View source for Conté

{{Short description|Drawing medium}}
{{other uses}}{{morereferences|date=March 2020}}
[[File:Conté crayons.JPG|thumb|Conté crayons]]
[[File:Kurasaw-rashomon.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of a drawing of a face and two hands|Page from a [[sketchbook]] using black Conté]]

'''Conté''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɒ|n|t|eɪ|,_|-|t|i}};<ref>{{cite Collins Dictionary|conte}}</ref> {{IPA|fr|kɔ̃te|lang}}), also called the '''Conté stick''' or '''Conté crayon''', is a [[drawing]] [[list of art media|medium]] composed of [[sintering|compressed]] powdered [[graphite]] or [[charcoal]] mixed with a [[clay]] base, square in cross-section. It was invented in 1795 by [[Nicolas-Jacques Conté]], who created the combination of clay and graphite in response to the shortage of graphite caused by the [[Napoleonic Wars]] (when the British naval blockade of France prevented import). Conté crayons had the advantage of being [[cost-effective]] to produce, and easy to manufacture in controlled grades of [[hardness]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taws |first=Richard |date=2016 |title=Conté's Machines: Drawing, Atmosphere, Erasure |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oxartj/kcw016 |journal=Oxford Art Journal |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=252–256 |doi=10.1093/oxartj/kcw016 |via=Oxford Academic}}</ref>

They are now manufactured using natural [[pigment]]s ([[iron oxide]]s, [[carbon black]], [[titanium dioxide]]), [[clay]] ([[kaolin]]), and a [[binder (material)|binder]] (cellulose ether).<ref>{{cite web |title=Conte à Paris |url=http://www.lefranc-bourgeois.com/catalogue_va/index.php?gam_cle=57&s_gam_cle=105 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809184709/http://www.lefranc-bourgeois.com/catalogue_va/index.php?gam_cle=57&s_gam_cle=105 |archivedate = 2007-08-09}}</ref>

Conté crayons are most commonly found in black, white, and [[sanguine]] tones, as well as [[bistre]], shades of [[grey]], and other colors.

Colors sets are especially useful for field studies and color studies. Some artists create entire paintings with them, using them more like pastels than like a drawing medium. They are also used often to sketch under pastel paintings or lay down initial layers before using dry pastels. Colors can be layered to produce different hues or values. Color Conté mixes better on paper than many hard pastel products.

They are frequently used on rough paper that holds pigment grains well. They can also be used on prepared primed [[canvas]]es for [[underdrawing]] for a painting. Conté crayons are hard and have square edges, making them more suitable for detailed hatched work as opposed to the bolder [[painterly]] drawing style demanded by soft [[pastel]]s.

== Georges Seurat ==
In the 1880s, [[Georges Seurat]] used Conté crayons to produce many of his studies.
{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=250
|File:Seurat L'Echo.jpg|''L'Écho'', study for ''[[Bathers at Asnières]]''
|File:Seurat Paul Signac.jpg|Portrait of [[Paul Signac]]
|File:Seurat Joueur de trombone.jpg|''Trombone player'', study for ''[[Commons:File:Georges Seurat 066.jpg|Circus Sideshow]]''
}}

==See also==
* [[List of art media]]
* [[Tortillon]]
* [[Trois crayons]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Conte}}
[[Category:Visual arts materials]]
[[Category:Drawing]]

[[fr:Pastel#Pastels durs]]

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