View source for County and duchy of Aumale

{{Short description|French nobility in Normandy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2019}}
[[Image:Carte Normandie Historique.png|thumb|right|Map of Normandy]]
The '''County of Aumale''', later elevated to a '''Duchy''', was a medieval [[fief]] in the [[Duchy of Normandy]], disputed between [[Kingdom of France|France]] and [[Kingdom of England|England]] during parts of the [[Hundred Years' War]].

==Norman nobility==
[[Aumale]] was a medieval fief in the Duchy of Normandy and, after 1066, of the King of England.
According to Chisholm, the fief of Aumale was granted by the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rouen|archbishop of Rouen]] to [[Odo, Count of Champagne|Odo]], brother-in-law of [[William the Conqueror]], who erected it into a countship.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=492}}
Thompson wrote that it was given to [[Adelaide of Normandy|Adelaide]], William's half-sister, as a [[dower]] by her first husband [[Enguerrand II, Count of Ponthieu|Enguerrand]]; it then passed ''[[jure uxoris]]'' to her second and third husbands, Lambert and Odo.<ref name="KT73">Kathleen Thompson, 'Being the Ducal Sister: The Role of Adelaide of Aumale', ''Normandy and its Neighbours 900–1250; Essays for David Bates'', ed. David Crouch, Kathleen Thompson (Brepols Publishers, Belgium, 2011), p. 72</ref> In the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086, Adelaide is recorded as the Countess of Aumale, with holdings in Suffolk and Essex.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://opendomesday.org/name/countess-of-aumale-adelaide/ |title= Countess of Aumale (Adelaide) - Domesday Book|first=Anna|last=Powell-Smith}}</ref> In 1087 Odo received the Lordship of [[Holderness]], and at some time before 1090 Adelaide's holdings were passed to their son, [[Stephen of Aumale|Stephen]]. In 1102 the fief, with Odo's lands in Holderness, passed to their son, Stephen.

===Lords===
Norman counts:
*Guerinfroi, lord before 996–?
*Guerinfroi Aymard (son) ?–1048
*[[Bertha of Aumale]] (daughter) 1048–1052
**[[Hugh II, Count of Ponthieu]] 1048–1052 (married to Bertha)
*[[Enguerrand II, Count of Ponthieu|Enguerrand I of Aumale]] (married Adelaide of Normandy, who retained the lordship after her husband's death)
*[[Adelaide of Normandy]] 1053–1087 ''with''
**[[Lambert II, Count of Lens|Lambert of Boulogne]] 1053–1054 (married to Adelaide)

===Counts===
{{Further|House of Blois #Rulers}}
[[Image:Armoiries Comtes Aumale.png|125px|right|thumb|Coat of arms of the Counts of Aumale, adopted late 12th century, at start of age of heraldry]]
Anglo-Norman counts:
*[[Odo, Count of Champagne|Odo of Troyes]] 1069–1115 (married to Adelaide)
*[[Stephen of Aumale]] before 1070–1127
*[[William le Gros, Earl of York|William le Gros]] 1127–1179
*[[Hawise of Aumale]] 1179–1194 with her husbands as Counts ''[[jure uxoris]]'':
**[[William de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex]] 1180–1189 
**[[William de Forz (died 1195)|William de Forz]] 1189–1194 
**[[Baldwin of Béthune]] 1195–1196 
*''confiscated; to [[Crown lands of France|French royal domain]]. The English kings continued to recognise the title, as Earl of Albemarle'' (see English peerage section below)

==French nobility==
In 1196, [[Philip II of France]] captured the castle of [[Aumale]], and granted the title of "Count of Aumale" to [[Renaud de Dammartin]]. It was later held by the houses of Castile, Harcourt, and Lorraine.
After several extinctions the title was re-created in 1547 for [[Francis, Duke of Guise|Francis]], then styled Count of Aumale by courtesy. On his accession as [[Duke of Guise]], he ceded it to his brother [[Claude, Duke of Aumale]]. It was later used as a title by Henri d'Orléans, the youngest son of [[Louis Philippe I|Louis-Philippe]], King of the French and [[Duke of Orléans]].

{{Asof|2019}}, the titleholder is a grandson of the late [[Henri, Count of Paris (1908–1999)|Henri, Count of Paris]], Orléans heir, and his wife, [[Princess Isabelle of Orléans-Braganza]] of Brazil. Prince Foulques, Duke of Aumale, son of Prince Jacques, Duke of Orléans and the duchess, née Gersende de Sabran-Pontèves, added it to his title of Comte d'Eu.

===Counts (House of Dammartin)===
French Counts:

*[[Renaud I, Count of Dammartin]] 1224–1227
*[[Mathilde de Dammartin]] 1227–1260, also [[Counts of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis|Countess of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis]] and [[List of Portuguese royal consorts|Queen of Portugal and the Algarve]] by her two marriages, [[Countess of Mortain]], [[Countess of Boulogne]] and [[Counts of Dammartin|Countess of Dammartin]] ''with''
**[[Philip I, Count of Boulogne|Philip Hurepel]] 1227–1234, Count of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis (married to Mathilde)
**[[Afonso III of Portugal|Alphonso of Portugal]] 1238–1253, later [[List of Portuguese monarchs|King of Portugal and the Algarve]] (married to Mathilde)
*[[Simon, Count of Ponthieu|Simon of Dammartin]] 1234–1239, also Count of Ponthieu by his marriage
*[[Joan, Countess of Ponthieu|Joan of Dammartin]] 1239–1278, also Countess of Ponthieu, sometime Countess of Mortain and [[List of Castilian consorts|Queen of Castile]] by her marriage, ''with''

===Counts (House of Castile)===
[[Image:Arms_of_Infante_Ferdinand_of_Castile,_Count_of_Aumale_and_Baron_of_Montgomery.svg|125px|right|thumb|Coat of arms Infante Ferdinand of Castile, Count of Aumale and Baron of Montgomery]]
*[[Ferdinand III of Castile|Ferdinand I]] 1239–1252, [[List of Castilian monarchs|King of Castile]] (married to Joan)
*[[Ferdinand of Castile (born 1238)|Ferdinand II, Count of Aumale]] 1252–1260 (son of Joan and Ferdinand I)
*[[John I, Count of Aumale|John I]] 1260–1302 (son of Ferdinand II)
*[[John II, Count of Aumale|John II]] 1302–1343 (married to [[Catherine of Artois]], daughter of [[Philip of Artois]] and [[Blanche of Brittany]])
*[[Blanche of Ponthieu]] 1343–1387 ''with''

===Counts (House of Harcourt)===
*[[John V, Count of Harcourt|John III]] 1343–1356 (husband of Blanche)
*[[John VI, Count of Harcourt|John IV]] 1356–1389 (son)
*[[John VII, Count of Harcourt|John V]] 1389–1452 (son)
** [[John VIII of Harcourt|John VI]], ''de facto'' 1415–1424 (son)
*[[Marie, Countess of Harcourt|Mary]], ''de facto'' 1424–1452, ''de jure'' to 1476 (sister), ''with''

===Counts (House of Lorraine-Vaudémont)===
[[Image:Arms of Claude de Lorraine (2).svg|125px|thumb|right|Coat of Arms of the Dukes of Guise]]
*[[Antoine, Count of Vaudémont]] 1452–1458 (married to Marie)
*[[Jean, Count of Harcourt|John VI]] 1458–1473 (son of Antoine and Marie)
*[[René II, Duke of Lorraine|René]] 1473–1508 (nephew of John)
*[[Claude, Duke of Guise|Claude I]] 1508–1547

===Dukes===
[[Image:Armoiries duc d'Aumale.svg|125px|right|thumb|Coat of Arms of the Dukes of Aumale of the Lorraine family]]
*[[Francis, Duke of Guise|Francis]] 1547–1550
*[[Claude, Duke of Aumale|Claude II]] 1550–1573
*[[Charles, Duke of Aumale|Charles]] 1573–1595
*[[Anne, Duchess of Aumale|Anne]] 1618–1638 (countess of [[Maulévrier]])
*[[Henri I, Duke of Nemours|Henry of Savoy]], [[Duke of Nemours]] 1618–1632 (married to Anne)
*[[Louis I, Duke of Nemours|Louis of Savoy]] 1638–1641 (also Duke of Nemours)
*[[Charles Amadeus, Duke of Nemours|Charles Amadeus of Savoy]] 1641–1652 (also Duke of Nemours)
*''to royal domain''
*[[Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy-Nemours]]
*[[Louis Charles, Count of Eu|Louis Charles de Bourbon]] (1701–1773)
*''sold to the crown, but payment not made, so returned to the heir''
*[[Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre|Louis Jean Marie of Bourbon]] (1776–1793)
*[[Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale]] (1822–1897)

==English peerage==
Through the end of the [[Hundred Years' War]], the kings of England at various times ruled [[Aumale]], through their claims to be [[Duke of Normandy|dukes of Normandy]] and later, [[List of French monarchs|kings of France]]. The title of Count or Duke of Aumale was granted several times during this period.

===Earls (1095)===
In 1196, [[Philip II of France]] captured the castle of [[Aumale]] (and, subsequently, the remainder of [[Normandy]]). The kings of England continued to claim the Duchy of Normandy, and to recognize the old line of Counts or Earls of Aumale. These were:
* ''see above for Counts before 1196''
* [[Hawise of Aumale]], 2nd Countess of Aumale (died 1214), married, bef. 1196:
** [[Baldwin of Bethune]] (died 1212), Count of Aumale ''jure uxoris''
[[File:Seal 1 WilliamDeForz 4thEarlOfAlbemarle Died1260.jpg|thumb|100px|Seal of [[William de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle]]. Arms: A [[cross patonce]]]]
* [[William de Forz, 3rd Earl of Albemarle]] (died 1242), son of the 2nd Countess by her second husband [[William de Forz (died 1195)|William de Forz]] (died 1195)
* [[William de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle]] (died 1260), son of the 3rd Earl
* Thomas de Forz, 5th Earl of Albemarle (died 1269), son of the 4th Earl
* [[Aveline de Forz, Countess of Albemarle]] (died 1274), daughter of the 4th Earl

Aveline married [[Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster]], in 1269, but she died without issue in 1274. A claim upon the inheritance by John de Eston (de Ashton) was settled in 1278 with the surrender of the earldom to the Crown.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=492}}

===Dukes, first creation (1385)===
:''also: [[Duke of Gloucester]] (1385–1397), [[Earl of Essex]] (1376–1397), [[Earl of Buckingham]] (1377)''
*[[Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester]] (died 1397), fifth son of [[Edward III]], was created Duke of Aumale by [[Hereditary peer#Writs of summons|writ of summons]] on 3 September 1385, but was also made Duke of Gloucester very soon after, and seems never to have used the former title. It was almost certainly forfeit upon his murder while awaiting trial for treason.
''Note: This creation is not listed in several sources such as "The Complete Peerage", which indicates the creation shown below as the 1st.''

===Dukes, second creation (1397)===
:''also: [[Duke of York]] (1385), [[Earl of Cambridge]] (1362–1414), [[Earl of Rutland]] (1390–1402), [[Earl of Cork]] (c. 1396)''
*[[Edward of Norwich]], 1st Earl of Rutland (died 1415), first son of [[Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York]] (himself fourth son of [[Edward III]]), was created Duke of Aumale shortly after Woodstock's murder, but was deprived of the title by [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV Bolingbroke]] in 1399. Edward is referred to in [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Richard II (play)|Richard II]]'' as the "[[Duke of Aumerle]]"

===Earls (1412)===
:''also: [[Duke of Clarence]] (1412)''
*[[Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence]] (1387–1421), second son of [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV Bolingbroke]], was created Earl of Aumale along with his dukedom of Clarence, and carried both titles until his death without issue.

===Counts (1422)===
:''also: [[Earl of Warwick]] (1088)''
*[[Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick]] (1382–1439), military commander under [[Henry V of England|Henry V]] in France, was created Count of Aumale [[Life peer|for life]] only.

In further creations in the English peerage after the Hundred Years' War, Aumale was spelled in the [[List of Latinised names|Latinised]] form Albemarle. For these, see ''[[Duke of Albemarle]]'' and ''[[Earl of Albemarle]]''.

==References==
<references/>
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Albemarle, Earls and Dukes of|volume=1|pages=492–493}}
* Turner, Ralph V. "William De Forz, Count of Aumale: An Early Thirteenth-Century English Baron", ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', Vol. 115, No. 3 (June 17, 1971), pp.&nbsp;221–249.

[[Category:Counts of Aumale| ]]
[[Category:Dukes of Aumale| ]]
[[Category:Lists of French nobility|Aumale]]
[[Category:Lists of counts of France|Aumale]]
[[Category:Lists of dukes of France|Aumale]]
[[Category:Duchy of Normandy]]
[[Category:Earls of Albemarle]]
[[Category:Noble titles created in 1412]]