View source for Copper Inuit

{{Short description|Inuit in Canada}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group=Copper Inuit
|image=
|image_caption = Area of the Copper Inuit
|population=800<ref name="condon">{{cite book |first=Richard G. |last=Condon |author-link=Richard Guy Condon |title=Inuit Youth: Growth and Change in the Canadian Arctic |url=https://archive.org/details/inuityouthgrowth0000cond/page/25 |url-access=registration |year=1987 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-1212-9 |pages=25–38}} Also see {{google books|0OFkK9JSWYMC|Inuit Youth|page=25}}</ref>
|popplace=[[Northwest Territories]];<br />[[Nunavut]]
|rels= [[Animism]]; [[Inuit religion]]
|langs=[[Inuvialuktun]] (sometimes called Western Canadian Inuktitut; <br />also referred to as [[Inuinnaqtun]])
|related=
}}
{{Infobox ethnonym|root=Inu- ᐃᓄ- / nuna ᓄᓇ<br><small>"person" / "land"</small>|person=Inuinnaq|people='''Inuinnait'''|language=[[Inuinnaqtun]];<br />[[Inuit Sign Language|Tikuraq ᑎᑯᕋᖅ]]|country=Inuinnait Nunangat,{{indent|5}}[[Inuit Nunangat|Inuit Nunangat ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᖓᑦ]]}}
[[File:Holman 1980s.jpg|thumb|Looking at Ulukhaktok, Canada, from the bluffs that give the community its name, 1980s]]
'''Copper Inuit''', also known as '''Inuinnait'''<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=McGhee |first=Robert |title=Inuinnait (Copper Inuit) |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |date=4 March 2015 |publisher=[[Historica Canada]] |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/copper-inuit}}</ref> and '''Kitlinermiut''',<ref>{{cite news |title=The myth of a 'lost white tribe' |first=Michael |last=Robinson |work=[[Boston Globe]] |date=March 3, 2018 |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2018/03/03/the-myth-lost-white-tribe/es25geAZadZUCR1WeOzPoJ/story.html}}</ref>{{Pronunciation-needed}} are a Canadian [[Inuit]] group who live north of the [[tree line]], in what is now the [[Kitikmeot Region]] of [[Nunavut]] and in the [[Inuvialuit Settlement Region]] in the [[Inuvik Region]] of the [[Northwest Territories]]. Most of them historically lived in the area around [[Coronation Gulf]], on [[Victoria Island]], and southern [[Banks Island]].

Their western boundary was Wise Point, near [[Dolphin and Union Strait]]. Their northwest territory was the southeast coast of Banks Island. Their southern boundary was the eastern shore of [[Great Bear Lake]], [[Contwoyto Lake]] and [[Lake Beechey]] on the [[Back River (Nunavut)|Back River]]. To the east, the Copper Inuit and the [[Netsilik|Netsilingmiut]] were separated by [[Perry River (Nunavut)|Perry River]] in [[Queen Maud Gulf]]. While Copper Inuit travelled throughout Victoria Island, to the west, they concentrated south of [[Walker Bay (Northwest Territories)|Walker Bay]], while to the east, they were concentrated south of [[Denmark Bay]].<ref name="vanstone">{{cite book|last=VanStone|first=James W.|author-link=James W. VanStone|title=The Noice Collection of Copper Inuit Material Culture |series=''Fieldiana'' Anthropology |volume=22 |url=https://archive.org/details/noicecollectiono22vans |year=1994|publisher=Field Museum of Natural History}}</ref>

As the people have no collective name for themselves, they have adopted the English term "Copper Inuit".<ref name="osu">{{cite web |url=http://foragers.wikidot.com/copper-inuit |title=The Copper Inuit (Ulukhaktokmiut) of Holman |access-date=2008-08-24 |date=2007-11-26 |publisher=The Ohio State University |url-access=subscription}}</ref> It represents those westernmost [[Central Inuit]] who used and relied on [[native copper]] gathered along the lower [[Coppermine River]] and the Coronation Gulf.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/archeo/nadlok/nglos02e.html |title=Copper Inuit |website=Nadlok and the Origins of the Copper Inuit |first=Bryan |last=Gordon |access-date=22 August 2008 |publisher=[[Canadian Museum of History]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041029073540/http://www.civilisations.ca/archeo/nadlok/nglos02e.html |archive-date=October 29, 2004}}</ref>

According to [[Knud Rasmussen]] (1932), other Inuit referred to Copper Inuit as ''Kitlinermiut'', as ''Kitlineq'' was an [[Inuit languages|Inuit language]] name for Victoria Island.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/ethnoatlas/hmar/cult_dir/culture.7838 |title=Society-COPPER-ESKIMO |access-date=2008-08-25 |last=Martin |first=Marlene M. |publisher=lucy.ukc.ac.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514030724/http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7838 |archive-date=2008-05-14 }}</ref>

== History ==

=== Early millennia ===
Copper Inuit, like all Inuit, are descendants of the [[Thule people]]. Changes in the environment may have resulted in the transition from prehistoric Thule culture to Copper [[Inuit culture]].<ref name="vanstone" />

For about 3,000 years<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fleming|first1=Stuart J.|last2=Schenck|first2=Helen R.|title=History of Technology: The Role of Metals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NKCpAVR011MC&pg=PA68|year=1989|publisher=UPenn Museum of Archaeology|isbn=978-0-924171-95-6|page=68}}</ref> the Copper Inuit were [[hunter-gatherer]] [[nomad]]s. Their settlement and acculturation to some European-Canadian ways has occurred only since the 1940s, and they have also continued the hunting and gathering lifestyle.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Ethnobotany of the Kiluhikturmiut Inuinnait of Kugluktuk, Nunavut, Canada |last1=Davis |first1=Jonathan Duffy |last2=Banack |first2=Sandra Anne |journal=Ethnobiology Letters |volume=3 |date=December 2012 |pages=78–90 |jstor=26423547 |doi=10.14237/ebl.3.2012.31 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269587078|doi-access=free }}</ref>

They lived in communal [[igloo|snowhouses]] during the winter and engaged in breathing-hole (''mauliqtoq'') seal hunting. In the summer, they spread out in smaller, family groups for inland [[Reindeer|caribou]] hunting and fishing.<ref name="condon"/>

The people made copper arrows, spear heads, ''[[ulu]]'' blades, chisels, harpoons, and knives for both personal use and for trade amongst other Inuit. In addition to the copper products, Copper Inuit [[soapstone]] products were highly regarded in the [[Bering Strait]] trade network.<ref name="morrison">{{cite Q|Q60205412|last=Morrison |first=David |jstor=40511245|url=http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic44-3-239.pdf}}</ref> Other trade partners included [[Inuvialuit]] from the [[Avvaq Peninsula]] and [[Caribou Inuit]] to the south.<ref name="Issenman">{{cite book|last=Issenman|first=Betty Kobayashi|title=Sinews of Survival: The Living Legacy of Inuit Clothing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uNqKrb6KdMC&pg=PA110|year=2011|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-4189-4|page=110}}</ref> Many Copper Inuit gathered in the [[Cambridge Bay]] area in the summertime because of plentiful game.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://toolkit.buildingnunavut.com/en/community/load/9DD7D292-9984-42A1-A687-A1F700F1765A |title=About Cambridge Bay |website=BuildingNunavut.com |publisher=Government of Nunavut |access-date=21 July 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113222749/http://mailhub.edu.nu.ca/Kitikmeot/Orientation/CambridgeBay.html |archive-date=2010-01-13 }}</ref>

=== Post-Euro-Canadian contact ===
According to [[Robin McGrath]], there are Inuit stories that show there was a history of conflict between the Inuit and the [[Dene]], as well as others which may have involved Europeans. This conflict seems to have been instigated by both the Dene and the Inuit and possibly was caused by trade disputes but sometimes due to raids for women.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Samuel Hearne and the Inuit Oral Tradition |first=Robin |last=McGrath |date=6 June 1993 |journal=Studies in Canadian Literature |volume=18|issue=2 |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/SCL/article/view/8186}}</ref> One of the better known of these battles was recorded by European explorer [[Samuel Hearne]]. In 1771, Samuel Hearne was the first European to explore the Coppermine River region. It was here that [[Matonabbee]], leader of Hearne's [[Chipewyan]] Dene guides, and his companions [[Bloody Falls massacre|massacred a Copper Inuit]] group at [[Bloody Falls]].<ref name="condon" /> Further exploration did not take place until the period of 1820–1853, which included the Sir [[John Franklin]] expeditions of 1821 and 1825. [[John Rae (explorer)|John Rae]] encountered Copper Inuit at [[Rae River]] in 1847, and at [[Cape Flinders]] and [[Stromness Bay]] in 1851.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bunyan |first=Ian |title=No Ordinary Journey: John Rae, Arctic Explorer, 1813–1893 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uAjdJyb62HkC&pg=PA100 |year=1993 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-7735-1107-1 |pages=100–101}}</ref> During the [[McClure Arctic expedition]], Irish explorer, [[Robert McClure]] abandoned his ship, {{HMS|Investigator|1848|6}}, at [[Mercy Bay]] on Banks Island in 1853 during his search for [[Franklin's lost expedition]]. It provided extensive amounts of wood, copper, and iron which the Copper Inuit used for years. [[Richard Collinson]] explored the area in 1850–1855.

==== 20th century ====
In the belief that the Copper Inuit had migrated to [[Hudson Bay]] for trading at various outposts, the Canadian government's 1906 map marked Victoria Island as "uninhabited".<ref name="condon" /> It was not until the early years of the 20th century that trading ships returned to Copper Inuit territory. They followed [[Vilhjalmur Stefansson]]'s encounter with, and report on, so-called [[Blond Eskimos]] among the Copper Inuit<ref>{{cite book|last=Pálsson|first=Gísli|title=Anthropology and the New Genetics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QxVHPFomjUC&pg=PA191|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85572-3|pages=191, 200}}</ref> from his [[Arctic exploration]] of 1908–1912.<ref>{{cite web |title=History:, The Canadian Arctic Expedition (1913-1918) |access-date=2008-09-21 |work=Beaufort Gyre Exploration Project |publisher=[[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]] |url=http://www.whoi.edu/beaufortgyre/history/history_karluk.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Francis|first=Daniel|title=Discovery of the North: The Exploration of Canada's Arctic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCAVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA205|year=1986|publisher=McClelland & Stewart|isbn=978-0-88830-280-9|pages=205–208}}</ref> During the [[Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913–1916]], Canadian ethnographer [[Diamond Jenness]] spent two years living with and documenting the lives of Copper Inuit. He sent thousands of artifacts of their material culture to the [[Geological Survey of Canada]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/art_inuit/inart31e.html |title=Diamond Jenness (1886–1969) |website=Playthings and curios: historic Inuit art |last=von Finkelstein |first=Maria |access-date=21 July 2021 |publisher=Canadian Museum of History}}</ref>

Along with trade, European contact brought [[influenza]] and [[Typhoid fever|typhoid]]. These newly introduced infectious diseases likely weakened resistance of the natives. Between 1929 and 1931, one in five Copper Inuit died from a [[tuberculosis]] epidemic. Around the same time, the [[whaling]] industry deteriorated. Alaskan [[Iñupiat]] and [[Mackenzie River|Mackenzie Delta]] Inuvialuit came into the Coronation Gulf area to co-exist with the Copper Inuit.<ref name="Issenman" /> The first [[Ulukhaktok|Holman]]-area (Ulukhaktok) [[trading post]] was established in 1923 at Alaervik, on the north shore of [[Prince Albert Sound]], but it closed five years later. The post relocated to [[Fort Collinson]] on Walker Bay, north of [[Minto Inlet]]. Two other stores opened in Walker Bay but closed by 1939, in the years of the [[Great Depression]].

=== Settlement ===
In 1960, the federal government shipped three [[housing unit]]s to Holman, and another four in 1961. In the years to follow, some families moved to Holman permanently, while others lived there seasonally. Some Copper Inuit moved to the communities of [[Kugluktuk|Coppermine]] (Kugluktuk) or Cambridge Bay. Still others gravitated to outposts along [[Bathurst Inlet]], [[Contwoyto Lake]], [[Coronation Gulf]], and on Victoria Island.<ref name="aaa" />

The Copper Inuit have gradually adopted [[snowmobile]]s, [[satellite dish]] television service, and Christian churches. Many young people now speak English rather than [[Inuinnaqtun]]. Together, these introductions have created social change among the Copper Inuit.<ref name="condon" />

== Culture ==

=== Language ===
Copper Inuit traditionally speak Inuinnaqtun<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Wurm |editor-first1=Stephen A. |editor-last2=Mühlhäusler |editor-first2=Peter |editor-last3=Tryon |editor-first3=Darrell T. |title=Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas |volume=II: Texts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFW1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1059 |year=1996 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-081972-4 |pages=1059–1060}}</ref> and [[Inuvialuktun]], sometimes referred to as Western Canadian Inuktitut.<ref>{{Ethnologue24|ikt|Inuinnaqtun}}</ref>

=== Habitat and diet ===
Historically, Copper Inuit lived among [[tundra]], rocky hills, outcrops, with some forested areas towards the southern and southwestern range. Here they hunted [[Arctic ground squirrel]], [[Arctic hare]], caribou ([[Barren-ground caribou|barren ground]] and [[Peary caribou|Peary's]] herds), [[grizzly bear]], [[mink]], [[moose]], [[muskox]], [[muskrat]], [[polar bear]], [[wolf]], and [[wolverine]]. They fished in the extensive network of ponds, lakes, and rivers, including the Coppermine, Rae, and [[Richardson River (Canada)|Richardson Rivers]], which sustained large populations of freshwater [[Arctic char]] (also found in the ocean), [[Thymallus|grayling]], [[lake trout]], and [[Freshwater whitefish|whitefish]]. The marine waters supported [[Arctogadus|codfish]], [[bearded seal]], and [[ringed seal]].<ref name="aaa">{{cite web |title=Clothing, footwear and territory of the Caribou Inuit |url=https://www.aaanativearts.com/clothing-footwear-and-territory-of-the-caribou-inuit |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=AAANativeArts.com}}</ref> Ducks, geese, guillemots, gulls, hawks, longspurs, loons, plovers, ptarmigans, and snow buntings were also part of the Copper Inuit diet. They liked raw but not boiled [[egg (food)|eggs]].<ref name="king" /> They used and cooked food and products from the sea, but kept them separate from those of the land.<ref name="brink" />

=== Clothing ===
{{see also|Inuit clothing}}
[[File:Parka (woman's), Copper Eskimo, collected in 1920-1921 - Native American collection - Peabody Museum, Harvard University - DSC05652.JPG|thumb|Copper Inuit woman's [[Anorak|parka]], collected in 1920–1921, [[Peabody Museum, Harvard]]]]
Copper [[Inuit clothing]] consisted of short-waisted inner [[parka]]s accented with long, narrow back tails, and sleeves that came short of the wrist. In severe weather, they added a heavy outer parka. Women's parkas were distinguished by elongated hoods, and exaggerated, pointed shoulders. Boots extended up the leg to button at the waistline. They made the soles from feathers or bird skins.<ref name="aaa" /> Copper Inuit used different napkins for different meals: ptarmigan skins when eating caribou, and gull skins when eating seal.<ref name="king" />

Contemporary clothing and boots may be made of a variety of skins, including:<ref name="aaa" />
* Dance cap: caribou, ermine, and the [[beak|bill]] of a [[yellow-billed loon]]<ref name="king">{{cite book |editor-last1=King |editor-first1=J.C.H. |editor-last2=Paukstatz |editor-first2=Birgit |editor-last3=Storrie |editor-first3=Robert |title=Arctic Clothing of North America – Alaska, Canada, Greenland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZD2_7LRxGwsC&pg=PA63 |year=2005 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-7735-3008-9 |pages=63–68}}</ref>
* Parkas: Arctic hare, otter, rabbit, wild mink
* Mitts: beaver, polar bear, skunk
* Boots: caribou, dog, polar bear, seal, wolf, wolverine
* [[Mukluk|Kamiit]]: caribou, moose
{{Multiple image
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| image1 = Ikpukhuak and Higilaq at Bernard Harbour, Nunavut (36913).jpg
| alt1 = 
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| image2 = Back view of Ikpukhuak and Higilaq at Bernard Harbour, Nunavut (36914).jpg
| caption2 = Copper Inuit ''[[Angakkuq|angakkuit]]'' (shamans} Ikpukhuak and Higalik in ceremonial clothing, c. 1913–1916
}}
In addition to their everyday clothing, historically, many Inuit had a set of ceremonial clothing made of short-haired summer skins, worn for dancing or other ceremonial occasions. In particular, the dance clothing of the Copper Inuit has been extensively studied and preserved in museums worldwide.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Driscoll-Engelstad |first=Bernadette |date=1 January 2005 |title=Dance of the Loon: Symbolism and Continuity in Copper Inuit Ceremonial Clothing |journal=[[Arctic Anthropology]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=33–46 |doi=10.1353/arc.2011.0010 |jstor=40316636 |s2cid=162200500 |issn=0066-6939 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254926919}}</ref> The design of these garments was inextricably linked with the [[Inuit religion|religious practices]] of the Copper Inuit, containing what anthropologist [[Bernadette Driscoll-Engelstad]] describes as "design references alluding to the integration of the human and animal realm, the natural and the supernatural."{{Sfnp|Driscoll-Engelstad|2005|p=34}} By the 1930s, the ceremonial clothing of the Copper Inuit had died out, although it was intentionally revived in the 1990s.<ref name=":6"/>

=== Religion ===
Copper Inuit had an [[Animism|animistic]] spiritual system,<ref name="brink">{{cite book |last=Edgecombe |first=Nancy A. |chapter=Appendix: Value Orientations of the Copper Inuit |editor1=Pamela J. Brink |editor2=Marilyn J. Wood |title=Basic Steps in Planning Nursing Research: From Question to Proposal |url-access=registration |date=2001 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |location = Boston |isbn = 978-0-7637-1571-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/basicstepsinplan0000brin}}</ref> which included belief that animal spirits could be offended through [[taboo]] violations.<ref name="osu"/> They believed that dwarfs, giants, "caribou people", and the sea-goddess [[Arnapkapfaaluk]] or "big bad woman" inhabit the world.<ref name="osu"/> Their conception of the ''[[tupilaq]]'' is similar to the [[Christianity|Christian]] concept of the [[devil]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ohokak |first1=G. |first2=M. |last2=Kadlun |first3=B. |last3=Harnum |title=Inuinnaqtun-English Dictionary |publisher=Kitikmeot Heritage Society |url=http://en.copian.ca/library/learning/nac/nac_dictionary/nac_dictionary.pdf}}</ref>

The ''[[Angakkuq|angakkuit]]'' ([[Shamanism|shamans]]) could be male or female. They warded off evil spirits, functioned as intermediaries between people and the spirit world, healed illness or taboo violations, and controlled weather.<ref name="osu"/>

== Subgroups ==
Copper Inuit lived within geographically defined subgroups well documented by Stefansson,<ref name="trustees">{{cite book|last=Stefánsson|first=Vilhjálmur|author-link=Vilhjalmur Stefansson|title=The Stefánsson-Anderson Arctic Expedition of the American Museum: Preliminary Ethnological Report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NhBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA26 |series=Anthropologic Papers |volume=XIV, Part I|year=1914|publisher=The Trustees of the American Museum of Natural History |location=New York|pages=26–31}}</ref><ref name="prehistoric">{{cite periodical |last=Stefánsson |first=Vilhjálmur |title=Prehistoric and present commerce among the Arctic coast Eskimo |url=https://archive.org/details/prehistoricprese00stefiala |series=Anthropologic Series no. 3 |periodical=Canada Geological Survey Museum Bulletin |number=6 |date=30 December 1914 |location=Ottawa |publisher=Government Printing Bureau |pages= |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.27623}}</ref> [[Franz Boas]], and others:
* [[Ahiagmiut]]: [[Ogden Bay]]
* [[Akuliakattagmiut]]: [[Cape Bexley]]
* [[Asiagmiut]]: Ogden Bay
* [[Ekalluktogmiut]]: [[Ekalluk River]], [[Albert Edward Bay]]; central [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]
* [[Haneragmiut]]: [[Dolphin and Union Strait]]
* [[Haningayogmiut]]: [[Back River (Nunavut)|Back River]]
* [[Kaernermiut]]: Back River
* [[Kangiryuarmiut]]: [[Prince Albert Sound]], [[Cape Baring]], central Victoria island; [[Nelson Head]] on [[Banks Island]]
* [[Kangiryuatjagmiut]]: [[Minto Inlet]]; between Minto inlet and [[Walker Bay (Northwest Territories)|Walker Bay]]
* [[Kilusiktogmiut]]: Victoria Island; [[Coronation Gulf]] area at the mouth of the [[Mackenzie River]]<ref name="prehistoric" />
* [[Kogluktogmiut]]: [[Bloody Falls]] on the [[Coppermine River]], [[Dease River]], and [[Great Bear Lake]] (McTavish Bay); Coronation Gulf, southeast of [[Cape Krusenstern]]
* [[Kogluktualugmiut]] (or [[Utkusiksaligmiut]] – "the dwellers of the place where there is pot stone"): [[Tree River]] ("Kogluktualuk"), {{convert|80|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}} east of the Coppermine River<ref name="trustees" />
* [[Kogluktuaryumiut]]: from the mouth of the [[Kogluktuaryuk River]]<ref name="trustees" /> which flows into [[Grays Bay]] on up river; Grays Bay and the Coronation Gulf ice off of it<ref name="prehistoric" />
* [[Kugaryuagmiut]]: [[Kugaryuak River]]<ref name="trustees" />
* [[Nagyuktogmiut]] (or [[Killinermiut]]): [[Nagyuktok Island]], one of the [[Duke of York Archipelago|Duke of York Islands]];<ref name="trustees" /> central Coronation Gulf; Victoria Island northeast of [[Lady Franklin Point]]; mainland east of Tree River; [[Dismal Lakes]] near the head of Dease River;<ref name="prehistoric" /> ("Deer Horn Esquimaux")
* [[Noahonirmiut]] (or [[Noahdnirmiut]]): Liston and [[Sutton Island (Nunavut)|Sutton Islands]] in the Dolphin and Union Strait to the mainland: north of [[Rae River]], south of Lambert Island<ref name="trustees" /><ref name="prehistoric" />
* [[Pallirmiut]]: mouth of the Rae River (Pallirk) and head of Dease River; Coronation Gulf, southeast of Cape Krusenstern<ref name="trustees" /><ref name="prehistoric" />
* [[Pingangnaktogmiut]]: Pingangnaktok ("it blows a land wind"), inland west of Tree River<ref name="trustees" />
* [[Puiplirmiut]] (or [[Puiblirmiut]]): Dolphin and Union Strait near Liston and Sutton Islands; also north and northeast of Simpson Bay on Victoria Island<ref name="trustees" /><ref name="prehistoric" />
* [[Ugyuligmiut]]: north of Minto Inlet<ref name="trustees" />
* [[Ulukhaktokmiut]]: [[Ulukhaktok]] (formerly known as Holman), after the copper used in [[ulu]] making that was found there<ref name="osu"/>
* [[Umingmuktogmiut]]: permanent village of [[Umingmaktok]] (Umingmuktog) on the western coast of [[Kent Peninsula]];<ref name="trustees" /> [[Bathurst Inlet, Nunavut|Bathurst Inlet]]<ref name="prehistoric" />

== Notable Copper Inuit ==
* [[Joe Allen Evyagotailak]]
* [[Donald Havioyak]]
* [[Helen Kalvak]]
* [[Helen Maksagak]]
* [[Kane Tologanak]]
* [[Uloqsaq]] (historical)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Condon |first=Richard G. |author2=Julia Ogina | title = The northern Copper Inuit: a history| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=viT1UDEP2YcC| year = 2006| publisher = University of Toronto Press| isbn = 978-0-8020-0849-7}}

== External links ==
* [http://foragers.wikidot.com/copper-inuit The Copper Inuit], Foragers
* [https://images.google.com/images?q=%22copper+inuit%22&ie=UTF-8&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&sa=X&oi=image_result_group&resnum=1&ct=title Photos]
* [http://atlas.kitikmeotheritage.ca/index.html Kitikmeot Place Name Atlas] – includes the spoken Inuinnaqtun version of some places in this article
* [http://thuleatlas.org/index.html The 5th Thule Atlas] Copper Inuit Culture Area

{{Arctic topics}}

[[Category:Copper Inuit| ]]
[[Category:Inuvialuit groups]]