-status=live}}</ref> An example of his Cubo-Futurist work is ''[[The Knifegrinder (Malevich)|The Knifegrinder]]'', painted circa 1912–1913.

[[Natalia Goncharova]] officially entered her Futurist stage in around 1912 to 1913; soon, Cubo-Futurist influences became apparent in her work.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Natalia Goncharova Exhibition: Guide|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-modern/exhibition/natalia-goncharova/exhibition-guide|website=Tate|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> This was not, for her, a dramatic change in her previous style of painting. In 1913, an exhibition of her latest work was held at a Russian art gallery, which received a massive variety of responses. [[Mikhail Larionov]] followed suit in the latest avant-garde trend, by publishing two manifestos on his and Goncharova's new art movement, [[Rayonism]], which was inspired by Cubo-Futurism.<ref name=":4" />

Other Cubo-Futurist artists emerged, for example [[Aleksandra Ekster]], who was involved in Ukrainian and Russian Futurist stage design,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=FitzLyon|first=Kyril|date=July 26, 1983|title=Female Pioneers|journal=Times Literary Supplement|pages=807}}</ref> and [[Lyubov Popova]], who had learned of Cubism during her 1912 stay in Paris, and painted in the Cubo-Futurist style in the years 1913 to 1914.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lyubov Popova|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/328|website=MoMA ([[Museum of Modern Art]], New York)|access-date=2020-05-20|archive-date=2019-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106172904/https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/328|url-status=live}}</ref> The movement in Russia was notable for having a large percentage of female painters, in contrast to the movement in Italy.<ref name=":8" />

[[File:Composition with Cards (Rozanova, 1915).jpg|150px|thumb|right|''Composition with Cards'' (1915) by [[Olga Rozanova]]]]

The Cubo-Futurists – both poets and artists – were also notable for their curious activities, both public and artistic: Mayakovsky wore a bright yellow jacket, [[Ilia Zdanevich]] ("Iliazd") and Burliuk painted on their faces, and some of the painters attached objects upon their canvases, in such manners that predated the [[Dada]] avant-garde movement based in Zurich, Berlin, and Paris, which would begin a few years later.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bowlt|first=John Edward|date=May 16, 1975|title=The Feast of Unreason|journal=Times Literary Supplement|pages=540}}</ref>

In 1913, the opera ''[[Victory over the Sun]]'' – prologue by Khlebnikov, libretti by Kruchenykh, and music by [[Mikhail Matyushin]] – was completed. The costume and set designer was Malevich; the opera has since become notable for starring the first appearance of his influential painting [[Black Square (painting)|''Black Square'']], as part of a design for a stage curtain.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Five Ways to Look at Malevich's "Black Square"|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/kazimir-malevich-1561/five-ways-look-malevichs-black-square|website=Tate|access-date=28 May 2020|archive-date=26 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526145311/https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/kazimir-malevich-1561/five-ways-look-malevichs-black-square|url-status=live}}</ref> The next year, a Russian Futurist book was published: ''[[Tango with Cows]]'', written by aviator-poet [[Vasily Kamensky]] and illustrated by the Burliuk brothers.

By 1914, the Russian Futurists (many of them Cubo-Futurist) developed a hostility to the Italians. When Marinetti went on a lecture tour of Russia in that year, he was met with general unfriendliness, contrary to the positive reception he had on his previous tour of 1910: Larionov had, for example, a serious argument with a pro-Marinetti cultural figure, the former wishing to greet him with rotten eggs and the latter with flowers,<ref name=":3" /> whereas the female Cubo-Futurist painters may have been put off by Marinetti's misogyny.<ref name=":8" /> The relations worsened to such an extent that Hylea began to fake the publication dates of their books, as though to state that they were earlier and more Futurist than their colleagues in Italy.<ref name=":3" />

The Russian Futurists were also disgusted with the [[Ego-Futurism|Ego-Futurists]], a rival Russian literary association who had been formed in 1911 by the poet [[Igor Severyanin]]. This time, the negative feelings went both ways: Severyanin disapproved of the attitudes of the Cubo-Futurists, whilst they dismissed the Ego-Futurists as being immature, tasteless impostors.

===End of Cubo-Futurism===

By the year 1915, Cubism and Futurism both began to become exhausted for the painters;<ref name=":0" /> nevertheless, in 1915, the first all-Russian Futurist exhibition, called 'Tramway V', opened on March 3; organised by [[Ivan Puni]], [[Vladimir Tatlin]]'s works became the main focus, and the exhibition led to a ''succés de scandale''. In 1916, another notable Cubo-Futurist book was published: ''[[Universal War]]'', by [[Aleksei Kruchyonykh|Aleksei Kruchenykh]], perhaps in collaboration with his wife [[Olga Rozanova]].

Cubo-Futurism can be said to have ended with the [[0,10 Exhibition]] of 1915–1916, also organised by Puni, and fuelled by the rivalry between Malevich and Tatlin; afterwards, most of the participants of Cubo-Futurism began to direct their energies to other styles of writing or painting, for example Malevich's new art movement [[Suprematism]], which officially began at the 0,10 Exhibition, or with [[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]].<ref name=":0" />

According to the Italian Futurist painter [[Gino Severini]], who had met and heard first-hand accounts from the Russian Futurist painters Larionov, Puni and [[Kseniya Boguslavskaya]], the movement finished in 1916,<ref name=":3" /> though, according  to the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], the style continued to be in use until roughly 1919.<ref name=":1" />

== Art ==
[[File:The_Knife_Grinder_Principle_of_Glittering_by_Kazimir_Malevich.jpeg|thumb|Kazimir Malevich, ''[[The Knifegrinder (Malevich)|The Knife Grinder]] (Principle of Glittering)'' (1912–13), oil on canvas, 79.534 cm × 79.534 cm, Yale University Art Gallery]]
For Cubo-Futurist artists, this movement represented a shift in stylistic values from a perception of painting as a reflection of their current reality into a portrayal of idealism through depictions of a perfect future defined by equality and an organised collective consciousness.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stapanian|first=Juliette|title=Mayakovsky's Cubo-Futurist Vision|publisher=Rice University Press|year=1986|location=Texas|pages=186|chapter=Conclusion: From the Broken Frame toward the Opened Form}}</ref>

One such example would be [[Kazimir Malevich]]'s 1912–13 ''[[The Knife Grinder (The Glittering Edge)]]''. The flickering of reflective metallic colours creates a dynamic representation of motion and energy, depicting the "mechanical vibration and dynamic rhythm" of [[Modernization theory|modernisation]] through [[industrialisation]] and mechanical harmony.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=McKiernan|first=Mike|date=2014|title=Kazimir Malevich, The Knife Grinder (The Glittering Edge) 1912–13|journal=Art and Occupation: Occupational Medicine|volume=64|issue=5|pages=317–318|doi=10.1093/occmed/kqu065|pmid=25005543|doi-access=free}}</ref> The knife grinder himself is central to the [[Composition (visual arts)|composition]], camouflaged within the dense abstracted [[Geometric abstraction|geometric]] shapes that surround and encompass him, invoking the idea that the man has fused into the mechanical perfection of a giant organised system.<ref name=":9" /> To Malevich and other artists of the Cubo-Futurist movement, works like this acted as a social metaphor highlighting the process of transformation, revolution, social rebuilding, and proletariat collectivism they wished to see in their society's future.<ref name=":5" /> Complex abstracted geometric shapes and representations of perfected mechanical society's highlights the revolutionary nature of their work as, "only futurist art is constructed on collective principles… Only futurist art is, at the present time, 'the art of the proletariat'", as painter and sculptor [[Nathan Altman]] (1889–1970) once stated.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Erjavec|first=Aleš|title=Aesthetic Revolution and Twentieth-Century Avant-Garde Movements|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2015|location=North Carolina|pages=102}}</ref>

Cubo-Futurist artists are unique in their independence and autonomy from other members of the group.<ref name=":11" /> Non-representational artists experimenting with Cubo-Futurism – such as [[Wassily Kandinsky|Kandinsky]], [[Mikhail Larionov|Larionov]], [[Kazimir Malevich|Malevich]], and [[Vladimir Tatlin|Tatlin]] – adopted the distinctive ideals and theoretical background of the movement but followed their own aesthetic path, thus depicting the freedom these artists were given to express their own perceptions of a modernised world.<ref name=":11" /> 
[[File:Natalia Sergeyevna Goncharova.jpg|right|thumb|Picture of Natalia Goncharova, one of the members of the Cubo-Futurist movement.]]

===Artists===
The following artists have been associated with Cubo-Futurism:<ref name="moma" />

*[[Alexander Archipenko]]
*[[Wladimir Baranoff-Rossine]]
*[[Alexander Bogomazov]]
*[[David Burliuk]]
*[[Wladimir Burliuk]]
*[[Aleksandra Ekster]]
*[[Natalia Goncharova]]
*[[Ivan Kliun]]
*[[Mikhail Larionov]]
*[[Lyubov Popova]]
*[[Olga Rozanova|Olga Rozanov]]
*[[Sonia Terk]]
*[[Vasyl Yermylov]]
*[[Alberto Magnelli]]
*[[Vadym Meller]]
*[[Aristarkh Lentulov]]
*[[Alexander Bogomazov|Oleksandr Bogomazov]]

=== Sculpture ===
Sculpture was a smaller subsect of the Cubo-Futurist movement. Influenced by the work of Italian futurist sculptor and painter [[Umberto Boccioni]], and [[Pablo Picasso]]'s cubist sculptures, Russian artists began experimenting with the combination of the two styles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Technical Manifesto of Futurist Sculpture|url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/20030/|date=2017|website=World Digital Library|access-date=2020-05-20|archive-date=2021-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328045726/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/20030/|url-status=live}}</ref> Artists who experimented with Cubist and Futurist (or a combination of both) styles within their sculptures all expressed a dislike of traditional, classical artistic traditions, thus highlighting the characteristically Cubo-Futurist interest in transformation, innovation, and rejuvenation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Futurism|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Futurism#info-article-history|last=White|first=John|date=2019|website=Britannica|access-date=2020-05-20|archive-date=2023-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628152905/https://www.britannica.com/art/Futurism#info-article-history|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Cubist sculpture|Cubo-Futurist sculptors]] included [[Joseph Chaikov]], [[Boris Korolev]] and [[Vera Mukhina]], all of whom taught at the Soviet state art school in Moscow, [[Vkhutemas]].

==Literature==
[[File:Vladimir mayakovsky and lilya brik.jpg|thumb|Vladimir Mayakovsky and his muse, [[Lilya Brik]].]]

=== Poetry ===
Poets that experimented with Cubo-Futurist ideals pressed the importance of deconstructing the rules and meaning of poetry, systematically attacking the previously popular Russian classical and [[Symbolism (movement)|symbolist poets]] due to their propensity to examine [[Metaphysics|metaphysical]], esoteric ideas that did not resonate with the common populace.<ref name=":10">{{cite book |last=Terras |first=Victor |title=Handbook of Russian Literarture |place=New Haven, Ct. |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1985 |page=163 |isbn=0300048688}}</ref> Cubo-Futurist artists had a passion for the [[Democratization|democratisation]] of poetry through the use of chaotic, common language (and concepts) that allowed for freedom of expression and interpretation by the average person.<ref name=":10" /> Like artists of the same movement, these poets were interested in creating "totally new words and a new way of combining them", transforming and recreating poetry into a literary form that depicted their ideas of a modernised future.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=The Routledge Companion to Experimental Literature|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|editor-last=Bray|editor-first=Joe|location=Oxfordshire|pages=28|editor-last2=Gibbons|editor-first2=Alison|editor-last3=McHale|editor-first3=Brian}}</ref> Poets of the Cubo-Futurist movement saw writing as a "laboratory or workshop" to renew language and literature, dissecting words and generating [[neologism]]s in order to shift contemporary understandings of poetry in order to display their interest in revolution and modernity.<ref name=":2" /> This practice is known as "transrational poetry" (or ''[[zaum]]''). The purity and dynamism artists of this movement found in mechanisation and technology, literary Cubo-Futurists found in transrational poetry, with this poetic experimentation later developing to involve the deconstruction of language to [[Onomatopoeia|onomatopoeic]] forms.<ref name=":2" /> One such example of this is [[Velimir Khlebnikov]]'s sound-paintings in his play ''[[Zangezi]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Harte|first=Tim|title=Fast Forward: The Aesthetic and Ideology of Speed in Russian Avant-Garde Culture, 1910–1930|publisher=The University Of Wisconsin Press|year=2009|location=Wisconsin|pages=69}}</ref> Poets of this movement also utilised unorthodox methods during their public poetry recitals, such as painted faces, public clowning, and extravagant clothing in order to gather attention to their work, and highlight their futuristic experimentation.<ref name="all-art" />

=== Theatre ===
[[File:Matyushin, Malevich, Kruchenikh.jpg|left|thumb|Some of the attendees of the ''Pervyi vserossiiskii sjezd Baiachei Budushchego (poetov futuristov)'' (First All-Russian Congress of Bards of the Future [The Futurist Poets]) – [[Mikhail Matyushin]], [[Kazimir Malevich]], and [[Aleksei Kruchyonykh|Aleksei Kruchenikh.]]]]
Introduction of Cubo-Futurist theories and ideologies into the realm of theatre production came with widespread scandal among those within the turn-of-the-century Russian society.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Berghaus|first=Gunter|title=Handbook of International Futurism|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|year=2019|location=Berlin|pages=774}}</ref> Similar to those that engaged with Cubo-Futurism within the art world, individuals within the theatre community utilised the movement's characteristic ideology of cultural renewal, transformation, and revolution within their works, expanding futurism from the literary and artistic realm and into theatre. In July 1913, a collection of poets and artists within the Cubo-Futurist movement came together for a meeting entitled ''Pervyi vserossiiskii sezd Baiachei Budushchego (poetov futuristov)'' (First-All Russian Congress of Bards of the Future [The Futurist Poets]), establishing that the group would create a "new 'Futurian' theatre" that would be run by their own collective and "transform Russian theatre" into a modern art form.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Railing|first=Patricia|title=Victory Over the Sun|publisher=Artist Bookworks|year=2009|location=East Sussex|pages=14–15}}</ref> The Cubo-Futurists employed a more aggressive style within their performances, making use of ''arte-azione''<nowiki/>'s (art-in-action) playfulness, provocative or unintelligible language, improvisation, and unpredictability.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Berghaus|first=Gunter|title=Handbook of International Futurism|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|year=2019|location=Berlin|pages=775}}</ref> As stated by [[Roman Jakobson]] (1896–1982): "The evenings of the Futurists brought… the public… The public's reaction was various: many came for the scandal, but a broad segment of the student public awaited the new art, wanted the new world".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jakobson|first=Roman|title=My Futurist Years|publisher=Marsilio Publishers|year=1997|location=New York|pages=4}}</ref>

== Effects of Cubo-Futurism ==
[[File:Dynamic_Suprematism_(Malevich,_1916).jpg|alt=Example of Suprematism – an art movement influenced by Cubo-Futurism|thumb|Example of Malevich's suprematist works. Kazimir Malevich, ''Dynamic Suprematism'' (1916), oil on canvas, 80.2 x 80.3 cm, Tate Gallery]]
Cubo-Futurism was incredibly significant in the development of art styles like [[Rayonism]], [[Suprematism]], and [[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]], with the movement acting as a transitionary phase between objective, [[Figurative art|figurative]] works and radical [[Abstract art|non-objective]], non-representational abstract art.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barooshian|first=Vahan|title=Russian Cubo-Futurism, 1910–1930|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|year=1975|location=Berlin|pages=146}}</ref> Cubo-Futurism gave artists the freedom to engage with the limitations of representation and subjectivity, and experiment with use geometric shapes and fragmented forms in order to convey a movement and dynamism that reflected their attempts to reconstruct understandings of their world and their art.

Cubo-Futurism acted as the jumping point for artists [[Mikhail Larionov]] (1881–1964) and [[Natalia Goncharova]] to develop [[Rayonism|Rayism]] (also called Rayonism), one of the first non-objective Russian artistic styles.

It was either Rayism<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kinchin|first=Juliet|title=MOMA at NGV: 130 Years of Contemporary Art|publisher=The Council of Trustees of the National Gallery of Victoria|year=2018|location=Melbourne|pages=73|chapter=A New Unity}}</ref> or, once more, Cubism and Futurism<ref name=":3" /> (or a mixture of all three) which then later influenced Kazimir Malevich to create [[Suprematism]], an art mode that is now considered one of the most significant modern art movements of the 20th century.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Woodcutter by Kazimir Malevich.jpg|''Woodcutter'' (1912) by [[Kazimir Malevich]]
File:Victory over the Sun 10.jpg|Costume design (c. 1910-1913) by [[Kazimir Malevich]] for ''[[Victory over the Sun]]''
File:Victory over the Sun 21.jpg|Backdrop design (c. 1910-1913) by [[Kazimir Malevich]] for ''[[Victory over the Sun]]''
File:V.Burlyk by D.Burlyuk (1913, from Trebnik troikh).jpg|''[[Vladimir Burliuk]]'' (from ''Trebnik Troikh'', 1913) by [[David Burliuk]]
File:Aleksandra Ekster - Kavaler. 1913.jpg|''Cavalier'' (1913) by [[Alexandra Exter]]
File:Aleksandra Ekster Ville.jpg|''City'' (1913) by [[Alexandra Exter]]
File:Blue on Tin (Rozanova, 1913).jpg|''Blue on Tin'' (1913) by [[Olga Rozanova]]
File:Lyubov Popova - The Pianist.jpg|''The Pianist'' (1914) by [[Lyubov Popova]]
File:Mystical Images of War - 11.jpg|''Angels and Aeroplanes'' (from ''Mystical Images of War'', 1914) by [[Natalia Goncharova]]
File:Constantinople-kamensky.jpg|The poem ''Constantinople'' from ''[[Tango with Cows]]'' (illustrated by [[David Burliuk|David]] and [[Vladimir Burliuk]]) by [[Vasily Kamensky]], 1914
File:Fyodor Christiania (Baranov-Rossine, 1915).jpg|''Fyodor Christiania'' (1915) by [[Vladimir Baranov-Rossine]]
File:Mikhail Larionov dancer on motion (1915).jpg|''Dancer in Motion'' (1915) by [[Mikhail Larionov]]
File:Liubov popova- traveling woman - 1915 oil on canvas 158 5x123cm.jpg|''Travelling Woman'' (1915) by [[Lyubov Popova]]
File:Goncharova, Natalya. Construction with Flowers. Tartu Art Museum.jpg|''Construction with Flowers'' (1916) by [[Natalia Goncharova]]
File:'Relief' by Iwan Puni (Jean Pougny), Tate Modern.JPG|''Relief'' (c. 1915-1916) by [[Ivan Puni]]
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Futurism]]
* [[Cubism]]
* [[Russian Futurism]]
* [[Rayonism]]
* [[Vorticism]]
* [[Natalia Goncharova]] 
* [[Mikhail Larionov]]
* [[Modern art (disambiguation)]] – list of articles associated with the title 'Modern art' 
* [[Art period]]

==References==

*{{cite book | author=West, Shearer | title=The Bullfinch Guide to Art | location=UK | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | year=1996 | isbn=0-8212-2137-X | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/bulfinchguidetoa0000west }}

{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="moma">{{cite web|url=http://www.moma.org/collection/details.php?theme_id=10069|title=Cubo-Futurism|last=Parton|first=Anthony|year=2009|work=[[Museum of Modern Art]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=7 June 2011}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==

* https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/glossary/<nowiki/>- [[Museum of Modern Art]] online dictionary of visual art terms.
* https://www.metmuseum.org/learn/educators/curriculum-resources – [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] curriculum resources page
* https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/ – free online resources engaging for modern and contemporary art
* https://www.moma.org/collection/terms/?=MOOC – glossary of significant art terms
* https://www.moma.org/research-and-learning/ – MOMA research and learning online page
* https://www.tate.org.uk/research/publications/tate-papers – [[Tate Modern|Tate Modern London]] online journal of research papers and scholarly articles
* https://www.oxfordartonline.com/ – [[University of Oxford|Oxford's]] collection of peer reviewed articles, important dictionary terms, and images

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{{Cubism|state=collapsed}}
{{Russian art movements|state=collapsed}}
{{Modern and Contemporary art galleries in Russia|state=collapsed}}
{{Geometric abstraction}}
{{Schools of poetry}}
{{Avant-garde}}
{{Modernism|state=collapsed}}
{{Art world|state=collapsed}}
{{Western art movements|state=collapsed}}
{{Arts criticism navigation|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cubism]]
[[Category:Russian Futurism]]
[[Category:Russian avant-garde]]
[[Category:Russian art movements]]