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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is a legitimate description when the title is already adequate; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Politics of Rwanda}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
The '''[[Constitution]] of [[Rwanda]]''' was adopted by [[Rwandan constitutional referendum, 2003|referendum]] on May 26, 2003. It replaced the Constitution of 1991.

The Constitution provides for a presidential system of government, with separation of powers between the three branches. It condemns the [[Rwandan genocide]] in the preamble, expressing hope for reconciliation and prosperity.

== History ==
Between 1994 and 2003 Rwanda was governed by a set of documents combining President [[Juvenal Habyarimana|Habyarimana]]'s 1991 Constitution, the Arusha Accords, and some additional protocols introduced by the transitional government.{{sfn|Gasamagera|2007|pp=1–2}} As required by the Accords, [[Paul Kagame]] set up a Constitutional Commission to draft a new permanent Constitution.{{sfn|Gasamagera|2007|p=3}} The Constitution was required to adhere to a set of fundamental principles including equitable power sharing and democracy.{{sfn|Gasamagera|2007|p=4}}

The Commission sought to ensure that the draft Constitution was "home-grown", relevant to Rwanda's specific needs and reflected the views of the entire population. They sent questionnaires to civil groups across the country and rejected offers of help from the international community, except for financial assistance.{{sfn|Gasamagera|2007|p=5–6}}

The draft constitution was released in 2003; it was approved by the Parliament, and was then put to a referendum in May of that year.{{sfn|BBC News|2003}} The government gave the referendum a high profile, which meant that ultimately {{Percentage|95|100|0}} of eligible adults registered to vote and the turnout on voting day was {{Percentage|87|100|0}}.{{sfn|Economist|2003}} The constitution was overwhelmingly accepted, with {{Percentage|93|100|0}} voting in favour.{{sfn|Economist|2003}} This constitution, among other things, changed the country's official name from "Rwandese Republic" to "Republic of Rwanda".<ref>[https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Rwanda_2010.pdf Constitution. Rwanda 2010] constituteproject.org</ref><ref>[https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Rwanda_2015.pdf?lang=en Constitution. Rwanda 2015] constituteproject.org</ref>

A [[Rwandan constitutional referendum, 2015|referendum on the Rwandan constitution]] was held on 18 December 2015. The amendments would allow President [[Paul Kagame]] to run for a third term in office in [[Rwandan presidential election, 2017|2017]], as well as shortening presidential terms from seven to five years, although the latter change would not come into effect until 2024.<ref name=BBC>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35049885 Paul Kagame's third term: Rwanda referendum on 18 December] BBC News, 9 December 2015</ref> They were approved by around 98% of voters.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35138671 Rwanda vote 'allows Kagame to extend term in office'] BBC News, 19 December 2015</ref>

== Overview ==
The constitution provides for a two house parliament, an elected President serving seven year terms, and multi-party politics.{{sfn|Economist|2003}} The constitution also sought to prevent Hutu or Tutsi hegemony over political power.{{sfn|Economist|2003}} Article 54 states that "political organizations are prohibited from basing themselves on race, ethnic group, tribe, clan, region, sex, religion or any other division which may give rise to discrimination".{{sfn|CJCR|2003|loc=article 54}}

In general it was men who had organised the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi and they were disproportionately the victims. The constitution reserved 24 of the 80 seats for women and this did not preclude other women from competing for the remaining seats in the lower house. This lower house has had nearly half of its members being female. Six places are also reserved for women in the upper house.<ref name="Twagilimana2007">{{cite book|author=Aimable Twagilimana|title=Historical Dictionary of Rwanda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvQlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA124|date=1 October 2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6426-9|pages=173}}</ref>

According to [[Human Rights Watch]], this clause along with later laws enacted by Parliament effectively make Rwanda a one-party state, as "under the guise of preventing another genocide, the government displays a marked intolerance of the most basic forms of dissent".{{sfn|Roth|2009}}

==Detail==
Clause 179 of the constitution is concerned with the aftermath of the [[Rwandan genocide]] and it creates the [[National Commission for the Fight against Genocide]] in Kigali.<ref name="Twagilimana2007124">{{cite book|author=Aimable Twagilimana|title=Historical Dictionary of Rwanda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvQlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA124|date=1 October 2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6426-9|pages=124}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|25em}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite news |author=BBC News |date=2003-05-26 |title=Rwanda votes on constitution |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2937890.stm |access-date=2013-02-08 }}
* {{cite web |author=Commission Juridique Et Constitutionnelle Du Rwanda (CJCR) |date=2003-05-26 |title=Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda |url=http://www.cjcr.gov.rw/eng/constitution_eng.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325021301/http://www.cjcr.gov.rw/eng/constitution_eng.doc |archive-date=2009-03-25 |access-date=2012-02-16 |ref={{sfnRef|CJCR|2003}} }}
* {{cite news |author=Economist |date=2003-05-29 |title=Rwanda's new constitution: The fear of majority rule |author-link=The Economist |url=http://www.economist.com/node/1817766 |access-date=2013-02-08 }}
* {{cite web |last=Gasamagera |first=Wellars |date=2007-06-22 |title=The Constitution Making Process in Rwanda: Lessons to be Learned |work=7th Global Forum for Reinventing Government, Vienna, Austria, 26–29 June 2007 |publisher=[[United Nations]] |url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan026620.pdf |access-date=2013-02-11 |archive-date=12 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712063426/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan026620.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |last=Roth |first=Kenneth |date=2009-04-11 |title=The power of horror in Rwanda |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/04/11/power-horror-rwanda |access-date=2012-03-26 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikisource|Constitution of Rwanda (2003)}}
* {{cite web |title=Laws |url=https://www.minijust.gov.rw/laws |website=www.minijust.gov.rw}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090325021301/http://www.cjcr.gov.rw/eng/constitution_eng.doc Constitution of Rwanda] ''Archived from [http://www.cjcr.gov.rw/eng/constitution_eng.doc the original] on 2009-03-25''

{{Rwanda topics}}
{{Constitutions of Africa}}

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[[Category:Constitution of Rwanda| ]]
[[Category:Government of Rwanda]]
[[Category:Politics of Rwanda]]