View source for Convoy SC 7

{{Use British English|date=February 2024}}
{{other uses|SC 7 (disambiguation)}}
{{short description|Convoy during naval battles of the Second World War}}
{{More footnotes|date=April 2009}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = The [[Second World War]]
| partof            = Convoy SC 7, the [[Battle of the Atlantic]]
| image = File:Western Approaches.PNG
| caption = Western Approaches of the [[British Isles]]
| image_upright = 1.0
| date              = 16–19 October 1940
| place             = [[Western Approaches]]
| result            = German victory
| combatant1        = {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}
| combatant2        = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| commander1        = [[Karl Dönitz]]
| commander2        = [[Lachlan Donald Ian Mackinnon|Lachlan Mackinnon]]
| strength1         = 8 U-boats
| strength2         = 35 ships<br />5 escorts
| casualties1       = None
| casualties2       = 142 men killed<br />20 merchant ships sunk<br />6 merchant ships damaged ({{GRT|79,592|disp=long}})
}}
{{Campaignbox Atlantic Campaign}}

'''Convoy SC 7''' was the name of a large [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[convoy]] in the [[Second World War]] comprising 35 merchant ships and six escorts. The convoy sailed eastwards from [[Sydney, Nova Scotia]], for [[Liverpool]] and other British ports on 5 October 1940. While crossing the Atlantic, the convoy was attacked by one of the first  [[U-boat]] [[Wolfpack (naval tactic)|wolfpacks]]. The escorts were overwhelmed, twenty of the 35 cargo vessels were sunk and two were damaged, with 141 lives lost. The disaster demonstrated the potency of wolfpacks (attacking in numbers) and the inadequacy of British [[anti-submarine]] operations.

==Ships of the convoy==

{{details|Order of battle for Convoy SC 7}}

The slow Convoy SC 7 left [[Sydney, Nova Scotia]] on 5 October 1940 bound for Liverpool and other British ports. The convoy was to make {{cvt|8|kn|mph+km/h}} but several merchant ships were much slower, reducing its speed. The convoy consisted of older, smaller ships, mostly with cargoes of bulk goods. Much of the freight on these ships originated on Canada's east coast, especially from points to the north and east of Sydney. Typical cargoes included pit props from eastern [[New Brunswick]] for British [[coal mine]]s, lumber, pulpwood, grain from the [[Great Lakes]] ports, steel and steel ingots from the Sydney plant and [[iron ore]] from [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]], bound for the huge steel plants of [[Wales]]. The largest ship in the convoy was the {{GRT|9,512}} oil tanker {{MV|Languedoc}}, belonging to the [[Admiralty (United Kingdom)|Admiralty]], which was bound for the [[River Clyde|Clyde]] with fuel for the [[Royal Navy]]. Another ship, the British {{SS|Empire Brigade}}, carried a valuable cargo of trucks.

Many of the ships were British but the convoy included Greek, Swedish, Norwegian and Dutch vessels. The [[convoy commodore]], [[Vice Admiral]] [[Lachlan Donald Ian Mackinnon|Lachlan MacKinnon]], a retired naval officer who had volunteered for war service, sailed in {{SS|Assyrian|1914|6}}, a British ship of 2,962 GRT. Mackinnon was in charge of the good order of the merchant ships but did not command the escort. The {{sclass|Hastings|sloop|0}} [[Sloop-of-war|sloop]] {{HMS|Scarborough|L25|6}} was sole naval escort for the first three quarters of the journey. There was no aircraft protection in 1940 for Allied ships in the Atlantic Ocean after leaving coastal regions. ''Scarborough'' would have had little chance against a surface attack by a [[Merchant raider|German raider]]. Many of the merchant ship captains were resentful at having to sail in convoy and would have preferred to take their chances on their own, rather than risk such a slow crossing with a weak escort. They were often uncooperative; at one point early in the voyage ''Scarborough''{{'}}s captain was shocked to find a Greek merchant ship in the convoy travelling at night with her lights on.

==Battle==

===5–18 October===
The convoy sailed on Saturday 5 October 1940. On the first day, one ship, {{SS|Winona||2}} dropped out with mechanical trouble and returned to port. The convoy "ran into a gale" on 8 October and then were engaged by [[U-boat]]s.{{sfn|Keegan|2002|p=230}} As bad weather set in on 11 October, several ships became separated and were forced to sail independently. {{SS|Trevisa||2}}, was a small [[Canada|Canadian]] [[Lake freighter|Laker]] of 1,813 GRT, with a cargo of lumber destined for [[Scotland]]. She was sighted by {{GS|U-124|1940|2}} on 16 October and sunk. The [[Greece|Greek]] freighter {{SS|Aenos|1910|2}} was seen by {{GS|U-38|1938|2}}  and sunk on the 17 October but {{SS|Eaglescliffe Hall||2}}, another Laker, rescued survivors from ''Aenos'', before arriving at [[Rothesay]] on 19 October. A fourth straggler regained the convoy on 15 October.

On 17 October, as the convoy entered the [[Western Approaches]], ''Scarborough'' was joined by the sloop {{HMS|Fowey|L15|2}} and the new [[corvette]] {{HMS|Bluebell|K80|2}}. Later that day they were sighted by {{GS|U-48|1939|2}}, which attacked, sinking two ships, including the tanker ''Languedoc''. ''Scarborough'' drove ''U-48'' deep so she was unable to shadow or report but the attack continued for too long and the convoy moved so far ahead that ''Scarborough'' was unable to rejoin. On 18 October, Convoy SC 7 was joined by the sloop {{HMS|Leith|U36|2}} and the corvette {{HMS|Heartsease|K15|2}}, with ''Leith'' assuming command. Later that day, ''U-38'' sighted the convoy and attacked, damaging {{SS|Carsbreck||2}}. ''Leith'' and ''Heartsease'' attacked without success, though ''U-38'' was driven off and ''Heartsease'' was detailed to escort ''Carsbreck'' home, weakening the escort further.{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|p=44}}

===18/19 October===

On the night of 18/19 October, {{GS|U-46|1938|2}}, {{GS|U-99|1940|2}}, {{GS|U-100|1940|2}}, {{GS|U-101|1940|2}} and {{GS|U-123|1940|2}} made a concerted attack. ''U-99'' and ''U-100''  were captained by two famous aces, ''[[Korvettenkapitän]]''s [[Otto Kretschmer]] and [[Joachim Schepke]]. The attack was coordinated from [[Lorient]] by Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]] the [[Befehlshaber der U-Boote]] (Commander, U-boats) and his staff. An early casualty was the iron ore ship, {{SS|Creekirk||2}}, bound for [[Cardiff]], Wales. With her heavy cargo, she sank quickly, taking all 36 crew members with her. Later that night, Convoy SC 7 lost many of its members, including ''Empire Brigade'' with her cargo of trucks and six of her crew and  {{SS|Fiscus||2}} with her cargo of steel ingots from Sydney. She sank quickly as well, taking with her 38 of her 39-man crew. Also among the casualties was the commodore's ship, ''Assyrian'', which went down with 17 crew (Mackinnon was rescued after a long immersion in the chilly waters). In all, 16 ships were lost in this six-hour period.{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|p=44}}

===18–20 October===
On 18 October, {{SS|Blairspey||2}} was torpedoed by ''U-101'' and was abandoned. She was torpedoed again on 19 October by ''U-100'' but remained afloat. She was towed to the Clyde and later repaired at [[Greenock]].{{sfn|Sawyer|Mitchell|1995|p=395}} The escorts were unable to prevent any of these losses; their responses were uncoordinated and ineffective. They never realised that the attacking submarines did not attack submerged or from outside the convoy but were actually running surfaced between the ships inside the convoy. The escorts were unable to mount any serious attacks on the U-boats and spent much of their time rescuing survivors.{{sfn|Lund|Ludlam|1973|p=95}} During 19 October, the escorts, loaded with survivors, gathered together those ships that remained. ''Fowey'' collected eight ships and made for the Clyde, arriving there a few days later. ''Scarborough'' passed through the scene of the battle later on 19 October; she found wreckage, but no survivors. Later that afternoon ''Leith'' met ''Heartsease'', still escorting the damaged ''Carsbreck''; together they headed for [[Gourock]], [[Renfrewshire]], collecting two more stragglers on the way. ''Bluebell'' with over 200 survivors on board, headed directly for the Clyde, arriving on 20 October.

==Aftermath==
SC 7 had lost 20 ships out of 35, seven being sunk by ''U-99''. The tonnage lost was 79,592 GRT. The arrival of [[Convoy HX 79]] in the vicinity had diverted the U-boats and they sank twelve ships from Convoy HX 79 that night. No U-boats were lost in either engagement. The loss of 28 ships in 48 hours made 18 and 19 October the worst two days for shipping losses in the Atlantic campaign. The attack on Convoy SC 7 was a vindication of the U-boat [[Wolfpack (naval tactic)|wolfpack tactic]] and was the most successful U-boat attack of the Atlantic campaign. Convoy tactics were rudimentary at this early stage of the war. The escorts' responses were uncoordinated, as the ships were unused to working together with a common battle plan. Command fell to the senior officer present and could change as a ship arrived.{{sfn|Lund|Ludlam|1973|pp=147–156}}

The escorts were torn between staying with the convoy, abandoning survivors in the water, as [[Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships]] (DEMS) regulations demanded and picking them up, leaving the convoy unprotected and risking being torpedoed.{{sfn|Lund|Ludlam|1973|pp=147–156}} In the German semi-official history, ''[[Germany and the Second World War]]'' (2015), Bernd Stegemann wrote that the U-boats had their best success per-day-at-sea in October 1940. During the winter of 1940–1941 the U-boats had less success due to the seasonal weather, the British–US [[destroyers-for-bases deal]], the arrival of the first corvettes, the addition of radar sets and radio-telephones to British destroyers and the slow increase in the number of [[Coastal Command]] aircraft.{{sfn|Stegemann|2015|p=346}}

==See also==
* [[Battle of the Atlantic]]

==Citations==
{{reflist|20em}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |first=John |last=Keegan |title=Intelligence In War |year=2002 |publisher= |location= |isbn=0-375-70046-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lund |first1=Paul |last2=Ludlam |first2=Harry |title=The Night of the U-Boats |year=1973 |isbn=0-450-01833-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Maier |first1=Klaus A. |last2=Rohde |first2=Horst |last3=Stegemann |first3=Bernd |last4=Umbreit |first4=Hans |title=[[Germany and the Second World War]]: Germany's Initial Conquests in Europe |year=2015 |orig-year=1991 |publisher=Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt [Research Institute for Military History] |editor-last=Falla |editor-first=P. S. |edition=trans. pbk. Clarendon Press, Oxford |volume=II |location=Freiburg im Breisgau |language=en |translator-last=McMurry |translator-first=Dean S. |translator-last2=Osers |translator-first2=Ewald |isbn=978-0-19-873834-3}}
** {{harvc |last=Stegemann |first=Bernd |c=Part VI The Battle for Hegemony in Western Europe. Part VIII The Second Phase of the War at Sea (until the Spring of 1941) I. The Submarine War |year=2015 |in1=Maier |in2=Rohde |in3=Stegemann |in4=Umbreit}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rohwer |first1=Jürgen |author-link1=Jürgen Rohwer |last2=Hümmelchen |first2=Gerhard |title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |year=2005 |edition=3rd rev. |isbn=1-59114-119-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sawyer |first1=L. A. |last2=Mitchell |first2=W. H. |year=1995 |title=The Empire Ships |publisher=Lloyd's of London Press |location=London  |isbn=1-85044-275-4}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Hague |first=Arnold |year=2000 |title=The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945 |publisher=Chatham |location=London |isbn=1-86176-147-3}}
* {{cite book |series=History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series |title=The War at Sea 1939–1945: The Defensive |volume=I |last=Roskill |first=S. W. |author-link=Stephen Roskill |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |year=1957 |orig-year=1954 |publisher=HMSO |location=London |edition=4th impr. |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RN-I/index.html |oclc=881709135 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227021618/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RN-I/index.html |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Terraine |first=John |author-link=John Terraine |title=Business in Great Waters: The U-Boat Wars, 1916–1945 |publisher=Leo Cooper |location=London |year=1999 |orig-year=1989 |edition=Wordsworth Editions |isbn=1-84022-201-8}}<!--pp 265-268, 288, 448-->
* {{cite book |last=Vat |first=Dan van der |title=The Atlantic Campaign |year=1988 |isbn=0-340-37751-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Woodman |first=Richard |title=The Real Cruel Sea: The Merchant Navy in the Battle of the Atlantic 1939–1943 |year=2013 |orig-year=2004 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |edition=3rd (repr.) Pen & Sword Maritime, Barnsley |isbn=978-1-84884-415-5}}

{{Uboat}}
{{World War II}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Convoy SC 007}}
[[Category:North Atlantic convoys of World War II|SC007]]
[[Category:Naval battles of World War II involving Canada]]
[[Category:Naval battles of World War II involving Germany]]
[[Category:Naval battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom|C]]