View source for Constitution of Peru

{{Infobox constitution|image = Constitution of Peru (minature book).jpg|image_caption= Official exemplar of the Constitution of Peru|writer=[[Democratic Constituent Congress]]|signers=[[Alberto Fujimori|President Alberto Fujimori]] (signature erased)<br>Members of the [[Cabinet of Peru|Cabinet of Ministers]]<br>Members of the [[Democratic Constituent Congress]]|document_name=Constitution of Peru|jurisdiction={{flag|Peru}}|date_ratified=[[1993 Peruvian constitutional referendum]]<br>{{Start date and age|df=yes|1993|10|31}}|date_effective={{Start date and age|df=yes|1994|01|01}}|system=[[Republic]]<br>[[Unitary state]]<br>[[Presidential system]]<br>[[Ordoliberalism]]|number_amendments=30 constitutional reformation laws (1995-2024)|native_wikisource=Constitución del Perú (1993)|native_external_url=|orig_lang_code=es|title_orig=Constitución Política de la República del Perú|supersedes=[[Constitution of Peru (1979)]]|date_presented=December 29th 1993|date_last_amended={{Start date and age|df=yes|2024|12|11}} (29th and 30th)|chambers =[[Congress of the Republic of Peru|One]] (originally and until 2026)|branches = Three branches (Executive, Legislature and Judiciary) plus constitutionally autonomous organizations|executive = [[President of Peru|President]]–led administration and their [[Cabinet of Peru|Cabinet of Ministers]]|courts = [[Judiciary of Peru]]<br>[[Supreme Court of Peru|Supreme Judiciary Court of Peru]]<br>[[Constitutional Court of Peru]] <br>[[National Jury of Elections]]}}{{Short description|Supreme law of Peru}}
{{Expand Spanish|Historia constitucional de Perú|date=March 2009|topic=gov}}
{{Politics of Peru}}

The '''Political Constitution of the Republic of Peru''' ({{langx|es|Constitución Política del Perú}}; [[Southern Quechua]]: ''Perú Suyu Hatun Kamay Pirwa 1993'')<ref>[https://spij.minjus.gob.pe/spij-ext-web/#/detallenorma/H682681 Peru (2010). «Constitución Política del Perú de 1993 en Quechua». spij.minjus.gob.pe (in Quechua). Lima: Ministry of Justice.]</ref> is the supreme law of [[Peru]].  The current constitution, enacted on 31 December 1993, is Peru's fifth in the 20th century and replaced the 1979 Constitution.<ref>{{cite news 
|author= Economist Intelligence Unit 
|author-link= Economist Intelligence Unit 
|title= Country Briefings: Peru – Political forces
|url= http://www.economist.com/countries/Peru/profile.cfm?folder=Profile-Political%20Forces
|newspaper= [[The Economist]]
|date= 2005-01-12
|access-date= 2007-02-23
}}</ref> The Constitution was drafted by the [[Democratic Constituent Congress]] that was convened by [[President of Peru|President]] [[Alberto Fujimori]] during the [[1992 Peruvian self-coup d'état|Peruvian Constitutional Crisis of 1992]] that followed his 1992 [[self-coup]] and dissolution of [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress]], and was promulgated on 29 December 1993. A Democratic Constitutional Congress (CCD) was elected in 1992, and the final text was approved in [[1993 Peruvian constitutional referendum|a 1993 referendum]]. The Constitution was primarily created by Fujimori and supporters without the participation of any opposing entities.<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |last1=Villalba |first1=Fernando Velásquez |date=2022 |title=A totalidade neoliberal-fujimorista: estigmatização e colonialidade no peru contemporâneo |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/rbcsoc/a/gL6vVVdtrphxHhmz9QWypqr/?lang=pt |journal=Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais |volume=37 |issue=109 |pages=e3710906 |doi=10.1590/3710906/2022 |access-date=18 January 2023 |quote=terruqueo, ou seja, a construção artificial, racista e conveniente de um inimigo sociopolítico para deslegitimar formas de protesto social|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The 1993 Constitution of Peru differed originally from the 1979 Constitution in that it gave greater power to the president. For example, it allowed for reelection, reduced the bicameral 240-member congress to a unicameral 120 [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress of the Republic]],<ref name="thomson-gale">{{cite encyclopedia
| url = http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Peru-GOVERNMENT.html
| title = Peru: Government
| access-date = 2007-02-23
| year = 2006
| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of the Nations – Americas
| publisher = [[Gale (publisher)|Thomson Gale]]
}}</ref> not only affirmed the president's power to [[veto]] found in the 1979 Constitution, but also gave him the power to use a [[Line-item veto|line item veto]], and mandated that all tax laws receive prior approval by the [[Ministry of Economy and Finance (Peru)|Ministry of Economics and Finance]]. While the Constitution of 1979 allowed the president to dissolve congress after congress censured prime ministers three times, the 1993 constitution allows the president to do so after only two censures. The Constitution allows the president to decree laws as long as they first informs the Congress of their intent to do so. If the president dissolves Congress, the Constitution gives them the power to rule until the election of a new Congress within a four-month timeline, during which time the Standing Committee of the dissolved Congress will remain functioning. Following the ouster of President [[Alberto Fujimori]], the Constitution was amended to bar the president from immediate re-election, a status quo that had prevailed for most of the time since the Great Depression. Subsequent constitutional amendments, laws of Congress, and Constitutional Court rulings have further changed the rules of interaction among branches of government.

To December 2024, the current Constitution of Peru had been subject to 30 amendments since 1995, most of which had been approved by Congress supermajority votes, and just 3 of those amendments had been ratified by a 2018 referendum. Since the [[2020 Peruvian protests]], calls for the creation of a [[constituent assembly]] have been made in Peru,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-19 |title=Con primera ministra a la cabeza, así es el nuevo gabinete de Francisco Sagasti en Perú |url=https://www.france24.com/es/am%C3%A9rica-latina/20201119-peru-nuevo-gabinete-ministerial-sagasti-violeta-bermudez |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=[[France 24]]}}</ref> with the majority of Peruvians showing approval of a new constitution in 2023.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-01-17 |title=Dina Boluarte: "La asamblea constituyente es un pretexto para seguir bloqueando carreteras" |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/01/17/dina-boluarte-la-asamblea-constituyente-es-un-pretexto-para-seguir-bloqueando-carreteras-congreso-adelanto-de-elecciones-atmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117192715/https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/01/17/dina-boluarte-la-asamblea-constituyente-es-un-pretexto-para-seguir-bloqueando-carreteras-congreso-adelanto-de-elecciones-atmp/ |archive-date=17 January 2023 |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=[[La República (Peru)|La Republica]] |language=es}}</ref>

==History==
Peru has had twelve constitutions (1823, 1826, 1828, 1834, 1839, 1856, 1860, 1867, 1920, 1933, 1979 and 1993), four provisional statutes (1821, 1855, 1879 and 1883) and one confederate constitution during [[Peru–Bolivian Confederation]] (1837).<ref>{{Cite thesis |type=PhD |publisher=Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo |author=Freddy Ronald Centurión González |url=http://repositorio.unprg.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/UNPRG/3549/BC-TES-TMP-2356.pdf |title=La institución de la vicepresidencia de la república en la constitución Peruana |access-date=2019-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019194834/http://repositorio.unprg.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/UNPRG/3549/BC-TES-TMP-2356.pdf |archive-date=2019-10-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===1823 Constitution===
The '''Political Constitution of the Peruvian Republic''' ({{langx|es|Constitución Política de la República Peruana}}) was written by the first [[Constituent Congress of Peru, 1822|Constituent Congress of Peru]] and promulgated by President [[José Bernardo de Tagle y Portocarrero, Marquis of Torre Tagle|José Bernardo de Tagle]] on November 12, 1823. It was almost completely suspended in order to allow [[Simón Bolívar]]'s [[Peruvian War of Independence|campaign]] to be planned carefully. It was re-established on June 11, 1827, and abolished the next year.

===1826 Constitution===
{{main|Constitution of Peru (1826)}}
The '''Constitution for the Peruvian Republic''' ({{langx|es|Constitución para la República Peruana}}), also known as the '''Lifetime Constitution''' ({{langx|es|Constitución Vitalicia}}) was written by Simón Bolívar and promulgated by a government council led by [[Andrés de Santa Cruz]]. It was similar to the Bolivian constitution, and a planned [[Gran Colombia|Colombian]] constitution, with the three countries being part of Bolívar's intent to establish a Federation in South America. The anti-Bolivarian sentiment that erupted in Peru at the time suspended the constitution after 49 days, with the 1823 constitution being re-established the next year.

===1828 Constitution===
The '''Political Constitution of the Peruvian Republic''' ({{langx|es|Constitución Política de la República Peruana}}) was promulgated on March 18, 1828, by President [[José de la Mar]]. Despite its short duration, its importance lies in the fact that it laid the constitutional foundations of Peru, serving as a model for the following constitutions, for almost a century.

===1834 Constitution===
The '''Political Constitution of the Peruvian Republic''' ({{langx|es|Constitución Política de la República Peruana}}) was approved by the National Convention in Lima and promulgated on June 10, 1834, by provisional president [[Luis José de Orbegoso]]. This document legally paved the way for the federation of Peru with Bolivia, and was soon abolished due to the establishment of the [[Peru–Bolivian Confederation]], which itself established two constitutions for its constituent countries of [[Republic of North Peru|North Peru]] and [[Republic of South Peru|South Peru]].

===1836 Constitutions===<!--Please note that "Constitution of North Peru" and "Constitution of South Peru" link here before renaming-->
{{main|North Peru|South Peru|Pact of Tacna{{!}}Constitution of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation}}
After political instability in Peru and a coup d'état in 1835, a [[Salaverry-Santa Cruz War|civil war]] broke out between newly self-declared president [[Felipe Santiago Salaverry]] and constitutional president [[Luis José de Orbegoso]], who allowed Bolivian president [[Andrés de Santa Cruz]] to send his troops through the Peruvian border.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=93–115}} After the latter's triumph in 1836, assemblies were soon established to make way for the creation of the Confederation, an idea that had been floating around since the [[Spanish American wars of independence|era of independence]].

In Peru, two assemblies were convened: the [[Sicuani Assembly]], which established South Peru,{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=253}}{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=118}} and the [[Huaura Assembly]], which established North Peru.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=119–121}} Both states' constitutions prepared the countries' union with Bolivia to create the [[Peru–Bolivian Confederation]], first after its proclamation by decree,{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=121}}{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=254}} and then after an assembly that met in [[Tacna]], which authored the constitution of the state.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=122}}

===1839 Constitution===
The '''Political Constitution of the Peruvian Republic''' ({{langx|es|Constitución Política de la República Peruana}}) was approved by a General Congress in [[Huancayo]], leading to it being also known as the '''Huancayo Constitution''' ({{langx|es|Constitución de Huancayo}}). It was promulgated on November 10, 1839, by provisional president [[Agustín Gamarra]], and was of conservative nature, unlike its predecessors.

===1856 Constitution===
The '''Political Constitution of the Peruvian Republic''' ({{langx|es|Constitución de la República Peruana}}) was approved by the National Convention in Lima after the successful [[Liberal Revolution of 1854|liberal revolution]] carried out against then president [[José Rufino Echenique]]. It was promulgated on October 19, 1856, by provisional president [[Ramón Castilla]], and was of a very liberal character, leading to the [[Peruvian Civil War of 1856–1858]].

===1860 Constitution===
The '''Political Constitution of Peru''' ({{langx|es|Constitución Política del Perú}}) was approved by the Congress of the Republic and promulgated on November 13, 1860, by president Ramón Castilla. Due to the nature of the civil war of 1856–1858, it was a moderate constitution, agreed upon by both liberals and conservatives. It was replaced by an unpopular constitution in 1867 and then re-established on the same year.

===1867 Constitution===
The '''Political Constitution of Peru''' ({{langx|es|Constitución Política del Perú}}) was approved by the Constituent Assembly on August 29, 1867, and promulgated on the same day by provisional president [[Mariano Ignacio Prado]]. Its extremely liberal nature led to a [[Peruvian Civil War of 1867|civil war]] which ended Prado's presidency and re-established the 1860 constitution.

===1920 Constitution===
The '''Constitution for the Republic of Peru''' ({{langx|es|Constitución para la República del Perú}}) was approved on December 27, 1919, and promulgated by president [[Augusto B. Leguía]] on January 18, 1920. Of progressive nature, many of its contents were not enforced up until its replacement in 1933.

===1933 Constitution===
The '''Political Constitution of Peru''' ({{langx|es|Constitución Política del Perú}}) was promulgated on April 9, 1933, by president [[Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro]]. The [[Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru]] established in 1968 after a successful [[1968 Peruvian coup d'état|coup d'état]] was the last to follow the constitution until its second phase, where president [[Francisco Morales Bermúdez]] called for a new constitution to be established and for [[1980 Peruvian general election|general elections]] to be held.

===1979 Constitution===
The '''Constitution for the Republic of Peru''' ({{langx|es|Constitución para la República del Perú}}) was promulgated on 12 July 1979 by a [[Constituent Assembly (Peru)|Constituent Assembly]] elected in June 1978 following 10 years of military rule and replaced the suspended 1933 Constitution. It became effective in 1980 with the re-election of deposed President [[Fernando Belaúnde Terry]]. It limited the president to a single five-year term and established a bicameral legislature consisting of a 60-member Senate (upper house) and a 180-member Chamber of Deputies (lower house). It also eliminated the [[literacy test|literacy requirement]] for voting and extended [[suffrage]] to all adults 18 or older.

== Proposed reform ==
[[Fujimorism]] has held power over much of Peruvian society through maintaining control of institutions and legislation created in the 1993 constitution, which was written by Alberto Fujimori and his supporters without opposition participation.<ref name=":22" /> Due to broadly interpreted [[impeachment]] wording in the 1993 Constitution of Peru, the Congress can impeach the [[President of Peru]] without cause, effectively making the legislature more powerful than the executive branch.<ref name="PROFE922">{{cite book |last1=Asensio |first1=Raúl |url=https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/ |title=El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación |last2=Camacho |first2=Gabriela |last3=González |first3=Natalia |last4=Grompone |first4=Romeo |last5=Pajuelo Teves |first5=Ramón |last6=Peña Jimenez |first6=Omayra |last7=Moscoso |first7=Macarena |last8=Vásquez |first8=Yerel |last9=Sosa Villagarcia |first9=Paolo |date=August 2021 |publisher=[[Institute of Peruvian Studies]] |isbn=978-612-326-084-2 |edition=1 |location=[[Lima, Peru]] |pages=92 |language=es |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Taj |first=Mitra |date=2021-12-07 |title='Too many mistakes': Peru's president threatened with impeachment after shaky start |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/685a5a7d-4531-4242-9074-badd59254349 |access-date=2021-12-13}}</ref> Beginning with [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]], the Fujimorist Congress used this impeachment procedure liberally,<ref name="PROFE92">{{cite book |last1=Asensio |first1=Raúl |url=https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/ |title=El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación |last2=Camacho |first2=Gabriela |last3=González |first3=Natalia |last4=Grompone |first4=Romeo |last5=Pajuelo Teves |first5=Ramón |last6=Peña Jimenez |first6=Omayra |last7=Moscoso |first7=Macarena |last8=Vásquez |first8=Yerel |last9=Sosa Villagarcia |first9=Paolo |publisher=[[Institute of Peruvian Studies]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-612-326-084-2 |edition=1 |location=[[Lima, Peru]] |pages=92 |language=es |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Taj |first=Mitra |date=2021-12-07 |title='Too many mistakes': Peru's president threatened with impeachment after shaky start |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/685a5a7d-4531-4242-9074-badd59254349 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=2021-12-13 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/685a5a7d-4531-4242-9074-badd59254349 |archive-date=10 December 2022}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=2021-11-19 |title=Peru's Keiko Fujimori backs long-shot effort to impeach President Castillo |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-keiko-fujimori-backs-long-shot-effort-impeach-president-castillo-2021-11-19/ |access-date=2021-12-13}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Tegel |first=Simeon |date=15 October 2021 |title=Can Pedro Castillo Save His Presidency? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/10/15/peru-president-pedro-castillo-left-extremism-impeachment/ |access-date=2021-12-13 |website=[[Foreign Policy]] |language=en-US}}</ref> also impeaching [[Martín Vizcarra]] and [[Pedro Castillo]].

Notable public support for a constituent assembly and a new constitution began during the [[2020 Peruvian protests]].<ref name=":0" /> Support for a new constitution increased even further following the [[2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt|self-coup attempt]] by President Castillo and the subsequent [[2022–2023 Peruvian political protests]]. According to IEP polling from January 2023, when asked if they supported the calls for a new constituent assembly, 69% of respondents approved.<ref name=":1" /> Popular proposals for the new constitution include [[mandatory military service]] and legalizing the [[death penalty]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pereda |first=David |date=2023-01-16 |title=Nueva Constitución: aumenta el respaldo, pero no es mayoritario |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/01/16/encuesta-iep-nueva-constitucion-aumenta-el-respaldo-pero-no-es-mayoritario-constitucion-de-1993-asamblea-constituyente-referendum-constituyente |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=[[La República]] |language=es}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Constitutional economics]]
*[[Constitutionalism]]
*[[Rule according to higher law]]
*[[Reglamento Provisional]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book|ref={{harvid|Basadre|2014}} |first=Jorge|last=Basadre Grohmann|year=2014|title=Historia de la República del Perú [1822-1933]|volume=2|publisher=[[El Comercio (Peru)|El Comercio]]|isbn=978-612-306-353-5|author-link=Jorge Basadre}}
* {{Cite book |ref={{harvid|Tamayo|1985}} |title=Nuevo Compendio de Historia del Perú|last=Tamayo Herrera|first=José|author-link=José Tamayo Herrera|publisher=Editorial Lumen|year=1985|isbn=}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Archivo |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/presidencia/informes-publicaciones/tipos/17-archivo?filter%5Border%5D=publication_desc&filter%5Bterms%5D=constitucion&sheet= |website=www.gob.pe |language=es-pe |date=25 September 2018}}
*{{in lang|es}} [http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Peru/per93reforms05.html The Constitution of Peru]
*{{in lang|es}} [https://leyes.congreso.gob.pe/constituciones.aspx Former constitutions of Peru] 
* {{in lang|en}} [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/Docs/files/CONSTITUTION_27_11_2012_ENG.pdf English translation of the Political Constitution of Peru] - translated by staff of the Translation Bureau of the Congress of the Republic of Peru.
{{wikisource}}

{{Peru topics |collapsed}}
{{Americas topic|Constitution of|title=Constitutions of states and dependencies in the Americas}}

[[Category:Constitutions of Peru| *]]
[[Category:Peruvian legislation]]
[[Category:1823 establishments in Peru]]
[[Category:1826 establishments in Peru]]
[[Category:1828 establishments in Peru]]
[[Category:1834 establishments in Peru]]
[[Category:1839 establishments in Peru]]
[[Category:1856 establishments in Peru]]
[[Category:1860 establishments in Peru]]
[[Category:1867 establishments in Peru]]
[[Category:1920 establishments in Peru]]
[[Category:1933 establishments in Peru]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Peru]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Peru]]