View source for Constantius Gallus

{{short description|Roman caesar from 351 to 354}}
{{Infobox Roman emperor
| name         = Constantius Gallus
| title        = [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]]
| titletext    = (15 March 351 – 354)
| image        = INC-1825-a Солид Констанций Галл цезарь ок. 351-354 гг. (аверс).png
| image_size   = 250px
| alt          = Golden coin depicting man facing right
| caption      = [[Solidus (coin)|''Solidus'']] of Constantius Gallus, marked:{{Break}}{{Smallcaps|{{Abbreviation|d·n·|DOMINUS NOSTER}}{{Abbreviation|fl·|FLAVIUS}}{{Abbreviation|cl·|CLAUDIUS}} constantius {{Abbreviation|nob·|NOBILISSIMUS}}{{Abbreviation|caes·|CAESAR}}}}
| birth_name   = Gallus
| birth_date   = 325 or 326
| birth_place  = [[Massa Marittima|Massa Veternensis]], Etruria
| death_date   = 354 (aged 28)
| death_place  = [[Pula|Pola]]
| burial_place = 
| spouse       = [[Constantina]]
| issue        = Anastasia (only daughter)
| regnal name  = Flavius Claudius Constantius Nobilissimus Caesar{{sfn|Jones|Martindale|Morris|p=224-225}}
| dynasty      = [[Constantinian dynasty|Constantinian]]
| father       = [[Julius Constantius]]
| mother       = [[Galla (wife of Julius Constantius)|Galla]]
| religion     = [[Christianity]]
}}

'''Flavius Claudius Constantius Gallus''' (326 – 354) was a statesman and ruler in the eastern provinces of the [[Roman Empire]] from 351 to 354, as [[Caesar (title)|''Caesar'']] under emperor [[Constantius II]] ({{Reign|337|61}}), his cousin. A grandson of emperor [[Constantius Chlorus]]  ({{Reign|293|306}}) and empress [[Flavia Maximiana Theodora]], and a son of [[Julius Constantius]] and [[Galla (wife of Julius Constantius)|Galla]], he belonged to the [[Constantinian dynasty]]. Born during the reign of his uncle [[Constantine the Great]] ({{Reign|306|37}}), he was among the few male members of the imperial family to survive the purge that followed Constantine's death. Under Constantius II, Gallus served as deputy emperor, based in [[Antioch]] and married to Constantius' sister [[Constantina]]. He dealt with a [[Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus|Jewish revolt]] in the years 351-352. Gallus ultimately fell out of favor with Constantius and was executed, being replaced as ''Caesar'' by his younger half-brother [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]].

== Family ==
Gallus was a son of [[Julius Constantius]] and his first wife [[Galla (wife of Julius Constantius)|Galla]], who seems to have died at some point prior to 331/2. Gallus' paternal grandparents were the emperor [[Constantius Chlorus]] and his second wife [[Flavia Maximiana Theodora]]. Julius Constantius was a paternal half-brother of the emperor Constantine I, which, in turn, meant Gallus was a half-first cousin of Constantine's sons, [[Constantine II (emperor)|Constantine II]], Constantius II and [[Constans]].

Gallus had three siblings: his elder sister, of unknown name, was the [[Daughter of Julius Constantius|first wife of Constantius II]], and his elder brother, also of unknown name, died in the purges after the death of Constantine I. His younger half-brother, by his father's second marriage to [[Basilina]], was Flavius Claudius Iulianus, commonly known as [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]].
[[File:INC-1825-r Солид Констанций Галл цезарь ок. 351-354 гг. (реверс).png|thumb|Reverse of a ''solidus'' of Constantius Gallus showing the [[Tyche of Constantinople]] (R) and the [[Tyche of Rome]] (L) with the legend: {{Smallcaps|gloria reipublicae}} ("''the Glory of the Republic''")]]

== Youth ==
Gallus was born in ''[[Massa Marittima|Massa Veternensis]]'', [[Italia (Roman province)|Italia]], after his father had been recalled from exile. Gallus' father and his elder brother were amongst those killed during the purges that occurred in the imperial family after the death of Constantine I in 337. Gallus himself was one of the only imperial males – besides the three sons of Constantine I and Fausta – who were not killed; the others being Gallus' younger half-brother, Julian, and their cousin, [[Nepotianus]], each of whom was very young at the time.{{sfn|Crawford|2016|p=86}}

Gallus was said by [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] to have been very good looking, making particular note of his soft blond hair.<ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, ''Res Gestae'', 14.11.28</ref>

There is debate over where Gallus spent his youth. One view is that he lived with Julian in [[Nicomedia]] under the care of [[Eusebius of Nicomedia|bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia]] until 340. At that point, Eusebius was made [[bishop of Constantinople]], which necessitated Gallus and Julian following him there. It is believed that, after the death of Eusebius in 341, Constantius then sent Gallus and Julian to continue their studies at the imperial household in Macellum, [[Cappadocia]]. An alternative view claims that hints in the sources suggest that Gallus was sent to [[Ephesus]] to study, then to a type of exile in [[Tralles]] and from there to the imperial household in Macellum.{{sfn|Crawford|2016|p=86}}
[[File:CONSTANTIUS GALLUS - RIC VIII 31 - 2330467.jpg|thumb|''[[Follis]]'' of Constantius Gallus, showing the emperor crowned by [[Victoria (mythology)|Victory]] and holding a ''[[vexillum]]'' with a ''[[chi-rho]]'', inscribed:{{Break}}{{Smallcaps|hoc signo victor eris}}

("''by'' ''his sign shall you be victor"'')]]

== Caesar ==
[[File:Chronography 354 gallus caesar.png|thumb|Constantius Gallus in a later copy of the [[Chronograph of 354]]]]

{{Location map | Turkey
|caption = Location of Antioch in present-day Turkey
|lat_deg = 36
|lat_min = 12
|lat_dir = N
|lon_deg = 36
|lon_min = 9
|lon_dir = E
}}
 
In 350, [[Magnentius]] rebelled and killed the emperor [[Constans]], claiming the purple. [[Constantius II]] prepared to move against the usurper, but needed a representative in the East, so he called Gallus at [[Sirmium]], raised him to the rank of [[caesar (title)|caesar]] (15 March 351), gave him the name ''Constantius'', and strengthened the bonds with his cousin by allowing Gallus to marry his sister [[Constantina]].{{sfn|Jones|Martindale|Morris|pp=224-225}} The two set up residence in [[Antioch]].{{sfn|Hunt|1998|p=17}}{{sfn|Crawford|2016|p=88}}

During his rule, Gallus had to deal with a [[Jews|Jewish]] rebellion in [[Judea]]/[[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] (see [[Jewish revolt against Gallus]]) led by [[Patricius (usurper)|Patricius]] and [[Isaac of Diocesarea]].{{sfn|Crawford|2016|pp=90-91}} The rebellion, possibly started before Gallus' elevation to Caesar, was crushed by Gallus' general, [[Ursicinus (magister equitum)|Ursicinus]], who ordered all the rebels slain.{{sfn|Crawford|2016|p=91}}

Gallus was saved from an assassination plot by a woman, who revealed that some members of her household were planning the murder. Some sources, among whom are [[Joannes Zonaras]], claim that this plot had been organized by Magnentius in order to distract Constantius.{{sfn|Crawford|2016|p=94}}

[[Philostorgius]] claims that Gallus' generals won a campaign against the [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanids]]. Other sources, basing their views on an almost-peaceful situation between the Sassanids and Romans while [[Shapur II]] was engaged in a campaign against the [[Huns]] in the east, dismiss this claim. Ammianus relays an abortive scheme of Nohodares, Shapur's lieutenant in [[Mesopotamia]], to surprise the town of [[Suruç|Batnae]], which was betrayed by some in his own army, in 353.{{sfn|Crawford|2016|p=89}} In the same year, Gallus sent the ''[[comes Orientis]]'', Nebridius, against the [[Isauria]]ns, who had been raiding the coastal provinces, and were now besieging [[Seleucia on the Calycadnus]]. They dispersed on his approach.{{sfn|Crawford|2016|p=93}}

As a consequence of the need to gather food for the troops for a Persian campaign or because of drought, the grain supply in Antioch decreased. In order to counter the higher price of grain, Gallus forced the passage of some laws regardless of the opinion of the Senate, thus alienating the senatorial class of Antioch.{{sfn|Crawford|2016|p=94}} [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], a pro-senatorial writer, tells how the anger of the people of Antioch for the famine was diverted by Gallus towards the ''[[consularis]] Syriae'' Theophilus, who was killed by the mob.{{sfn|Crawford|2016|p=95}}

Ammianus reports also that Gallus and Constantina brought a number of wealthy people to trial for magic, ending in the execution of innocents and in the confiscation of their wealth. The same source claims that Gallus walked anonymously in Antioch by night, asking passers-by for their opinion on their ''caesar'', while Julian records the great amount of time spent by Gallus at the Hippodrome, probably to obtain popular support.

Doubting his cousin's loyalty, Constantius reduced the troops under Gallus, and sent the [[Praetorian prefecture of the East|Praetorian Prefect]] Domitianus to Antioch to urge Gallus to go to Italy. Different sources tell different stories, but all agree that Gallus arrested Domitianus and the ''[[quaestor]]'' [[Montius Magnus]] who had come to his aid, and that the two officers were killed.{{sfn|Hunt|1998|p=25}}

The arrest of Montius Magnus led to the discovery of what seems to be a plot to usurp Gallus' position. The conspirators had the support of two ''tribuni fabricarum'' (officers of the weapons factories) who had promised the weapons for an uprising (Ammianus Marcellinus, [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ammianus/14.shtml#7 14.7.18]), and probably of the troops in Mesopotamia, as well as of the rector of the province of Phoenice. All suspected in connection with the plot, including many innocents, were put to death by order of the Caesar.<ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, ''Res Gestae'', IX., 8</ref>

==Fall and death ==
Constantius was informed of the treason trials in Antioch during a campaign against the [[Alamanni]]. After concluding a peace treaty with the Germanic tribe, Constantius decided to settle the matter with his cousin. First he summoned Ursicinus to the West, whom he suspected of inciting Gallus in order to create the occasion for a revolt and the usurpation of his own son.{{sfn|Crawford|2016|p=98}}

Next, Constantius summoned Gallus and Constantina to [[Mediolanum]]. Constantina left first, in order to gain some of her brother's trust, but suddenly died from a fever at Caeni Gallicani in [[Bithynia]].{{sfn|Crawford|2016|p=98}} Gallus, whose bonds to Constantius had been weakened, stayed in Antioch. Constantius tried to lure Gallus, sending the ''tribunus scutariorum'' [[Scudilo]] to tell Gallus that Constantius wanted to raise him to ''[[Augustus (title)|Augustus]]''. Gallus took Constantius's bait and left Antioch to meet him. Gallus staged a chariot race in Constantinople's ''[[Hippodrome of Constantinople|Hippodrome]]'' and crowned the victor, an honor reserved only for an Augustus. This insolence enraged Constantius. In an attempt to further isolate Gallus from any form of military protection, Constantius had the garrisons removed from the towns in Gallus's path.{{sfn|Crawford|2016|p=99}}

When Gallus arrived at [[Poetovio]] in [[Noricum]], [[Barbatio]], an officer who had been supporting Gallus' dismissal within Constantius' court, surrounded the palace of the Caesar and arrested him, stripping Gallus of the imperial robes, but assuring him that no harm would come to him. Gallus was led to [[Pula|Pola]], Istria (now Pula, Croatia). Here he was interrogated by some of the highest officials of Constantius' court, including the eunuch ''[[praepositus sacri cubiculi]]'' [[Eusebius (praepositus sacri cubiculi)|Eusebius]] and the ''[[agens in rebus]]'' [[Apodemius]]. Gallus tried to put the blame for all of his actions on Constantina, but Constantius sentenced him to death; the emperor later changed his mind, and ordered Gallus spared, but Eusebius prevented the order from reaching the executioners.

==Family tree==
{{see also|Constantinian dynasty}}

{{Constantinian dynasty family tree}}

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=auto}}
Emperors are shown with a rounded-corner border with their dates as [[Augusti]], names with a thicker border appear in both sections

'''1: Constantine's parents and half-siblings'''
{{Tree chart/start|align=center}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | |CGOTH|CGOTH={{ubl|[[Claudius Gothicus]]|268–270|''fabricated ancestry''}}|boxstyle_CGOTH=border:2px solid; border-radius:1em}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | |Q|}}
{{tree chart| | |HELEN|y|CCHLO|y|THEO1|HELEN=[[Helena, mother of Constantine I|Helena]]|boxstyle_HELEN=border:2px solid|CCHLO={{ubl|[[Constantius I]]|305–306}}|boxstyle_CCHLO=border:2px solid; border-radius:1em|THEO1=[[Flavia Maximiana Theodora]]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | |!| | | |)|-|v|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|.| | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | |CONST| |FLAVD|!|HANN1| |CONS2|y|LICI1|!|ANAST|~|BASSI|CONST={{ubl|'''[[Constantine the Great|Constantine I]]'''|306–337}}|boxstyle_CONST=border:3px solid; border-radius:1em|FLAVD=[[Flavius Dalmatius]]|HANN1=Hannibalianus|CONS2=[[Flavia Julia Constantia]]|LICI1={{ubl|[[Licinius]]|308–324}}|boxstyle_LICI1=border:2px solid; border-radius:1em|ANAST=Anastasia|BASSI=[[Bassianus (executed by Constantine)|Bassianus]]}}
{{tree chart| |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|'| |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |!}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | | |GALL1|y|JULIC|y|BASIL| |LICI2| |EUTR2|y|NEPO1|GALL1=[[Galla (wife of Julius Constantius)|Galla]]|JULIC=[[Julius Constantius]]|BASIL=[[Basilina]]|LICI2=[[Licinius II]]|EUTR2=[[Eutropia (sister of Constantine I)|Eutropia]]|NEPO1=Virius Nepotianus}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{tree chart|HANN2|~|CONS6|~|GALLU| |JULIA|~|HELE2| | | | | |NEPO2|HANN2=[[Hannibalianus]]|boxstyle_HANN2=border:3px solid|CONS6=[[Constantina]]|boxstyle_CONS6=border:3px solid|GALLU=Constantius Gallus|boxstyle_GALLU=border:3px solid|JULIA={{ubl|[[Julian (emperor)|Julian]]|360–363}}|boxstyle_JULIA=border:3px solid; border-radius:1em|HELE2=[[Helena (wife of Julian)|Helena]]|boxstyle_HELE2=border:3px solid|NEPO2=[[Nepotianus]]}}
{{tree chart/end}}
{{break}}
'''2: Constantine's children'''
{{Tree chart/start|align=center}}
{{tree chart|MINER|y|CONST|y|FAUS1|MINER=[[Minervina]]|CONST={{ubl|'''[[Constantine the Great|Constantine I]]'''|306–337}}|boxstyle_CONST=border:3px solid; border-radius:1em|FAUS1=[[Fausta]]}}
{{tree chart| | | |!| | | |)|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|.|}}
{{tree chart| | |CRISP| |CONS3|!|CONS5|!|HANN2|~|CONS6|~|GALLU|CRISP=[[Crispus]]|CONS3={{ubl|[[Constantine II (emperor)|Constantine II]]|337–340}}|boxstyle_CONS3=border:2px solid; border-radius:1em|CONS5={{ubl|[[Constans]]|337–350}}|boxstyle_CONS5=border:2px solid; border-radius:1em|HANN2=[[Hannibalianus]]|boxstyle_HANN2=border:3px solid|CONS6=[[Constantina]]|boxstyle_CONS6=border:3px solid|GALLU=Constantius Gallus|boxstyle_GALLU=border:3px solid}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!}}
{{tree chart| | | | |FAUS2|y|CONS4| |HELE2|~|JULIA|FAUS2=[[Faustina (wife of Constantius II)|Faustina]]|CONS4={{ubl|[[Constantius II]]|337–361}}|boxstyle_CONS4=border:2px solid; border-radius:1em|JULIA={{ubl|[[Julian (emperor)|Julian]]|360–363}}|boxstyle_JULIA=border:3px solid;  border-radius:1em|HELE2=[[Helena (wife of Julian)|Helena]]|boxstyle_HELE2=border:3px solid}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | |!}}
{{tree chart| | |GRATI|~|CONS7|GRATI={{ubl|[[Gratian]]|367–383}}|boxstyle_GRATI=border:2px solid; border-radius:1em|CONS7=[[Constantia (wife of Gratian)|Constantia]]}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

==See also==
*[[Itineraries of the Roman emperors, 337–361]]
* [[Jewish revolt against Gallus]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* [http://www.roman-emperors.org/gallus.htm Banchich, Thomas M., "Gallus Caesar (15 March 351 – 354 A.D.)", ''DIR'' (1997)] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220304135941/http://www.roman-emperors.org/gallus.htm Archive])
*{{cite book |last=Crawford |first=Peter |title=Constantius II: Usurpers, Eunuchs, and the Antichrist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_aJBDQAAQBAJ|publisher=Pen & Sword |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-78340-055-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Hunt |year=1998 |first=David |section= The successors of Constantine|title=The Cambridge Ancient History XIII: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425|editor=Averil Cameron |editor2=Peter Garnsey |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-30200-5 |title-link= iarchive:the-cambridge-ancient-history-volume-13/mode/1up|name-list-style=amp |editor-link=Averil Cameron |editor2-link=Peter Garnsey |authorlink=}}
* {{cite book |last=Jones |year=1971 |first=A.H.M. |author2=J.R. Martindale |author3=J. Morris |title=The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire Volume 1: A.D. 260–395 |page=224 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-07233-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I/page/224/mode/1up|name-list-style=amp |authorlink=A. H. M. Jones |authorlink2=John Robert Martindale |authorlink3=John Morris (historian) |ref={{sfnref|Jones|Martindale|Morris}} }}
* {{wikicite |reference=[[Otto Seeck|Seeck, Otto]], "[[s:de:RE:Constantius 5|Constantius 5]]", ''[[Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]'', [https://archive.org/details/PaulysReal-encyclopadieDerClassischenAltertumswissenschaftVolume7/page/n275/mode/2up volume 7] (IV.1), Metzlerscher Verlag (Stuttgart, 1900), columns 1094–1099.|ref={{sfnref|Seeck}} }}

== External links ==
{{Commons-inline}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Magnentius|Magnus Magnentius Augustus]], <br /> Gaiso <br/><small>''Post consulatum Sergii et Nigriniani'' (East)</small>}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Roman consul]] | years=352 |regent1=[[Decentius|Magnus Decentius Caesar]] | regent2=Paulus|regent3=[[Constantius II|Fl. Iulius Constantius Augustus]] V }}
{{s-aft | after=[[Magnentius|Magnus Magnentius Augustus]] II, <br /> [[Decentius|Magnus Decentius Caesar]] II, <br /> [[Constantius II|Fl. Iulius Constantius Augustus]] VI, <br /> Fl. Claudius Constantius Caesar II}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Decentius|Magnus Decentius Caesar]], <br /> Paulus,<br />[[Constantius II|Fl. Iulius Constantius Augustus]] V,<br/>Fl. Claudius Constantius Caesar}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Roman consul]] | years=353 |regent1=[[Magnentius|Magnus Magnentius Augustus]] II |regent2=[[Decentius|Magnus Decentius Caesar]] II |regent3=[[Constantius II|Fl. Iulius Constantius Augustus]] VI }}
{{s-aft | after=[[Constantius II|Fl. Iulius Constantius Augustus]] VII, <br /> Flavius Claudius Constantius Caesar III}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Magnentius|Magnus Magnentius Augustus]] II, <br /> [[Decentius|Magnus Decentius Caesar]] II, <br /> [[Constantius II|Fl. Iulius Constantius Augustus]] VI, <br /> Fl. Claudius Constantius Caesar II}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Roman consul]] | years=354 |regent1=[[Constantius II|Fl. Iulius Constantius Augustus]] VII }}
{{s-aft | after=[[Arbitio|Fl. Arbitio]], <br /> [[Lollianus Mavortius|Q. Fl. Maesius Egnatius Lollianus]] }}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gallus, Constantius}}
[[Category:320s births]]
[[Category:354 deaths]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman governors]]
[[Category:Caesars (heirs apparent)]]
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[[Category:Constantinian dynasty|Constantius]]
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[[Category:Executed politicians]]
[[Category:Flavii]]
[[Category:Imperial Roman consuls]]
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[[Category:People from Massa Lombarda]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]