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{{Short description|Program of study, or unit of teaching that typically lasts one education term}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2015}}
In [[higher education]], a '''course''' is a unit of teaching that typically lasts one [[academic term]], is led by one or more instructors ([[teacher]]s or [[professor]]s), and has a fixed roster of [[student]]s. A course usually covers an individual subject. Courses generally have a fixed program of sessions every week during the term, called [[lesson]]s or classes. Students may receive a [[Grading in education|grade]] and academic [[Credit (education)|credit]] after completion of the course.<ref name="dict">[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/course "course"] in ''Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary''. Retrieved 15 August 2008.</ref>
Courses can either be compulsory material or "elective". An elective is usually not a required course, but there are a certain number of non-specific electives that are required for certain [[academic major|majors]]. The entire collection of courses required to complete an [[academic degree]] is called a ''[[undergraduate program|program]]'' (or programme) of studies.

The term is used in various countries, such as [[higher education in Vietnam|Vietnam]], [[higher education in Canada|Canada]], [[Higher education in Nigeria|Nigeria]], and the [[Higher education in the United States of America|United States]].
In [[India]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]] and [[Singapore]], as well as parts of [[Canada]], the word "'''unit'''" or "'''module'''" would be used to refer to an academic course as used in [[North America]] and the rest of [[Europe]]. 
In the Philippines, a course can be an individual subject (usually referred to by faculty and school officials) or the entire programme (usually referred to by students and outsiders).

==Types of courses==
Courses are made up of individual sessions, typically on a fixed weekly schedule.

There are different formats of course in universities:

*the [[lecture]] course, where the instructor gives lectures with minimal interaction;
*the [[seminar]], where students prepare and present their original written work for discussion and critique;
*the [[:wikt:colloquium|colloquium]] or reading course, where the instructor assigns readings for each session which are then discussed by the members;
*the [[tutorial]] course, where one or a small number of students work on a topic and meet with the instructor weekly for discussion and guidance.
*the [[Directed Individual Study]] course, where a student requests to create and title an area of study for themselves which is more concentrated and in-depth than a standard course. It is directed under a [[tenure]]d faculty member and approved by a [[professor|department chair]] or possibly the [[dean (education)|dean]] within that specific college;
*the [[laboratory]] course, where most work takes place in a laboratory
*the survey course lightly covers a broad area of knowledge.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-19 |title=Definition of SURVEY COURSE |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/survey+course |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Walling, R. (1942). Book requirements of survey courses. The Library Quarterly, 12(1), 75−93.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Survey course Definition & Meaning {{!}} Britannica Dictionary |url=https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/survey-course |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Many courses combine these formats. Lecture courses often include weekly [[discussion section]]s with smaller groups of students led by the principal instructor, another instructor, or [[teaching assistant]]. Laboratory courses often combine lectures, discussion sections, and laboratory sessions.

Students are expected to do various kinds of work for a course:

*Attending course sessions.
*Reading and studying course readings assigned in the course [[syllabus]].
*Discussing material they have read.
*Writing short and long [[essay|paper]]s based on assigned reading and their own [[library]] [[research]].
*Completing homework or problem sets.
*Completing laboratory exercises.
*Taking quizzes and [[Test (assessment)|examination]]s.

The exact work required depends on the discipline, the course, and the particular instructor. Unlike most European university courses, grades are generally determined by all of these kinds of work, not only the final examination.

==Elective and required courses==
An elective course is one chosen by a student from a number of optional subjects or courses in a curriculum, as opposed to a required course which the student must take. While required courses (sometimes called "core courses" or "general education courses") are deemed essential for an academic degree, elective courses tend to be more specialized. Elective courses usually have fewer students than the required courses.

The term [[Elective (medical)|elective]] is also used for a period of [[medicine|medical]] study conducted away from the student's home [[medical school]], often abroad. Motivations for choosing such a program include a wish to experience other cultures and to learn how to work in the clinical situations in other countries.<ref>[http://student.bmj.com/issues/05/02/editorials/47.php A guide for electives]</ref>

Typically, North American universities require students to achieve both breadth of knowledge across disciplines and depth of knowledge in a particular chosen subject area, known as a major. Thus, students of the Arts or Humanities are required to take some science courses, and vice versa. Normally, students are free to choose their particular electives from among a wide range of courses offered by their university, as long as the students possess the prerequisite knowledge to understand the subject matter being taught. An English major, for example, might also study one or two years of chemistry, biology or physics as well as mathematics and a foreign language.

Elective courses are also offered in the third and fourth years of university, though the choice is more restrictive and will depend upon the particular major the student has chosen. For example, at the [[University of British Columbia]], students intending to specialize in [[Sanskrit]] as part of a major in Asian language and culture will usually have to complete several Sanskrit and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] or [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] courses during the first two years of university, as well as additional courses in other languages of India in the third and fourth years of study. In addition to these required courses, however, students would choose among several third- and fourth-year elective courses on topics not directly related to India, such as the history and culture of [[China]], [[Japan]] or [[Indonesia]].<ref name="ubcasia">[http://www.students.ubc.ca/calendar/index.cfm?tree=12,197,282,62#1382 Major in Asian Language and Culture], ''UBC Calendar 2009/10''. Retrieved 2009-12-07.</ref>

==US course numbering system==

In the United States, most colleges and universities use a course numbering system where each course is identified by the name of the [[Major (academic)|major]] (or an abbreviation thereof) followed by a 3- or 4-digit number − for example, "[[French language|French]] 213" (pronounced "two thirteen") or "[[Computer science|CS]] 123" (pronounced "one twenty-three"). This common numbering system began to be used in the 1920s<ref name=Slate/> and was designed to make [[articulation (education)|transfer between colleges]] easier. In theory, any numbered course in one academic institution should bring a student to the same standard as a similarly numbered course at other institutions.<ref>{{cite book |author=Forest |first=J. J. F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFFX9OIkF2IC&q=course%20numbering%20systems&pg=PA73 |title=Higher education in the United States: an encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2002 |isbn=1-57607-248-7 |page=73}}.</ref><ref name="Slate">{{Cite web|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2006/09/why-are-introductory-classes-called-101.html|title=Why are introductory classes called "101"?|first=Daniel|last=Engber|date=September 6, 2006|website=Slate Magazine}}</ref> However, this is not a strict rule, and each institution is free to choose its own course numbers. Other countries may use very different numbering schemes or even no numbering system at all. In general, the equivalence between courses at different universities must be established by comparing their stated contents.

The first digit of the course number usually designates the level, or relative difficulty, of the course,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://bulletins.psu.edu/undergrad/courses/ |title = University Course Descriptions |work = University Bulletin |publisher = [[Pennsylvania State University]] |access-date = 2017-07-14 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170723185834/http://bulletins.psu.edu/undergrad/courses |archive-date = 2017-07-23 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=Penn>{{cite web |url = https://handbook.psu.edu/content/course-numbering-system |title = Course Numbering System |work = University Undergraduate Advising Handbook |publisher = [[Pennsylvania State University]] |access-date = 2017-07-14 |archive-date = 2018-11-02 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181102160118/https://handbook.psu.edu/content/course-numbering-system |url-status = dead }}</ref> and may roughly correspond to the year of study in which the course is likely to be taken (e. g. 1 for [[freshman]], 2 for [[sophomore]], 3 for [[Junior (education year)|junior]], 4 for [[senior (education)|senior]] in [[undergraduate]] courses, and 5 and above for [[Graduate education|graduate]] courses). Correspondingly, "a 200-level course" (pronounced "two hundred") would mean a sophomore-level course.

The attribution of digits other than the first is even less standardized, but in general, sequences of related courses tend to have consecutive numbers, indicating prerequisites or recommended sequence. So, for instance, a college may not allow students to enroll in English 201 before they have passed English 101 and 102. It is common for the middle digit(s) to indicate the subfield in the department within which the course is offered − for example, in a Physics department, all courses numbered "PHYS 47xx" may be about magnetism, while all "PHYS 48xx" courses may be about optics.

The [[101 (number)#In education|course number 101]] (pronounced "one oh one") is often used for a first or introductory course in a particular topic. This number appears to have been first used by the [[University of Buffalo]] in 1929.<ref name=Slate/> It eventually gave the US [[slang]] term "[[wikt:101|101]]" used to designate elementary knowledge in any subject, academic or not; as in "boiling potatoes is cooking 101". There is a record of usage in this generic sense in 1986.<ref name=Slate/>

Sometimes the same course is taught by different faculty and/or at different times. In this case, a section number is used to differentiate between the different classes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Course Prefixes and Numbers |url=https://www.wm.edu/as/undergraduate/academic-resources/prefixes-numbers/index.php |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=William & Mary College |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Course allocation]]
*[[Course credit]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Elective Courses |short=x}}
* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Elective Courses |short=x}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Curricula]]