View source for Crosshole sonic logging

'''Crosshole sonic logging''' ('''CSL''') is a method to determine the structural integrity of [[drilled shafts]] and other [[concrete]] [[Deep foundation|piles]].

The CSL method is considered to be more accurate than [[Pile integrity test|sonic echo testing]] in the determination of structural soundness of concrete within the drilled shaft inside of the [[rebar]] cage.  This method provides little indication of concrete soundness outside the cage.

Also known as Crosshole Acoustical Testing, CSL normally requires steel (preferred) or [[Polyvinyl chloride|PVC]] [[CSL access tubes|access tubes]] installed in the drilled shaft and tied to the rebar cage.  Before the rebar cage is placed in the hole, the [[CSL access tubes]] are attached to the interior of the rebar cage.  The cage is then lowered into the hole and the concrete is placed.  Steel [[CSL access tubes|CSL tubes]] are preferred over PVC tubes because studies have shown that PVC tubes tend to debond from the concrete due to the heat of hydration process of concrete, resulting in erratic CSL test results.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hadjuk|first=Edward L.|author2=Ledford, D.L. |author3=Christopher, W.R. |title=PVC and Steel Access Tube Debonding during Sonic Logging Testing for the SC 170 Bridge Replacement Project|journal=Proceedings of the Deep Foundation Institute 2004 Annual Conference, Vancouver, BC|year=2004}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Schmauder |first=Gretchen |author2=Steve D. Bowman |author3=Thomas J. Adams |title=CROSSHOLE SONIC LOGGING: INSIGHTS ON TESTING NEVADA INFRASTRUCTUR |year=2006 |url=http://2006geophysics.mst.edu/hgconproceedings/2006papers/032.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810161813/http://2006geophysics.mst.edu/hgconproceedings/2006papers/032.pdf |archivedate=2011-08-10 }}</ref>

The tubes are filled with water as an intermediate medium. After curing for 3–7 days, a sound source and receiver are lowered, maintaining a consistent elevation between source and sensor.  A signal generator generates a sonic pulse from the emitter which is recorded by the sensor.  Relative energy, [[waveform]] and differential time are recorded, and logged. This procedure is repeated at regular intervals throughout the pile and then mapped.  Areas of signal loss or wave speed reduction greater than 10 percent represent potential physical anomalies and can be targeted for further exploration. Measurements of relative energy or amplitude loss can be indicative of poor curing conditions or concrete heterogeneity including improper mixing of admixtures or retention of concrete laitance within the drilled shaft.<ref name=":0" />  By comparing the graphs from the various combinations of access tubes, a qualitative idea of the structural soundness of the concrete throughout the pile can be gleaned.

A more advanced, higher-end analysis that creates a mock 3-dimensional graphical display of the concrete soundness throughout the pile is known as [[Crosshole Sonic Tomography]].

==See also==
<!-- * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060501232149/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/tccc/tutorial/shafts/fhcha10.htm FHWA Drilled Shaft Tutorial Chapter 10]  -->
* [http://www.ultrasonic.de/article/ndtce03/papers/v024/v024.htm CSL paper from the 2003 symposium for Nondestructive Testing in Civil Engineering]
* [http://piletest.com/papers/SAGEEP-2010.CSL_Secant_Pile_Walls.pdf CROSSHOLE SONIC LOGGING OF SECANT PILE WALLS]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* Farouz, E., Landers, P., Webster, S., November, 2005. Case History: Foundation Evacuation for the Virginia Highway 288 Project. GEO3 Construction Quality Assurance/Quality Control Technical Conference: Dallas/Ft. Worth, TX; 49-60.
* Beim, J.W., Debas, L.F., Kormann, A.C.M., Martinati, L.R., Neto, L.A., November, 2005. Tomography: A New Technology for Quality Control of Deep Foundations. GEO3 Construction Quality Assurance/Quality Control Technical Conference: Dallas/Ft. Worth, TX; 323-328.
* {{citation |title=ASTM D6760 - 14 Standard Test Method for Integrity Testing of Concrete Deep Foundations by Ultrasonic Crosshole Testing |date=2014 |doi=10.1520/D6760-14}}
* {{citation |title=ASTM D4428 / D4428M - 07 Standard Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic Testing |date=2008 |doi=10.1520/D4428_D4428M-07}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091107024457/http://www.dextragroup.com/products_construc_sonic_page1.htm Sonitec CSL Access Tubes]
* [https://www.astm.org/Standards/D6760.htm ASTM D6760-14 Standard Test Method for Integrity Testing of Concrete Deep Foundations by Ultrasonic Crosshole Testing]

{{Geotechnical engineering}}

[[Category:In situ foundation tests]]