View source for Crampon (traction aid)

{{Short description|Traction device for ice-climbing}}
{{About|the traction aid|the heraldic device|crampon (heraldry)|bread added to soup or salad|crouton}}
[[File:Crampon.JPG|thumb|upright=1.1|Rigid step-in (fully automatic) "[[front-pointing|front-point]]" crampons used for vertical [[ice climbing]]]]
A '''crampon''' is a traction device attached to footwear to improve mobility on snow and ice during [[ice climbing]].<ref name=Cox2003>{{cite book|edition=7|editor=Cox, Steven M. |editor2=Kris Fulsaas |title=[[Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills]]|publisher=The Mountaineers|isbn=0-89886-828-9|location=Seattle|year=2003}}</ref> Besides ice climbing, crampons are also used for secure travel on snow and ice, such as crossing [[glacier]]s, [[Snow field|snowfields]] and [[Ice field|icefields]], ascending snow slopes, and scaling ice-covered rock. 

There are three main attachment systems: step-in, hybrid, and strap bindings. The first two require boots with [[welt (shoe)|welts]], or specialized [[mountaineering boot]]s with dedicated front and rear lugs, as a cam-action lever attaches the crampon to the heel. The last type (strap bindings) is more versatile and can adapt to virtually any boot or shoe, but often does not fit as precisely as the other two types.<ref name=REI2014>{{cite web|url=http://www.rei.com/learn/expert-advice/crampons-snow-ice-climbing.html|title=Crampons: How to Choose|publisher=REI|access-date=2014-02-11}}</ref>

[[Oscar Eckenstein]] designed the first 10-point crampon in 1908, dramatically reducing the need for step cutting. This design was then made commercially available by the Italian Henry Grivel. {{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

==Characteristics==
[[File:Strap-on crampon.JPG|thumb|Yellow/grey plastic "anti-balling" plates prevent snow from building up]]
[[File:Alpine touring ski boot with crampons.jpg|thumb|Alpine touring ski boot with a [[Petzl]] Irvis 10-point hybrid crampon]]
[[File:Mointain Boot with Crampons.jpg|thumb|A [[mountaineering boot]] equipped with a traditional 12-point glacier/trekking crampon]]

===Materials===
Crampons are made of steel alloy, lightweight aluminum, or a combination of the two. Lighter weight crampons are popular for [[ski touring|alpine ski touring]] where physical demands are generally lower and weight is at a premium.

===Points===
Early 10-point crampons lacked forward-angled spikes and thus required step cutting on steep terrain. In the 1930s two additional forward-slanting points were added, making them exceptional for [[mountaineering]] and glacier travel and beginning a revolution in [[front pointing]]. There is currently a range of models, including specialized crampons with as many as 14 points and models with single points for ice climbing.

===Attachment===
Crampons are fastened to footwear by means of a binding system. Improved attachment systems – such as a cam action "step-in" system similar to a ski binding and particularly well adapted to plastic technical mountaineering boots - have widely increased crampon use.  Crampons also use a full "strap-in" system and a "hybrid" binding that features a toe strap at the front and a heel lever at the back.<ref name=cramponsguide>{{cite web|url=http://cramponsguide.co.uk/crampon-attachment|title=Crampon Attachment|publisher=Crampons Guide}}</ref>

===Anti-balling===
To prevent snow from balling up under crampons, especially in temperatures around freezing, most models can be fitted with plastic or rubber "anti-balling" systems to reduce build-up.  Rubber models use flexion to repel snow while plastic anti-balling plates employ a [[Hydrophobe|hydrophobic]] surface to prevent adhesion.

===Grades===
Crampons are graded C1, C2 and C3 relative to their flexibility and general compatibility with different styles of boots.<ref name=H2G2>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A1931546|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730195805/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A1931546|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 30, 2012|title=The Hike Boot Grading System and the Crampon Grading System|publisher=H2G2}}</ref> No crampons are suitable for B0 boots (flexible walking boots).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Crampon / boot compatibility
|-
! Type
! scope="col" | Use
! scope="col" | B0 boot {{break}}(flexible)
! scope="col" | B1 boot {{break}}(semi stiff)
! scope="col" | B2 boot {{break}}(fully stiff)
! scope="col" width=80 | B3 boot {{break}}(technical climbing boot)
|-
! scope="row" | C1 
|relatively flexible - for walking
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | C2 
|versatile - for both walking and technical mountaineering
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | C3 
| for technical mountaineering
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|}

==Ski crampons==
Specialized "ski crampons" are employed in [[ski mountaineering]] on hard snow and ice. Far more common in the [[Alps]] than in the United States, these ski crampons are known by their European names: ''[[:de:Harscheisen|Harscheisen]]'' (German), ''couteaux'' (French) and ''coltelli'' (Italian){{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}, literally French and Italian for "[[Knife|knives]]" in those languages.

== Microspikes ==
While crampons generally have a solid frame, and large spikes, and may only be attached to a [[mountaineering boot]], stretch-on traction devices — often referred to as "microspikes" — typically consist of flexible rubber or metal chains with more, smaller spikes. Since crampons are tighter and have larger spikes, they are typically used for [[mountaineering]] on steep and dense snow or glacial ice in order to maintain strong traction and avoid falls, whereas stretch-on traction devices may be attached to multiple types of shoes and are generally used for hiking on flatter surfaces such as snow and ice, or even gravel or dirt. The term "microspikes" is commonly used to describe this category of traction devices, although it is a registered trademark of Kahtoola for a specific product.<ref>{{cite web
 |title=USPTO Trademark Registration No. 77262256
|url=https://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=77262256&caseSearchType=US_APPLICATION&caseType=DEFAULT&searchType=statusSearch
 |website=United States Patent and Trademark Office
 |access-date=7 May 2025}}</ref>

==Heel spurs==
Heel spurs are a type of crampon that attaches to the back of the heel and allow [[mixed climbing|mixed climber]]s to perform heel hooks.  They are a source of controversy, however, with some regarding the use of heel spurs as being a form of [[aid climbing]], and not [[free climbing]].<ref name=RI1>{{cite web | magazine=[[Rock & Ice]] | url=https://www.rockandice.com/opinion/is-mixed-climbing-legitimate/ | title=Is Mixed Climbing Legitimate? | first=Ryan | last=Nelson | date=27 February 2012 | accessdate=30 April 2023 | archive-date=30 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430121105/https://www.rockandice.com/opinion/is-mixed-climbing-legitimate/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons}}
*[[Ice cleat]]s
*[[Cleat (shoe)|Cleats]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.climbing.com/print/equipment/crampons/ Crampon Review] from [http://www.climbing.com/ Climbing Magazine], No. 226, December 2003.
*{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330082533/http://www.ugcs.caltech.edu/~alpine/wiki/Crampons |date=March 30, 2012 |title=Caltech Alpine Club's guide to crampons }}

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[[Category:Footwear accessories]]
[[Category:Mountaineering equipment]]