View source for Crescentii

{{Short description|Italian noble family}}
{{Infobox family|
| coat_of_arms = Stemma crescenzi.png
| coat_of_arms_size = 140px
| country = {{flag|Papal States}} <br /> (modern day [[Italy]])
| founded = 10th century
| founder = Crescentius
| dissolution = 1768
| titles = * [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]]
* [[Marquis]] of [[Montorio al Vomano]]
* [[Roman patrician]]
}}

The '''Crescentii''' (in modern Italian '''Crescenzi''') were a [[Baronial|baronial family]], attested in [[Rome]] from the beginning of the 10th century and which in fact ruled the city and the election of the popes until the beginning of the 11th century.<ref name="ce">{{CathEncy|wstitle=Pope John XIII}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Castel santangelo Tevere.jpg|thumb|left|[[Castel Sant'Angelo]] was known in the 10th and 11th centuries as the Roman stronghold of the Crescentii (''domum Crescentii'').]]
Several individuals named ''Crescentius'' who appear in the very scanty documentation of the period have been grouped together by historians as the "Crescentii." Some do seem to bear family relationships, falling into two main branches, the Ottaviani and the Stefaniani, and their policies were consistent enough, especially as regards confronting the rival gang of aristocratic thugs, the [[Tusculani]], who were descended from the influential curial official [[Theophylact, Count of Tusculum]], ruler of Rome at the beginning of the 10th century.  Their territorial strongholds were situated mainly in the [[Sabine Hills]].
[[File:House_of_Crescentius.jpg|thumb|right|The house of [[Crescentius the Elder]]]]
The Crescentii had another formidable enemy, whose power did not always extend to Rome, in the German kings and emperors of the Ottonian Saxon dynasty, notably [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto the Great]] and [[Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry II]]. Emperor Otto's intervention in Italian affairs in 961 was not in Crescentii interests. In February 962, the pope and the emperor ratified the ''[[Diploma Ottonianum]]'', in which the emperor became the guarantor of the independence of the papal states. It was the Crescentii who most threatened papal independence.

The clan's triumph was in the later 10th century. They produced one pope from among their number — [[Pope John XIII|John XIII]] — and controlled most of the others, whom the leaders of the Crescentii installed as puppet popes. They held the secular offices such as ''praefectus'' by which Rome was technically still governed, and exacted large contributions and donations from the Papal treasury, in a thinly disguised extortion. From this power base within the city, they were able to influence even those popes who had not been their direct candidates.

In the countryside, Crescentii castles concentrated a cluster of population that depended on them for their defense and were dependable armed members of the Crescentii [[clientage]].

After Sergius IV's death (1012), the Crescentii simply installed their candidate, Gregory, in the [[Lateran Palace|Lateran]], without the assent of the cardinals. A struggle flared between the Crescentii and the rival Tusculani. The failure of their bold attempt and the pontificate of the Tusculan [[pope Benedict VIII]], whose powerful protector was the King of the Germans, Henry II, whom he crowned Emperor in Rome in 1014, forced the Crescentii out of Rome, retreating to the fortified strongholds. In the 1020s, the [[Farfa Abbey|abbot Hugh of Farfa]] was able to play one branch of Crescentii against another, and Crescentii support of two unsuccessful antipopes in mid-century, [[Pope Sylvester III|Sylvester III]] (Pope in 1045) and [[Antipope Benedict X|Benedict X]] in 1058 were symptoms of the clan's loss of unity and political prestige. As landowners, they settled into more local forms of patronage, as the ''Crescenzi.''

There was one last attempt at a restoration of Crescentii power when a disputed papal election in 1159 saw the election of Ottaviano dei Crescenzi Ottaviani di Monticelli as the [[Antipope Victor IV (1159–1164)|Antipope Victor IV]] in opposition to [[Pope Alexander III]]. Victor IV received the backing of [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick Barbarossa]]. Pope Alexander was unable to reclaim Rome which supported Victor. The schism only ended with the death of Victor in 1164.

The last known member of the family was Cardinal Marcello Crescenzi who died in 1768.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/marcello-crescenzi_res-80a603cc-87eb-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|title=CRESCENZI, Marcello in "Dizionario Biografico"}}</ref>

==Notable members==
* [[Pope John XIII]] (ca. 930–972)
* [[Crescentius the Elder]] (d. 984)
* [[Crescentius the Younger]] (d. 998)
* [[John Crescentius]] (d. 1012)
* [[Pope Sylvester III]] (ca. 1000–1063)
* [[Antipope Victor IV (1159–1164)|Antipope Victor IV]] (1095–1164)
* [[Marcello Crescenzi]] (1500–1552)
* [[Marcello Crescenzi (bishop of Assisi)]] (died 1630)
* [[Pier Paolo Crescenzi]] (1572–1645)
* [[Giovanni Battista Crescenzi]] (1577–1635)
* [[Alessandro Crescenzi (cardinal)|Alessandro Crescenzi]] (1607–1688)

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
*Luscombe, David and Riley-Smith, Jonathan. 2004. ''New Cambridge Medieval History: C.1024-c.1198, Volume 4''.
*{{CE1913|wstitle=Crescentius}}

==External links==
*[http://jcrao.freeshell.org/WaitingGame.html The Waiting Game: The Twenty-First and Eleventh Centuries Compared] - by [[John C. Rao]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130312151118/http://www.serlupi.it/Crescenzi.html Famiglia Crescenzi]

{{Periods of papal history}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:10th-century Christianity]]
[[Category:11th-century Catholicism]]
[[Category:History of the papacy]]
[[Category:Medieval Rome]]
[[Category:Papal families]]
[[Category:Families of post-ancient Rome]]