View source for Constantin Argetoianu

{{short description|Romanian politician (1871–1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name            = Constantin Argetoianu
| image           = Constantin Argetoianu 1933.jpg
| caption         = Argetoianu in 1933
| office          = 41st [[Prime Minister of Romania]]
| term_start      = 28 September 1939
| term_end        = 23 November 1939
| monarch         = [[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]]
| predecessor     = [[Gheorghe Argeșanu]]
| successor       = [[Gheorghe Tătărescu]]
| office1         = 35th [[President of the Senate of Romania]]
| term_start1     = 15 June 1939
| term_end1       = 5 September 1940
| predecessor1    = [[Nicolae Iorga]]
| successor1      = ''None'' (Senate suspended in September 1940 and abolished on 15 July 1946)
| office2         = [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Romania)|Minister of Internal Affairs]]
| term_start2     = 13 June 1920
| term_end2       = 13 December 1921
| primeminister2  = Alexandru Averescu
| predecessor2    = [[Alexandru Averescu]]
| successor2      = [[Ion Cămărășescu]]
| office3         = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Romania)|Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania]]
| term_start3     = 28 June 1940
| term_end3       = 4 July 1940
| primeminister3  = Gheorghe Tătărescu
| predecessor3    = [[Ion Gigurtu]]
| successor3      = [[Mihail Manoilescu]]
| term_start4     = 18 April 1931
| term_end4       = 26 April 1932
| primeminister4  = Nicolae Iorga
| predecessor4    = [[Ion Mihalache]]
| successor4      = [[Dimitrie I. Ghika|Dimitrie I. G. Ghica]]
| office5         = [[Ministry of Public Finance (Romania)|Minister of Industry and Commerce]]
| term_start5     = 10 February 1938
| term_end5       = 31 March 1938
| primeminister5  = [[Patriarch Miron of Romania|Miron Cristea]]
| predecessor5    = Ion Gigurtu
| successor5      = [[Mitiță Constantinescu]]
| birth_date      = {{birth date|df=yes|1871|03|15}}
| birth_place     = [[Craiova]], Romania
| death_date      = {{death date|1955|2|6|1871|03|15|df=yes}}
| death_place     = [[Sighet Prison]], Romania
| party           = {{plainlist|
* [[Conservative Party (Romania, 1880–1918)|Conservative Party]] (1913–1918)
* [[People's Party (Romania, 1918–38)|People's Party]] (1918–1923)
* [[Democratic Nationalist Party (Romania)|Democratic Nationalist Party]] (1924-1925)
* [[Romanian National Party]] (1925–1926)
* [[National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)|National Liberal Party]] (1926–1930)
* [[Agrarian League (Romania)|Agrarian League]] (1931–1933)
* [[Agrarian Union Party]] (1933–1938)
* [[National Renaissance Front]] (1938–1940)
* [[National Renaissance Front|Party of the Nation]] (1940)
}}
|spouse = {{Plainlist|
* {{marriage|Clemența Talievici |end=div}}
* {{marriage|Valentina Lahovari ({{nee|Boambă}}) |1928}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jurnalul.ro/istorie-politica/evocand-cu-smerenie-marii-boieri-romani-31314.html|title=Evocând – cu smerenie – marii boieri români|language=ro|author=Stelian Neagoe |author-link=:ro:Stelian Neagoe|newspaper=[[Jurnalul Național]]|date=December 17, 2005|access-date=January 21, 2021}}</ref>
}}
| children        = Marie-Jeanne Argetoianu
| profession      = Businessman, physician, jurist
| signature       =
| footnotes       =
}}
'''Constantin Argetoianu''' ({{OldStyleDateNY|15 March|3 March}} 1871 &ndash; 6{{nbsp}}February 1955) was a Romanian politician, one of the best-known personalities of interwar [[Greater Romania]], who served as the [[List of Prime Ministers of Romania|Prime Minister]] between 28 September and 23 November 1939. His memoirs, {{lang|ro|Memorii. Pentru cei de mâine. Amintiri din vremea celor de ieri}} (''Memoirs. For those of tomorrow. Recollections of yesterday's world'') — a cross section of Romanian society, were made known for the sharp critique of several major figures in Romanian politics (using a sarcastic tone which had made his previous political speeches notorious).<ref>Otu; Slabey Rouček, p.76</ref>

==Biography==
===Early life===
Born in [[Craiova]] as the son of [[Romanian Land Forces|Army]] general {{ill|Ioan Argetoianu|ro}}, he trained in [[Faculty of Law of Paris|Law]], Medicine, and Letters at the [[University of Paris]], and later entered the diplomatic service (1897).<ref name="Slabey Roucek, p.76">Slabey Rouček, p.76</ref>

He was an exceptionally prosperous man (a noted [[Bucharest Stock Exchange|Stock Exchange]] player and landowner in [[Breasta]], [[Dolj County]]), and his frequent change in political allegiances was attributed by some of his contemporaries to his financial independence.<ref name="Savu; Slabey Roucek, p.76">Savu; Slabey Rouček, p.76</ref> In 1913 he served as a [[combat medic]] with the rank of captain in the [[Second Balkan War]], where he faced a [[1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak|cholera epidemic]].<ref>Manolache</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.descopera.ro/istorie/20659522-cum-a-plecat-un-medic-roman-la-razboi-tata-meu-mi-a-dat-sabia-si-revolverul-lui-restul-l-am-adunat-cum-am-putut|title=Cum a plecat un medic român la război: Tată-meu mi-a dat sabia și revolverul lui, restul l-am adunat cum am putut|language=ro| first=Mihaela| last=Stoica|date=July 23, 2024|access-date=October 28, 2025}}</ref>

===World War I===
A [[Freemasonry|Freemason]],<ref>Otu</ref> Argetoianu was first elected to the [[Senate of Romania|Senate]] in 1914 as a [[Conservative Party (Romania, 1880-1918)|Conservative Party]] representative,<ref name="Savu; Slabey Roucek, p.76"/> where he oscillated between the mainstream Conservatives of [[Petre P. Carp]] and the dissident group around [[Take Ionescu]] (the latter was welcoming Romania's entry into [[World War I]] on the side of the [[Allies of World War I|Entente Powers]], which Argetoianu also proposed).<ref>Boia, p.251</ref>

Throughout 1918, during the final stages of the [[Romania during World War I|Romanian Campaign]], Argetoianu was Justice Minister, sitting on the first [[Alexandru Averescu|Averescu]] cabinet (at the time when authorities had retreated to [[Iași]], once the southern half of the country was occupied by [[German Empire|Imperial German]], [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] and [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgarian]] troops).<ref name="Slabey Roucek, p.76"/> He was also head of the Romanian delegation at the [[Treaty of Buftea|Peace preliminaries]] of [[Buftea]], in 1918. The talks resulted in the punitive [[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|Treaty of Bucharest]] of May, which consecrated Romania's defeat by the [[Central Powers]]. His actions at the time were later the subject of an epigram by [[Cincinat Pavelescu]] (Pavelescu expressed his belief that the treaty and Argetoianu's views on fiscal policies were to be the subject of scorn for future generations):<ref>Pavelescu</ref>
{{Verse translation|
{{lang|ro|Argetoiene, răutatea
Noi ți-o iertăm, căci ne iubești,
Dar ce va ști posteritatea?
Că-ți datorăm fiscalitatea
Și pacea de la București.}}
|
Argetoianu, we can forgive your evil
Because you deeply love our nation,
But how shall we remember you as people?
By the excessive taxation
And the Bucharest Treaty's negotiation.<ref>[https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Lui_Argetoianu Wikisource: "To Argetoianu" epigrams by Cincinat Pavelescu]</ref>}}

===People's Party===
Argetoianu followed Averescu into opposition to the [[Ion I. C. Brătianu]]'s [[National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)|National Liberal Party]] (PNL) cabinet, and joined the [[People's Party (interwar Romania)|People's Party]] (PP) created by the former. He later documented the populist message of the movement, and left testimonies of Averescu's spontaneous adulation by the crowds of peasants.<ref>Boia, p.264; Scurtu, "Prăbușirea unui mit", "Mit și realitate..."</ref>

Argetoianu was Finance Minister and later [[List of Romanian Ministers of the Interior|Interior Minister]] in the second Averescu government of 1920.<ref>Slabey Rouček, p.76; Troncotă, p.18</ref> In March 1921, it was uncovered that an associate of his named Aron Schuller had attempted to contract a 20 million [[Italian lira|lire]] loan with a bank in Italy, using as [[Collateral (finance)|collateral]] Romanian [[war bond]]s that he had illegally obtained from the Finance Ministry reserve.<ref>Constantinescu, p.68</ref> Argetoianu, who was still in charge at the time, became the target of attacks from the opposition group formed by the [[Romanian National Party]] and the [[Peasants' Party (Romania)|Peasants' Party]], being pressed by [[Virgil Madgearu]] and [[Grigore Iunian]] to explain himself (Iunian proposed a [[motion of no confidence]], but the PNL continued to show its support for the PP).<ref>Constantinescu, p.68–70</ref>

===Clash with communism and split with Averescu===
Argetoianu soon became noted for his anti-communist stance: he carried out arrests of those [[Socialist Party of Romania|Socialist Party]] members who, during their party's congress in May 1921, supported a [[Maximum programme|maximalist platform]] and voted in favor of aligning their Socialist-Communist faction (future [[Romanian Communist Party|Communist Party of Romania]]) with the [[Comintern]], citing the latter's condemnation of [[Greater Romania]]; all those arrested were prosecuted in the [[Dealul Spirii Trial]].<ref>Diac; Troncotă, p.18–19</ref> Argetoianu later stated that the arrest lacked legal grounds, and indicated that he purposely gave the Socialist [[Gheorghe Cristescu]] approval to hold the congress as a means to incriminate the faction.<ref name="Diac">Diac</ref> Faced with mixed reactions inside the cabinet (Averescu hesitated, while the Minister of Justice [[Grigore Trancu-Iași]] refused to give him support), he ordered the move without his fellow ministers' prior knowledge, and thus faced them with a ''fait accompli''.<ref name="Diac"/>

The standoff between Averescu and the parliamentary opposition eventually witnessed a decisive incident: during a prolonged debate over Averescu's proposal to nationalize enterprises in [[Reșița]], Argetoianu addressed a mumbled insult to Madgearu; the PNL, seeing an opportunity for a return to power, expressed sympathy, and all opposition groups appealed to King [[Ferdinand I of Romania|Ferdinand]], asking for Averescu's recall (14 July 1921).<ref name="Scurtu, Prăbușirea unui mit">Scurtu, "Prăbușirea unui mit"</ref>

Despite Averescu's eventual defeat in December 1921, Argetoianu was kept in office by the [[Take Ionescu]] and Brătianu cabinets. During the spring of 1922, he ordered the killing of several Communist activists who were held in prison custody, including [[Leonte Filipescu]], staging their attempts to flee from under escort as a pretext.<ref>Troncotă, p.18–19</ref> Nevertheless, pressures on the revolutionary grouping were relaxed in summer, when King Ferdinand approved an [[amnesty]] and Argetoianu officially declared that "communism is over in Romania".<ref>Argetoianu, in Diac; in Troncotă, p.19</ref>

===PND and PNL===
[[File:Constantin Argetoianu în turneu diplomatic.jpg|thumb|Argetoianu on a diplomatic tour to Western Europe, 1932]]
In 1923, after Brătianu again assumed power, he clashed with Averescu and proclaimed himself leader of the PP, being eventually expelled.<ref name="Scurtu, Prăbușirea unui mit">Scurtu, "Prăbușirea unui mit"</ref> Having joined [[Nicolae Iorga]]'s [[Democratic Nationalist Party (Romania)|Democratic Nationalist Party]] (PND), he soon vehemently protested against the latter's alliance with the Romanian National Party, and moved to the PNL.<ref name="Slabey Roucek, p.76"/>

Following the sudden death of Ion I. C. Brătianu in 1927, and choosing, in contrast to the policies of [[Dinu Brătianu]], to support the new King [[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]] in 1930, Argetoianu left the party and subsequently defined himself as an independent.<ref name="Slabey Roucek, p.76"/> In effect, he moved into the camp of politicians approving of an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] regime around Carol.<ref name="Veiga, p.130">Veiga, p.130</ref> As the monarch's relations with the traditional political class were souring, Argetoianu allegedly engaged in a campaign to draw new allegiances from other environments, aiding to establish a Romanian ''[[camarilla]]'' &mdash; it was even reported that, using the official commitment to neutral [[Technocracy (bureaucratic)|technocracy]] as a means to appoint his choice of people to positions of influence, he had recruited his fellow [[Jockey Club of Bucharest]] members.<ref name="Veiga, p.130"/> Among his most vocal supporters at the time was the far-right philosopher [[Nae Ionescu]].<ref>Ornea, p.226; Veiga, p.200</ref>

===Iorga cabinet and Agrarian Party===
He was again in charge of Internal Affairs and Finance from 1931 to 1932, during the Iorga government,<ref>Slabey Rouček, p.76; Veiga, p.137–138</ref> when he took a harsh stance against the fascist [[Iron Guard]], outlawing it and arresting some of its members (which led to a string of violent confrontations).<ref>Ornea, p.295, 296; Veiga, p.137</ref> Argetoianu was hotly contested as Finance Minister: faced with the widespread insolvency of small agricultural holdings in front of the [[Great Depression]], he proposed a form of liquidation that was considered in breach of the [[1923 Constitution of Romania|1923 Constitution]].<ref>Veiga, p.130, 140–141</ref> Various other issues forced Argetoianu to cease payments of salaries for [[Civil service|civil servants]] at certain intervals, causing far-reaching problems.<ref>Veiga, p.156</ref>

The government was voted out of office in the elections of 1932, when Iorga was replaced by [[Alexandru Vaida-Voevod]], a member of the [[National Peasants' Party]] (PNŢ) who was himself challenged with solving the agrarian issue;<ref>Veiga, p.138, 141</ref> Argetoianu subsequently founded the minor [[Agrarian Union Party]], which, after the National Liberals returned to power with [[Ion G. Duca]], remained a close associate of the king in his competition with traditional forces; when Duca was assassinated by the Iron Guard in the final days of 1933, Argetoianu, together with his former adversary, PNŢ dissident [[Grigore Iunian]], and the [[National Agrarian Party (Romania)|National Agrarian Party]]'s [[Octavian Goga]], was probably one of the king's main options in his attempt to create an altogether new political establishment around the ''camarilla'', relying on a compromise with [[Corneliu Zelea Codreanu]] (leader of the Iron Guard).<ref>Veiga, p.202, 209, 215</ref> Codreanu refused to accept negotiation, but Carol successfully approached the PNL's "young liberals" faction, which came to power with [[Gheorghe Tătărescu]] (January 1934).<ref>Veiga, p.202</ref>

===Royal dictatorship and World War II===
[[File:Iosif Berman - Carol II, C. Argetoianu la Marele Derby.jpg|thumb|King Carol II (left) and Argetoianu (third person from left to right), 1939]]
The frequent target of attacks in the Iron Guard press,<ref>Ornea, p.243, 245</ref> Argetoianu led his grouping until 1938, when, faced with the unstoppable rise of the Iron Guard, Carol banned all parties and established his [[National Renaissance Front]] (FRN).<ref>Argetoianu, "Pleacă Tătărescu, vine Gigurtu"; Veiga, p.215</ref>

His own short-lived FRN cabinet, established after that date, was, after [[Gheorghe Argeşanu]]'s the second in quick succession to the violent clash between the Guard and monarch (after the murder of [[Armand Călinescu]] by the former). The Argetoianu government was replaced by that of Tătărescu, who had to deal with the [[Soviet Union]]'s [[Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina|occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina]] and was in turn replaced with [[Ion Gigurtu]]<ref>Argetoianu, "Pleacă Tătărescu, vine Gigurtu"</ref> (Argetoianu, who remained influential throughout the period, began calling for a rapprochement between Romania and the Soviets).<ref name="ReferenceA">Otu</ref>

Carol's regime crumbled after the [[Second Vienna Award]], when Romania had to cede [[Northern Transylvania]] to [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]]; it was replaced by the Iron Guard's [[National Legionary State]], which, itself repressed during the previous years, began a campaign of retaliation &mdash; like Tătărescu and several others, Argetoianu was kidnapped on 27 November 1940 in the wake of the [[Jilava massacre]], and faced assassination until being rescued by the intervention of [[Romanian Army]] officials.<ref>Veiga, p.292, 309</ref>

Retreating from public life during [[World War II]] and the [[Ion Antonescu]] dictatorship (see [[Romania in World War II]]), Argetoianu left the country in the spring of 1944, settling in [[Switzerland]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Romania's withdrawal from the [[Axis Powers|Axis]] in August and the start of [[Soviet occupation of Romania|Soviet occupation]] caused him to return in November, seeing an opportunity in the apparent decrease in the appeal of traditional parties and expanding on his vision of Romanian-Soviet cooperation.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> He was the subject of derision in the [[National Peasants' Party]] press (''[[Dreptatea]]'' wrote of him: "leading the intrigue in favor of a private property–based communism, a capitalist-based [[socialism]], a mass-free democracy... The country is trustingly placing itself at your disposal. Here are your strings: pull them! Here are your back rooms: maneuver them! Here is your «people»: take it away!").<ref>"Profilo", in Otu</ref>

===UNMR, arrest, and death===
Attempting in vain to mediate between the Communists and the PNȚ, Argetoianu was rejected by both sides, and, in January 1947, formed his own grouping &mdash; the "National Union for Work and Reconstruction" ({{lang|ro|Uniunea Națională Muncă și Refacere}}, UNMR) &mdash;, alongside [[Nicolae Ottescu]], [[Nicolae D. Cornățeanu]], [[Zamfir Brătescu]] and others.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> It was kept under surveillance by the Communist-controlled [[Petru Groza]] government, and was infiltrated by the pro-Communist "National-Agrarian Action" ({{lang|ro|Acțiunea Național-Agrară}}, ANA).<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The UNMR disbanded over worries that Argetoianu was losing credibility with Soviet authorities—the group around Cornățeanu joined Premier Groza's [[Ploughmen's Front]], while others entered the [[Union of Patriots (Romania)|Union of Patriots]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Argetoianu, who was ill at the time and had just undergone surgery on his prostate, withdrew from public life for a second time.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Referring to the commonly-held belief at the time that an American-led invasion of Eastern Europe would topple the Soviet-backed [[Socialist Republic of Romania|communist government]] (''[[Vin americanii!]]''), he exclaimed in April 1950, "Even if they came with a wheelbarrow, they would have arrived by now."<ref name="Costea">{{cite web |url=https://adevarul.ro/cultura/istorie/ultimelemomente-libertate-constantin-argetoianu-ba-tari-trebuie-safiti-voi-comunistii-e-frica-mos-banos-mine-1_53d8d7d60d133766a8ddbfd6/index.html |title=Ultimele momente de libertate ale lui Constantin Argetoianu: "Bă, dar tari trebuie să fiți voi, comuniștii, dacă vă e frică și de un moș bă..nos ca mine" |language=ro |author=Adrian Costea |newspaper=[[Adevărul]] |date=31 July 2014 |access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref> On the morning of 6 May 1950, he was arrested by the [[Securitate]]; while being taken away, he was heard saying: "Man, you sure are tough, you communists, if you are afraid of a flatulent old man such as myself".<ref>Argetoianu, in Otu</ref><ref name="Costea"/> He died in the infamous [[Sighet prison]] five years later,<ref>{{citation |last=Giurescu |first=Constantin C. |year=1994 |title=Cinci ani și două luni în penitenciarul din Sighet (7 mai 1950 – 5 iulie 1955) |publisher=Editura Fundației Culturale Române |place=Bucharest}}</ref><ref>{{citation |year=2012 |title=Politică și destin. Constantin Argetoianu |publisher=Editura Machiavelli |author=Stelian Neagoe |author-link=:ro:Stelian Neagoe |place=Bucharest}}</ref> never having been put on trial. 

==Legacy==
In 1999, attorney and civil rights activist [[Monica Macovei]], representing Argetoianu's two granddaughters – Yvonne Oroveanu Niculescu and Constantina "Dina" Oroveanu – before court cleared Argetoianu of all charges, with prosecutor Mihai Carp admitting that Argetoianu's detention had been an abuse.<ref>{{citation |date=1999 |title=A încetat urmarirea penală împotriva fostului prim-ministru Constantin Argetoianu |newspaper=[[Evenimentul Zilei]] |url=http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/a-incetat-urmarirea-penala-impotriva-fostului-prim-ministru-constantin-argetoianu-567864.html |access-date=8 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330193854/http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/a-incetat-urmarirea-penala-impotriva-fostului-prim-ministru-constantin-argetoianu-567864.html |archive-date=30 March 2014}}</ref>

A street in his native city, [[Craiova]], is named after him, and so is a school in [[Argetoaia]], Dolj County.

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{in lang|ro}} Constantin Argetoianu, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195333/http://jurnalul.ro/articol_62469/constantin_argetoianu___pleaca_tatarascu__vine_gigurtu.html "Pleacă Tătărescu, vine Gigurtu" ("Exit Tătărescu, Enter Gigurtu"), fragment from his ''Memoirs''], in ''[[Jurnalul Național]]'', September 23, 2006
*[[Lucian Boia]], ''History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness'', [[Central European University|Central European University Press]], 2001
*Ion Constantinescu "Duiliu Zamfirescu: "Zero la purtare lui Ionel Brătianu!"" ("[[Duiliu Zamfirescu]]: "Grade Zero in Manners to [[Ion I. C. Brătianu|Ionel Brătianu]]!""), in ''[[Magazin Istoric]]'', September 1971
*{{in lang|ro}} Cristina Diac, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140328053649/http://jurnalul.ro/articol_19402/la__kilometrul_0__al_comunismului_romanesc.html "La «kilometrul 0» al comunismului românesc. "S-a terminat definitiv cu comunismul in România!"" ("At "Kilometer 0" in Romanian Communism. "Communism in Romania Is Definitely Over!"")], in ''[[Jurnalul Național]]'', October 6, 2004
*{{in lang|ro}} Eusebi Manolache, [http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/scapam-ciuma-dam-holera "Scăpăm de ciumă, dăm peste holeră!" ("We Get Rid of the Plague, but Get Hit by Cholera")] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111218233806/http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/scapam-ciuma-dam-holera |date=2011-12-18 }}, in ''Historia'', May 7, 2010
*[[Zigu Ornea|Z. Ornea]], ''Anii treizeci. Extrema dreaptă românească'' ("The 1930s: The Romanian Far Right"), Ed. Fundației Culturale Române, Bucharest, 1995
*{{in lang|ro}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20071007125456/http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi2000/current5/mi37.htm Petre Otu, "1946–1947. Se pregătește guvernul Argetoianu!" ("1946–1947. An Argetoianu Government Is Under Preparation!")], in ''[[Magazin Istoric]]'', May 2000
*{{in lang|ro}} [[Cincinat Pavelescu]], [http://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Lui_Argetoianu ''Lui Argetoianu'' ("To Argetoianu")]
*{{in lang|ro}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070715004505/http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi1997/current5/mi41.htm Ioan Scurtu, "Mit și realitate. Alexandru Averescu" ("Myth and Reality. Alexandru Averescu")], and [https://web.archive.org/web/20071010050219/http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi2000/current3/mi24.htm "Prăbușirea unui mit" ("A Myth's Crumbling")], in ''[[Magazin Istoric]]''
*{{ill|Joseph Slabey Rouček|es|Joseph S. Roucek}}, ''Contemporary Roumania and Her Problems'', Ayer Publishing, [[Manchester, New Hampshire]], 1971
*Al. Gh. Savu, "Din cronica moravurilor politice trecute: fripturismul" ("From a Chronicle of Past Political Habits: Petty Politics"), in ''[[Magazin Istoric]]'', August 1970
*Cristian Troncotă, "Siguranța şi spectrul revoluției comuniste", in ''Dosarele Istoriei'', 4(44)/2000
*[[Francisco Veiga]], ''Istoria Gărzii de Fier, 1919–1941: Mistica ultranaționalismului'' ("History of the Iron Guard, 1919–1941: The Mistique of Ultra-Nationalism"), [[Humanitas publishing house|Humanitas]], Bucharest, 1993

== External links ==
{{commonscat}}
* [http://www.romania-actualitati.ro/nicolae_iorga_din_fonoteca_radio_romania-5576 Voice recording at the funeral of Armand Călinescu], Fonoteca Radio România

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{{RomanianInteriorMinisters}}
{{First Cristea Cabinet}}
{{Chairman Senate Romania}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Argetoianu, Constantin}}
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