View source for Conservation-dependent species

{{Short description|IUCN conservation category}}
{{Primary sources|date=April 2020}}
{{Conservation status}}
[[File:Status_iucn2.3_CD.svg|thumb|A visualization of the categories in the no-longer used "IUCN 1994 Categories & Criteria (version 2.3)", with ''conservation dependent'' (LR/cd) highlighted. The category was folded into the "near threatened" category in the 2001 revision, but some species which have not been re-evaluated retain the assessment.]]
A '''conservation-dependent species''' is a [[species]] which has been [[Conservation status|categorized]] as "'''Conservation Dependent'''" ("'''LR/cd'''") by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN), as dependent on conservation efforts to prevent it from becoming [[Species endangerment|endangered]]. A species that is reliant on the conservation attempts of humans is considered conservation dependent. Such species must be the focus of a continuing species-specific and/or habitat-specific conservation program, the cessation of which would result in the species qualifying for one of the threatened categories within a period of five years. The determination of status is constantly monitored and can change.

This category is part of the IUCN 1994 Categories & Criteria (version 2.3), which is no longer used in evaluation of taxa, but persists in the [[IUCN Red List]] for [[Taxon|taxa]] evaluated prior to 2001, when version 3.1 was first used. Using the 2001 (version 3.1) system these taxa are classed as [[near threatened]], but those that have not been re-evaluated remain with the "Conservation Dependent" category.

Conservation-dependent species require maintenance additional to the use of the United States Endangered Species Act of 1973. This act is said to protect species from extinction by concerns and acts of conservation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OP |date=2013-02-22 |title=Summary of the Endangered Species Act |url=https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-endangered-species-act |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=epa.gov}}</ref>

== Challenges ==
Conservation-dependent species rely on population connectivity between humans and animals to maintain their life. Connectivity is based in regard to the federal regulatory provisions that protect the species and its habitat. Habitats and species are difficult to conserve when they are not susceptible to the regulations put in place.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carroll |first1=Carlos |last2=Rohlf |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Li |first3=Ya-Wei |last4=Hartl |first4=Brett |last5=Phillips |first5=Michael K. |last6=Noss |first6=Reed F. |date=2014-04-21 |title=Connectivity Conservation and Endangered Species Recovery: A Study in the Challenges of Defining Conservation-Reliant Species |journal=Conservation Letters |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=132–138 |doi=10.1111/conl.12102 |issn=1755-263X|doi-access=free }}</ref> It is also seen that laws and acts have flaws that cause gaps in their motive. The Endangered Species Act fails to account for biological ecosystem conservation and threats to a species presence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rohlf |first=Daniel J. |date=1991 |title=Six Biological Reasons Why the Endangered Species Act Doesn't Work-And What to Do About It |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2385897 |journal=Conservation Biology |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=273–282 |doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00139.x |jstor=2385897 |bibcode=1991ConBi...5..273R |issn=0888-8892|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Conservation in these conditions causes data gaps and leads to the depletion of species.

Funding of the federal provisions show to be a major concern when efforts are being made to conserve species. Legal members who don't agree on where funding should go cause more harm to the conservation-dependent species by making no effort for restoration. Despite legal efforts for defining a restoration program and setting regulatory provisions, conservation-dependent species are still in danger.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Scott |first1=J. Michael |last2=Goble |first2=Dale D. |last3=Haines |first3=Aaron M. |last4=Wiens |first4=John A. |last5=Neel |first5=Maile C. |date=13 January 2010 |title=Conservation-reliant species and the future of conservation |journal=Conservation Letters |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=91–97 |doi=10.1111/j.1755-263x.2010.00096.x |issn=1755-263X|doi-access=free |bibcode=2010ConL....3...91S }}</ref>

== Flora vs Fauna conservation methods ==
While conservation dependent plants and animals fall under the same risk status in the environment different methods are used to protect them. Conservation dependent animals are typically protected by recovery plans and agreements for conservation by the government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fisheries |first=NOAA |date=2021-01-27 |title=Recovery of Endangered and Threatened Species {{!}} NOAA Fisheries |url=https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/insight/recovery-endangered-and-threatened-species |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=NOAA}}</ref> Plants that are conservation dependent have less protection behind them as the major method for conservation is keeping a habitat healthy. In order to do so, keeping areas uncivilized and minimizing pollution emissions are predictable solutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Are Rare Plants Conserved? |url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/Rare_Plants/conservation/index.shtml |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=fs.usda.gov}}</ref> Keeping the [[flora]] (plants) and [[fauna]](animals) in their region out of the conservation dependent category is the main goal of these methods.

== Threatened categories ==
Species that are considered Conservation- Dependent are under the [[lower risk]] category of status in the [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]. The category of species may change and vary depending on its status in its environment. The lower risk status section has three categories that species may fluctuate through.

* [[Near-threatened species|Near Threatened]] (NT)
* Conservation Dependent (CD)
* [[Least-concern species|Least Concern]] (LC)

== Conservation Attempts ==
In fisheries around the world, there is a list of rules that people must follow which are in place as a conservation effort. These rules protect the conservation dependent listing of Scalloped Hammerhead shark ([[Scalloped hammerhead|Sphyrna lewini]]) under the [[EPBC Act]] is one major step for conservation of endangered species.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Marine Conservation Society - AMCS |url=https://www.marineconservation.org.au/ |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=Australian Marine Conservation Society}}</ref>

* '''Reporting catch by phone''': fishers must report their catch of a shark to QDAF's automated interactive voice response.
* '''Species specific catch and discard information in logbooks:''' all catches of sharks must be recorded in a log book.
* '''Data validation''': one hour after docking when there is a shark on board, fisheries officers are allowed to inspect boat and catches.

== Conservation-dependent animals ==
[[File:Caiman negro P Maldonado.jpg|thumb|[[Black caiman]] from [[Puerto Maldonado]]]]
Examples of conservation-dependent species include the [[black caiman]] (''Melanosuchus niger''), the [[Mistichthys luzonensis|sinarapan]], and the [[Neonemobius eurynotus|California ground cricket]].

As of December 2015, there remains 209 conservation-dependent plant species and 29 conservation-dependent animal species.

As of September 2022, the IUCN still lists 20 conservation-dependent animal species, and one conservation-dependent subpopulations or stocks.

===[[Reptiles]]===
* [[Black caiman]]

=== [[Mollusca|Mollusks]] ===

* [[Bear paw clam]]
* [[China clam]]
* [[Maxima clam]]
* [[Fluted giant clam]]

=== [[Arthropoda|Arthropods]] ===

* [[Artemia monica|Mono Lake brine shrimp]]
* ''[[Attheyella yemanjae]]''
* ''[[Canthocamptus campaneri]]''
* ''[[Metacyclops campestris]]''
* ''[[Murunducaris juneae]]''
* ''[[Muscocyclops bidentatus]]''
* ''[[Muscocyclops therasiae]]''
* [[Neonemobius eurynotus|California ground cricket]]
* ''[[Ponticyclops boscoi]]''
* ''[[Spaniacris deserticola]]''
* ''[[Stenopelmatus nigrocapitatus]]''
* ''[[Thermocyclops parvus]]''

== EPBC Act ==

In Australia, the [[Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999]] still uses a "Conservation Dependent" category for classifying fauna and flora species. Species recognized as "Conservation Dependent" do not receive special protection, as they are not considered "matters of national environmental significance under the EPBC Act". Any assemblage of species may be listed as a "threatened ecological community" under the EPBC Act. Fauna may be classified under this category if its flora is directly threatened.

The legislation uses categories similar to those of the ''IUCN 1994 Categories & Criteria''. It does not, however, have a [[near threatened]] category or any other "lower risk" categories.

As of December 2018, eight species of fishes have received the status under the act:<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2002-01-01 |title=Dryococelus australis: ANZECC Endangered Fauna Network |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/iucn.uk.2002.rlts.t6852a12810627.en |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|doi=10.2305/iucn.uk.2002.rlts.t6852a12810627.en }}</ref>

* [[Orange roughy]] (''Hoplostethus atlanticus'')
* [[Silver gemfish]] (Rexea solandri)
* [[School shark]] (Galeorhinus galeus)
* [[Southern bluefin tuna]] (Thunnus maccoyii)
* [[Southern dogfish]] (Centrophorus zeehaani)
* [[Dumb gulper shark]] (Centrophorus harrissoni)
* [[Blue warehou]] (Seriolella brama)
* [[Scalloped hammerhead]] (Sphyrna lewini)

No flora has been given the category under the EPBC Act.

== See also ==
*[[Conservation-reliant species]]
*[[IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]], ordered by [[taxonomic rank]].
*[[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]], ordered alphabetically.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Threatened species |expanded}}
{{Threatened species by region}}
{{Conservation of species}}

[[Category:Conservation dependent species| ]]
[[Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species| ]]
[[Category:Conservation dependent plants| 01]]
[[Category:IUCN Red List]]