View source for Cubans

{{Short description|Nationality}}
{{Other uses|Cuban (disambiguation){{!}}Cuban}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Cubans<br /><small>''Cubanos''</small>
| image            = Map of the Cuban Diaspora in the World.svg
| caption          = Map of the Cuban Diaspora in the world
| population       = [[Cuba]]ns: ~'''13.9 million''' (2024)<br /> [[Diaspora]]: ~'''4.2 million'''
| popplace         = {{flag|Cuba}} 9,748,007 (2024)<ref>http://amp.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article290249799.html. {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref><ref>http://www.onei.gob.cu/node/13815 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314034430/http://www.onei.gob.cu/ |date=14 March 2020 }}. (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 July 2022</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/world/cu|title=Basic Facts|website=Census.gov|access-date=2022-12-10|archive-date=23 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523175056/https://www.census.gov/popclock/world/cu|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region1          = {{flagcountry|USA}}
| pop1             = 2,568,036 (2023)
| ref1             = <ref name=C>{{cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B03001:+HISPANIC+OR+LATINO+ORIGIN+BY+SPECIFIC+ORIGIN&g=&tid=ACSDT1Y2022.B03001 |title=HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN |date=2022 |website=data.census.gov }}</ref> 
<ref name="Uruguay quiere"/>
| region2          = {{flagcountry|Spain}}
| pop2             = 223,532 (2023)
| ref2             = <ref name=K>https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Tabla.htm?t=68522. Retrieved 10 January 2025.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ine.es/dynt3/inebase/es/index.htm?type=pcaxis&path=/t20/e245/p08/&file=pcaxis&dh=0&capsel=0|title=Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (National Statistics Institute)|website=ine.es|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725160939/https://ine.es/dynt3/inebase/es/index.htm?type=pcaxis&path=/t20/e245/p08/&file=pcaxis&dh=0&capsel=0|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region7          = {{flagcountry|Chile}}
| pop7             = 21,205 (2023)
| ref7             = 
| region5          = {{flagcountry|Uruguay}}
| pop5             = 24,485 (2020)
| ref5             = <ref name="Uruguay quiere">{{cite news|last=Pentón|first=Mario J.|title=Uruguay quiere atraer a cubanos y venezolanos, y lo está logrando|url=http://www.elnuevoherald.com/noticias/mundo/america-latina/cuba-es/article240164388.html|work=[[El Nuevo Herald]]|language=es|date=13 February 2020|access-date=1 December 2020|archive-date=1 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001211249/https://www.elnuevoherald.com/noticias/mundo/america-latina/cuba-es/article240164388.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region6          = {{flagcountry|Italy}}
| pop6             = 23,531 (2023) [[Immigration to Italy|**]]
| ref6             = 
| region4          = {{flagcountry|Mexico}}
| pop4             = 25,976 (2020) [[Immigration to Mexico|**]]
| ref4             = 
| region8          = {{flagcountry|Canada}}
| pop8             = 19,545 (2021)
| ref8             = <ref>https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810030201 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202224830/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810030201 |date=2 February 2023 }}. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Canada Census Profile 2021|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=31&SearchText=Canada|website=Census Profile, 2021 Census|date=7 May 2021|publisher=Statistics Canada Statistique Canada|access-date=3 January 2023|archive-date=3 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103201320/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=31&SearchText=Canada|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region9          = {{flagcountry|Venezuela}}
| pop9             = 10,769 (2020)
| ref9             = <ref name="DatosmcroCuba">https://countryeconomy.com/demography/migration/emigration/cuba {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822062146/https://countryeconomy.com/demography/migration/emigration/cuba |date=22 August 2023 }}. Data source: UN. Retrieved 22 August 2023.</ref>
| region12         = {{flagcountry|Puerto Rico}}
| pop12            = 8,891 (2023)
| ref12            = <ref>{{cite web|title=Place of Birth for the Foreign-Born Population in Puerto Rico|url=http://data.census.gov/table?q=Place+of+Birth&tid=ACSDT1Y2022.B05006PR|date=2022|access-date=20 September 2023|website=data.census.gov|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927200122/https://data.census.gov/table?q=Place+of+Birth&tid=ACSDT1Y2022.B05006PR|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region11         = {{flagcountry|GER}}
| pop11            = 9,185 (2022)
| ref11            = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://statista.com/statistics/890277/foreigner-numbers-by-country-of-origin-germany|title=Number of foreigners in Germany from 2019 to 2022, by country of origin|date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
| region13         = {{flagcountry|Costa Rica}}
| pop13            = 6,908 (2020)
| ref13            = <ref name="DatosmcroCuba"/>
| region14         = {{flagcountry|France}}
| pop14            = 5,466 (2020)
| ref14            = <ref name="DatosmcroCuba"/>
| region15         = {{flagcountry|Switzerland}}
| pop15            = 3,574 (2020)
| ref15            = <ref name="DatosmcroCuba"/>
| region16         = {{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}}
| pop16            = 3,402 (2020)
| ref16            = <ref name="DatosmcroCuba"/>
| region17         = {{flagcountry|Peru}}
| pop17            = 3,170 (2020)
| ref17            = <ref name="DatosmcroCuba"/>
| region10         = {{flagcountry|Ecuador}}
| pop10            = 10,768 (2022)
| ref10            = <ref>https://www.primicias.ec/noticias/sociedad/censo-ecuador/inmigrantes-extranjeros-paises/. Retrieved 20 September 2024.</ref><ref name="DatosmcroCuba"/>
| region18         = {{flagcountry|Sweden}}
| pop18            = 2,992 (2020)
| ref18            = <ref name="DatosmcroCuba"/>
| region3          = {{flagcountry|Brazil}}
| pop3             = 50,355 (2024)
| ref3             = <ref>[https://www.nepo.unicamp.br/observatorio/bancointerativo/numeros-imigracao-internacional/sincre-sismigra/ Immigrants in Brazil (2024, in Portuguese)]</ref>
| region21         = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| pop21            = 2,333 (2020)
| ref21            = <ref name="DatosmcroCuba"/><br><ref name=2011CensusEngWal>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/quick-statistics-for-england-and-wales-on-national-identity--passports-held-and-country-of-birth/rft-qs213ew.xls|title=Table QS213EW: 2011 Census: Country of birth (expanded), regions in England and Wales|publisher=Office for National Statistics|date=26 March 2013|access-date=10 July 2016|archive-date=23 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223092049/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/quick-statistics-for-england-and-wales-on-national-identity--passports-held-and-country-of-birth/rft-qs213ew.xls|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=2011CensusScotland>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2a_COB_detailed_Scotland.pdf|title=Country of birth (detailed)|publisher=National Records of Scotland|access-date=10 July 2016|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095818/http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2a_COB_detailed_Scotland.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=2011CensusNI>{{cite web|format=XLS|url=http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011_Excel/2011/QS206NI.xls|title=Country of Birth - Full Detail: QS206NI|publisher=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency|access-date=10 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095516/http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011_Excel/2011/QS206NI.xls|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=dmy}}</ref>
| region22         = {{flagcountry|Russian Federation}}
| pop22            = 2,224 (2020)
| ref22            = <ref name="DatosmcroCuba"/>
| region19         = {{flagcountry|Colombia}}
| pop19            = 2,534 (2020)
| ref19            = <ref name="DatosmcroCuba"/>
| region20         = {{flagcountry|Trinidad and Tobago}}
| pop20            = 2,412 (2020)
| ref20            = <ref name="DatosmcroCuba"/>
| region23         = {{flagcountry|Panama}}
| pop23            = 2,194 (2020)
| ref23            = <ref 
name="DatosmcroCuba" />
| region24         = {{flagcountry|Australia}}
| pop24            = 2,165 (2024)
| ref24            = <ref
name="DatosmcroCuba" />
| region25         = {{flagcountry|Bolivia}}
| pop25            = 1,971 (2020)
| ref25            = <ref name="DatosmcroCuba"/>
| region26         = {{flagcountry|Belgium}}
| pop26            = 1,926 (2020)
| ref26            = <ref name="DatosmcroCuba"/>
| region27         = {{flagcountry|Portugal}}
| pop27            = 1,858 (2020)
| ref27            = <ref name="DatosmcroCuba"/>
| region28         = {{flagcountry|South Africa}}
| pop28            = 1,846 (2020)
| ref28            = <ref name="DatosmcroCuba"/>
| region29         = {{flagcountry|Jamaica}}
| pop29            = 1,825 (2020)
| ref29            = <ref name="DatosmcroCuba"/>
| region30         = {{flagcountry|Guinea}}
| pop30            = 1,714 (2020)
| ref30            = <ref name="DatosmcroCuba"/>
| region31         = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
| pop31            = 1,501 (2020)
| ref31            = <ref name="DatosmcroCuba"/>
| region32         = {{flagcountry|Haiti}}
| pop32            = 1,185 (2020)
| ref32            = <ref name="DatosmcroCuba"/>
| region33         = {{flagcountry|Argentina}}
| pop33            = 1,116 (2020)
| ref33            = <ref name="DatosmcroCuba"/>
<ref>https://serviciomigraciones.cl/estudios-migratorios/estimaciones-de-extranjeros/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709225215/https://serviciomigraciones.cl/estudios-migratorios/estimaciones-de-extranjeros/ |date=9 July 2023 }} Estimacion de Poblacion Extranjera en Chile, al 31 de diciembre de 2019. Source: INE de Chile. Retrieved 26 August 2022.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Estimaciones de extranjeros|url=https://serviciomigraciones.cl/estudios-migratorios/estimaciones-de-extranjeros/|publisher=Extranjeria.cl|access-date=9 July 2023|language=Spanish|archive-date=9 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709225215/https://serviciomigraciones.cl/estudios-migratorios/estimaciones-de-extranjeros/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| languages        = [[Cuban Spanish]], [[Lucumí language|Lucumí]], [[English language|English]] (Miami accent), [[Spanglish]], [[Cubonics]]
| rels             = '''Majority''':<br />[[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]]<ref name="Religion in Cuba"/><br />'''Minority''':<br />[[Irreligion]], [[Protestantism]], [[Santería]], [[Ifá]], [[Palo (religion)|Palo]], [[Judaism]], <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/|title=Central America :: Cuba — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency|website=cia.gov|date=18 October 2021|access-date=24 January 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812170744/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| related_groups   = {{·}}[[Puerto Ricans]]{{·}}[[Floridanos]]{{·}}[[Spaniards]]{{·}}[[African diaspora|Africans]]{{·}}[[Taíno]]{{·}}[[Canary Islanders|Canarians]] {{·}} [[Catalans]] {{·}}[[Galicians]]{{·}}[[Andalusians]]{{·}}[[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]{{·}}[[French people|French]] {{·}}[[Latin Americans|Latinos]]
}}
'''Cubans''' ({{langx|es|Cubanos}}) are the citizens and nationals of [[Cuba]]. The Cuban people have varied origins with the most spoken language being [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. The larger Cuban [[diaspora]] includes individuals that trace ancestry to Cuba and [[Self-concept|self-identify]] as Cuban but are not necessarily [[Cuban nationality law|Cuban by citizenship]]. The United States has the largest Cuban population in the world after Cuba. 

The modern nation of Cuba, located in the [[Caribbean]], emerged as an independent country following the [[Spanish–American War|Spanish-American War of 1898]], which led to the end of Spanish colonial rule. The subsequent period of American influence, culminating in the formal [[Cuban War of Independence|independence of Cuba]] in 1902, initiated a complex process of national identity formation. This identity is characterized by a blend of Indigenous [[Taíno]], African, and Spanish cultural elements, reflecting a unique [[Multiculturalism|multicultural]] heritage. The [[Cuban Revolution|Cuban Revolution of 1959]], which brought [[Fidel Castro]] to [[Fidel Castro in the Cuban Revolution|power]], marked a significant turning point as it transformed the political landscape, reinforced a sense of national identity centered around revolutionary and [[Socialism|socialist]] ideals and led to the continuing [[Cuban exodus]], establishing the Cuban Diaspora.

==Racial and ethnic groups==
{{Main|Demographics of Cuba}}

===Census===
The population of Cuba was 11,167,325 inhabitants in 2012.<ref name="official 2012 Census"/>
The largest urban populations of Cubans in Cuba (2012) are to be found in [[Havana]] (2,106,146), [[Santiago de Cuba]] (506,037), [[Holguín]] (346,195), [[Camagüey]] (323,309), [[Santa Clara, Cuba|Santa Clara]] (240,543) and [[Guantánamo]] (228,436).<ref name=Official_census/> 
According to Cuba's Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas ONE [[2012 Cuba census|2012 Census]], the population was 11,167,325 including: 5,570,825 men and 5,596,500 women.

{|class="sort wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
! colspan="1"|Year 
! colspan=2|[[White people|White]] / %
! colspan=2|[[Mulatto]]/<br />[[Multiracial people|Mestizo]] / %
! colspan=2|[[Afro-Cubans|Black]] / %
! colspan=2|[[East Asian people|East Asian]] (Amarillo) / % 
! Total
|-
|  1774||align=right|{{formatnum:96440}}|| 56.2|| colspan="6"|{{formatnum:75180}} / 43.8 || {{gain}} 171,620
|-
| 1861||align=right|{{formatnum:793484}} ||56.8 || colspan="6"|{{formatnum:603046}} / 43.2 ||{{gain}} 1,396,530
|-
| 1899 ||align=right|{{formatnum:1052397}}||67.9 || align=right|{{formatnum:270805}}|| {{small|TBD}} ||align=right|{{formatnum:234738}}|| {{small|TBD}} ||align=right|{{formatnum:14857}}|| {{small|TBD}}||{{gain}} 1,572,797
|-
| 1943 
| {{formatnum:3553312}}
| 74.3 
| {{formatnum:743113}}
| 15.6
| {{formatnum:463227}} 
| 9.7
| {{formatnum:18931}} 
| 0.4
| {{gain}} 4,778,583
|-
| 2002
| 7,271,926
| 65.0
| 2,658,675
| 24.86
| 1,126,894
| 10,08
| 112,268
| 1,02
| {{gain}} 11,177,743
|-
| 2012 
| {{formatnum:7160399}}
|  64.1
| {{formatnum:2972882}}
| 26.6
| {{formatnum:1034044}}
|  9.3 
| - 
| - 
| {{decrease}} 11,167,325
|-
|}
Source.<ref name="one.cu">{{cite web|url=http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/cepde/loscensos/anexo_2.pdf|title=Cifras censales comparadas, 1899 - 1953|page=189|website=One.cu|access-date=2017-08-09|archive-date=2019-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029082829/http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/cepde/loscensos/anexo_2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yj7RKzfRQMC&q=2002++cuba+color+de+piel&pg=PA81|title=Romance: Interracial Couples in Contemporary Cuba|first=Nadine T.|last=Fernandez|date=18 February 2010|publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=9780813549231|access-date=April 4, 2020|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927200127/https://books.google.com/books?id=0yj7RKzfRQMC&q=2002++cuba+color+de+piel&pg=PA81#v=snippet&q=2002%20%20cuba%20color%20de%20piel&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Official_census>{{cite web|url=http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/cepde/cpv2012/20131107resumenadelantado/Tablas/4.pdf|title=2012 Official Census - Province, City and ethnic group|website=One.cu|access-date=2017-08-09|archive-date=2016-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325091944/http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/cepde/cpv2012/20131107resumenadelantado/Tablas/4.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="official 2012 Census">{{cite web|url=http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/cepde/cpv2012/20140428informenacional/46_tabla_II_4.pdf|title=Official 2012 Census|website=One.cu|access-date=2017-08-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603230454/http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/cepde/cpv2012/20140428informenacional/46_tabla_II_4.pdf|archive-date=2014-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=El Color de la Piel según el Censo de Población y Viviendas|url=http://www.onei.gob.cu/sites/default/files/publicacion_completa_color_de_la_piel__0.pdf|access-date=8 February 2022|website=Cuba Statistics and Information|pages=17–18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121050600/http://www.onei.gob.cu/sites/default/files/publicacion_completa_color_de_la_piel__0.pdf|archive-date=21 January 2022}}</ref>

===European or white===
{{Main|White Cubans|Spanish immigration to Cuba}}
{{See also|French immigration to Cuba|Italian Cubans}}
[[File:Supervisors of the Cuban census.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Cuban supervisors for the 1899 census.]]
[[File:Havana - Cuba - 2756.jpg|thumb|A Cuban shoemaker in [[Old Havana]]]]
In the 2012 Census of Cuba, 64.1% of the inhabitants self-identified as [[white people|white]]. Based on [[genetic testing]] (2014) in Cuba, the average percentages of European, African and Native American ancestry in those auto-reporting to be white were 86%, 6.7%, and 7.8%, respectively.<ref name=admixture>{{cite journal |title=Cuba: Exploring the History of Admixture and the Genetic Basis of Pigmentation Using Autosomal and Uniparental Markers|first1=Beatriz|last1=Marcheco-Teruel|first2=Esteban J.|last2=Parra|first3=Evelyn|last3=Fuentes-Smith|first4=Antonio|last4=Salas|first5=Henriette N.|last5=Buttenschøn|first6=Ditte|last6=Demontis|first7=María|last7=Torres-Español|first8=Lilia C.|last8=Marín-Padrón|first9=Enrique J.|last9=Gómez-Cabezas|first10=Vanesa|last10=Álvarez-Iglesias|first11=Ana|last11=Mosquera-Miguel|first12=Antonio|last12=Martínez-Fuentes|first13=Ángel|last13=Carracedo|first14=Anders D.|last14=Børglum|first15=Ole|last15=Mors|date=24 July 2014|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=10|issue=7|pages=e1004488|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004488|pmc=4109857|pmid=25058410 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The majority of the European ancestry comes from Spain.

===Black or African===
{{Main|Afro-Cubans}}
The Afro-Cuban population was 9.3% in the 2012 Census of Cuba. Just about 1.3 million Cubans described themselves as [[Black people|black]].<ref name="official 2012 Census"/> Thus a significant proportion of those living on the island affirm some sub-Saharan African ancestry. 

Based on genetic testing in 2014, the average African, European and Native American ancestry in those self-reporting to be "negro (Black)" was 65.5% "African", 29% "European" ancestry and 5.5% "Native American" or other ancestry.<ref name="admixture" />

Although Afro-Cubans can be found throughout Cuba, [[Oriente Province|Eastern Cuba]] has a higher concentration of Blacks than other parts of the island. [[Havana]] has the largest population of blacks of any city in Cuba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/afro-cubans/|title=Afro-Cubans|date=19 June 2015|website=Minority Rights Group}}</ref>

===Multiracial===
[[File:2012-02-Pinar del Rio Strassenszene anagoria 04.JPG|thumb|Cuban children in the [[Pinar del Río Province]] (2012)]]
In the 2012 Census of Cuba, 26.6% (2.97 million) of the Cubans self-identified as [[mulatto]] or [[Multiracial people|mestizo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://minorityrights.org/country/cuba/|title=Cuba - World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples|date=19 June 2015|website=Minority Rights Group}}</ref>

===East Asian===
{{Main|Chinese Cubans|Japanese Cubans|Filipino Cubans|Koreans in Cuba}}
Officially called ''amarilla'' (''yellow'' in English) in the Cuban census,<ref>{{cite web|title=El Color de la Piel según el Censo de Población y Viviendas|url=http://www.onei.gob.cu/sites/default/files/publicacion_completa_color_de_la_piel__0.pdf|access-date=8 February 2022|website=Cuba Statistics and Information|pages=8, 17–18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121050600/http://www.onei.gob.cu/sites/default/files/publicacion_completa_color_de_la_piel__0.pdf|archive-date=21 January 2022}}</ref> Cubans of East Asian origins made up 1.02% of the population in the 2002 Census of Cuba. They are primarily made up of ethnic Chinese who are descendants of [[indentured laborer]]s who came in the 19th century to build [[Rail transport|railroads]] and work in [[mining|mines]]. Historically, Chinese descendants in Cuba were once classified as "white".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/CCC&CISOPTR=1683&REC=5&CISOBOX=foreign|title=Report on the Census of Cuba, Census of Cuba 1899|website=Digital.tcl.sc.edu|access-date=8 February 2022|pages=81|archive-date=8 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008194441/http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2FCCC&CISOPTR=1683&REC=5&CISOBOX=foreign|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Amerindian===
The number of people identifying as [[Taíno]] has not been formally recorded. Most of them live on the eastern part of the island, notably in Granma, Guantánamo, and Las Tunas. 

The intermixing between European settlers and the native [[Taíno]] was prevalent in the early colonial era. Their mixed-race descendants have been historically undercounted. 

According to a 2018 [[genome]]-wide data study, the eastern region of the island had an average Native American ancestry contribution of 10%, as compared to an average of 5% in the rest of the island.<ref name=fortes-lima>{{cite journal |last1=Fortes-Lima |first1=Cesar |last2=Bybjerg-Grauholm |first2=Jonas |last3=Marin-Padrón |first3=Lilia Caridad |last4=Gomez-Cabezas |first4=Enrique Javier |last5=Bækvad-Hansen |first5=Marie |last6=Hansen |first6=Christine Søholm |last7=Phuong |first7=Le |last8=Hougaard |first8=David Michael |last9=Verdu |first9=Paul |last10=Mors |first10=Ole |last11=Parra |first11=Esteban J. |last12=Marcheco-Teruel |first12=Beatriz |title=Exploring Cuba's population structure and demographic history using genome-wide data. |journal=Scientific Reports |date=30 July 2018 |volume=8 |issue=8 |page=11422 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-29851-3 |pmid=30061702 |pmc=6065444 |bibcode=2018NatSR...811422F |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Additionally, many North American Indigenous living in [[Spanish missions in Georgia]] and [[Spanish missions in Florida|Florida]] were evacuated to [[Spanish Cuba]] along with the fleeing Spanish settlers following the loss of [[Spanish Florida]]. As a result, descendants of the [[Calusa]], [[Tequesta]], [[Timucua]] and other now-extinct [[indigenous peoples of Florida]] have been assimilated into the mainstream Cuban population. They comprise part of Cuba's Amerindian genetic makeup.

Intermarriage between diverse groups is so frequent as to be the rule.<ref name="bare_url">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QCSJ61F4j34C&q=cuba+1953+census+white+73%25&pg=PA155|title=Political Disaffection in Cuba's Revolution and Exodus|isbn=9780521867870|last1=Pedraza|first1=Silvia|date=17 September 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=10 November 2020|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927200129/https://books.google.com/books?id=QCSJ61F4j34C&q=cuba+1953+census+white+73%25&pg=PA155|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Arabs===
{{Main|Arab Cubans}}

==Population changes==
Cuba's [[birth rate]] (9.88 births per thousand population in 2006)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=World_News&subsection=Americas&month=May2007&file=World_News2007051741913.xml|title=Population, birth rate falling in Cuba: Official|publisher=thepeninsulaqatar.com|agency=Reuters|date=17 May 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926222652/http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=World_News&subsection=Americas&month=May2007&file=World_News2007051741913.xml|archive-date=26 September 2007|df=dmy}}</ref> is one of the lowest in the Western Hemisphere. Its overall population increased from around 7 million in 1961 to 11 million today, but the rate of increase slowed over time and has recently turned to a decrease, with the Cuban government in 2006 reporting the first drop in the population since the [[Mariel boatlift]]. Immigration and emigration have had noticeable effects on the demographic profile of Cuba during the 20th century. Between 1900 and 1930, close to a million Spaniards migrated to the island.

Since 1959, over two million Cubans have left the island, primarily to [[Miami, Florida]], where a vocal, well-educated and economically successful [[exile]] [[Cuban migration to Miami|community]] exists.<ref>{{cite web|last=Quiñones|first=Rolando García|url=http://www.sela.org/public_html/AA2K2/eng/docs/coop/migra/spsmirdi12-02/spsmirdi12-2.htm|title=International Migrations in Cuba: persisting trends and changes|publisher=Technical Corporation|access-date=9 July 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820213312/http://www.sela.org/public_html/AA2K2/eng/docs/coop/migra/spsmirdi12-02/spsmirdi12-2.htm|archive-date=20 August 2006|url-status=dead|df=dmy}}</ref>

==Genetics==

An [[Genealogical DNA test|autosomal]] study from 2014 found the genetic ancestry in Cuba to be 72% European, 20% African and 8% Amerindian.<ref name="admixture" /> Of note, there is high variability between regions within Cuba, with individuals from Western provinces having higher European ancestry on average, and those in the Eastern region having more African and Native American genetic contribution.<ref name="fortes-lima" /> Cuban [[genealogy]] has become a rising interest for Cubans in the last 15 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Padgett |first=Tim |date=July 17, 2023 |title=Cubans look to genealogy as a way off the island |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/07/17/1188181249/cubans-look-to-genealogy-as-a-way-off-the-island |access-date=Jan 16, 2024 |website=NPR}}</ref>

A 1995 study done on the population of [[Pinar del Río]], found that 50% of the [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup|Mt-DNA lineages]] (female lineages) could be traced back to Europeans, 46% to Africans and 3% to Americans. This figure is consistent with both the historical background of the region, and the current demographics of it. According to another study in 2008, regarding the geographical origin attributed to each mtDNA haplogroup, 55% of the sequences found in Cubans are of West Eurasian origin (namely, Europe and the Middle East) and 45% of African origin<ref name=pmc2492877>{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-213 |pmc=2492877 |title=Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba |year=2008 |last1=Mendizabal |first1=Isabel |last2=Sandoval |first2=Karla |last3=Berniell-Lee |first3=Gemma |last4=Calafell |first4=Francesc |last5=Salas |first5=Antonio |last6=Martinez-Fuentes |first6=Antonio |last7=Comas |first7=David |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=213 |pmid=18644108 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2008BMCEE...8..213M }}</ref>
Regarding [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|Y-chromosome haplogroups]] (male lineages), 78.8% of the sequences found in Cubans are of West Eurasian origin, 19.7% of African origin and 1.5% of East Asian origin. Among the West Eurasian fraction, the vast majority of individuals belong to West European [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|haplogroup R1b]]. The African lineages found in Cubans have a Western (haplogroups [[Haplogroup E1 (Y-DNA)|E1]], [[Haplogroup E2 (Y-DNA)|E2]], [[Haplogroup E1b1a (Y-DNA)|E1b1a]] ) and Northern ([[Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)#E1b1b1b .28E-L19.2FV257.29|E1b1b-M81]] ) African origin. The North African haplogroup E1b1b1b (E-M81), is found at a frequency of 6.1%.<ref name=pmc2492877/>

According to Fregel et al. (2009), the fact that autochthonous male E-M81 and female U6 lineages from the Canaries have been detected in Cuba and Iberoamerica, demonstrates that Canary Islanders with indigenous [[Guanches|Guanche]] ancestors actively participated in the American colonization.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-181 |title=Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European |year=2009 |last1=Fregel |first1=Rosa |last2=Gomes |first2=VeróNica |last3=Gusmão |first3=Leonor |last4=González |first4=Ana M |last5=Cabrera |first5=Vicente M |last6=Amorim |first6=António |last7=Larruga |first7=Jose M |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=181 |pmid=19650893 |pmc=2728732 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2009BMCEE...9..181F }}</ref>
==Cubans abroad==

The United States has the largest number of Cubans outside Cuba. As of 2023, the [[United States Census Bureau]]'s [[American Community Survey]] showed a total population of 1,450,808 Cuban immigrants.<ref name=MK>https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2022.B05006?q=B05006%20Place%20of%20Birth%20for%20the%20Foreign-Born%20Population%20in%20the%20United%20States. Retrieved 8 August 2024.</ref> As of 2015, 68% of Cuban-born residents of the United States have [[naturalized]]<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gonzalez-Barrera |first1=Ana |first2=Jens Manuel |last2=Krogstad |title=Naturalization rate among U.S. immigrants up since 2005, with India among the biggest gainers |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/01/18/naturalization-rate-among-u-s-immigrants-up-since-2005-with-india-among-the-biggest-gainers/ |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |date=January 18, 2018 |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410212113/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/01/18/naturalization-rate-among-u-s-immigrants-up-since-2005-with-india-among-the-biggest-gainers/ |url-status=live }}</ref> automatically losing their Cuban citizenship.<ref name="Acnur">{{Cite web|url=http://www.acnur.org/fileadmin/Documentos/BDL/2001/0511.pdf?file=fileadmin/Documentos/BDL/2001/0511|title=Constitución de la República de Cuba, 1992|publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|ACNUR]]|quote=Artículo 32.- Los cubanos no podrán ser privados de su ciudadanía, salvo por causas legalmente establecidas. Tampoco podrán ser privados del derecho a cambiar de esta. No se admitirá la doble ciudadanía. En consecuencia, cuando se adquiera una ciudadanía extranjera, se perderá la cubana. La ley establece el procedimiento a seguir para la formalización de la perdida de la ciudadanía y las autoridades facultadas para idirlo. / (English translation) Dual citizenship will not be admitted. Consequently, when foreign citizenship is acquired, Cuban citizenship will be lost.|access-date=21 October 2018|archive-date=21 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021151422/http://www.acnur.org/fileadmin/Documentos/BDL/2001/0511.pdf?file=fileadmin/Documentos/BDL/2001/0511|url-status=live}}</ref> Significant populations of Cubans exist in the cities of [[Hialeah, Florida|Hialeah]] and [[Miami, Florida|Miami]] in [[Florida]] (995,439 Cubans in this state in 2017) and in [[Texas]] (60,381), [[New Jersey]] (44,974), [[California]] (35,364), [[New York (state)|New York]] (26,875), and Illinois (22,541) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/|title=U.S. Census website|publisher=United States Census Bureau|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|language=en|access-date=2019-09-19|archive-date=27 December 1996|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The second largest Cuban diaspora is in Spain. As of 2019, there were 151,423 Cubans in Spain.<ref name=K/> Smaller numbers of Cubans live in [[Brazil]], [[Uruguay]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-hispanic-population.html |title=Hispanic Groups Population in USA by ORIGIN |date=2023 |website=www.census.gov/ }}</ref> [[Italy]][[Immigration to Italy|*]], [[Mexico]][[Cuban Mexicans|*]], and [[Canada]].<ref name=F>{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=21&Geo=01&SO=4D|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]|first=Statistics Canada|last=Government of Canada|date=February 8, 2017|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=11 September 2020|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218085754/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=21&Geo=01&SO=4D|url-status=live}}</ref>

After the founding of the republic in 1902, a considerable migration (over 1 million) arrived from the [[Iberian Peninsula]] to the island, between them were more than a few former Spanish soldiers who participated in the wars, and yet it never created an obstacle for the respect and affection of Cubans, who have always been proud of their origins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cubalog.eu/index.php?id=17&news=39|title=Cuba and Spain – Relations and Contradictions|last=Espinosa Chepe|first=Oscar|date=2007-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211204447/http://cubalog.eu/index.php?id=17&news=39|archive-date=2009-02-11|url-status=dead|access-date=2009-06-09}}</ref>
In December 2008, Spain began accepting citizenship applications from the descendants of people who went into exile after its brutal 1936-39 Civil War, part of a 2007 law meant to address the painful legacy of the conflict. This new [[Historical Memory Law]] has granted to more than 140,000 Cubans of [[Spaniards|Spanish]] ancestry the [[Spanish citizenship]], and there were 143,048 Cubans with Spanish citizenship in Cuba and 93,004 in Spain on January 1, 2019.<ref name="K"/> Under the law, the descendants had until December 2011 to present themselves at the Spanish embassy in their home country and turn in documentation that proves their parents or grandparents fled Spain between 1936 and 1955. They did not need to relinquish their current citizenship.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1868934,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715061436/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1868934,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 15, 2010|title=500,000 New Citizens for Spain?|date=29 December 2008|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/world/index.ssf/2008/12/over_400_cubans_line_up_for_sp.html|title=Over 400 Cubans line up for Spanish citizenship|website=Cleveland.com|date=30 December 2008|access-date=2017-08-09|archive-date=7 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607024629/http://www.cleveland.com/world/index.ssf/2008/12/over_400_cubans_line_up_for_sp.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Cuba}}

The first people known to have inhabited Cuba was the [[Ciboney|Siboney]], an [[Amerindian]] people. They were followed by another Amerindian people, the [[Taíno]] who were the main population both of Cuba and other islands in [[The Antilles]] when [[Christopher Columbus]] first sighted the island in 1492. He claimed the islands for Spain and Cuba became a [[Spanish colony]]. It was to remain so until 1902 apart from a brief occupation by [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] in 1762, before being returned in exchange for [[Florida]]. 

Towards the end of the 19th century, Spain had lost most of its American possessions and a series of [[rebellions]] had shaken Cuba. This, combined with calls for annexation of Cuba in the United States, led to the [[Spanish–American War]], and in 1902 Cuba gained formal independence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://public.websites.umich.edu/~ac213/student_projects06/dorir/cuba.html|title=Cuba - Caribbean Music and Dance}}</ref>

During the first decades of the 20th century, USA interests were dominant and in Cuba, leading to large influence over the island. This ended in 1959 when [[de facto]] leader [[Fulgencio Batista]] was ousted by [[Cuban revolution|revolutionaries]] led by [[Fidel Castro]]. Quickly deteriorating [[Cuba–United States relations|relations with the US]] led to Cuba's alliance with the Soviet Union and Castro's transformation of Cuba into a declared [[socialist state|socialist republic]]. Cuban soldiers were [[Cuban military internationalism|sent overseas]] to fight in the [[Angolan Civil War]] and [[Ogaden War]] in the 1970s-1980s. Castro remained in power until 2008, first as [[Prime Minister of Cuba|Prime Minister]] then from 1976 as [[List of heads of state of Cuba|President of the Council of State]]. Fidel was succeeded by his brother [[Raúl Castro]] as [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20180419-raul-castro-leadership-cuba-communist-party-2021-diaz-canel|title=Raul Castro to lead Cuba's Communist Party until 2021|publisher=France 24|date=19 April 2018|quote=I confirm to this assembly that Raul Castro, as first secretary of the Communist Party, will lead the decisions about the future of the country,' Diaz-Canel said.|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718003647/https://amp.france24.com/en/20180419|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Miguel Díaz-Canel]] succeeds the brothers Fidel and Raúl Castro as First Secretary of the Communist Party, making him the first non-Castro leader of Cuba since the revolution in 2021. Miguel Mario Díaz-Canel y Bermúdez (Spanish: [mi.ˈɣel ˈdi.as kaˈnel]; born 20 April 1960) is a politician and engineer who is the third first secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba.

<gallery widths=200 heights=155>
File:Enumerators, city of Habana.jpg|Cuban enumerators for the 1899 census of Havana.
File:Royal Palm Hotel (Havana), entrance.jpg|Royal Palm Hotel Havana, entrance. c. 1930
File:Cuban transport.jpg|Public transportation in Cuba during the [[Special Period]] (1991–2000)
</gallery>

==Culture and traditions==
{{Main|Culture of Cuba}}
{{Original research section|date=October 2016}}
[[File:Havana Woman.jpg|thumb|upright|A woman smoking a cigar in [[Old Havana]]]]

The culture of Cuba reflects the island's influences from various cultures, primarily [[European ethnic groups|European]] (Spanish), Taino and African.

One of the most distinctive parts of Cuban culture is [[Music of Cuba|Cuban music]] and dancing, being well-known far outside the country. Well known Hispanic music styles such as [[Mambo (music)|mambo]], [[salsa music|salsa]], [[Cuban rumba|rumba]], [[Cha-cha-chá (music)|cha-cha-chá]], [[bolero]], and [[Son cubano|son]] originated in Cuba. The origins of much of Cuban music can be found in the mix of Spanish and West African music, while American musical elements such as trombones and [[big band]] were also significant elements in the formation of Cuban music. [[Cuban literature]] includes some of the most well-known names of the islands, such as writer and independence hero [[José Martí]] in the late 19th century. More contemporary Cuban authors include [[Daína Chaviano]], [[Pedro Juan Gutiérrez]], [[Antonio Orlando Rodríguez]], [[Zoé Valdés]] and [[Leonardo Padura Fuentes]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEUlDwAAQBAJ&dq=cuban+music+mambo%2C+salsa%2C+rumba%2C+cha-cha-ch%C3%A1%2C+bolero%2C+and+son&pg=PA373|title=World Music: A Global Journey|page=373|isbn=978-1-317-43437-5 |last1=Miller |first1=Terry E. |last2=Shahriari |first2=Andrew |date=19 December 2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref>

The [[Spanish language]] is spoken by virtually all Cubans on the island itself. [[Cuban Spanish]] is characterized by the reduction of several consonants, a feature that it shares with other dialects of [[Caribbean Spanish]] as well as the [[Canary Islands]]. Many Cuban-Americans, while remaining fluent in Spanish, use [[American English]] as one of their daily languages.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQ6DwAAQBAJ&q=cuban+spanish%C2%A0|title=Cuban Spanish Dialectology: Variation, Contact, and Change|isbn=978-1-62616-510-6 |last1=Cuza |first1=Alejandro |date=2017 |publisher=Georgetown University Press }}</ref>

==Religion==
{{main|Religion in Cuba}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Cuba (2010)<ref name="Religion in Cuba">{{cite web|url=http://www.prolades.com/cra/regions/caribe/cub/cub-rd.htm|title=RELIGION IN CUBA|website=Prolades.com|access-date=9 August 2017|archive-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323180332/http://www.prolades.com/cra/regions/caribe/cub/cub-rd.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Catholicism]]
|value1 = 60
|color1 = purple
|label2 = [[Protestantism]] and other [[Christians]]
|value2 = 5
|color2 = royalblue
|label3 = Others/African Religious
|value3 = 11
|color3 = yellow
|label4 = [[Non-religious]]
|value4 = 24
|color4 = cyan
}}
[[File:Catedral exterior.jpg|thumb|The [[Havana Cathedral]]]]

Cuba's prevailing religion is [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]], although in some instances it is profoundly modified and influenced through [[syncretism]]. A common syncretic religion is [[Santería]], which combined the [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] religion of the African slaves with some Catholicism; it shows similarities to [[Brazil]]ian [[Umbanda]] and has been receiving a degree of official support.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cuba/Languages|title=Cuba - Spanish, Haitian Creole, Sign Language &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com}}</ref>

The [[Roman Catholic Church]] estimates that 60 percent of the population is Catholic,<ref name="StateDep">{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127386.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130032011/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127386.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-11-30 |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2009: Cuba | date= October 2009| access-date=2010-07-16 | publisher=US State Department}}</ref> with 10 percent attending mass regularly,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wola.org/es/comentario/comunidades_de_fe_en_cuba_primera_parte_de_la_serie_de_fondo_de_wola_sobre_la_religion_en|title=Comunidades de Fe en Cuba: Primera parte de la serie de fondo de WOLA sobre la religión en Cuba|website=Wola.org|access-date=2017-08-09|language=es|archive-date=1 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101224739/http://www.wola.org/es/comentario/comunidades_de_fe_en_cuba_primera_parte_de_la_serie_de_fondo_de_wola_sobre_la_religion_en|url-status=live}}</ref> while independent sources estimate that as few 1.5 percent of Catholics do so.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laarena.com.ar/opinion-cada_uno_en_lo_suyo__con_coincidencias_y_discrepancias-72748-111.html|title=La Pampa - Cada uno en lo suyo, con coincidencias y discrepancias|website=Laarena.com.ar|access-date=2017-08-09|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208155959/http://www.laarena.com.ar/opinion-cada_uno_en_lo_suyo__con_coincidencias_y_discrepancias-72748-111.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Membership in [[Protestant]] churches is estimated to be five percent and includes [[Baptists]], [[Pentecostals]], [[Seventh-day Adventists]], [[Presbyterians]], Episcopal Church of Cuba|Episcopalians, [[Methodists]], [[Religious Society of Friends]] (Quakers), and [[Lutherans]]. Other groups include the [[Greek Orthodox Church]], the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], [[Hindus]], [[Muslims]], [[Buddhists]], [[History of the Jews in Cuba|Jews]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼís]], and [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]].

Cuba is home to a variety of syncretic religions of largely African cultural origin. According to a US State Department report,<ref name="StateDep"/> some sources estimate that as much as 80 percent of the population consults with practitioners of religions with West African roots, such as Santeria or Yoruba. Santería developed out of the traditions of the [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]], one of the African peoples who were imported to Cuba during the 16th through 19th centuries to work on the sugar plantations. Santería blends elements of [[Christianity]] and [[West African]] beliefs and as such made it possible for the slaves to retain their traditional beliefs while appearing to practice Catholicism. La Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre (Our Lady of Charity) is the Catholic patroness of Cuba, and is greatly revered by the Cuban people and seen as a symbol of Cuba. In Santería, she has been syncretized with the goddess [[Ochún]]. The important religious festival "La Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre" is celebrated by Cubans annually on 8 September. Other religions practised are [[Palo Monte]], and [[Abakuá]], which have large parts of their liturgy in African languages.

===Symbols===
The [[flag of Cuba]] is red, white, and blue; and was first adopted by [[Narciso López]] on a suggestion by the poet [[Miguel Teurbe Tolón]]. The design incorporates three blue stripes, representing the three provinces of the time (Oriente, Centro, and Occidente), and two white stripes symbolizing the purity of the patriotic cause. The red triangle stands for the blood shed to free the nation. The white star in the triangle stands for independence.<ref>{{cite book|title=Historia de la isla de Cuba|page= 77|author=Carlos Márquez Sterling|author2=Manuel Márquez Sterling|year=1975}}</ref>

[[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|thumb|center|Coat of arms of Cuba]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Cuba}}

{{Div col}}
* [[Afro-Latin Americans|Afro-Hispanic]]
* [[Caribbean people]]
* [[Criollo people]]
* [[Cuba-United States relations]]
* [[Cuban Americans]]
* [[Cuban cuisine]]
* [[Cuban exile]]
* [[Cuban immigration to the United States]]
* [[Cuban Mexicans]]
* [[Cuban migration to Miami]]
* [[Cuban nationality law]]
* [[Cuban Spanish]]
* [[Cuban Uruguayans]]
* [[Cubans in Italy]]
* [[Hispanics]]
* [[History of Cuban Nationality]]
* [[List of Cuban Americans]]
* [[List of Cubans]]
* [[Spanish American]]
* [[Taíno]]
* [[White Hispanic]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|People of Cuba}}

{{People of Cuba}}
{{Cuba topics}}
{{Cuban diaspora}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cuban people| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Caribbean]]