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{{Short description|Vehicle with a folding or removable roof}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Cabriolet|the horse carriage|cabriolet (carriage)|the armchair|cabriolet (furniture)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}

{{Multiple image
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| image1 = 2006-2007 galaxy gray.jpg
| caption1 = 2006–2007 [[Mazda MX-5 (NC)|Mazda MX-5/Miata]] roadster
| image2 = 1951 Hudson convertible - Hostetlers Hudsons 3-8-2008 244 N.jpg
| caption2 = 1951 Hudson convertible<ref>{{cite web |title=Hudson Hornet Generation I Convertible |url= https://www.rmw.lv/car/en/hornet-generation-i-convertible-1953 |work=Rīgas Meistardarbnīca |date=2015 |access-date=25 June 2022}}</ref>
| image3 = BMW M3 SMG Convertible - Flickr - The Car Spy (14).jpg
| caption3 = 2001 [[BMW M3]] convertible
}}

A '''convertible''' or '''cabriolet''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|æ|b|r|i|əʊ|ˈ|l|eɪ}}) is a [[Car|passenger car]] that can be driven with or without a roof in place. The methods of retracting and storing the roof vary across eras and manufacturers.

A convertible car's design allows an open-air driving experience, with the ability to provide a roof when required. A potential drawback of convertibles is their reduced [[Torsion (mechanics)|structural rigidity]] (requiring significant engineering and modification to counteract the side effects of almost completely removing a car's roof).<ref>{{cite news |title=2007 Volkswagen Eos: In Praise of a Convertible Goddess |newspaper=The New York Times |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/08/automobiles/autoreviews/08VOLKS.html?_r=1&st=cse&sq=convertible&scp=20&oref=slogin|first=Jerry |last=Garrett |date=8 October 2006 |access-date=6 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.edmunds.com/convertible/before-buy.html |title=What You Should Know Before Buying a Convertible |publisher=Edmunds |access-date=6 March 2011 }}</ref>

The majority of convertible roofs are of a folding construction framework with the actual top made from cloth or other fabric. Other types of convertible roofs include [[retractable hardtop]]s (often constructed from metal or plastic) and [[Convertible#Detachable hardtop|detachable hardtop]]s (where a metal or plastic roof is manually removed and often stored in the [[trunk (car)|trunk]]).

==Terminology==

Other terms for convertibles include cabriolet, cabrio, drop top, drophead coupé, open two-seater, open top, rag top, soft top, spider, and spyder, although companies use many of these terms interchangeably. Thus, nomenclatural consistency is rare.<ref>{{cite web |url=  http://www.convertiblecarmagazine.com/features/the-difference-between-a-convertible-and-a-cabriolet/ |title=Convertible and Cabriolet what's the difference? |date=31 December 2016 |publisher=Convertible Car Magazine |access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref> The term cabriolet originated from a [[Cabriolet (carriage)|carriage cabriolet]]: "a light, two-wheeled, one-horse carriage with a folding top, capable of seating two persons"; however, the term is also used to describe other convertibles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition: Cabriolet |website=dictionary.com |url= http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cabriolet |access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref>

In the United Kingdom, the historical term for a two-door convertible is drophead coupe, and a four-door convertible was called an [[tourer|all-weather tourer]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Beattie |first=Ian |title=The Complete Book of Automobile Body Design |year=1977 |publisher=Haynes Publishing Group |isbn=0854292179 |pages=36, 42–43}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Daimler Grafton Phaeton 1897 - rear.jpg|thumb|left|1897 [[Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft|Daimler]] Grafton Phaeton]]

Most of the early automobiles were open-air vehicles without any roof or sides.<ref>{{cite web|title=Beginnings of the automobile: the predecessor companies (1886-1920)|url= https://www.daimler.com/company/tradition/company-history/1886-1920.html |website=daimler.com |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=British Motor Manufacturers (1894-1960), Arnold |url= http://www.britishmm.co.uk/history.asp?id=63 |website=britishmm.co.uk|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110616192632/http://www.britishmm.co.uk/history.asp?id=63 |archive-date=16 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Early American Automobiles Pre 1900|url= http://www.earlyamericanautomobiles.com/1890b.htm |website=earlyamericanautomobiles.com |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hurtu|url= https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Hurtu |website=gracesguide.co.uk |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref> As car engines became more powerful by the end of the 19th century, folding textile or leather roofs (as had been used on [[Victoria (carriage)|victoria]] or [[Landau (carriage)|landau]] carriages) began to appear on cars.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Evolution of the Convertible- slide 2|url= https://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/g876/the-evolution-of-the-convertible/?slide=2 |website=popularmechanics.com |date = 25 June 2012|access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="autofocus.ca">{{cite web |title=A brief history of the convertible |url=http://www.autofocus.ca/a-brief-history-of-the-convertible |website=autofocus.ca |access-date=14 April 2018 |archive-date=14 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914211519/http://www.autofocus.ca/a-brief-history-of-the-convertible |url-status=dead }}</ref> Examples of early cars with roofs include the [[phaeton body|phaeton]] (a two-seat car with a temporary roof), the [[Brougham (car body)|brougham]] or a [[coupé de ville]], having an enclosed passenger compartment at the rear, while the driver sat in front either in the open, or the [[Landaulet (car)|landaulet]], where the driver has a fixed roof and the passenger compartment has a folding roof. Less expensive cars, such as the [[Runabout (car)|runabout]]s, sporting [[Roadster (automobile)|roadsters]], or sturdy [[touring car]]s, remained either completely open air or were fitted with a rudimentary folding top and detachable clear side curtains.

[[File:HelenGeorgia1929Ford1975Gas.jpg|thumb|upright|1928 [[Ford Model A (1927–31)|Ford Model A]] Roadster]]
In the 1920s, when steel bodies began to be mass-produced, closed cars became available to the average buyer, and fully open cars began to disappear from the mainstream market.<ref name="cbsnews.com">{{cite web|title=The up-and-down history of the convertible|url= https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-up-and-down-history-of-the-convertible/ |website=cbsnews.com |date= 13 July 2014 |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref> By the mid 1930s, the remaining small number of convertibles sold were high-priced luxury models.<ref name="autofocus.ca"/> In 1939, [[Plymouth (automobile)|Plymouth]] introduced the first mechanically operated convertible roof powered by two vacuum cylinders.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Evolution of the Convertible- slide 5 |url= https://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/g876/the-evolution-of-the-convertible/?slide=5 |website=popularmechanics.com |date=25 June 2012 |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Deluxe Plymouth for 1939 (brochure) |url= https://www.xr793.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/1939-Plymouth-Deluxe.pdf |via=xr793.com |page=15 |access-date=26 December 2022}}</ref>

Demand for convertibles increased as a result of American soldiers in France and the United Kingdom during [[World War II]] familiarizing themselves with small [[roadster (automobile)|roadster]] cars, which were not available in the United States at that time.<ref name="cbsnews.com"/> These roadsters included the [[MG T-type|MG Midget]] and [[Triumph Roadster]]. The convertible design was incorporated into the mass market [[Vehicle frame#Unibody|unibody]] by Hudson in 1948.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lewis |first1=Corey |title=Rare Rides: A Hudson Commodore Brougham From 1950, Complete With Celebrity Ownership |url= https://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2019/03/rare-rides-a-hudson-commodore-brougham-from-1950-complete-with-celebrity-ownership/ |website=thetruthaboutcars.com |date=7 March 2019 |access-date=26 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Salmi |first1=Steve |title=1948 Hudson 'step-down' was a brilliant car with tragic flaws |url= https://www.indieauto.org/2022/02/10/1948-hudson-step-down-was-a-brilliant-car-with-tragic-flaws/ |work=Indie Auto |date=11 February 2022 |access-date=26 December 2022}}</ref> United States automakers manufactured a broad range of convertible models during the 1950s and 1960s&nbsp;– from economical compact-sized models such as the [[Rambler American]]<ref>{{cite magazine|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AFIEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Rambler+American+lowest+priced+convertible&pg=PP2 |title=All new! A convertible with Rambler Excellence (advertisement) |date=2 June 1962 |magazine=Life |volume=50 |issue=22 |access-date=26 December 2022 |via=Google Books}}</ref> and the [[Studebaker Lark]], to the more expensive models, such as the [[Packard Caribbean]], [[Oldsmobile 98]], and [[Imperial (automobile)|Imperial]] by Chrysler.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mort |first1=Norm |title=American 'Independent' Automakers: AMC to Willys 1945 to 1960 |date=15 September 2010 |publisher=Veloce Publishing |isbn=9781845842390 |pages=29–30 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yZo8GKToqqcC&dq=last+Packard+convertible&pg=PA30 |access-date=26 December 2022 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Automakers often included a convertible body style as an available body style in a model range.<ref>{{cite web |title=1967 Rambler Rebel brochure |url= http://oldcarbrochures.org/United%20States/AMC/1967_AMC/1967_Rambler_Rebel_Brochure/slides/1967_Rambler_Rebel-13.html |website=oldcarbrochures.org |access-date=10 March 2022 |page=13}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=LaChance |first1=Dave |title=Daytona Delight - 1964 Studebaker Daytona |magazine=Hemmings Classic Car |date=July 2006 |url= https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/daytona-delight-1964-studebaker-daytona |access-date=26 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schild |first1=James J. |title=Original Dodge and Plymouth B-Body Muscle 1966-1970 |date=2004 |publisher=MotorBooks International |isbn=9781610591324 |page=78 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SUfwxG5O-uAC&dq=Dodge+convertible+sedan+wagon+hardtop&pg=PA78 |access-date=26 December 2022 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

Convertibles in the U.S. market peaked in sales around 1965, and fell in popularity over the next five years.<ref name="ASCbrought">{{cite web |last1=Hunting |first1=Benjamin |title=How ASC brought convertibles back from the dead |url= https://www.hagerty.com/media/automotive-history/how-asc-brought-convertibles-back-from-the-dead/ |work=Hagerty |access-date=26 December 2022 |date=15 February 2022}}</ref> Optional air conditioning was gradually becoming more popular, and the availability of sunroofs and T-tops limited the appeal of the open body style. Noise, leaks, and repairs associated with fabric tops also contributed to issues that many customers had.<ref name="ASCbrought"/> The popularity of convertibles was reduced by the increased travel speeds on roads (resulting in more wind and noise for occupants) and the emergence of more comprehensive vehicle crash safety standards in the United States.<ref name="cbsnews.com"/><ref>{{cite web|title=The Evolution of the Convertible- slide 8 |url= https://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/g876/the-evolution-of-the-convertible/?slide=8 |website=popularmechanics.com |date=25 June 2012 |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref>

The market share of convertibles fell to two or three percent of total sales and the U.S. automakers discontinued the body style from their lineups.<ref name="ASCbrought"/> American Motors stopped making convertibles after the 1968 model year, Chrysler after 1971, Ford after 1973, and most divisions of General Motors after 1975. Cadillac held out until 1976, when they made about 14,000. The last 200 had a red, white, and blue motif and a dashboard plaque. The very last was offered to the Smithsonian Institution, whose trustees turned it down as it was not at that moment a historic artifact, "Though it might well be in three generations ... or at the Tricentennial."<ref>{{cite news |first=Stephen |last=Lynton |title=The gilt edged Cadillac |date= 6 April 1976 |work=The Guardian |page=4}}</ref>  After the last [[Cadillac Eldorado]] convertible was made in 1976, the only factory convertibles sold in the United States were imported. Making convertibles on the assembly line was both expensive and time-consuming, thus not worth the problems needed to sell the limited number of cars.<ref name="ASCbrought"/>

[[File:1981 AMC Eagle Sundancer 4WD convertible 2014-AMO-NC-f.jpg|thumb|1981 AMC Eagle Sundancer]]
[[File:1985 Chrysler LeBaron Convertible, front right, 06-04-2023.jpg|thumb|1985 Chrysler LeBaron convertible]]
Specialized coachbuilders were contracted to make dealer-available cars such as the [[Targa top]] versions of the [[AMC Concord]] and [[AMC Eagle|Eagle]] "Sundancer" as well as the [[Toyota Celica]] "Sunchaser" as specialty models.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Niedermeyer |first1=Paul |title=The AMC I Forgot About: Sundancer – The Only Way To Top A Concord Or Eagle |url= https://www.curbsideclassic.com/blog/the-amc-i-forgot-about-sundancer-the-only-way-to-top-a-concord-or-eagle/ |work=Curbside Classic |date=24 January 2014 |access-date=26 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=ODonnell |first1=Jim |title=Rare SunChaser! 1980 Toyota Celica Convertible |url= https://barnfinds.com/rare-sunchaser-1980-toyota-celica-convertible/ |work=Barn Finds |date=27 November 2020 |access-date=26 December 2022}}</ref> American Sunroof Company (ASC), which was responsible for popularizing the sunroof option for regular body styles, converted a [[Buick Riviera]] into a full convertible that compelled General Motors to market it as part of the 1982 Buick models.<ref name="ASCbrought"/> [[Chrysler Corporation]] also introduced a convertible body style in its 1982 lines that was based on the [[Chrysler K platform|K-Car]]. These models were the [[Chrysler LeBaron|LeBaron]], produced under Chrysler, and the [[Dodge 400|400]], manufactured under [[Dodge]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/02/business/the-us-convertible-making-a-comeback.html |title=The U.S. Convertible Making a Comeback|last=Holusha|first=John |work=The New York Times |date=2 March 1981 |access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/29/automobiles/the-k-car-variations-on-a-theme-helped-to-save-chrysler.html |title=The K Car: Variations on a Theme Helped to Save Chrysler |newspaper=The New York Times |date=29 January 1984 |access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref> Ford reintroduced a convertible [[Ford Mustang|Mustang]] for 1983, while [[American Motors Corporation]] (AMC) added a convertible version of the [[Renault Alliance]] in 1984.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stone |first1=Matthew L. |title=Mustang 5.0 and 4.6, 1979-1998 |publisher=MotorBooks International |isbn=9781610591089 |page=28 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gURwClIjeFkC&dq=Mustang+convertible+reintroduced&pg=PA28 |date=1998 |access-date=26 December 2022 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Ross |first1=Daniel Charles |title=AMC's Sunny Side Up |magazine=Popular Mechanics |date=October 1984 |volume=161 |issue=10 |page=99 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=f-QDAAAAMBAJ&dq=AMC+introduced+convertible&pg=PA99 |access-date=26 December 2022 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

In 1989, Mazda released the first generation [[Mazda MX-5]] (called "Miata" in North America), which has become the best-selling convertible with over 1 million cars sold.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mazda builds 1 millionth MX-5 |url= https://www.autoblog.com/2016/04/25/mazda-millionth-mx-5-miata/ |website=autoblog.com |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref> Also in 1989, Toyota released the [[Toyota Soarer#Z20 series (1986–1991)|Toyota Soarer]] Aerocabin, which uses an electrically operated [[retractable hardtop]] roof.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Soarer Aerocabin Found In LA |url= http://www.speedhunters.com/2015/06/toyota-soarer-aerocabin/ |website=speedhunters.com |date=June 2015 |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref> A total of 500 were produced.<ref>{{cite web|title=This One Of 500 Toyota Soarer Aerocabin Can Be Yours |url= https://www.carscoops.com/2016/09/this-one-of-500-toyota-soarer-aerocabin/ |website=carscoops.com |date= 21 September 2016 |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref>

Models dedicated to the convertible body style include the [[Mazda MX-5]], [[Porsche Boxster]], and [[Buick Cascada|Opel Cascada]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2019 Buick Cascada Buyer's Guide |url= https://www.motortrend.com/cars/buick/cascada/ |work=MotorTrend |access-date=25 June 2022}}</ref>

== Roof types ==
=== Textile ===
[[File:BMW Z8 Heck.JPG|thumb|[[BMW Z8]] with a fabric roof in up position]]

A "soft top" is made from a flexible textile material:
* Early convertibles used cotton [[canvas]] woven so tightly that it was waterproof. Automakers had problems in securing raw materials to fulfill orders after World War II, including canvas in various shades for convertible tops, therefore limiting their manufacture.<ref>{{cite magazine |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9EVWAAAAMAAJ&q=automakers+were+found+hustling+secure+raw+materials+to+fulfill+orders+Securing+canvas+in+various+shades+convertible+top+manufacture+was |page=42 |title=The Last Roadster |magazine=Cars and Parts |volume=43 |year=2000 |access-date=26 December 2022 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
* A cloth-based material has become more common in recent years.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IjoS3stx2s0C&q=Haartz+cloth+is+found+mostly+on+newer,+more+expensive+convertibles.+It+actually+holds+up&pg=PA120 |page=120 |title=Muscle Car Interior Restoration Guide |first=Daniel |last=Stroll |publisher=CarTech |year=2009 |isbn=9781932494983 |access-date=26 December 2022 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

Other materials are also used in the convertible top. By 1955, the most popular materials were [[latex]] and [[butyl rubber]] fabrics that each accounted for around 35% of the convertible top's weight, with others included [[vinyl (fabric)|vinyl]] (12%), [[jute]] (8%), along with [[rayon]] and [[acrylic fiber]]s (Orlon), amounting to about 1% each in the compositions.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rNA8AAAAYAAJ&q=Automobile+Convertible+materials |pages=8, 40–41 |title=Fabrics and Fibers for Passenger Cars: Automobile Manufacturers' Views, 1955 Compared with 1950, Issue 152 of Marketing research report |first=Milton |last=Jacobs |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service, Marketing Research Division |year=1957 |access-date=26 December 2022 |via=Google Books}}</ref> [[Polyvinyl chloride]] (PVC) material was used for many convertible tops. The material consists of two layers: a top layer made of PVC, which has a specific structure depending on the vehicle model, and a lower layer made of fabric (usually cotton).

The collapsible textile roof section over an articulated folding frame may include linings such as a sound-deadening layer and/or an interior cosmetic lining, to hide the frame.

The folded convertible mechanism with the top is called the stack.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Powell |first1=James C. |title=Convertible vehicle top stack mechanism |url= https://www.freepatentsonline.com/7032951.html |website=freepatentsonline.com |date=25 April 2006 |access-date=26 December 2022}}</ref> Designs that fold down to a lower stack height offer a smoother silhouette for the car with the top down while concealed side rails allow room for three passengers in the back seat such as on the [[Rambler Rebel#1967|1967 Rambler Rebel]] convertible.<ref>{{cite web |title=1967 AMC Data Book - Rambler Rebel convertible |page=34 |url= http://oldcarbrochures.org/United%20States/AMC/1967_AMC/1967_AMC_Data_Book/slides/1967_AMC_Data_Book-034.html |website=oldcarbrochures.org |access-date=26 December 2022}}</ref>

=== Detachable hardtop ===
Rigid removable hardtops, many of which can be stored in a car's trunk/boot, have been available at least since the 1950s.<ref name="HartopHistory"/><ref>{{cite web|title=356 Porsche Removable Hardtops |url= http://derwhites356literature.com/356PorscheRemovableHardtops.html |website=derwhites356literature.com |access-date=15 April 2018}}</ref> These usually provide greater weatherproofing, soundproofing, and durability compared to fabric-based tops; some are available with integrated rear-window defrosters and windscreens. Examples include the [[Ford Thunderbird]] (1st-generation and 11th-generation), [[Mercedes-Benz SL-Class|Mercedes SL]] (2nd-generation and 3rd-generation), [[Porsche Boxster]], [[Jeep Wrangler]], [[Ford Mustang Cobra]] (1995 Only), and [[Mazda MX-5]].

During the 1950s and 1960s, detachable hard-material roofs were offered for various [[convertible (car)|convertible]] [[sports car]]s and [[Roadster (automobile)|roadsters]], including the 1955–1957 [[Ford Thunderbird]] and [[Chevrolet Corvette]], as well as the 1963–1971 [[Mercedes-Benz W113]] series of two-seaters. Because the convertible top mechanism is itself expensive, the hard roof was customarily offered as an additional, extra-cost option. On early Thunderbirds (and Corvettes through 1967), buyers could choose between a detachable hardtop and a folding canvas top at no additional cost, but paid extra for both.

The metal-framed "[[Carson top]]" was a popular addition for the 1930s Ford convertibles or roadsters because it turned these models into an almost instant hardtop.<ref name="HartopHistory">{{cite magazine |last=Howley |first=Tim |title=A History of Hardtops |magazine=Hemmings Classic Car |publisher=Hemmings Motor News |date=April 2006 |url= https://www.hemmings.com/blog/article/a-history-of-hardtops |access-date=26 December 2022}}</ref> The design mimicked a convertible top, but lacking the bulky folding mechanisms enabled the removable hardtop to have a much lower and more rakish profile.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/pisano-ogden-buick-custom-car.htm |author=<!-- staff --> |title=Pisano/Ogden Buick: Profile of a Custom Car |date=19 September 2007 |website=howstuffworks.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129112135/http://auto.howstuffworks.com/pisano-ogden-buick-custom-car.htm |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref>

Improvements in canvas tops have rendered the detachable hard roof less common in part because the top cannot be stored inside the vehicle when not in use, requiring a garage or other storage facility. Some open cars continue to offer it as an option. For example, the [[Mazda MX-5]] has an accessory hardtop, which is compulsory for some auto racing series.

=== Retractable hardtop ===
[[File:VOLVO C70(in transforming).JPG|thumb|A [[Volvo C70]] retractable hard roof with folding segments]]
{{main|Retractable hardtop}}

A '''retractable hardtop''' — also known as "coupé convertible" or "coupé cabriolet" — is a car with an automatically operated, self-storing [[hardtop]] (as opposed to the textile-based roof used by traditional convertibles).

The benefits of improved climate control and security are traded off against increased mechanical complexity, cost, weight, and often reduced luggage capacity.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

== Other design features ==
[[File:MG TD - Flickr - exfordy (4).jpg|thumb|right|[[MG TD]] open two-seater with tonneau cover over the passenger seat and luggage space]]

===Tonneau cover===
{{main|Tonneau}}

Folding textile convertible tops often fail to completely hide their internal mechanism or can expose their vulnerable underside to sun exposure and fading. A tonneau cover provides a solution.

=== Rear window ===

Rear windows are often part of the roof assembly. Traditionally, the rear window in a soft-top was made from plastic; however, more recently some convertibles have used glass for the rear window.<ref>{{cite web|title=Convertible Buying Guide|url= https://www.consumerreports.org/cro/cars/convertibles/buying-guide/index.htm |website=consumerreports.org |access-date=29 April 2018}}</ref>

=== Windblocker ===

A windblocker or wind deflector minimizes noise and rushing air reaching the occupants.<ref>{{cite web|title=Convertible buying info: Top-down driving |url= https://www.edmunds.com/convertible/ |website=edmunds.com |access-date=29 April 2018}}</ref> According to the engineer responsible for the 2008 [[Chrysler Sebring (convertible)|Chrysler Sebring]], its windblocker reduces wind noise by approximately 11 to 12 [[decibel|dB]].<ref>{{cite press release|title=2008 Chrysler Sebring Convertible's Solid Structure and Systems Deliver Smooth Driving, Tight Handling and a Quiet Ride |via=prnewswire |work=Chrysler Group |date=30 March 2007 |url= http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/2008-chrysler-sebring-convertibles-solid-structure-and-systems-deliver-smooth-driving-tight-handling-and-a-quiet-ride-51677072.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121013091849/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/2008-chrysler-sebring-convertibles-solid-structure-and-systems-deliver-smooth-driving-tight-handling-and-a-quiet-ride-51677072.html |archive-date=13 October 2012 |access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref>

Several convertibles are available with a heating duct to the neck area of the seat, which is often called an "Air Scarf". Examples of cars with this feature include [[Mercedes-Benz SLK-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz SL-Class]], and [[Audi A5]]/[[Audi S5|S5]].

=== Safety ===

Modern safety features specifically for convertibles include:
* [[Roll over protection structure|rollover protection structures (ROPS)]] with [[pyrotechnics|pyrotechnically charged]] [[roll hoop]]s hidden behind the rear seats that deploy under rollover conditions
* heated rear window (for improved visibility)
* [[boron steel]]-reinforced [[A-pillar]]s
* safety cage construction&nbsp;– a horseshoe-like structure around the passenger compartment&nbsp;
* door-mounted side-impact [[airbag]] which inflates upward (instead of downward like the typical curtain airbag) to provide head protection even with an open window<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.autoblog.com/2005/09/30/volvo-c70-safety-the-next-generation |title=Volvo C70 - safety, the next generation| website=autoblog.com}}</ref>

== Variations ==
Convertibles have offered numerous iterations that fall between the first mechanically simple fabric tops to complex retractable roofs made from hard materials:

{{anchor|Roadster}}

'''Roadster:''' A [[Roadster (automobile)|roadster]] (also called ''spider'' or ''spyder'') is an open two-seat car with emphasis on sporting appearance or character. Initially, an American term for a two-seat car with no weather protection, usage has spread internationally and has evolved to include two-seat convertibles.

{{anchor|Cabrio coach}}

'''Cabrio coach:''' A [[cabrio coach]] (also called ''semi-convertible'') has a retractable [[textile]] roof, similar to a traditional convertible. The difference is that a convertible often has the [[B-pillar]], [[C-pillar]] and other bodywork removed. However, the cabrio-coach retains all bodywork to the top of the door frames and just replaces the roof skin with a retractable fabric panel.

An advantage of a cabrio coach is that retaining more of the car's original structure means that [[structural rigidity]] is higher (or the vehicle weight is lower) than traditional cabriolets.<ref name="autoevolution.com semi-convertible">{{cite web|title=The Semi-Convertible or Cabrio Coach: It's About Being Chic and Strong at the Same Time|url= https://www.autoevolution.com/news/the-semi-convertible-or-cabrio-coach-it-s-about-being-chic-and-strong-at-the-same-time-94469.html |website=autoevolution.com |date= 15 April 2015 |access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> An example of the cabrio coach is the 2003-10 [[Citroën C3|C3 Pluriel]],<ref name="autoevolution.com semi-convertible"/> which has a roof with five possible configurations.<ref name="channel4">{{cite web |title=Citroen C3 Pluriel (2003–) Review |url= http://www.channel4.com/4car/rt/citroen/c3+pluriel/77/2 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071105042553/http://www.channel4.com/4car/rt/citroen/c3%2Bpluriel/77/2 |archive-date=5 November 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Citroen C3 Pluriel |website=honestjohn.co.uk |date=28 May 2003 |url=http://www.honestjohn.co.uk/road_tests/?id=83 |access-date=3 February 2014 |archive-date=12 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112011400/http://www.honestjohn.co.uk/road_tests/?id=83 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{anchor|Fixed-profile}}
[[File:Fiat 500 Cabrio, Bj. 2009 (2009-07-23) ret.jpg|thumb|Fiat 500 Cabrio with fabric roof and fixed profile]]

'''Fixed-profile:''' In contrast to convertibles where the entire bodywork above the beltline (doors, roof, side pillars, side bodywork) is replaced with a folding or retractable roof, the fixed profile convertible retains portions of fixed bodywork including the doors, side pillars, and side elements of the roof — while a center fabric portion slides back and accordions at the rear. As an example, [[Citroën]]'s 1948 [[Citroën 2CV]] featured rigid bodysides and two doors on each side, along with a sunroof that rolled back on itself and extended to the rear bumper in place of a separate trunk lid. Other fixed-profile convertibles include the 1957 [[Autobianchi Bianchina|Autobianchi Bianchina Trasformabile]], 1957 [[Vespa 400]], 1950 [[Nash Motors|Nash]] Rambler Landau Convertible Coupe, the [[Nissan Figaro]] (1991), the [[Jaguar XJ-S]]C (1983), the 1957 [[Fiat 500]] and its 2007 [[Fiat 500 (2007)|Fiat 500]] successor, as well as the [[Microlino|Microlino Spiaginno]] (2024). The 1984 Heuliez-designed [[Citroën Visa]] ''Décapotable'' used elements of a fixed-profile convertible.

{{anchor|Four-door}}

'''Four-door:''' Most convertibles have two doors. However, four-door convertibles have been mass-produced. Examples include the 1940-41 [[Cadillac Series 62]], 1931 [[Chrysler Imperial#1931–1933|Chrysler Imperial Dual Cowl Phaeton]] and 1961-67 [[Lincoln Continental]].<ref>{{cite book |author=<!-- staff --> |title=Cars Of The Sizzling 60s: A Decade Of Great Rides And Good Vibrations |date=1997 |publisher=Publications International |edition=First |isbn=9780785324355 |pages=68–69, 307}}</ref> Current production four-door convertibles include the [[Jeep Wrangler]] Unlimited.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jeep history in the 2000s|url= https://www.jeep.com/history/2000s.html#cj-3a |website=jeep.com |access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2017 Jeep Wrangler|url= https://www.edmunds.com/jeep/wrangler/2017/ |website=edmunds.com |access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref>

Peugeot presented a [[concept car|concept]] four-door [[retractable hardtop]] convertible, the [[Peugeot 407#407 concept cars|Peugeot 407 Macarena]] in 2006.<ref name="edmunds">{{cite web |title=¡Hey, Macarena! Heuliez Creates an Open-Top Peugeot 407 |work=Edmunds |date=18 January 2006 |url= http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/News/articleId=109085 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061219010531/http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/News/articleId%3D109085 |archive-date=19 December 2006 |access-date=25 June 2022}}</ref> Produced by French coachbuilding specialist [[Heuliez]], the Macarena's top can be folded in 60 seconds,<ref name="edmunds"/> with a steel reinforcing beam behind the front seats incorporating LCD screens for the rear passengers into the crossmember.<ref name="edmunds"/>

{{anchor|Off-road}}

'''Off-road:''' Several off-road vehicles have been produced with removable soft tops.<ref>{{cite web|title=Evolution Of The Convertible SUV|url= https://autowise.com/convertible-suv-history/ |website=autowise.com |date= March 2018 |access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref> Examples include the [[Jeep Wrangler]], [[Suzuki Vitara]], [[Suzuki Jimny]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Suzuki Jimny 2005 - 2012 |url= https://www.autoevolution.com/cars/suzuki-jimny-2005.html |website=autoevolution.com |access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref> [[Ford Bronco]], [[Land Rover Defender]], [[Mercedes-Benz G-Class]]<ref>{{cite web|title=2018 Mercedes-Maybach G650 Landaulet |url= https://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/2018-mercedes-maybach-g650-landaulet-first-ride-review |website=caranddriver.com |date=12 February 2017 |access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref> as well as early models of the [[Toyota Land Cruiser]] and [[Land Rover Defender]]. Typically, the soft tops attach to the roll cage or to the installation points on the vehicle's body.

{{anchor|Landaulet}}

'''Landaulet:''' A [[landaulet (car)|landaulet]] (also known as ''landaulette'') is where the rear passengers are covered by a [[convertible (car)|convertible]] top.<ref>{{cite book|last=Georgano |first=Nick |author-link=G.N. Georgano |title=Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-57958-367-5 |page=216}}</ref><ref name="Clough">{{cite book |last=Clough|first=Albert L. |title=A dictionary of automobile terms |year=1913 |publisher=The Horseless Age Company |lccn= 13003001 |url= https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofauto00clourich |access-date= 1 September 2014 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofauto00clourich/page/185 185]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title=The Merriam-Webster new book of word histories| url= https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsterne00merr |url-access=registration |date=1991 |publisher=Merriam-Webster |lccn=91029965 |isbn=9780877796039 |quote=The motor landaulet was essentially an enclosed sedan or coupe with a folding top at the extreme rear quarter, over the rear seat. |pages= [https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsterne00merr/page/358 358]–359 |access-date=25 June 2022}}</ref> Often the driver is separated from the rear passengers with a partition,<ref name="Clough"/> as per a [[limousine]].

In the second half of the 20th century, landaulets were used by public figures (such as heads of state) in formal processions. They are now rarely used, for fear of terrorist attacks.

{{anchor|Victoria}}

'''Victoria-Cabriolet:''' reminiscent of the [[Victoria (carriage)|victoria carriage style]], a three-position convertible. No rear side windows and equipped with a soft top that can be raised partway, leaving the area above the front seats folded back.<ref name=types34>{{citation |ref=IDABS |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6GQoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34 |title=Illustrated Dictionary of Automobile Body Styles |edition=Second |first=Lennart W. |last=Haajanen |page=34 |date=2017 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9780786499182 |via=Google Books |access-date=25 June 2022}}</ref> This body style had a short period of popularity, mainly in the 1930s. Other names include Cabriolet/Coupé Milord (or just Milord), Calash (from [[Barouche|Calèche]]), Folding Head DHC, three-position Drop-head Coupé, or ''Cabriolet toit de 3 positions''.<ref name=types35>[[#IDABS|Haajanen]], p. 35</ref>

==Gallery==

=== Open car and roadster ===
<gallery class="center" heights="100" widths="170" perrow="5">
File:Late model Ford Model T.jpg|[[Ford Model T]] ''circa'' 1925, with minimal weather protection
File:Bentley 4,5 Litre Sporting Four Seater 1929.jpg|[[Bentley 4½ Litre]] 1929 with luxury snap-on and thumbscrew side screens
File:Aero (2556664052).jpg|[[Aero (automobile)|Aero]] 500 from 1929
File:1934 ford model 40 750 De Luxe Phaeton.jpg|[[Ford Model B (1932)|Ford Phaeton 1934]] open four-door touring car
File:1937 Delahaye 135MS Roadster.jpg|1937 Delahaye 135MS Roadster
File:1953.mg.td.arp.jpg|[[MG T-type|MG TD]] ''circa'' 1953, with manual soft top and detachable side screens with plastic windows
File:Lancia D23 Spyder 1953.jpg|Lancia D23 Spyder 1953
File:1955 Porsche 550 Spyder interior.jpg|1955 [[Porsche 550]] Spyder
</gallery>

=== Convertibles ===
<gallery class="center" heights="100" widths="170" perrow="5">
File:1936 Packard Custom Convertible Victoria - LeBaron - fvl.jpg|1936 [[Packard One-Twenty]] Convertible Victoria with the top in the semi-open (second) position
File:1950-nash-001.jpg|Fixed-profile ''circa'' 1950 [[Nash Motors|Nash Rambler Convertible "Landau" Coupe]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Niedermeyer |first1=Paul |title=Junkyard ClassicMiat/Automotive History: 1955 Rambler Cross Country – How Rambler Won The Compact And Price Wars Of The 1950s And Saved AMC |url= https://www.curbsideclassic.com/curbside-classics-american/junkyard-classic-1955-rambler-cross-country-wagon-how-rambler-won-the-1950s-compact-war/ |publisher=Curbside Classic |date=25 January 2021 |access-date=25 June 2022}}</ref>
File:Heckel Advertising 3.jpg|[[Škoda 440|Škoda 450]] from 1957
File:Mercedes-Benz Typ 300 d Landaulet 2.jpg|[[Mercedes-Benz W189|Mercedes-Benz 300d]] landaulet in operation
File:Paris - Retromobile 2012 - Skoda Felicia - 1959 - 002.jpg|[[Škoda Felicia (1959–1964)|Škoda Felicia]] from 1959
File:1962 Lincoln Continental convertible (6262975751).jpg|[[Lincoln Continental]] ''circa'' 1962, four-door with automatic, self-storing tonneau
File:Ma 1963 E-type.JPG|[[Jaguar E-type]] 1963, with vinyl foldable tonneau installed and snap-secured
File:1966 Mercedes-Benz 230SL convertible (10560521576).jpg|[[Mercedes-Benz SL-Class|Mercedes SL]] 1964, available with a detachable hardtop
File:Rolls Royce Phantom V State Landaulette 1966.jpg|1966 [[Rolls-Royce Phantom V]] landaulet
File:1971eldofront.jpg|[[Cadillac Eldorado]] 1972, with detachable, two-part, fully rigid "parade boot" tonneau cover
File:2cv pinkdylan frome.jpg|[[Citroën 2CV]] fixed profile convertible ''circa'' 1975, with roll-back roof and rigid doors
File:May 2011 Parade - beginning.jpeg|[[ZIL-41047|ZIL-410441]] parading on Victory Day 2011.
File:1986 RR Corniche II rear.jpg|[[Rolls Royce Corniche]] ''circa'' 1986, with a manually installed tonneau cover
File:Allante.jpg|[[Cadillac Allanté]] ''circa'' 1993, with detachable, rigid plastic tonneau cover
File:Volkswagen New Beetle Cabriolet Red IAA 2003.jpg|[[Volkswagen New Beetle]] ''circa'' 2003, with raised textile top
File:Porsche Boxster hr silver.jpg|[[Porsche Boxster]] ''circa'' 2004, with detachable clear plastic windblocker and a Z-fold top<ref>{{cite web|title=2007 Porsche Boxster  |website=conceptcarz.com |url= http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z13054/Porsche_Boxster/default.aspx |access-date=6 March 2011}}</ref>
File:Citroen C3 Pluriel rear 20071104.jpg|[[Citroën C3|Citroën C3 Pluriel]] ''circa'' 2007 with roll-back textile roof and removable rigid sidebars<ref name="channel4"/>
File:Fiat 500C 1.2 8V Lounge – Heckansicht, 16. April 2011, Düsseldorf.jpg|A [[Fiat 500 (2007)]] fixed-profile convertible
File:Jaguar XK8 Cabriolet rear 20070520.jpg|[[Jaguar XK]] ''circa'' 2008, with heatable glass rear window and fully automatic cloth top
</gallery>

=== Retractable hardtop ===
<gallery class="center" heights="100" widths="170" perrow="5">
File:1959 Ford Fairlane 500 Galaxie Skyliner convertible (7026234411).jpg|1959 [[Ford Fairlane 500 Skyliner]]
File:Daihatsu.copen.arp.750pix.jpg|[[Daihatsu Copen]] ''circa'' 2001 with retracted hardtop, [[Kei car|kei]] class
File:Chevrolet SSR.jpg|[[Chevrolet SSR]] ''circa'' 2004, a retractable hardtop convertible [[pickup truck]]
File:Paris 2006 - Ford Focus CC.JPG|[[Ford Focus (International)#Additional variants|Ford Focus CC]] ''circa'' 2006 with its roof retracted
File:Mazda MX-5 hardtop.jpg|[[Mazda MX-5]] ''circa'' 2007, with  [[polycarbonate]] hardtop<ref>{{cite magazine|url= http://www.autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061009/FREE/61003001/1004|title=2007 Mazda MX-5 Miata Power Retractable Hardtop|access-date=6 March 2011 |magazine=Autoweek |first=Mark|last=Vaughn|date=10 September 2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110604014736/http://www.autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20061009%2FFREE%2F61003001%2F1004 |archive-date=4 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
File:Cadillac XLR 2006.jpg|[[Cadillac XLR]] ''circa'' 2007, with aluminum hardtop concealed by tonneau cover
File:Volkswagen Eos Front-view.JPG|[[Volkswagen Eos]] ''circa'' 2007 with five-segment top and independent sunroof
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Commons category|Convertibles|lcfirst=yes}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Targa top]]
* [[NASCAR Convertible Division]]
* [[Vinyl roof]]
* [[Sunroof]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

=== Further reading ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Adler|first=Dennis|date=2011|title=Convertibles|series=First Gear series|location=Minneapolis, MN|publisher=Motorbooks|isbn=9780760340202}}
* {{Hirsch-LastAmConvs}}
* {{Holmes-UltConv}}
* {{Langworth-GreatAmConv}}
* {{Wieder-GreatAmConv}}
{{refend}}

{{Automobile configuration}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Convertible (Automobile)}}
[[Category:Car body styles|car body style]]
[[Category:Convertibles| ]]
[[Category:Automotive styling features]]