View source for Cromarty

{{Short description|Town and civil parish in Scotland}}
{{For|other uses of Cromarty or Cromartie|Cromartie (disambiguation){{!}}Cromartie}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox UK place
| country = Scotland
| map_type = Ross and Cromarty
| static_image_name = Cromarty from Gallow Hill - geograph.org.uk - 4854915.jpg
| static_image_caption = 
| official_name = Cromarty
| gaelic_name = Cromba
| population = {{Scottish locality population|name|POP=Cromarty}}
| population_ref = ({{Scottish settlement population citation|year}})<ref>{{Scottish settlement population citation}}</ref>
| os_grid_reference = NH785675
| coordinates = {{coord|57.681|-4.035|display=inline,title}}
| unitary_scotland = [[Highland (council area)|Highland]]
| lieutenancy_scotland = [[Ross and Cromarty]]
| constituency_westminster = [[Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross (UK Parliament constituency)|Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross]]
| constituency_scottish_parliament = [[Skye, Lochaber and Badenoch (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Skye, Lochaber and Badenoch]]
| post_town = CROMARTY
| postcode_district = IV11
| postcode_area = IV
| dial_code = 01381
}}

'''Cromarty''' ({{IPAc-en|pron|audio=Cromarty.ogg|ˈ|k|r|ɒ|m|ər|t|i}}; {{langx|gd|Cromba}}, {{IPA|gd|ˈkʰɾɔumpə|IPA}}) is a town, [[civil parishes in Scotland|civil parish]] and former [[royal burgh]] in [[Ross and Cromarty]], in the [[Highland (council area)|Highland]] area of [[Scotland]]. Situated at the tip of the [[Black Isle]] on the southern shore of the mouth of [[Cromarty Firth]], it is {{convert|5|mi|km|0}} seaward from [[Invergordon]] on the opposite coast. In the 2001 census, it had a population of 719.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Scotland's Census Results Online |title=Comparative Population Profile: Cromarty Locality |url=http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Population&mainArea=cromarty&mainLevel=Locality |date=29 April 2001 |access-date=1 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519163629/http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Population&mainArea=cromarty&mainLevel=Locality |archive-date=19 May 2011 }}</ref>

==History==
The name ''Cromarty'' variously derives from the Gaelic ''crom'' (crooked), and from ''bati'' (bay), or from ''àrd'' (height), meaning either the "crooked bay", or the "bend between the heights" (referring to the high rocks, or Sutors, which guard the entrance to the [[Firth]]), and gave the title to the [[Earldom of Cromartie]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Cromarty|volume=7|page=483}}</ref> In 1264, its name was ''Crumbathyn''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Dictionary of British Place Names|author=AD Mills|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1991|pages=140}}</ref>

Cromarty is a [[sea port]], and its economy was closely linked to the sea for most of its history. Fishing was the major industry, with salmon stations around the surrounding coast, and boats going out to catch herring. Other trade was also by boat: Cromarty's connections to surrounding towns were largely by ferry, while Cromarty boats exported locally-grown [[Hemp#Fiber|hemp fibre]], and brought goods such as coal. The [[Cromarty Firth]] is an outstanding natural harbour, and was an important British naval base during the [[First World War]] and the [[Second World War]]. [[HMS Natal (1905)|HMS ''Natal'']] blew up close by on 30 December 1915 with a substantial loss of life. {{efn|From 1890 (under terms of the [[Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889]]) to 1975 Cromartyshire was merged with [[Ross-shire]] under the Ross and Cromarty [[county council]]. ''Ross and Cromarty'' has later usage as the name of a district of the Highland [[Local government areas of Scotland 1973 to 1996|region]] (1975 to 1996), and is today an [[area committee]] of the modern Highland [[unitary authority]].}}  On the 26th of January 1940, HMS (Previously RMS) ''[[RMS Durham Castle|Durham Castle]]'', while being towed to [[Scapa Flow]] hit a mine laid by U-Boat ''[[German submarine U-57 (1938)|U-57]]'' 11 nautical miles to the east of the town.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-10 |title=Durham Castle |url=https://www.scottishshipwrecks.com/durham-castle/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Scottish Shipwrecks |language=en-GB}}</ref> Cromarty gives its name to one of the sea areas of the British [[Shipping Forecast]].

Cromarty Castle was the seat of the Urquharts, who were the hereditary sheriffs of Cromarty. The town was a royal burgh, and the ferry to [[Nigg, Highland|Nigg]] was on the royal pilgrimage route north to [[Tain]]. In 1513 [[James IV of Scotland]] went on a pilgrimage<ref>//www.tainmuseum.org.uk/article.php?id=51 </ref> and stayed in Cromarty Castle for 1 night.  Until 1890, it served as the [[county town]] of [[Cromartyshire]].

[[File:Scotia Depicta - Cromarty -Plate-.jpg|300px|thumb|Etching of Cromarty from Scotia Depicta by [[James Fittler]]]]
The site of the town's mediaeval burgh dating to at least the 12th century was identified by local archaeologists after winter storms in 2012 eroded sections of the shoreline. A community archaeology project, which began in 2013, is investigated the remains of roads and buildings at the site on the eastern edge of the present town.<ref>{{cite web|website=Ross and Cromarty Heritage|url=https://www.rossandcromartyheritage.org/home/black-isle-communities/cromarty/cromarty-history/cromarty-medieval-cromarty/|title=Medieval Cromarty|access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref>

Cromarty was the birthplace of Sir [[Thomas Urquhart]], the polymath Royalist most famous as the first translator of [[Rabelais]] into English.<ref name="EB1911"/>

In the nineteenth century, Cromarty was the birthplace and home of [[Hugh Miller]], a geologist, writer, journalist and participant in the [[Disruption of 1843|Disruptions]] in the Church of Scotland. Among his works was a collection of local folklore, such as the legend, dating from around 1740, that a Cromarty man named John Reid was granted three wishes from a [[mermaid]], and that he used one of the wishes to marry a woman named Helen Stuart.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ash |first=Russell |date=1973 |title=Folklore, Myths and Legends of Britain |publisher=Reader's Digest Association Limited |page=436 |isbn=9780340165973 }}</ref>

==Geography==
The burgh is noted as a base for viewing the local offshore [[sea life]]. These include one of the most northerly groups of [[bottlenose dolphins]]. Cromarty, along with [[Chanonry Point]] just round the coast, is one of the best places in Europe to see these animals close to the shore.

The predominant local stone is the [[Old Red Sandstone]] about which Hugh Miller wrote. Many fossils can also be found in the rocks along the coast.

==Governance==
=== UK Parliamentary constituency ===
Cromarty is in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK Parliament]] constituency of [[Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross (UK Parliament constituency)|Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross]], represented since 2024 by [[Jamie Stone (politician)|Jamie Stone.]]

Following the [[Acts of Union 1707|Act of Union]] in 1707, the British parliamentary constituency of [[Cromartyshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Cromartyshire]] was created, replacing the former [[Parliament of Scotland]] shire constituency. also called [[Cromartyshire (Parliament of Scotland constituency)|Cromartyshire]]. Paired as an [[alternating constituency]] with neighbouring [[Nairnshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Nairnshire]], the [[Freehold (law)|freeholders]] of Cromartyshire elected one Member of Parliament to one Parliament, while those of Nairnshire elected a Member to the next.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cromartyshire {{!}} History of Parliament Online|url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/constituencies/cromartyshire|website=www.historyofparliamentonline.org|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cromartyshire {{!}} History of Parliament Online|url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/constituencies/cromartyshire|website=www.historyofparliamentonline.org|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cromartyshire {{!}} History of Parliament Online|url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/constituencies/cromartyshire|website=www.historyofparliamentonline.org|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cromartyshire {{!}} History of Parliament Online|url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/constituencies/cromartyshire|website=www.historyofparliamentonline.org|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref> In 1832 the [[Cromarty (Burgh)|town of Cromarty]] was separated from the county, and became a [[parliamentary burgh]], combined with [[Dingwall]], [[Dornoch]], [[Kirkwall]], [[Tain, Scotland|Tain]] and [[Wick, Highland|Wick]] in the [[Wick Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)|Northern Burghs]] [[United Kingdom constituencies|constituency]] of the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]. Known also as ''Wick Burghs'', the constituency was a [[district of burghs]]. It was represented by one Member of Parliament. In 1918, the constituency was abolished and the Cromarty component was merged into the [[county constituency]] of [[Ross and Cromarty (UK Parliament constituency)|Ross and Cromarty]]. Following a boundary change in 1983, the sitting MP, [[Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin|Hamish Gray]] (Conservative and Unionist Party) was defeated by [[Charles Kennedy|Charlie Kennedy]] ([[Social Democratic Party (UK)|SDP]], later [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] then [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]]), who would go on to lead the Liberal Democrats, and who represented Cromarty until 2015, as the MP for [[Ross, Cromarty and Skye (UK Parliament constituency)|Ross, Cromarty and Skye]] (1983–1997), [[Ross, Skye and Inverness West (UK Parliament constituency)|Ross, Skye and Inverness West]] (1997–2005) and then [[Ross, Skye and Lochaber (UK Parliament constituency)|Ross, Skye and Lochaber.]](2005-2015) Cromarty was represented by [[Ian Blackford]] from 2015 until 2024 when [[Ross, Skye and Lochaber (UK Parliament constituency)|Ross, Skye and Lochaber]] was abolished. Cromarty then became part of [[Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross (UK Parliament constituency)|Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross]].

=== Scottish Parliament Constituency ===
In the [[Scottish Parliament]], Cromarty has been represented since 2016 by [[Kate Forbes]], an SNP politician and former [[Cabinet Secretary for Finance and Local Government|Cabinet Secretary for Finance]] in the [[Scottish Government]], as part of the [[Skye, Lochaber and Badenoch]] constituency. Prior to 2011, it was part of the [[Ross, Skye and Inverness West (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Ross, Skye and Inverness West]] Constituency. As well as the constituency MSP, Cromarty is represented by seven [[Additional member system|additional-member MSPs]], elected across the [[Highlands and Islands (Scottish Parliament electoral region)|Highlands and Islands Region]]. Since the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 Westminster election]] (when [[Douglas Ross (Scottish politician)|Douglas Ross]] resigned to take up a seat at Westminster), these have been [[John Finnie]] ([[Scottish Greens|Green]]), [[Maree Todd]] (SNP), [[David Stewart (Scottish politician)|David Stewart]] and [[Rhoda Grant]] ([[Scottish Labour|Labour]]), [[Jamie Halcro Johnston]], [[Sir Edward Mountain, 4th Baronet|Edward Mountain]] and [[Donald Cameron (Scottish politician)|Donald Cameron]] ([[Scottish Conservatives|Conservative]]). [[File:Cromartyc.jpg|thumb|Coat of arms of Cromarty and District Community Council]]

'''Local Authority'''

Cromarty is within the [[The Highland Council|Highland council]] area, the successor to the [[Highland region]] which superseded the local government county of [[Ross and Cromarty]] in 1975. Since the [[2017 Highland Council election|local elections in 2017]], its councillors, for the Black Isle ward, have been Craig Fraser (SNP), Gordon Adam (Liberal Democrats) and Jennifer Barclay (Independent).

'''Community Council'''

The Cromarty and District [[Community council#Scotland|Community Council]] consists of seven members, elected for four-year terms.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Cromarty Live {{!}} Community Council|url=http://www.cromartylive.co.uk/commmunitycouncil.asp|website=www.cromartylive.co.uk|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref> Three of these members are elected annually to serve as chairman, Secretary and Treasurer.<ref name=":0" /> Its coat of arms, granted in 1988, are based on the arms of Urquhart of Cromarty, with a [[Mural crown|mural coronet]] placed in the middle of the boars’ heads, signifying a town, and the motto is that of the Urquharts. The official blazon is: Or, three boars' heads erased Gules, armed and langued Azure, in the centre of the shield a mural coronet of the Second. Above the Shield is placed a mural coronet suitable to a statutory Community Council, videlicet:- a circlet richly chased from which are issuant four thistle leaves (one and two halves visible) and four pine cones (two visible) Or, and in an Escrol below the Shield this Motto "Meane Well, Speak Weil, and Doe Weil".

== Architecture and landmarks ==
[[File:The old court house (geograph 6600836).jpg|thumb|[[Cromarty Courthouse]]]]
Cromarty is architecturally important for its Georgian merchant houses, such as Forsyth House, built by [[William Forsyth (merchant)|William Forsyth]], that stand within a townscape of [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] and [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] fisherman's [[cottage]]s in the local [[vernacular]] style. It is an outstanding example of an 18th/19th century burgh, "the jewel in the crown of Scottish Vernacular Architecture".<ref>{{cite news|author=David Ross|date=1 October 1994|title=Prince views a 'jewel in the crown'|newspaper=The Herald|location=Glasgow|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/prince-views-a-jewel-in-the-crown-1.482737|access-date=21 July 2014}}</ref> The cottage with crow-stepped gables in Church Street, in which the geologist [[Hugh Miller]] was born (in 1801), is now the only remaining thatched building in Cromarty, with most houses having switched to slate roofs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nts.org.uk/visit/places/hugh-millers-birthplace|title=Hugh Miller's Birthplace cottage and museum|publisher=National Trust for Scotland|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref>

To the east of the burgh is Cromarty House, built by George Ross in 1772 on the site of the former Cromarty Castle, which he demolished. Ross also built several other notable buildings in Cromarty: a seven-bay brewery, at the time the biggest in the Highlands, of which two bays remain (now used as a residential arts and training centre); [[Cromarty Courthouse]], now a museum;<ref>{{Historic Environment Scotland|num=LB23585|desc= Cromarty Court House Museum including prison, gatepiers, boundary wall and railings, Church Street, Cromarty|access-date=7 September 2022}}</ref> a hemp factory, converted into housing in the 1970s; the harbour, designed by [[John Smeaton]]; and a new chapel just outside the town to hold services in [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]] for the many Gaelic-speaking workers who moved to Cromarty in the period, later used by Polish soldiers during the [[Second World War]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cromarty Image Library – Gaelic Chapel – c1916|url=http://www.thecromartyarchive.org/picture/number55.asp|website=www.thecromartyarchive.org|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref>

While the Gaelic chapel is now ruined, its graveyard is still active as Cromarty's cemetery, and the town's war memorial and a monument to [[Hugh Miller]] are situated next to it. Other buildings of note in Cromarty include the [[Robert Stevenson (civil engineer)|Stevenson]] Lighthouse, built in 1846, and the East Kirk, an important example of a medieval kirk in the Scottish vernacular, restored in the 2000s by the Scottish Redundant Churches Trust.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/cromarty/eastchurch/index.html|title=Cromarty East Church|publisher=Undiscovered Scotland| access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref>

== Transport ==
Historically most travel to Cromarty would have been by ship: ferries connected the town with [[Invergordon]], and Cromarty's post continued to arrive by boat into the 20th century. The historic ferry route between Cromarty and [[Nigg, Highland|Nigg]] was served until 2009 by Britain's smallest [[vehicle ferry]], the ''[[Cromarty Rose]].'' The ''Cromarty Rose'' was sold in 2009 and replaced for the 2011 season by a new four-car ferry called the ''Cromarty Queen'', which continued the service from 2011 to 2014. After a year with no ferry in 2015, new operators, Highland Ferries, were awarded the ferry contract and re-commenced the regular service between Cromarty and Nigg with the ''Renfrew Rose'' running from June to September, from 8:00&nbsp;a.m. to 6:00&nbsp;p.m. daily, once again offering a direct route North from the Black Isle.

== Education ==
Cromarty has a small primary school named Cromarty Primary School with around 50 students. The [[University of Aberdeen]] Department of Zoology Lighthouse Field Station is based in Cromarty.

== Community and culture ==
The small community is also known for being a hub of creative activity, with several arts venues, local artists and a small cinema. The Cromarty Arts Trust, which restored several buildings in the town, including the Brewery and the Stables, organises a programme of arts and music events, including concerts and gigs, an annual Crime and Thrillers weekend, a Harp Weekend and stone letter carving and silver working courses, while the Cromarty Group of artists hold an annual exhibition of their work. Other local community groups include the Cromarty History Society, which holds regular lectures, and the Cromarty and Resolis Film Society, which organises a Film Festival every December. Guests of the 2008 festival included [[Kirsty Wark]], [[Don Shaw (screenwriter)|Donald Shaw]] and [[Karen Matheson]], [[Janice Forsyth]], [[David Mackenzie (director)|David Mackenzie]] and [[Michael Caton-Jones]]. Each guest selected five of their favourite films, one of which was shown during the weekend. In addition to the Favourite Films, there is an outdoor screening on a Gable End, [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]] Short films, Animation workshop, photographic exhibition and late night Pizza and Film screenings.

In recent years, as elsewhere in Scotland, [[Coastal and offshore rowing|coastal rowing]] has become a major activity, and there are three [[St. Ayles Skiff|skiffs]] based in Cromarty, which take part in competitions across Scotland. The Cromarty Community Rowing Club also hosts its own regatta in the summer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Regattas|url=https://www.cromartyrowing.com/regattas.html|website=CROMARTY COMMUNITY ROWING CLUB|language=en|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref>

== Traditional dialect ==
{{Main|Cromarty dialect}}
The town made the news in October 2012 when Bobby Hogg, the last speaker of the traditional local [[North Northern Scots]] dialect, died.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 October 2012 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-19802616 |title=Cromarty fisherfolk dialect's last native speaker dies |work=BBC News |access-date=2 October 2012}}</ref> This was referred to on [[HeraldScotland]] as a dialect of the [[Scots language]],<ref>{{cite news |date=2 October 2012 |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/mobile/news/home-news/dialects-demise-as-final-speaker-dies-at-92-x.19034230?_=a816b965843532338aa01847550986ba38636e84 |title=Dialect's demise as final speaker dies at 92 |newspaper=The Herald |access-date=2 October 2012 |author=David Ross|location=Glasgow}}</ref> although a report on BBC Radio 4 said that the dialect had been strongly influenced by the English spoken at the local naval base and that it was one of the few areas in Scotland to exhibit [[H-dropping]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01mzs9b BBC Radio 4 – Six O'Clock News, 2 October 2012], from 28:30 until the end of the broadcast</ref> Hogg had previously compiled a booklet of traditional words and phrases.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 May 2009 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/highlands_and_islands/8033355.stm |title=Rare fisherfolk dialect recorded|work=BBC News |access-date=2 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 February 2007 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1543318/Brothers-are-last-to-speak-dialect.html |title=Brothers are last to speak dialect |newspaper=Daily Telegraph |access-date=2 October 2012 |author=Auslan Cramb}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 February 2007 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2007/feb/26/features11.g21 |title=Anyone here speak Cromarty fisher? |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=2 October 2012 |author=Matt Kennard}}</ref> In addition, the [[Highland Council]] had produced a digital booklet on the dialect. This states that the [[thou]] forms were still in common use in the first half of the 20th century and remained in occasional use at the time of publication.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.ambaile.org.uk/en/download/files/The%20Cromarty%20Fisherfolk%20Dialect.pdf |title=The Cromarty Fisherfolk Dialect |publisher=Am Baile, The Highland Council's History and Culture website (on Internet Archive)|page=5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202061539/http://www.ambaile.org.uk/en/download/files/The%20Cromarty%20Fisherfolk%20Dialect.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2015 }}</ref>

==People==
*[[Thomas Urquhart|Sir Thomas Urquhart]]
*[[Hugh Miller]]
* Scottish writer [[Ian Rankin]] uses a "bolt-hole" in Cromarty when writing novels
* [[William Forsyth (merchant)|William Forsyth]] (b. 1722), successful merchant
* [[John Fraser (academic)|John Fraser]] (b. 1827), soldier and educator, Chancellor of the University of Kansas
* [[James Ross (Canadian businessman)|James Ross]] (b. 1848), civil engineer and businessman in Canada
* [[David Maclean, Baron Blencathra|David MacLean]] (b. 1953), MP for Penrith and the Border 1983–2010

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Portal|Scotland}}
*[http://www.thecromartyarchive.org/ The Cromarty Archive & Forum]
*[http://www.scottishradiance.com/light/light704.htm Cromarty Lighthouse]
*[http://www.abdn.ac.uk/lighthouse/ Lighthouse Field Station]
* http://www.cromartyfilmfestival.org/
*[http://digital.nls.uk/74582376 Engraving of Cromarty] by [[James Fittler]] in the digitised copy of [http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/ Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland], 1804 at [[National Library of Scotland]]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Ross and Cromarty]]
[[Category:County towns in Scotland]]
[[Category:Royal burghs]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of Scotland]]
[[Category:Shipping Forecast areas]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Black Isle]]
[[Category:Towns in Highland (council area)]]
[[Category:Parishes in Ross and Cromarty]]