View source for Conquest of Wu by Jin

{{Short description|Military campaign by Jin against Eastern Wu (279-280)}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Conquest of Wu by Jin
| partof            = the wars of the [[Three Kingdoms]] period
| image             = Jindestroywu in english.png
| image_size        = 300px
| caption           = A map showing the Jin conquest of Wu
| date              = {{circa}} December 279 or January 280{{efn|name=start date|The ''Zizhi Tongjian'' recorded that the Jin dynasty launched the invasion of Eastern Wu in the 11th month of the 5th year of the Xianning era of [[Emperor Wu of Jin|Sima Yan]]'s reign.<ref>{{harvnb|Zizhi Tongjian|1084|loc=vol. 80}}: "[咸寧五年]冬，十一月，大舉伐吳"</ref> This month corresponds to 21 December 279 to 18 January 280 in the Gregorian calendar.}} &ndash; 1 May 280{{efn|name=end date|The ''Zizhi Tongjian'' recorded that [[Sun Hao]] surrendered on the ''renyin'' day of the 3rd month of the 1st year of the Taikang era of [[Emperor Wu of Jin|Sima Yan]]'s reign.<ref>{{harvnb|Zizhi Tongjian|1084|loc=vol. 81}}: "[太康元年三月]壬寅， ...是日， ...吳主皓面縛輿櫬，詣軍門降。"</ref> This date corresponds to 1 May 280 in the Gregorian calendar.}}
| place             = Southern [[China]]
| casus             = 
| territory         = 
| result            = Decisive Jin victory; unification of China under the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin dynasty]]
| combatant1        = [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin dynasty]]
| combatant2        = [[Eastern Wu|Wu]]
| commander1        = [[Jia Chong]]<br>[[Wang Jun (Jin dynasty)|Wang Jun]]<br>[[Du Yu]]<br>[[Wang Rong (Jin dynasty)|Wang Rong]]<br>Hu Fen<br>[[Sima Zhou]]<br>[[Wang Hun (general)|Wang Hun]]
| commander2        = [[Sun Hao]]{{surrendered}}<br>[[Zhang Ti]]{{KIA}}
| strength1         = 200,000<ref name="Jin grand plan" />
| strength2         = 230,000<ref name="Wu assets" />
| casualties1       = 15,000{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}
| casualties2       = 
}}
{{Campaignbox Three Kingdoms}}
{{Chinese|t=晉滅吳之戰|s=晋灭吴之战|p=Jìn miè Wú zhī zhàn|altname=Taikang campaign|c2=太康之役|p2=Tàikāng zhī yì}}

The '''conquest of Wu by Jin''' was a military campaign launched by the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin dynasty]] against the state of [[Eastern Wu|Wu]] from late 279 to mid 280 at the end of the [[Three Kingdoms]] period of China. The campaign, which started in December 279 or January 280,{{efn|name=start date}} concluded with complete victory for the Jin dynasty on 1 May 280{{efn|name=end date}} when the Wu emperor [[Sun Hao]] surrendered. After the campaign, the Jin emperor [[Emperor Wu of Jin|Sima Yan (Emperor Wu)]] changed the [[Chinese era name|era name]] of his reign from "Xianning" to "Taikang". Hence, the campaign has also been referred to as the '''Taikang campaign'''.{{efn|name=altname|[[Lu Ji (Shiheng)|Lu Ji]] referred to the campaign as the "Taikang campaign" in his essay "Bian Wang Lun" (辯亡論), which discussed the reasons for Wu's fall.<ref>(夫太康之役，衆未盛乎曩日之師 ...) [[:s:zh:辯亡論下|"Bian Wang Lun" (Part 2)]].</ref>}}

The campaign is significant in [[Military history of China before 1911|pre-1911 Chinese military history]] as it not only ended the chaos of the Three Kingdoms period and reunified China under the Jin dynasty, but was also the first successful large-scale military operation in Chinese history that involved a massive invasion force crossing the [[Yangtze]]. Among other aspects, its multi-directional approach, invasions by both land and water, and the sending of a naval fleet downstream along the Yangtze, have had strong influences on subsequent battles in Chinese military history.

==Background==
===The Three Kingdoms===
[[File:三國266.jpg|thumb|300px|Map of China divided between the [[Jin dynasty (265–420)|Jin dynasty]] (blue) and [[Eastern Wu]] (red) in the year 266.]]

Following the [[End of the Han dynasty|end]] of the [[Eastern Han dynasty]] in 220,{{sfnp|Zizhi Tongjian|1084|loc=vol. 69}} three contending states emerged in China and fought for control over the territories of the former Han Empire. Among the three, [[Cao Wei|Wei]] was the most powerful one in terms of military prowess, economic resources, manpower and geographical size. The other two, [[Shu Han|Shu]] and [[Eastern Wu|Wu]], reestablished their alliance against Wei in 223.{{sfnp|Zizhi Tongjian|1084|loc=vol. 70}}

===Rise of the Jin dynasty===
From as early as 262, the Wei regent [[Sima Zhao]] had already started planning for the conquests of Wei's two rival states. He decided to attack Shu first because an invasion of Wu required costly and labour-intensive preparations such as constructing naval vessels and opening up waterways for the vessels. He also pointed out that if Wei managed to conquer Shu, they could make use of Shu's geographical advantage by sending a naval fleet downstream from Shu to attack Wu.<ref>{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 2}}: "景元[四年]夏，帝將伐蜀，乃謀眾曰：「自定壽春已來，息役六年，治兵繕甲，以擬二虜。略計取吳，作戰船，通水道，當用千餘萬功，此十萬人百數十日事也。又南土下濕，必生疾疫。今宜先取蜀，三年之後，在巴蜀順流之勢，水陸並進，此滅虞定虢，吞韓並魏之勢也。」"</ref> In the winter of 262, as the Wei government mobilised troops from the various provinces for the Shu invasion, they also put [[Tang Zi]] in charge of overseeing the construction of warships in preparation for a future invasion of Wu.<ref>{{harvnb|Chen and Pei|429|loc={{strong|28}} }}: "景元三年冬，以會為鎮西將軍、假節都督關中諸軍事。文王勑青、徐、兖、豫、荊、揚諸州，並使作船，又令唐咨作浮海大船，外為將伐吳者。"</ref>

In early 266, about two years after the [[Conquest of Shu by Wei|surrender and end of Shu]], Sima Zhao's son and successor [[Emperor Wu of Jin|Sima Yan]] usurped the throne from the last Wei emperor [[Cao Huan]] and established the [[Jin dynasty (265–420)|Jin dynasty]] to replace Wei.{{sfnp|Zizhi Tongjian|1084|loc=vol. 79}} During this time, Sima Yan heeded his advisers' suggestions to win over the Shu people's hearts by showing benevolence and generosity, as well as to induce Wu subjects to defect to Jin by tempting them with rewards and incentives. Among other things, he made the former Shu emperor [[Liu Shan]] a duke, and awarded peerages, titles and appointments to numerous former Shu subjects and their descendants, including [[Luo Xian]], [[Chen Shou]], [[Zhuge Liang#Family and descendants|Zhuge Jing]], [[Lü Yi (Shu Han)|Lü Ya]], [[Fei Yi#Family|Fei Gong]] and [[Chen Zhi (Three Kingdoms)#Family|Chen Yu]].<ref>{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 57}}: "初，憲侍宴華林園，詔問蜀大臣子弟，後問先輩宜時敘用者，憲薦蜀人常忌、杜軫等，皆西國之良器，武帝並召而任之。"</ref><ref>''Xiangyang Ji'': "[泰始]四年三月，從帝宴于華林園，詔問蜀大臣子弟，後問先輩宜時叙用者，憲薦蜀郡常忌、杜軫、壽良、巴西陳壽、南郡高軌、南陽呂雅、許國、江夏費恭、琅邪諸葛京、汝南陳裕，即皆叙用，咸顯於世。" Cited in {{harvnb|Chen and Pei|429|loc={{strong|41}} }}.</ref>{{sfnp|Zizhi Tongjian|1084|loc=vol. 79}}

On 29 April 269, Sima Yan ordered [[Yang Hu]] to station at [[Xiangyang]] and supervise military affairs in the Jin-controlled territories in [[Jing Province]].{{sfnp|Zizhi Tongjian|1084|loc=vol. 79}}

===Decline of Wu===
In 264, following the Wu emperor [[Sun Xiu]]'s death, his nephew [[Sun Hao]] came to the throne.{{sfnp|Zizhi Tongjian|1084|loc=vol. 78}} In the same year, the Wei regent [[Sima Zhao]] sent two former Wu officers Xu Shao (徐紹) and Sun Yu (孫彧), who defected to Wei during the [[Zhuge Dan's Rebellion|Shouchun rebellion]], to deliver a letter to Sun Hao.<ref>{{harvnb|Chen and Pei|429|loc={{strong|48}} }}: "晉文帝為魏相國，遣昔吳壽春城降將徐紹、孫彧銜命齎書，陳事勢利害，以申喻皓。"</ref> In the letter, Sima Zhao pointed out that Wu stood no chance against a Wei invasion and told Sun Hao that he would be treated generously if he surrendered.<ref>[[Xi Zuochi]], ''Han–Jin Chunqiu'': "晉文王與皓書曰：「聖人稱有君臣然後有上下禮義， ...夫料力忖勢，度資量險，遠考古昔廢興之理，近鑒西蜀安危之効，隆德保祚，去危即順，屈己以寧四海者，仁哲之高致也；履危偷安，隕德覆祚，而不稱於後世者，非智者之所居也。今朝廷遣徐紹、孫彧獻書喻懷，若書御於前，必少留意，回慮革筭，結歡弭兵，共為一家，惠矜吳會，施及中土，豈不泰哉！此昭心之大願也，敢不承受。若不獲命，則普天率土，期於大同，雖重干戈，固不獲已也。」" Cited in {{harvnb|Chen and Pei|429|loc={{strong|48}} }}.</ref>

Around April 265, Sun Hao sent Ji Zhi (紀陟) and Hong Qiu (弘璆) as his emissaries to meet Sima Zhao, and express his desire for Wei and Wu to coexist peacefully.<ref>{{harvnb|Chen and Pei|429|loc={{strong|48}} }}: "甘露元年三月，皓遣使隨紹、彧報書曰：「知以高世之才，處宰輔之任，漸導之功，勤亦至矣。孤以不德，階承統緒，思與賢良共濟世道，而以壅隔未有所緣，嘉意允著，深用依依。今遣光祿大夫紀陟、五官中郎將弘璆宣明至懷。」"</ref> Ji Zhi and Hong Qiu accomplished their diplomatic mission well and even impressed Sima Zhao with their replies to questions from various Wei officials.<ref>Gan Bao, ''Jin Ji'', "陟、璆奉使如魏，入境而問諱，入國而問俗。 ...文王善之，厚為之禮。" Cited in {{harvnb|Chen and Pei|429|loc={{strong|48}} }}.</ref>

Sima Zhao died in September 265. In February 266, after Sima Zhao's eldest son [[Emperor Wu of Jin|Sima Yan]] usurped the Wei throne and established the [[Jin dynasty (265–420)|Jin dynasty]],{{sfnp|Zizhi Tongjian|1084|loc=vol. 79}} Sun Hao sent Zhang Yan (張儼) and Ding Zhong (丁忠) as his representatives to attend a memorial service for Sima Zhao.<ref>{{harvnb|Chen and Pei|429|loc={{strong|48}} }}: "寶鼎元年正月，遣大鴻臚張儼、五官中郎將丁忠弔祭晉文帝。"</ref> After Ding Zhong returned, he advised Sun Hao to launch an attack on the Jin-controlled Yiyang Commandery (弋陽郡; around present-day [[Xinyang]], [[Henan]]) because it was poorly guarded. When Sun Hao consulted his subjects, [[Lu Kai]] and [[Liu Zuan (Three Kingdoms)|Liu Zuan]] opposed and supported launching the attack respectively. Sun Hao secretly desired to heed Ding Zhong's suggestion but ultimately dropped the idea after considering the recent fall of Wu's ally state [[Shu Han|Shu]].<ref>{{harvnb|Chen and Pei|429|loc={{strong|48}} }}: "及還，儼道病死。忠說皓曰：「北方守戰之具不設，弋陽可襲而取。」皓訪羣臣，鎮西大將軍陸凱曰：「夫兵不得已而用之耳，且三國鼎立已來，更相侵伐，無歲寧居。今彊敵新幷巴蜀，有兼土之實，而遣使求親，欲息兵役，不可謂其求援於我。今敵形勢方彊，而欲徼幸求勝，未見其利也。」車騎將軍劉纂曰：「天生五才，誰能去兵？譎詐相雄，有自來矣。若其有闕，庸可棄乎？宜遣閒諜，以觀其勢。」皓陰納纂言，且以蜀新平，故不行，然遂自絕。"</ref>

In comparison with Wei and the subsequent Jin dynasty, Wu experienced greater problems of its own: the succession from the third Wu emperor, [[Sun Xiu]], was marred with bloodshed and internal conflict. Sun Xiu's successor, [[Sun Hao]], was a tyrant who made little effort to prepare for the imminent invasion by the Jin dynasty. Sun Hao's rule was more harsh as compared to the later part of the reign of [[Sun Quan]], Wu's founding emperor. This caused a continuous wave of peasant uprisings and military mutinies, which mainly took place in present-day [[Zhejiang]] and [[Guangdong]]. Not only did Sun Hao refuse to accept advice to strengthen Wu's defences and reduce the burden on its people, he also executed around four dozen high-ranking officials who provided good counsel on governance. As a result, the Wu government had already lost the popular support of the people, and many regional commanders stationed at the border defected to the Jin dynasty.

At the same time, Sima Yan sent envoys to Wu to cease hostilities between the two states, in order to buy time for making preparations. The Wu emperor Sun Hao, in turn, viewed such actions as a sign of weakness of the Jin dynasty, and further let down his guard.

==Jin preparations==
Sima Yan had long harboured the ambition of conquering Wu. On 29 April 269, he designated three locations as bases for staging the invasion, and gave assignments to three generals as follows:
* [[Yang Hu]] to be stationed at [[Xiangyang]] to oversee military affairs in [[Jing Province]];
* [[Wei Guan]] to be stationed at [[Ancient Linzi|Linzi]] to oversee military affairs in [[Qing Province]];
* [[Sima Zhou]] to be stationed at [[Pizhou|Xiapi]] to oversee military affairs in [[Xu Province]].<ref>{{harvnb|Zizhi Tongjian|1084|loc=vol. 79}}: "帝有滅吳之志。[泰始五年三月]壬寅，以尚書左僕射羊祜都督荊州諸軍事，鎮襄陽；征東大將軍衞瓘都督青州諸軍事，鎮臨菑；鎮東大將軍東莞王伷都督徐州諸軍事，鎮下邳。"</ref>

During his tenure in Jing Province, Yang Hu governed the region well and not only gained the locals' trust and respect, but also attracted many defectors from the Wu side. He also reduced the number of troops assigned to patrol and guard the Jin–Wu border, and reassigned them to work in [[Tuntian|agricultural colonies]] covering an area of over 800 [[Chinese units of measurement#Area|''qing'']]. When he first came to Jing Province, his troops had less than 100 days' worth of food supplies. However, by the end of his third year in Jing Province, his troops had produced and stockpiled sufficient food supplies to last them for about ten years.<ref>{{harvnb|Zizhi Tongjian|1084|loc=vol. 79}}: "祜綏懷遠近，甚得江、漢之心，與吳人開布大信，降者欲去，皆聽之，減戍邏之卒，以墾田八百餘頃。其始至也，軍無百日之糧；及其季年，乃有十年之積。"</ref>

===Construction of a navy in Yi Province===
In 272, Yang Hu pointed out to Sima Yan that their forces could take advantage of their position in [[Yi Province]] and send a naval fleet downstream along the [[Yangtze]] to attack Wu. He secretly recommended to the emperor to appoint [[Wang Jun (Jin dynasty)|Wang Jun]], who previously served as an army adviser under him, to serve as the Inspector of Yi Province (益州刺史) and oversee the construction of a naval fleet. Shortly after he was appointed as the Inspector of Yi Province, Wang Jun was also commissioned as Prancing Dragon General (龍驤將軍) and put in charge of supervising military affairs in Yi and [[Liang Province|Liang]] provinces.<ref>{{harvnb|Zizhi Tongjian|1084|loc=vol. 79}}: "[泰始八年] ...詔以濬為益州刺史。濬擊弘，斬之，夷三族。封濬關內侯。初，濬為羊祜參軍，祜深知之。 ...時帝與羊祜陰謀伐吳，祜以為伐吳宜藉上流之勢，密表留濬復為益州刺史，使治水軍。尋加龍驤將軍，監益、梁諸軍事。"</ref>

Wang Jun reassigned his troops from farming in the agricultural colonies to start building vessels for the upcoming naval invasion of Wu. During this time, Wang Jun's assistant [[He Pan (Jin dynasty)|He Pan]] pointed out that they needed to recruit at least 10,000 labourers from every [[Commandery (China)|commandery]] in Yi Province for the project, which could be completed within a year. He Pan also advised Wang Jun to notify the central government after they had started the project because the central government might reject their idea of recruiting 10,000 labourers from every commandery. Wang Jun heeded He Pan's advice.<ref>{{harvnb|Zizhi Tongjian|1084|loc=vol. 79}}: "詔濬罷屯田軍，大作舟艦。別駕何攀以為「屯田兵不過五六百人，作船不能猝辦，後者未成，前者已腐。宜召諸郡兵合萬餘人造之，歲終可成。」濬欲先上須報，攀曰：「朝廷猝聞召萬兵，必不聽；不如輒召，設當見卻，功夫已成，勢不得止。」濬從之，令攀典造舟艦器仗。"</ref>

To make up for the Jin navy's lack of experience in naval warfare in comparison to the Wu navy, Wang Jun constructed many large vessels equipped with [[Naval ram|ram bow]]s.{{cn|date=July 2023}} The largest of these vessels were 120 [[Chinese units of measurement#Length|''bu'']] long and capable of carrying up to 2,000 troops on board. These vessels also had viewing towers and three-storey-tall{{cn|date=July 2023}} fortifications made of strong wood. In addition, the vessels had doors on all four sides to allow troops to board and get off easily. Horses could even run freely on board.<ref>{{harvnb|Zizhi Tongjian|1084|loc=vol. 79}}: "於是作大艦，長百二十步，受二千餘人，以木為城，起樓櫓，開四出門，其上皆得馳馬往來。"</ref> It took Wang Jun a total of seven years to build the naval fleet and the only thing left to do was to train his troops in naval warfare.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

===Yang Hu's role===
In November or December 276,{{sfnp|Zizhi Tongjian|1084|loc=vol. 80}} [[Yang Hu]] wrote a memorial to [[Emperor Wu of Jin|Sima Yan]] to outline a plan for the conquest of Wu as follows: Jin forces in [[Yi Province]] to attack Wu from the west on both land and water; Jin forces in [[Jing Province]] to attack [[Jiangling County|Jiangling]]; Jin forces in [[Yuzhou (ancient China)|Yu Province]] to attack [[Hankou|Xiakou]]; and Jin forces in [[Xu Province|Xu]], [[Yang Province|Yang]], [[Qing Province|Qing]] and [[Yan Province|Yan]] provinces to attack [[Nanjing|Moling]]. He explained that the idea of invading Wu from multiple directions was to confuse the Wu forces and demoralise the Wu forces by creating the impression of an overwhelming invasion. He further pointed out Wu's only strategic advantage was the [[Yangtze]], which served as a natural barrier. However, once the Jin forces break through the Wu defences along the Yangtze, the Wu forces would retreat to behind their walled cities and fortresses. By then, the Jin forces, which were more adept in land-based warfare, would gain the upper hand over their adversaries. He also noted that [[Sun Hao]] was a highly unpopular ruler among his people and that a Jin invasion would provide a long-awaited opportunity for many Wu subjects to defect to the Jin side.<ref>{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 34}}: "至是上疏曰：祜上疏請伐吳曰：「先帝順天應時， ...今若引梁益之兵水陸俱下，荊楚之眾進臨江陵，平南、豫州，直指夏口，徐、揚、青、兗並向秣陵，鼓旆以疑之，多方以誤之，以一隅之吳，當天下之眾，勢分形散，所備皆急，巴漢奇兵出其空虛，一處傾壞，則上下震盪。吳緣江為國，無有內外，東西數千里，以籓籬自持，所敵者大，無有寧息。孫皓孫恣情任意，與下多忌，名臣重將不復自信，是以孫秀之徒皆畏逼而至。將疑於朝，士困於野，無有保世之計，一定之心。平常之日，猶懷去就，兵臨之際，必有應者，終不能齊力致死，已可知也。其俗急速，不能持久，弓弩戟盾不如中國，唯有水戰是其所便。一入其境，則長江非復所固，還保城池，則去長入短。而官軍懸進，人有致節之志，吳人戰於其內，有憑城之心。如此，軍不逾時，克可必矣。」"</ref>

Sima Yan strongly agreed with Yang Hu's views and wanted to implement the plan. When Yang Hu's plan was put up for discussion in the Jin imperial court, many officials, including [[Jia Chong]], [[Xun Xu]] and [[Feng Dan]], argued that it was not time to attack Wu yet because they had to deal with the [[Xianbei]] rebels in [[Yong Province|Yong]] and [[Liang Province|Liang]] provinces. Only [[Du Yu]] and [[Zhang Hua]] supported Yang Hu's proposal.<ref>{{harvnb|Zizhi Tongjian|1084|loc=vol. 80}}: "帝深納之。而朝議方以秦、涼為憂，祜復表曰：「吳平則胡自定，但當速濟大功耳。」議者多有不同，賈充、荀勗、馮紞尤以伐吳為不可。祜歎曰：「天下不如意事十常居七、八。天與不取，豈非更事者恨於後時哉！」唯度支尚書杜預、中書令張華與帝意合，贊成其計。"</ref>

In July or August 278, due to poor health, Yang Hu left his post at [[Xiangyang]] and moved to [[Luoyang]] to recuperate. When Sima Yan sent Zhang Hua to visit him, Yang Hu told Zhang Hua that they should seize the opportunity to conquer Wu while Sun Hao was still in power since Sun Hao's tyranny had already caused him to lose popular support from the Wu people. He also recommended Du Yu to replace him as the general overseeing military affairs in Jing Province.<ref>{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 34}}: "祜寢疾，求入朝。既至洛陽， ...及侍坐，面陳伐吳之計。帝以其病，不宜常入，遣中書令張華問其籌策。祜曰：「今主上有禪代之美，而功德未著。吳人虐政已甚，可不戰而克。混一六合，以興文教，則主齊堯舜，臣同稷契，為百代之盛軌。如舍之，若孫皓不幸而沒，吳人更立令主，雖百萬之眾，長江未可而越也，將為後患乎！」華深贊成其計。 ...疾漸篤，乃舉杜預自代。"</ref> He died on 27 December 278.{{sfnp|Zizhi Tongjian|1084|loc=vol. 80}}

===Other preparations===
In October 276, the preparation was roughly completed and Yang Hu suggested to Sima Yan to launch the attack. Yang Hu's suggestion was initially accepted but then delayed due to [[Jia Chong]]'s objection, because northwestern China was still in the midst of a [[Tufa Shujineng's Rebellion|tribal rebellion]]. In July 277, additional assignments were given in order to prepare for the campaign against Eastern Wu:

* [[Wang Hun (general)|Wang Hun]] (王渾) was put in charge of military affairs of [[Yang Province]]
* [[Sima Liang]] was put in charge of military affairs of [[Yuzhou (ancient China)|Yu Province]]
* [[Hu Fen]] (胡奮) was put in charge of military affairs along the northern shore of the [[Yangtze River]]

After Yang Hu's death, [[Du Yu]] succeeded him and was appointed Senior General Who Conquers the South (征南大將軍) to take charge of military affairs in [[Jing Province]] from November 278.

==Wu preparations==
In February 270, the Wu general [[Ding Feng (general)|Ding Feng]] led an attack Jin's southern border at Wokou (渦口; northeast of present-day [[Huaiyuan County]], [[Anhui]]) but was driven back by Jin forces under [[Qian Hong (Jin dynasty)|Qian Hong]].{{sfnp|Zizhi Tongjian|1084|loc=vol. 79}} In May of that year, following [[Shi Ji (Three Kingdoms)|Shi Ji]]'s death, the Wu emperor [[Sun Hao]] put his general [[Lu Kang (Three Kingdoms)|Lu Kang]] in charge of military affairs in an area covering present-day [[Yichang]] and [[Gong'an County|Gong'an]] in western and southern [[Hubei]].{{sfnp|Zizhi Tongjian|1084|loc=vol. 79}}

Before Lu Kang died in 274, he foresaw that Xiling (西陵; around present-day Yichang, Hubei) was a crucial location along Wu's western border so he advised Sun Hao to pay closer attention to the Wu defences in that area. After Lu Kang's death, Sun Hao split Lu Kang's command among his five sons: Lu Yan (陸晏), [[Lu Jing]], Lu Xuan (陸玄), [[Lu Ji (Shiheng)|Lu Ji]] and Lu Yun (陸雲).{{sfnp|Zizhi Tongjian|1084|loc=vol. 80}}

In the meantime, the wood shavings and other waste products from [[Wang Jun (Jin dynasty)|Wang Jun]]'s naval construction project in [[Yi Province]] floated downstream along the river and entered Wu territory. The Wu officer [[Wu Yan (general)|Wu Yan]], who was stationed at Jianping Commandery (建平郡; around present-day [[Zigui County]], [[Hubei]]), picked up the wood shavings and realised that the Jin dynasty was building a naval fleet to attack Wu. He then sent the wood shavings to Sun Hao as evidence of an impending Jin invasion, and advised the emperor to send more troops to guard Jianping. When Sun Hao ignored him, Wu Yan ordered his troops to use heavy iron chains to set up a blockade along the river and prevent enemy vessels from passing through.<ref>{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 57}}: "稍遷建平太守。時王濬將伐吳，造船於蜀，彥覺之，請增兵為備，皓不從，彥乃輒為鐵鎖，橫斷江路。"</ref>{{sfnp|Zizhi Tongjian|1084|loc=vol. 79}}

==Previous battles between Jin and Wu==
In 272, a [[Battle of Xiling|battle broke out between Wu and Jin]] at in Xiling (西陵; around present-day [[Yichang]], [[Hubei]]). After the Wu general [[Bu Zhi#Bu Chan|Bu Chan]] started a rebellion against Wu, the Jin dynasty sent reinforcements to Xiling to support him. The Wu general [[Lu Kang (Three Kingdoms)|Lu Kang]] led his troops to defeat the Jin reinforcements and recapture Xiling.{{sfnp|Zizhi Tongjian|1084|loc=vol. 79}}{{efn|See [[Battle of Xiling]] for details.}}

{| align=center class="wikitable" style="width:75%; font-size:85%; text-align:center"
|-
| colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc; font-size:120%" | '''Overview of battles between Jin and Wu during Sun Hao's reign'''
|-
! width=10%| Date !! width=15%|  Location(s) !! width=20%|  Wu order of battle !! width=20%|  Jin order of battle !! width=10%| Sources
|-
| 268 || [[Yunmeng County|Jiangxia]], [[Xiangyang]], [[Hefei]] and [[Jiaozhi]] || {{unbulleted list|[[Sun Hao]]|[[Shi Ji (Three Kingdoms)|Shi Ji]]|[[Ding Feng (general)|Ding Feng]]|[[Zhuge Jing]]|{{KIA}} Liu Jun (劉俊)|{{KIA}} Xiu Ze (脩則)|Gu Rong (顧容)}} || {{unbulleted list|[[Sima Wang]]|[[Hu Lie]]|[[Shi Bao (Three Kingdoms)|Shi Bao]]|[[Sima Jun (prince)|Sima Jun]]|Yang Ji (楊稷)|Mao Jiong (毛炅)}} || {{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 3}}, {{harvnb|Chen and Pei|429|loc={{strong|55}} }}, {{harvnb|Zizhi Tongjian|1084|loc=vol. 79}}
|-
| 269 || Guyang, [[Jiaozhi]] || {{unbulleted list|[[Ding Feng (general)|Ding Feng]]|[[Yu Si]]|[[Xue Xu]]|[[Tao Huang (Jin dynasty)|Tao Huang]]|{{executed}} Li Xu (李勖)|Xu Cun (徐存)|Feng Fei (馮斐)}} || {{unbulleted list|Yang Ji (楊稷)|Mao Jiong (毛炅)|Dong Yuan (董元)|Meng Gan (孟幹)|Meng Tong (孟通)|Li Song (李松)|Wang Ye (王業)|Cuan Neng (爨能)}} ||{{harvnb|Chen and Pei|429|loc={{strong|48}} }}, {{harvnb|Chen and Pei|429|loc={{strong|55}} }}
|-
| 270 || Unknown || {{unbulleted list|[[Ding Feng (general)|Ding Feng]]}} || {{unbulleted list|[[Qian Hong (Jin dynasty)|Qian Hong]]}} ||  {{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 3}}
|-
| 271 || [[Shou County|Shouchun]] || {{unbulleted list|[[Sun Hao]]}} || {{unbulleted list|[[Sima Wang]]}} ||  {{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 3}}, {{harvnb|Chen and Pei|429|loc={{strong|48}} }}
|-
| 272 || [[Yichang|Xiling]] || {{unbulleted list|[[Lu Kang (Three Kingdoms)|Lu Kang]]|[[Zuo Yi]]|[[Wu Yan (general)|Wu Yan]]|Cai Gong (蔡貢)|Zhang Xian (張咸)|Sun Zun (孫遵)|Liu Lü (留慮)|[[Zhu Zhi#Descendants|Zhu Wan]]|Lei Tan (雷譚)|Yu Zan (俞贊)|Zhu Qiao (朱喬)}}|| {{unbulleted list|{{executed}} [[Bu Zhi#Bu Chan|Bu Chan]]|{{executed}} Bu Ji (步璣)|[[Yang Hu]]|[[Yang Zhao (Jin dynasty)|Yang Zhao]]|Xu Yin (徐胤)}} || {{harvnb|Chen and Pei|429|loc={{strong|58}} }}, {{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 34}}
|-
| 273 || [[Huangchuan County|Yiyang]] and [[Xinyang|Runan]] || {{unbulleted list|[[Xue Ying]]|[[Lu Su#Descendants|Lu Shu]]}} || {{unbulleted list|[[Wang Hun (general)|Wang Hun]]}} || {{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 42}}
|-
| 274 || [[Yunmeng County|Jiangxia]] || {{unbulleted list|Sun Zun (孫遵)|Li Cheng (李承)}} || {{unbulleted list|Ji Xi (嵇喜)}} || {{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 3}}
|-
| 275 || [[Yunmeng County|Jiangxia]] ||  ||  || {{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 3}}
|-
| 277 || [[Yunmeng County|Jiangxia]] and [[Xinyang|Runan]] || {{unbulleted list|[[Eastern Wu family trees#Sun He (Bohai)|Sun Shen]]}} ||  || {{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 34}}
|}

==Prelude==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:5px; float:right; width:45%; font-size: 80%" 
! colspan=3 | Timeline of the Conquest of Wu by Jin{{sfnp|Zizhi Tongjian|1084|loc= vols. 79–81}}
|-
! Approximate date range !! Location !! Event(s)
|-
| 21 December 279 – 18 January 280 || ''various locations'' || The Jin dynasty sends a total of more than 200,000 troops to launch a massive invasion of Eastern Wu from multiple directions: [[Sima Zhou]] to attack [[Chuzhou|Tuzhong]]; [[Wang Hun (general)|Wang Hun]] to attack the [[Physiographic macroregions of China|Jiangxi]] region; [[Wang Rong (Jin dynasty)|Wang Rong]] to attack [[Ezhou|Wuchang]]; [[Hu Fen]] to attack [[Hankou|Xiakou]]; [[Du Yu]] to attack [[Jiangling County|Jiangling]]; [[Wang Jun (Jin dynasty)|Wang Jun]] and [[Tang Bin (Jin dynasty)|Tang Bin]] to attack from [[Yi Province]]. [[Jia Chong]] reluctantly agrees to serve as Grand Chief Controller to coordinate the campaign from [[Xiangyang]]; [[Yang Ji]] serves as his deputy. [[Zhang Hua]] oversees supplies and logistics for the campaign.
|-
| 18 February – 17 March 280 || ''various locations'' || [[Du Yu]] and [[Wang Hun (general)|Wang Hun]] break through all the Wu defences in their way along the border.
|-
|rowspan=2| 18–19 March 280 || [[Zigui County]], [[Hubei]] || [[Wang Jun (Jin dynasty)|Wang Jun]] and [[Tang Bin (Jin dynasty)|Tang Bin]] defeat Sheng Ji in battle.
|-
| [[Xiling Gorge]], [[Hubei]] || [[Wang Jun (Jin dynasty)|Wang Jun]] destroys the barricades set up by Wu forces in the river, and clear the way for his naval fleet to pass through.
|-
| 20 March 280 || [[Yichang]], [[Hubei]] || [[Wang Jun (Jin dynasty)|Wang Jun]] conquers Xiling and kills Liu Xian in battle.
|-
|rowspan=2| 22–24 March 280 || [[Jingmen]] and [[Yidu]], [[Hubei]] || [[Wang Jun (Jin dynasty)|Wang Jun]] conquers Jingmen and Yidao and kills Lu Yan in battle.
|-
| [[Songzi]], [[Hubei]] || Zhou Zhi defeats and captures [[Eastern Wu family trees#Sun Ben|Sun Xin]] in battle at Le District.
|-
| 25 March 280 || [[Hubei]] || [[Wang Jun (Jin dynasty)|Wang Jun]] defeats and kills [[Lu Jing]] in battle.
|-
|rowspan=3| 3 April 280 || [[Jiangling County]], [[Hubei]] || [[Du Yu]] conquers Jiangling and kills Wu Yan.
|-
| [[Gong'an County]], [[Hubei]] || [[Hu Fen]] conquers Jiang'an.
|-
| Southern China || The administrators of the Wu-controlled commanderies south of the [[Yuan River|Yuan]] and [[Xiang River|Xiang]] rivers, extending into [[Jiaozhou (region)|Jiao]] and [[Liangguang|Guang]] provinces, voluntarily surrender to the Jin dynasty.
|-
| 4 April 280 || [[Luoyang]], [[Henan]] || [[Emperor Wu of Jin|Sima Yan]] issues an imperial edict outlining the next phase in the conquest of Wu: [[Wang Jun (Jin dynasty)|Wang Jun]] and [[Tang Bin (Jin dynasty)|Tang Bin]] to assist [[Hu Fen]] and [[Wang Rong (Jin dynasty)|Wang Rong]] in conquering [[Hankou|Xiakou]] and [[Ezhou|Wuchang]], and sail along the [[Yangtze]] towards [[Nanjing|Moling]]; [[Du Yu]] to pacify the newly conquered Wu territories in southern [[Jing Province]] and send reinforcements to aid Wang Jun and Tang Bin; [[Jia Chong]] to be stationed at [[Xiangcheng City|Xiang County]] to oversee the campaign.
|-
|rowspan=4| 4–16 April 280 || [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]] || [[Hu Fen]] conquers [[Hankou|Xiakou]] with support from [[Wang Jun (Jin dynasty)|Wang Jun]].
|-
| [[Wuhan]] and [[Ezhou]], [[Hubei]] || [[Wang Rong (Jin dynasty)|Wang Rong]] sends [[Luo Shang]] and [[Liu Qiao (Jin dynasty)|Liu Qiao]] to attack Wuchang with support from [[Wang Jun (Jin dynasty)|Wang Jun]]. Liu Lang and [[Yu Bing]] surrender control of Jiangxia and Wuchang.
|-
| [[Qichun County]] and [[Huanggang]], [[Hubei]] || Meng Tai convinces the Wu forces at Qichun and Zhu counties to surrender to [[Wang Rong (Jin dynasty)|Wang Rong]].
|-
| [[Nanjing]], [[Jiangsu]] || [[Sun Hao]] orders [[Zhang Ti]], Shen Ying, [[Eastern Wu family trees#Sun Ben|Sun Zhen]] and [[Zhuge Jing]] to lead 30,000 troops across the [[Yangtze]] to attack [[Wang Hun (general)|Wang Hun]].
|-
|rowspan=4| 17–30 April 280 || [[He County]], [[Anhui]] || Jin forces led by [[Zhou Jun (Jin dynasty)|Zhou Jun]], Xue Sheng, Jiang Ban and Zhang Qiao defeat Wu forces in battle at Yanghe. [[Zhang Ti]], Shen Ying and [[Eastern Wu family trees#Sun Ben|Sun Zhen]] are killed in battle.
|-
| [[Ezhou]], [[Hubei]] || [[Wang Jun (Jin dynasty)|Wang Jun]] leads his forces from Wuchang to attack [[Jiankang|Jianye]]. [[Sun Hao]] orders Zhang Xiang to lead a 10,000-strong naval force to resist Wang Jun. Zhang Xiang surrenders to Wang Jun.
|-
| [[Nanjing]], [[Jiangsu]] || As [[Wang Hun (general)|Wang Hun]], [[Wang Jun (Jin dynasty)|Wang Jun]] and [[Sima Zhou]] lead their forces towards [[Jiankang|Jianye]], [[He Zhi]] and Sun Yan voluntarily surrender to Wang Hun.
|-
| [[Nanjing]], [[Jiangsu]] || [[Sun Hao]] heeds [[Xue Ying]] and Hu Chong's advice to surrender to Jin. He sends emissaries to separately meet [[Wang Hun (general)|Wang Hun]], [[Wang Jun (Jin dynasty)|Wang Jun]] and [[Sima Zhou]] and convey his desire to surrender.
|-
| 1 May 280 || [[Stone City|Shitou]], [[Nanjing]], [[Jiangsu]] || [[Wang Jun (Jin dynasty)|Wang Jun]] leads 80,000 troops and hundreds of vessels to Shitou to receive Sun Hao's surrender.
|-
|}

Sometime between 21 December 279 and 18 January 280,{{efn|name=start date}} Jin deployed a total of over 200,000 troops from its regular 500,000-strong armed forces{{cn|date=July 2023}} for the invasion of Wu. By that time, the Jin navy was also at least on par with the Wu navy in terms of strength.{{cn|date=July 2023}} However, the Jin invasion forces did not enjoy numerical superiority because it faced the entire Wu armed forces consisting of about 230,000 troops and over 5,000 vessels.{{cn|date=July 2023}} Nevertheless, the Jin invaders had a much higher morale compared to the Wu defenders. Moreover, the Wu forces were scattered along the Jin–Wu border over a distance of several thousand ''[[Li (unit)|li]]'', thus making it easier for the Jin forces to concentrate their attacks on isolated pockets of Wu resistance. Based on this principle, Jin launched the invasion of Wu along the [[Yangtze]] in five routes to support the naval fleet setting out from [[Yi Province]] and advancing downstream towards Wu's eastern border.{{cn|date=July 2023}} The Jin invasion forces came from six directions as follows:

* [[Sima Zhou]] to lead an army from Xiapi (下邳; around present-day [[Pizhou]], [[Jiangsu]]) to attack Tuzhong (塗中; around present-day [[Chuzhou]], [[Anhui]]);
* [[Wang Hun (general)|Wang Hun]] to lead an army from Shouchun (壽春; present-day [[Shou County]], Anhui) to attack Jiangxi (江西; a region north of the Yangtze covering parts of present-day [[Jiangsu]] and Anhui);{{efn|name=Jiangxi|Not to be confused with present-day [[Jiangxi|Jiangxi Province]] in China.}}
* [[Wang Rong (Jin dynasty)|Wang Rong]] to lead an army from [[Xiangcheng City|Xiangcheng]] to attack Wuchang (武昌; present-day [[Ezhou]], [[Hubei]]);
* [[Hu Fen]] to lead an army from Jiangxia Commandery (江夏郡; present-day [[Yunmeng County]], Hubei) to attack [[Hankou|Xiakou]];
* [[Du Yu]] to lead an army from [[Xiangyang]] to attack [[Jiangling County]];
* [[Wang Jun (Jin dynasty)|Wang Jun]] and [[Tang Bin (Jin dynasty)|Tang Bin]] to lead a naval fleet from [[Yi Province]] downstream to attack Wu territories in [[Jing Province]].<ref name="Jin grand plan">{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 3}}: "[咸寧五年]十一月，大舉伐吳，遣鎮軍將軍、琅邪王伷出塗中，安東將軍王渾出江西，建威將軍王戎出武昌，平南將軍胡奮出夏口，鎮南大將軍杜預出江陵，龍驤將軍王濬、廣武將軍唐彬率巴蜀之卒浮江而下，東西凡二十餘萬。"</ref>

To better coordinate the six groups' movements, the Jin emperor [[Emperor Wu of Jin|Sima Yan]] ordered Wang Jun and his naval fleet to take orders from Du Yu after capturing Jianping Commandery (建平郡; around present-day [[Zigui County]], Hubei), and take orders from Wang Hun after reaching Moling (秣陵; present-day [[Nanjing]], Jiangsu).<ref>{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 42}}: "初，詔書使濬下建平，受杜預節度，至秣陵，受王渾節度。"</ref>

Sima Yan granted [[Jia Chong]] acting imperial authority and ordered him to serve as Grand Chief Controller (大都督) to oversee the campaign and coordinate the movements of the six groups from [[Xiangyang]]. He also appointed [[Yang Ji]] as Jia Chong's deputy. When Jia Chong initially gave the excuse that he was already old and expressed reluctance in taking up this responsibility, Sima Yan told him that he would personally direct the campaign if Jia Chong refused to do so. Jia Chong then relented and accepted his appointment.<ref name="Jia Chong">{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 40}}: "伐吳之役，詔充為使持節、假黃鉞、大都督，總統六師，給羽葆、鼓吹、緹幢、兵萬人、騎二千，置左右長史、司馬、從事中郎，增參軍、騎司馬各十人，帳下司馬二十人，大車、官騎各三十人。充慮大功不捷，表陳「西有昆夷之患，北有幽并之戍，天下勞擾，年穀不登，興軍致討，懼非其時。又臣老邁，非所克堪。」詔曰：「君不行，吾便自出。」充不得已，乃受節鉞，將中軍，為諸軍節度，以冠軍將軍楊濟為副，南屯襄陽。"</ref> Sima Yan also appointed [[Zhang Hua]] as Secretary of Fiscal Revenue (度支尚書) to oversee supplies and logistics for the campaign.<ref name="Zhang Hua">{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 36}}: "及將大舉，以華為度支尚書，乃量計運漕，決定廟算。"</ref>

===Wu strategy===
Since the Wu emperor Sun Hao did not believe that the Jin dynasty was capable of taking Wu and the overconfidence in the Yangtze River as the natural defensive barrier, barely anything was done to prepare for the incoming campaign. However, Wu did reinforce its defences by deploying iron awls linked together by iron chains in the [[Three Gorges]] to prevent ships from passing, but Sun Hao and his followers were so overconfident about this additional measure that not a single soldier was deployed to guard the region.

==Wang Jun and Tang Bin's route==
Between 19 January and 17 March 280, Wang Jun set out from [[Chengdu]], the capital of [[Yi Province]], and rendezvoused with his deputy [[Tang Bin (Jin dynasty)|Tang Bin]] at Badong Commandery (巴東郡; present-day [[Chongqing]]). From there, they led the Jin naval fleet, comprising 50,000 or 70,000 troops, as it sailed downstream along the [[Yangtze]] to attack Wu's eastern border.{{efn|name=Jin naval fleet size|The ''Huayang Guo Zhi'' recorded that Wang Jun set out from Chengdu with a 70,000 strong army in the 12th month of the 5th year of the Xianning era;<ref>([咸寧五年]冬十有二月，濬因自成都帥水陸軍及梁州三水胡七萬人伐吳。臨發，斬牙門將李延，所愛待將，也以爭騎斬，衆莫不肅。至江州，詔書進濬平東將軍，都督二州，巴東監軍唐彬及平南軍皆受指授。別遣參軍李毅將軍由涪陵入取武陵，㑹巴陵。) ''Huayang Guo Zhi'' vol. 8.</ref> this month corresponds to 19 January to 17 February 280 in the Gregorian calendar. The ''Jin Shu'' recorded that Wang Jun reported that he had 80,000 troops (after the redeployment on 4 April 280), and that he set out from Chengdu in the 1st month of the 1st year of the Taikang era;<ref>{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 42}}: "太康元年正月，濬發自成都， ... ... 臣所統八萬餘人，乘勝席捲。"</ref> this month corresponds to 18 February to 17 March 280 in the Gregorian calendar.}} At Jianping Commandery (建平郡; around present-day [[Zigui County]], [[Hubei]]), they encountered strong resistance led by the Wu officer [[Wu Yan (general)|Wu Yan]] and failed to capture Jianping,<ref name="JS 57">{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 57}}: "稍遷建平太守。時王濬將伐吳， ...及師臨境，緣江諸城皆望風降附，或見攻而拔，唯彥堅守，大眾攻之不能克，乃退舍禮之。"</ref> so they took a detour and advanced further east towards Danyang (丹楊; east of present-day [[Zigui County]], [[Hubei]]). On 18 March 280, they conquered Danyang and captured its defending officer, Sheng Ji (盛紀).<ref name="Sheng Ji">{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 42}}: "(太康元年正月，濬發自成都，率巴東監軍、廣武將軍唐彬攻吳丹楊，克之，擒其丹楊監盛紀。"</ref>

===Destruction of the blockade at Xiling Gorge===
After conquering Danyang, the Jin naval fleet continued its journey downstream and arrived at [[Xiling Gorge]], where they encountered the blockade set up earlier by Wu Yan. Wu Yan had ordered his troops to connect an array of iron awls, each measuring more than one ''[[Zhàng|zhang]]'', with heavy iron chains and put them into the water to block enemy vessels from passing through.<ref>{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 42}}: "吳人於江險磧要害之處，並以鐵鎖橫截之，又作鐵錐長丈餘，暗置江中，以逆距船。"</ref> However, the Jin naval fleet knew about the blockade through intelligence gathered earlier by [[Yang Hu]] from captured Wu spies, so they were prepared to deal with the situation.<ref>{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 42}}: "先是，羊祜獲吳間諜，具知情狀。"</ref>

Wang Jun ordered his men to build a dozen large rafts, each over 100 [[Chinese units of measurement#Area|''bu'']] wide, and place [[Straw man (dummy)|straw dummies]] on them. He also ordered large [[torch]]es, each measuring over ten ''[[Zhàng|zhang]]'' in length and over ten [[Chinese units of measurement#Length|''wei'']] in circumference, to be placed in front of every raft and drenched in oil. He then deployed the rafts ahead of his fleet towards the blockade. When the rafts became stuck in the blockade, Wang Jun ordered his men to set the rafts on fire. After burning for several hours, the iron awls and chains melted and cleared the way for the Jin naval fleet to pass through.<ref>{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 42}}: "濬乃作大筏數十，亦方百餘步，縛草為人，被甲持杖，令善水者以筏先行，筏遇鐵錐，錐輒著筏去。又作火炬，長十餘丈，大數十圍，灌以麻油，在船前，遇鎖，然炬燒之，須臾，融液斷絕，於是船無所礙。"</ref>

===Fall of Xiling, Jingmen and Yidao===
On 20 March 280, Wang Jun and his forces conquered Xiling (西陵; around present-day [[Yichang]], [[Hubei]]) and killed the Wu officers Liu Xian (留憲), Cheng Ju (成據) and [[Yu Zhong (Three Kingdoms)|Yu Zhong]].<ref name="Liu Xian, Cheng Ju and Yu Zhong">{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 42}}: "[太康元年]二月庚申，克吳西陵，獲其鎮南將軍留憲、征南將軍成據、宜都太守虞忠。"</ref> Two days later, they seized control of [[Jingmen]] and Yidao (夷道; present-day [[Yidu]], Hubei) and killed the Wu officer [[Lu Kang (Three Kingdoms)#Descendants|Lu Yan]].<ref name="Lu Yan">{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 42}}: "[太康元年二月]壬戌，克荊門、夷道二城，獲監軍陸晏。"</ref>

When Wang Jun conquered Xiling, Du Yu wrote to him to give him the green light to advance further east along the Yangtze and conquer Moling (秣陵; present-day [[Nanjing]], [[Jiangsu]]), the Wu capital. Wang Jun was so pleased after reading Du Yu's letter that he sent it to the Jin emperor [[Emperor Wu of Jin|Sima Yan]].<ref>{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 42}}: "濬至西陵，預與之書曰：「足下既摧其西籓，便當徑取秣陵，討累世之逋寇，釋吳人於塗炭。自江入淮，逾於泗汴，溯河而上，振旅還都，亦曠世一事也。」濬大悅，表呈預書。"</ref>

==Du Yu and Hu Fen's routes==
Between 18 February and 17 March 280, the Jin army led by [[Du Yu]] broke through all the Wu defences along the Jin–Wu border as they advanced towards [[Jiangling County]].{{sfnp|Zizhi Tongjian|1084|loc=vol. 81}} Upon reaching their destination, Du Yu ordered his troops to besiege Jiangling County while sending his subordinates Fan Xian (樊顯), Yin Lin (尹林), Deng Gui (鄧圭) and Zhou Qi (周奇) to lead a separate detachment to clear a path along the [[Yangtze]] for [[Wang Jun (Jin dynasty)|Wang Jun]]'s naval fleet approaching from the west. They managed to capture all the Wu territories along the way within ten days.<ref name="Fan Xian, Yin Lin, Deng Gui and Zhou Qi">{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 34}}: "預乙太康元年正月，陳兵於江陵，遣參軍樊顯、尹林、鄧圭、襄陽太守周奇等率眾循江西上，授以節度，旬日之間，累克城邑，皆如預策焉。"</ref>

===Fall of Lexiang===
Du Yu also sent Zhou Zhi (周旨), Wu Chao (伍巢) and Guan Ding (管定) to lead 800 soldiers to cross the Yangtze at night and prepare for an attack on Lexiang (樂鄉; east of present-day [[Songzi]], [[Hubei]]). When they reached Mount Ba (巴山; southwest of present-day Songzi, Hubei), they started many fires and planted many flags around the area to mislead the Wu defenders into thinking that the Jin army was larger than it actually was. At the same time, they raided key locations around Lexiang to confuse and strike fear in the enemy. [[Eastern Wu family trees#Sun Ben|Sun Xin]], the Wu officer guarding Lexiang, felt so shocked and terrified that he wrote to Wu Yan (伍延), the Wu officer defending Jiangling County, as follows: "The armies coming from the north must have flown across the river."<ref name="Zhou Zhi, Wu Chao and Guan Ding">{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 34}}: "又遣牙門管定、周旨、伍巢等率奇兵八百，泛舟夜渡，以襲樂鄉，多張旗幟，起火巴山，出於要害之地，以奪賊心。吳都督孫歆震恐，與伍延書曰：「北來諸軍，乃飛渡江也。」"</ref>

Zhou Zhi, Wu Chao and Guan Ding led their 800 men to lay in ambush outside Lexiang. In the meantime, as Wang Jun's naval fleet was approaching Lexiang from the west along the Yangtze, Sun Xin sent troops out of Lexiang to drive back the enemy but they failed. When Sun Xin's defeated troops returned to Lexiang, the three Jin officers and their 800 men used the opportunity to infiltrate the city without being detected. They swiftly seized control of Lexiang, captured Sun Xin in his own camp, and sent him as a captive to Du Yu.<ref name="Sun Xin">{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 34}}: "吳之男女降者萬餘口，旨、巢等伏兵樂鄉城外。歆遣軍出拒王濬，大敗而還。旨等發伏兵，隨歆軍而入，歆不覺，直至帳下，虜歆而還。"</ref>

On 25 March 280, the Jin forces occupied Lexiang and killed the Wu naval officer [[Lu Jing]]. Shi Hong (施洪), a Wu general, surrendered to them.<ref name="Lu Jing and Shi Hong">{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 42}}: "[太康元年二月]乙丑，克樂鄉，獲水軍督陸景。平西將軍施洪等來降。"</ref>

===Fall of Jiangling and Jiang'an===
When Du Yu ordered his troops to increase the intensity of their attacks on Jiangling County, Wu Yan pretended to surrender to Du Yu while instructing his men to stand on guard at the top of the city walls. On 3 April 280, Du Yu managed to break through Wu Yan's defences and conquer Jiangling County. Wu Yan was killed in battle.<ref name="Wu Yan, Jiangling">{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 34}}: "於是進逼江陵。吳督將伍延偽請降而列兵登陴，預攻克之。"</ref>

Around the same time, the Jin army led by [[Hu Fen]] also conquered Jiang'an (江安; present-day [[Gong'an County]], [[Hubei]]).<ref>{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 3}}: "[太康元年二月]甲戌，杜預克江陵，斬吳江陵督伍延；平南將軍胡奮克江安。"</ref>

==Redeployment of Jin forces on 4 April 280==
On 4 April 280, [[Emperor Wu of Jin|Sima Yan]] issued an imperial edict to promote [[Wang Jun (Jin dynasty)|Wang Jun]] to the position of General Who Pacifies the East (平東將軍), grant him acting imperial authority, and put him in charge of overseeing military affairs in [[Yi Province]].<ref name="Wang Jun's promotion">{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 42}}: "[太康元年二月]乙亥，詔進濬為平東將軍、假節、都督益梁諸軍事。"</ref> He also issued another imperial edict to redeploy the six groups as follows:
* Wang Jun and [[Tang Bin (Jin dynasty)|Tang Bin]] to advance further east along the river and conquer Baqiu (巴丘; present-day [[Yueyang]], [[Hunan]]). They would then assist [[Hu Fen]] and [[Wang Rong (Jin dynasty)|Wang Rong]] in their respective missions, and advance downstream along the river towards the Wu capital, Moling (秣陵; present-day [[Nanjing]], [[Jiangsu]]).
* Hu Fen to attack [[Hankou|Xiakou]] with support from Wang Jun and Tang Bin. After conquering Xiakou, Hu Fen would transfer 7,000 troops from his command to Wang Jun.
* Wang Rong to attack Wuchang (武昌; present-day [[Ezhou]], [[Hubei]]) with support from Wang Jun and Tang Bin. After conquering Wuchang, Wang Rong would transfer 6,000 troops from his command to Tang Bin.
* [[Du Yu]] to seize control of three commanderies in southern [[Jing Province]]: Lingling (零陵; around present-day [[Yongzhou]], Hunan), Guiyang (桂陽; present-day [[Chenzhou]], Hunan), and Hengyang (衡陽; west of present-day [[Xiangtan]], Hunan). Once southern Jing Province had been pacified, Du Yu would transfer 10,000 troops and 7,000 troops from his command to Wang Jun and Tang Bin respectively.

[[Jia Chong]], the overall commander of the campaign, received orders to move to Xiang County (項縣; present-day [[Shenqiu County]], [[Henan]]) to coordinate the movements of the six groups.<ref name="redeployment">{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 3}}: "[太康元年二月]乙亥，以濬爲都督益、梁二州諸軍事，復下詔曰：「濬、彬東下，掃除巴丘，與胡奮、王戎共平夏口、武昌，順流長騖，直造秣陵，與奮、戎審量其宜。杜預當鎮靜零、桂，懷輯衡陽。大兵既過，荊州南境固當傳檄而定，預當分萬人給濬，七千給彬。夏口既平，奮宜以七千人給濬。武昌既了，戎當以六千人增彬。太尉充移屯項，總督諸方。」"</ref>

==Surrenders of Jiao and Guang provinces==
After the fall of [[Jiangling County]], the administrators of the Wu-controlled [[Commandery (China)|commanderies]] located south of the [[Yuan River|Yuan]] and [[Xiang River|Xiang]] rivers, extending into [[Jiaozhou (region)|Jiao]] and [[Liangguang|Guang]] provinces, voluntarily surrendered to the Jin forces led by [[Du Yu]]. After receiving the administrators' official seals, Du Yu used the acting imperial authority granted to him by the Jin government to accept the administrators' surrenders and pacify them. At the point in time, Du Yu's army had killed or captured 14 enemy area commanders and army supervisors, and more than 120 enemy officers and commandery administrators. Du Yu also appointed officials to govern the newly conquered Wu territories in Nan Commandery (南郡; around present-day Jiangling County, Hubei) and restored peace and stability in [[Jing Province]]. Many Wu citizens defected to the Jin dynasty on their own accord.<ref>{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 34}}: "既平上流，於是沅湘以南，至於交廣，吳之州郡皆望風歸命，奉送印綬，預仗節稱詔而綏撫之。凡所斬及生獲吳都督、監軍十四，牙門、郡守百二十餘人。又因兵威，徙將士屯戍之家以實江北，南郡故地各樹之長吏，荊土肅然，吳人赴者如歸矣。"</ref>

==Hu Fen and Wang Rong's routes==
From the redeployment on 4 April until 16 April 280, the Jin naval fleet led by [[Wang Jun (Jin dynasty)|Wang Jun]] and [[Tang Bin (Jin dynasty)|Tang Bin]] carried out their mission by assisting [[Hu Fen]] and [[Wang Rong (Jin dynasty)|Wang Rong]]'s armies in attacking and capturing [[Hankou|Xiakou]] and Wuchang (武昌; present-day [[Ezhou]], [[Hubei]]) respectively.<ref>{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 3}}: "濬進破夏口、武昌，遂泛舟東下，所至皆平。"</ref>

At Wuchang, Wang Rong ordered his subordinates [[Luo Shang]] and [[Liu Qiao (Jin dynasty)|Liu Qiao]] to lead his army's vanguard force to attack the city. The Wu officers Yang Yong (楊雍) and Sun Shu (孫述), along with Jiangxia Commandery's administrator Liu Lang (劉朗), led their followers to surrender to Wang Rong.<ref name="Luo Shang, Liu Qiao, Yang Yong, Sun Shu and Liu Lang">{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 43}}: "戎遣參軍羅尚、劉喬領前鋒，進攻武昌，吳將楊雍、孫述、江夏太守劉朗各率眾詣戎降。"</ref>

After conquering Wuchang, Wang Rong and his army advanced further south and reached the northern banks of the [[Yangtze]]. During this time, a Wu officer Meng Tai (孟泰) managed to persuade the Wu defenders at [[Qichun County]] and Zhu County (邾縣; present-day [[Huanggang]], [[Hubei]]) to surrender to Wang Rong; the two counties thus came under Jin control.<ref name="Meng Tai">{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 43}}: "戎督大軍臨江，吳牙門將孟泰以蘄春、邾二縣降。"</ref>

==Wang Hun's route==
On 13 March 280, the Jin army led by [[Wang Hun (general)|Wang Hun]] advanced towards Hengjiang (橫江; an area located southeast of present-day [[He County]], [[Anhui]] on the northern bank of the [[Yangtze]] facing the Caishiji Scenic Resort on the southern bank) and broke through the Wu defences. Wang Hun also sent his subordinates Chen Shen (陳慎) and Zhang Qiao (張喬) to lead a detachment of troops to attack Xunyang (尋陽; southwest of present-day [[Huangmei County]], [[Hubei]]) and Laixiang (瀨鄉; east of present-day [[Luyi County]], [[Henan]]). They succeeded in their missions, defeated Wu forces under Kong Zhong (孔忠), and captured Zhou Xing (周興) and four other Wu officers in battle.<ref name="Chen Shen, Zhang Qiao, Kong Zhong and Zhou Xing">{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 42}}: "及大舉伐吳，渾率師出橫江，遣參軍陳慎、都尉張喬攻尋陽瀨鄉，又擊吳牙門將孔忠，皆破之，獲吳將周興等五人。"</ref><ref name="Laixiang">{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 3}}: "[太康元年春正月]癸丑，王渾克吳尋陽賴鄉諸城，獲吳武威將軍周興。"</ref>

Wang Hun and his army advanced further, defeated Wu forces led by Li Chun (李純) and Yu Gong (俞恭), and captured or killed many Wu soldiers. Two Wu generals, Chen Dai (陳代) and Zhu Ming (朱明), became so fearful that they voluntarily surrendered to Wang Hun.<ref name="Li Chun, Yu Gong, Chen Dai and Zhu Ming">{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 42}}: "又遣殄吳護軍李純據高望城，討吳將俞恭，破之，多所斬獲。吳曆武將軍陳代、平虜將軍朱明懼而來降。"</ref>

===Battle of Ban Bridge===
Between 17 and 30 April 280, the Wu emperor [[Sun Hao]] ordered his [[Chancellor (China)|chancellor]] [[Zhang Ti]] and the generals Shen Ying (沈瑩), [[Zhuge Jing]] and [[Eastern Wu family trees#Sun Ben|Sun Zhen]] to lead an army of 30,000 from Moling (秣陵; present-day [[Nanjing]], [[Jiangsu]]) and cross the [[Yangtze]] to attack the Jin invaders.<ref>''Xiangyang Ji'': "晉來伐吳，皓使悌督沈瑩、諸葛靚，率衆三萬渡江逆之。" Cited in {{harvnb|Chen and Pei|429|loc={{strong|48}} }}.</ref> When they reached Niuzhu (牛渚; in present-day [[Ma'anshan]], [[Anhui]]), Shen Ying predicted that the Jin naval fleet would eventually break through the Wu defences in [[Jing Province]], so he advised Zhang Ti to adopt a defensive stance by holding their positions at the lower reaches of the Yangtze and prepare to make a final stand when the Jin naval fleet showed up.<ref>''Xiangyang Ji'': "至牛渚，沈瑩曰：「晉治水軍於蜀乆矣，今傾國大舉，萬里齊力，必悉益州之衆浮江而下。我上流諸軍，無有戒備，名將皆死，幼少當任，恐邊江諸城，盡莫能禦也。晉之水軍，必至於此矣！宜畜衆力，待來一戰。若勝之日，江西自清，上方雖壞，可還取之。今渡江逆戰，勝不可保，若或摧喪，則大事去矣。」" Cited in {{harvnb|Chen and Pei|429|loc={{strong|48}} }}.</ref> Zhang Ti, however, argued that the Wu army's morale would collapse if the Jin naval fleet managed to make its way to Moling, so they should strike back at the Jin invaders. From his point of view, if the Wu army succeeded in driving back the Jin invaders or at least preventing them from advancing further, they could then join forces with the remaining Wu forces in Jing Province and strengthen their defences.<ref>''Xiangyang Ji'': "悌曰：「吳之將亡，賢愚所知，非今日也。吾恐蜀兵來至此，衆心必駭懼，不可復整。今宜渡江，可用決戰力爭。若其敗喪，則同死社稷，無所復恨。若其克勝，則北敵奔走，兵勢萬倍，便當乘威南上，逆之中道，不憂不破也。若如子計，恐行散盡，相與坐待敵到，君臣俱降，無復一人死難者，不亦辱乎！」" Cited in {{harvnb|Chen and Pei|429|loc={{strong|48}} }}.</ref>

In mid-April 280, Zhang Ti led the Wu forces to attack the Jin officer Zhang Qiao (張喬), who had 7,000 troops with him, near Yanghe Bridge (楊荷橋; southeast of present-day [[He County]], [[Anhui]]). After Zhang Qiao surrendered,<ref name="Zhang Qiao's surrender">Gan Bao, ''Jin Ji'': "吳丞相軍師張悌、護軍孫震、丹楊太守沈瑩帥衆三萬濟江，圍成陽都尉張喬於楊荷橋，衆才七千，閉柵自守，舉白接告降。" Cited in {{harvnb|Chen and Pei|429|loc={{strong|48}} }}.</ref> Zhuge Jing urged Zhang Ti to execute all the captives because he believed that they were pretending to surrender. He also warned Zhang Ti that the surrendered Jin soldiers could potentially pose a threat to them later. Zhang Ti refused to heed Zhuge Jing's suggestion as he thought that it was unwise to execute enemy soldiers who surrendered.<ref name="SGZ 48 Zhuge Jing">Gan Bao, ''Jin Ji'': "吳副軍師諸葛靚欲屠之，悌曰：「彊敵在前，不宜先事其小；且殺降不祥。」靚曰：「此等以救兵未至而力少，故且僞降以緩我，非來伏也。因其無戰心而盡阬之，可以成三軍之氣。若舍之而前，必爲後患。」悌不從，撫之而進。" Cited in {{harvnb|Chen and Pei|429|loc={{strong|48}} }}.</ref>

When Wang Hun learnt of the Wu attack at Yanghe Bridge, he ordered his subordinates Zhang Han (張翰), Sun Chou (孫疇) and [[Zhou Jun (Jin dynasty)|Zhou Jun]]<ref name="Zhou Jun">{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 61}}: "隨王渾伐吳，攻破江西屯戍，與孫皓中軍大戰，斬偽丞相張悌等首級數千，俘馘萬計，進軍屯於橫江。"</ref> to lead troops to resist the Wu army.<ref name="Zhang Han and Zhou Jun">Gan Bao, ''Jin Ji'': "與討吳護軍張翰、揚州刺史周浚成陣相對。" Cited in {{harvnb|Chen and Pei|429|loc={{strong|48}} }}.</ref> At Ban Bridge (版橋; north of present-day [[Hanshan County]], [[Anhui]]), both sides got into their battle formations and prepared to fight. During the battle, Shen Ying led 5,000 members of the Wu army's elite "Danyang Corps" (丹陽兵) and charged into the Jin formation several times but the Jin forces managed to hold their ground. The rest of the Wu army felt demoralised upon seeing the failure of the "Danyang Corps" to break the Jin formation so they became chaotic and disorganised when their commanders called for a retreat. Two Jin officers, Xue Sheng (薛勝) and Jiang Ban (蔣班), seized the opportunity to lead their units to launch a fierce counterattack on the enemy. The Wu army fell apart as the soldiers scattered and fled in different directions while their commanders failed to stop them from deserting. At the same time, the Jin officer Zhang Qiao and his men, who had surrendered to the Wu army earlier, capitalised on the momentum to turn against their captors and attack them from the rear. The Wu generals Sun Zhen and Shen Ying, along with 7,000 to 8,000 Wu soldiers, perished in the battle.<ref>{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 3}}: "王渾、周浚與吳丞相張悌戰於版橋，大破之，斬悌及其將孫震、沈瑩，傳首洛陽。"</ref><ref name="JS 42 Battle of Ban Bridge">{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 42}}: "吳丞相張悌、大將軍孫震等率眾數萬指城陽，渾遣司馬孫疇、揚州刺史周浚擊破之，臨陣斬二將，及首虜七千八百級，吳人大震。"</ref><ref name="Xue Sheng and Jiang Ban">Gan Bao, ''Jin Ji'': "沈瑩領丹楊銳卒刀楯五千，號曰青巾兵，前後屢陷堅陣，於是以馳淮南軍，三衝不動。退引亂，薛勝、蔣班因其亂而乘之，吳軍以次土崩，將帥不能止，張喬又出其後，大敗吳軍於阪橋，獲悌、震、瑩等。" Cited in {{harvnb|Chen and Pei|429|loc={{strong|48}} }}.</ref>

The Wu general Zhuge Jing, who managed to flee the battlefield with 500 to 600 men, encountered Zhang Ti along the way and asked him to join them in retreating back to Moling. When Zhang Ti declined, Zhuge Jing held him and told him there was no need to seek death. However, Zhang Ti firmly refused to flee to because he wanted to fulfil his allegiance to Wu. Zhuge Jing had no choice but to tearfully let him go. After Zhuge Jing retreated further by about 100 [[Chinese units of measurement#Length|''bu'' (paces)]], the pursuing Jin soldiers caught up with Zhang Ti and killed him.<ref>''Xiangyang Ji'': "遂渡江戰，吳軍大敗。諸葛靚與五六百人退走，使過迎悌，悌不肯去，靚自往牽之，謂曰：「且夫天下存亡有大數，豈卿一人所知，如何故自取死爲？」悌垂涕曰：「仲思，今日是我死日也。且我作兒童時，便爲卿家丞相所拔，常恐不得其死，負名賢知顧。今以身徇社稷，復何遁邪？莫牽曳之如是。」靚流涕放之，去百餘步，已見爲晉軍所殺。" Cited in {{harvnb|Chen and Pei|429|loc={{strong|48}} }}.</ref>

Shortly after the Battle of Ban Bridge, the Wu minister [[He Zhi]] (also [[Sun Hao]]'s maternal uncle) and general Sun Yan (孫晏) surrendered to the Jin army under Wang Hun.<ref name="He Zhi and Sun Yan">{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 42}}: "孫皓司徒何植、建威將軍孫晏送印節詣渾降。"</ref>

===Wang Hun's refusal to attack Moling===
After the Jin victory at Ban Bridge, [[Zhou Jun (Jin dynasty)|Zhou Jun]]'s subordinate [[He Zhen (Jin dynasty)#Family|He Yun]] advised him to lead their troops across the [[Yangtze]] and besiege the Wu capital Moling (秣陵; present-day [[Nanjing]], [[Jiangsu]]) so as to pressure the Wu emperor [[Sun Hao]] into voluntarily surrendering.<ref name="JS 61 He Yun">{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 61}}: "時聞龍驤將軍王濬既破上方，別駕何惲說浚曰：「張悌率精銳之卒，悉吳國之眾，殄滅於此，吳之朝野莫不震懾。今王龍驤既破武昌，兵威甚盛，順流而下，所向輒克，土崩之勢見矣。竊謂宜速渡江，直指建鄴，大軍卒至，奪其膽氣，可不戰而擒。」"</ref> Zhou Jun agreed with He Yun and wanted to propose this idea to his superior, Wang Hun. However, He Yun predicted that Wang Hun would not agree because he was not authorised by the Jin emperor [[Emperor Wu of Jin|Sima Yan]] to attack Moling.<ref>{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 61}}: "浚善其謀，便使白渾。惲曰：「渾暗於事機，而欲慎己免咎，必不我從。」"</ref> He Yun was proven right later; Wang Hun stubbornly refused to launch an attack on Moling even after Zhou Jun and He Yun urged him to.<ref>{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 61}}: "浚固使白之，渾果曰：「受詔但令江北抗衡吳軍，不使輕進。貴州雖武，豈能獨平江東！今者違命，勝不足多；若其不勝，為罪已重。且詔令龍驤受我節度，但當具君舟楫，一時俱濟耳。」惲曰：「龍驤克萬里之寇，以既濟之功來受節度，未之聞也。且握兵之要，可則奪之，所謂受命不受辭也。今渡江必全克獲，將有何慮？若疑於不濟，不可謂智；知而不行，不可謂忠，實鄙州上下所以恨恨也。」渾執不聽。"</ref>

==Sima Zhou's route==
[[Sima Zhou]] led his army towards Tuzhong (塗中; around present-day [[Chuzhou]], [[Anhui]]), where he ordered his deputy Liu Hong (劉弘) to lead the troops to the northern bank of the [[Yangtze]] facing the Wu capital Moling (秣陵; present-day [[Nanjing]], [[Jiangsu]]) on the opposite side. Later, after the Jin victory at the Battle of Ban Bridge, Sima Zhou ordered his chief clerk Wang Heng (王恆) to lead the troops across the Yangtze to attack the Wu positions along the river. In the ensuing battle, they captured Cai Ji (蔡機), the Wu officer supervising the defences along the river. Between 50,000 and 60,000 Wu soldiers either lost their lives in the battle or surrendered to the Jin forces. The Wu general [[Zhuge Jing]], who fled after the Battle of Ban Bridge, brought along his colleague [[Eastern Wu family trees#Sun He (Bohai)|Sun Yi (孫奕)]] to surrender to Sima Zhou.<ref name="Sima Zhou">{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 38}}: "平吳之役，率眾數萬出塗中，孫皓奉箋送璽綬，詣伷請降，詔曰：「琅邪王伷督率所統，連據塗中，使賊不得相救。又使琅邪相劉弘等進軍逼江，賊震懼，遣使奉偽璽綬。又使長史王恆率諸軍渡江，破賊邊守，獲督蔡機，斬道降附五六萬計，諸葛靚、孫奕皆歸命請死，功勳茂著。」"</ref>

==Wu's last-ditch efforts==
Between 17 and 30 April 280, after assisting [[Hu Fen]] and [[Wang Rong (Jin dynasty)|Wang Rong]]'s army groups in conquering [[Hankou|Xiakou]] and Wuchang (武昌; present-day [[Ezhou]], [[Hubei]]), the Jin naval fleet led by [[Wang Jun (Jin dynasty)|Wang Jun]] and [[Tang Bin (Jin dynasty)|Tang Bin]] continued its journey downstream along the [[Yangtze]] towards the Wu capital, Moling (秣陵; present-day [[Nanjing]], [[Jiangsu]]). Since the fleet set out from [[Chengdu]] in early 280, they had been successful in conquering all the Wu territories along the way without suffering much losses as the Wu defences in [[Jing Province]] fell easily.<ref>{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 42}}: "濬自發蜀，兵不血刃，攻無堅城，夏口、武昌，無相支抗。"</ref> By the time the fleet was heading towards Moling, its strength had increased from its initial 50,000 or 70,000 to about 80,000 or 100,000{{efn|name=Jin naval fleet size}} after receiving 30,000 more troops from three other Jin army groups: 7,000 from Hu Fen's army group, 6,000 from Wang Rong's army group, and 17,000 from [[Du Yu]]'s army group.<ref name="redeployment" />

When the Jin naval fleet reached Sanshan (三山; southwest of present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu), the Wu emperor [[Sun Hao]] ordered his general Zhang Xiang (張象) to lead 10,000 troops to resist the enemy. Zhang Xiang, knowing that he stood no chance against the enemy, surrendered to Wang Jun without putting up a fight.<ref name="Zhang Xiang">{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 42}}: "於是順流鼓棹，徑造三山。皓遣遊擊將軍張象率舟軍萬人禦濬，象軍望旗而降。"</ref>

Around the time, the Wu officer [[Tao Huang (general)|Tao Jun]],<ref>a brother of Tao Huang</ref> who had just returned to Moling from Wuchang, went to meet Sun Hao. When the Wu emperor enquired the status of the Wu navy, Tao Jun said: "The enemy vessels constructed in Shu are all so small. If we have 20,000 troops and our larger vessels, it will be enough to defeat them." Sun Hao then hastily assembled another naval fleet and put Tao Jun in command. However, most of the Wu soldiers deserted on the night before they were due to set out to attack the Jin fleet.<ref name="Tao Jun">{{harvnb|Chen and Pei|429|loc={{strong|48}} }}: "皓又遣徐陵督陶濬將七千人從西道， ...陶濬至武昌，聞北軍大出，停駐不前。 ...戊辰，陶濬從武昌還，即引見，問水軍消息，對曰：「蜀船皆小，今得二萬兵，乘大船戰，自足擊之。」於是合衆，授濬節鉞。明日當發，其夜衆悉逃走。"</ref>

==Sun Hao's surrender==
[[File:Nanjing ShitouCheng.jpg|thumb|200px|Remains of a stone wall at the [[Stone City|Stone City (Shitou)]] in present-day [[Nanjing]] where Sun Hao surrendered to Wang Jun on 1 May 280.]]

By 30 April 280, [[Sun Hao]] had grown fearful when he heard that [[Wang Jun (Jin dynasty)|Wang Jun]]'s naval fleet and [[Sima Zhou]] and [[Wang Hun (general)|Wang Hun]]'s army groups were already outside the gates of Moling (秣陵; present-day [[Nanjing]], [[Jiangsu]]). He became more terrified when he learned that Wang Jun's fleet was so massive that all their flags, banners, weapons, and armour could easily cover the surface of the Changjiang. After all of the options at his disposal had been exhausted, Sun Hao finally heeded the words of his advisors, [[Xue Ying]] and Hu Chong, and decided to give up all resistance and formally surrender to the Jin forces. He wrote a surrender document and separately sent copies of it to Wang Jun, Sima Zhou and Wang Hun.<ref name="Xue Ying and Hu Chong">{{harvnb |Chen and Pei|429|loc={{strong|48}} }}: "而王濬順流將至，司馬伷、王渾皆臨近境。皓用光祿勳薛瑩、中書令胡沖等計。"</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 42}}: "皓聞濬軍旌旗器甲，屬天滿江，威勢甚盛，莫不破膽。用光祿薛瑩、中書令胡沖計。"</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 3}}: "孫皓窮蹙請降，送璽綬於琅邪王伷。"</ref> The surrender document read: {{quote|"Sun Hao of [[Wu Commandery]] [[kowtow]]s and pleads for his life. In the past, the [[Han dynasty]] collapsed and the [[Nine Provinces]] became disunited. My predecessors managed to gain control of [[Jiangnan]] and its mountains and rivers, and established an independent regime to compete with [[Cao Wei|Wei]]. The great [[Jin dynasty (265–420)|Jin dynasty]] rose up and spread its virtuous rule throughout the empire. I am weak, incompetent and cowardly, and I failed to submit to Heaven's will. Today, I have to trouble the six armies to traverse the lands, line the paths, and travel such long distances along the river to reach me. Everyone in my State trembles at their might, and realises that our doom is upon us. I muster my courage to beg the Imperial Court to forgive and accept us. I humbly send my Minister of Ceremonies Zhang Kui and others to present my Imperial Seal and silk ribbon. I entrust my life to you in the hope of being spared. I also sincerely hope that you will trust me and accept my surrender, so that the people will be saved."<ref name="Sun Hao's surrender">{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 42}}: "送降文於濬曰：「吳郡孫皓叩頭死罪。昔漢室失禦，九州幅裂，先人因時略有江南，遂阻山河，與魏乖隔。大晉龍興，德覆四海，暗劣偷安，未喻天命。至於今者，猥煩六軍，衡蓋露次，還臨江渚。舉國震惶，假息漏刻，敢緣天朝，含弘光大。謹遣私署太常張夔等奉所佩璽綬，委質請命。」"</ref><ref>{{harvnb |Chen and Pei|429|loc={{strong|48}} }}: "分遣使奉書於濬、伷、渾曰：「昔漢室失統，九州分裂，先人因時，略有江南，遂分阻山川，與魏乖隔。今大晉龍興，德覆四海。闇劣偷安，未喻天命。至於今者，猥煩六軍，衡蓋路次，遠臨江渚，舉國震惶，假息漏刻。敢緣天朝含弘光大，謹遣私署太常張夔等奉所佩印綬，委質請命，惟垂信納，以濟元元。」"</ref>}}

On the very next day, 1 May 280,{{efn|name=end date}} Sun Hao issued his final imperial edict, asking his people not to feel upset about the end of Wu, but to prepare themselves to become subjects of the Jin dynasty.<ref>Yu Pu, ''Jiangbiao zhuan'': "皓又遺羣臣書曰：「孤以不德， ...投筆而已！」" Cited in {{harvnb|Chen and Pei|429|loc={{strong|48}} }}.</ref> He then stripped off all of the clothing on his upper body and tied himself up (a way of presenting prisoners-of-war to the victors of a battle), brought along a coffin, and travelled to [[Stone City|Shitou]] (in present-day western [[Nanjing]], [[Jiangsu]]) to surrender to Wang Jun, formally ending the Eastern Wu kingdom.<ref>{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 3}}: "[太康元年]三月壬寅，王濬以舟師至於建鄴之石頭，孫皓大懼，面縳輿櫬，降于軍門。"</ref> Wang Jun used the acting imperial authority granted to him by the Jin emperor [[Emperor Wu of Jin|Sima Yan]] to accept Sun Hao's surrender, free him from his bonds, and burn the coffin. He then sent Sun Hao as a prisoner-of-war to the Jin capital [[Luoyang]] to be presented to Sima Yan.<ref>{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 3}}: "濬杖節解縛焚櫬，送於京都。"</ref>

At the time of Wu's fall, according to the official maps and documents collected by Wang Jun, Wu's territories covered a total of four provinces, 43 commanderies and 313 counties. It had a population of 2.3 million people and 523,000 households, as well as 32,000 officials and 230,000 troops.<ref name="Wu assets">{{harvnb|Book of Jin|648|loc=vol. 3}}: "收其圖籍，克州四，郡四十三，縣三百一十三，戶五十二萬三千，吏三萬二千，兵二十三萬，男女口二百三十萬。"</ref>

==Aftermath==
The fall of Jianye and Sun Hao's surrender marked the end of both the kingdom of [[Eastern Wu]] and the [[Three Kingdoms]] period, and after nearly 100 years of power struggles, fighting and unnecessary bloodshed, China was at long last reunified under the [[Western Jin Dynasty|Western Jin dynasty]]. The Jin commanders who participated in the campaign were handsomely rewarded, and ironically, [[Jia Chong]], the overall commander who had opposed the campaign received the largest reward, the tax income of 8,000 households. Wang Hun was furious upon learning the news of Wang Jun taking Jianye, and angrily proclaimed to his subordinates that he had watched Sun Hao for nearly a hundred days, but Wang Jun took the advantage at last. Wang Hun wrote to the imperial court to complain, claiming that Wang Jun disobeyed orders and embezzled the spoils of war. Wang Jun also wrote to the imperial court to defend himself, claiming that what Wang Hun had said was slander. However, Wang Hun was much more powerful and influential in the Jin court, thus had gained an upper hand, with his followers suggesting that Wang Jun be jailed. In the end, Sima Yan put an end to the conflict by rewarding Wang Jun handsomely.

==Order of battle==
{{col start}}
{{col break}}
===Jin forces===
* Emperor of Jin (晉帝) '''[[Emperor Wu of Jin|Sima Yan]]'''<ref name="Jin grand plan" />
** Secretary of Fiscal Revenue (度支尚書) '''[[Zhang Hua]]'''<ref name="Zhang Hua" />
* Grand Chief Controller (大都督) '''[[Jia Chong]]'''<ref name="Jia Chong" />
** Champion General (冠軍將軍) '''[[Yang Ji]]''' (楊濟)<ref name="Jia Chong" />
* General Who Guards the Army (鎮軍將軍) '''[[Sima Zhou]]'''<ref name="Jin grand plan" /><ref name="Sima Zhou" />
** Chancellor of Langya (琅邪相) '''Liu Hong''' (劉弘)<ref name="Sima Zhou" />
** Chief Clerk (長史) '''Wang Heng''' (王恆)<ref name="Sima Zhou" />
* General Who Stabilises the East (安東將軍) '''[[Wang Hun (general)|Wang Hun]]''' (王渾)<ref name="Jin grand plan" />
** Inspector of [[Yang Province]] (揚州刺史) '''[[Zhou Jun (Jin dynasty)|Zhou Jun]]''' (周濬)<ref name="JS 42 Battle of Ban Bridge" />
*** Assistant Officer (別駕) '''[[He Zhen (Jin dynasty)#Family|He Yun]]''' (何惲)<ref name="JS 61 He Yun" />
** Army Protector Who Attacks Wu (討吳護軍) '''Zhang Han''' (張翰)<ref name="Zhang Han and Zhou Jun" />
** Major (司馬) '''Sun Chou''' (孫疇)<ref name="JS 42 Battle of Ban Bridge" />
** Army Adviser (參軍) '''Chen Shen''' (陳慎)<ref name="Chen Shen, Zhang Qiao, Kong Zhong and Zhou Xing" />
** '''Xue Sheng''' (薛勝)<ref name="Xue Sheng and Jiang Ban" />
** '''Jiang Ban''' (蔣班)<ref name="Xue Sheng and Jiang Ban" />
** Commandant of Chengyang (成陽都尉) '''Zhang Qiao''' (張喬)<ref name="Zhang Qiao's surrender" />
* Senior General Who Guards the South (鎮南大將軍) '''[[Du Yu]]'''<ref name="Jin grand plan" />
** Administrator of [[Xiangyang]] (襄陽太守) '''Zhou Qi''' (周奇)<ref name="Fan Xian, Yin Lin, Deng Gui and Zhou Qi" />
** Army Adviser (參軍) '''Fan Xian''' (樊顯)<ref name="Fan Xian, Yin Lin, Deng Gui and Zhou Qi" />
** Army Adviser (參軍) '''Yin Lin''' (尹林)<ref name="Fan Xian, Yin Lin, Deng Gui and Zhou Qi" />
** Army Adviser (參軍) '''Deng Gui''' (鄧圭)<ref name="Fan Xian, Yin Lin, Deng Gui and Zhou Qi" />
** Officer of the Standard (牙門將) '''Zhou Zhi''' (周旨)<ref name="Zhou Zhi, Wu Chao and Guan Ding" />
** Officer of the Standard (牙門將) '''Guan Ding''' (管定)<ref name="Zhou Zhi, Wu Chao and Guan Ding" />
** Officer of the Standard (牙門將) '''Wu Chao''' (伍巢)<ref name="Zhou Zhi, Wu Chao and Guan Ding" />
* General Who Establishes Martial Might (建威將軍) '''[[Wang Rong (Jin dynasty)|Wang Rong]]'''<ref name="Jin grand plan" />
** Army Adviser (參軍) '''[[Luo Shang]]''' (羅尚)<ref name="Luo Shang, Liu Qiao, Yang Yong, Sun Shu and Liu Lang" />
** Army Adviser (參軍) '''[[Liu Qiao (Jin dynasty)|Liu Qiao]]''' (劉喬)<ref name="Luo Shang, Liu Qiao, Yang Yong, Sun Shu and Liu Lang" />
* General Who Pacifies the South (平南將軍) '''[[Hu Fen]]''' (胡奮)<ref name="Jin grand plan" />
* Prancing Dragon General (龍驤將軍){{efn|Wang Jun was promoted to General Who Pacifies the East (平東將軍) on 4 April 280.<ref name="Wang Jun's promotion" />}} '''[[Wang Jun (Jin dynasty)|Wang Jun]]'''<ref name="Jin grand plan" />
** General Who Spreads Martial Might (廣武將軍) '''[[Tang Bin (Jin dynasty)|Tang Bin]]''' (唐彬)<ref name="Jin grand plan" />
{{col break}}

===Wu forces===
* {{Surrendered}} Emperor of Wu (吳帝) '''[[Sun Hao]]'''<ref name="Sun Hao's surrender" />
** {{Surrendered}} Guerrilla General (游擊將軍) '''Zhang Xiang''' (張象)<ref name="Zhang Xiang" />
** Area Commander of Xuling (徐陵督) '''[[Tao Huang (Jin dynasty)#Family|Tao Jun]]''' (陶濬)<ref name="Tao Jun" />
* {{KIA}} [[Chancellor (China)|Imperial Chancellor]] (丞相) and Military Adviser (軍師) '''[[Zhang Ti]]'''<ref name="Zhang Qiao's surrender" />
** {{Surrendered}} Deputy Military Adviser (副軍師) '''[[Zhuge Jing]]''' (諸葛靓)
** {{KIA}} Administrator of Danyang (丹陽太守) '''Shen Ying''' (沈瑩)<ref name="Zhang Qiao's surrender" />
** {{KIA}} Army Protector (護軍) '''[[Eastern Wu family trees#Sun Ben|Sun Zhen]]'''<ref name="Zhang Qiao's surrender" />
* {{Surrendered}} Administrator of Jianping (建平太守) '''[[Wu Yan (general)|Wu Yan]]''' (吾彥)<ref name="JS 57" />
* {{KIA}} Army Supervisor (監軍) '''[[Lu Kang (Three Kingdoms)#Descendants|Lu Yan]]'''<ref name="Lu Yan" />
* {{KIA}} General Who Guards the South (鎮南將軍) '''Liu Xian''' (留憲)<ref name="Liu Xian, Cheng Ju and Yu Zhong" />
* {{KIA}} General Who Attacks the South (征南將軍) '''Cheng Ju''' (成據)<ref name="Liu Xian, Cheng Ju and Yu Zhong" />
* {{KIA}} Administrator of Yidu (宜都太守) '''[[Yu Zhong (Three Kingdoms)|Yu Zhong]]'''<ref name="Liu Xian, Cheng Ju and Yu Zhong" />
* {{POW}} Supervisor of Danyang (丹楊監) '''Sheng Ji''' (盛紀)<ref name="Sheng Ji" />
* {{KIA}} Area Commander of Jiangling (江陵督) '''Wu Yan''' (伍延)<ref name="Wu Yan, Jiangling" />
* {{POW}} Area Commander of Lexiang (樂鄉都督) '''[[Eastern Wu family trees#Sun Ben|Sun Xin]]'''<ref name="Sun Xin" />
* {{KIA}} Navy Commander (水軍督) '''[[Lu Jing]]'''<ref name="Lu Jing and Shi Hong" />
* {{Surrendered}} General Who Pacifies the West (平西將軍) '''Shi Hong''' (施洪)<ref name="Lu Jing and Shi Hong" />
* {{Surrendered}} Administrator of Jiangxia (江夏太守) '''Liu Lang''' (劉朗)<ref name="Luo Shang, Liu Qiao, Yang Yong, Sun Shu and Liu Lang" />
* {{Surrendered}} '''Yang Yong''' (楊雍)<ref name="Luo Shang, Liu Qiao, Yang Yong, Sun Shu and Liu Lang" />
* {{Surrendered}} '''Sun Shu''' (孫述)<ref name="Luo Shang, Liu Qiao, Yang Yong, Sun Shu and Liu Lang" />
* {{Surrendered}} Officer of the Standard (牙門將) '''Meng Tai''' (孟泰)<ref name="Meng Tai" />
* {{KIA}} Officer of the Standard (牙門將) '''Kong Zhong''' (孔忠)<ref name="Chen Shen, Zhang Qiao, Kong Zhong and Zhou Xing" />
* {{POW}} General of Martial Might (武威將軍) '''Zhou Xing''' (周興)<ref name="Laixiang" />
* {{KIA}} Army Protector (護軍) '''Li Chun''' (李純)<ref name="Li Chun, Yu Gong, Chen Dai and Zhu Ming" />
* {{KIA}} '''Yu Gong''' (俞恭)<ref name="Li Chun, Yu Gong, Chen Dai and Zhu Ming" />
* {{Surrendered}} General Who Establishes Martial Might (曆武將軍) '''Chen Dai''' (陳代)<ref name="Li Chun, Yu Gong, Chen Dai and Zhu Ming" />
* {{Surrendered}} General Who Pacifies Barbarians (平虜將軍) '''Zhu Ming''' (朱明)<ref name="Li Chun, Yu Gong, Chen Dai and Zhu Ming" />
* {{POW}} '''Cai Ji''' (蔡機)<ref name="Sima Zhou" />
* {{Surrendered}} '''[[Eastern Wu family trees#Sun He (Bohai)|Sun Yi (孫奕)]]'''<ref name="Sima Zhou" />
{{col end}}

==In ''Romance of the Three Kingdoms''==
In the 14th-century historical novel ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]'', the task of building a navy for the Jin dynasty was credited to [[Zhong Hui]] before the [[Conquest of Shu by Wei|fall of Shu]], when Zhong Hui recommended to [[Sima Zhao]] that constructing a large navy to attack Wu was a diversion to trick Shu into letting down its guard, and when it was time to truly attack Wu after the conquest of Shu, the navy would be ready. In reality, however, the idea of constructing a large navy originated from [[Wang Jun (Jin dynasty)|Wang Jun]] and [[Emperor Wu of Jin|Sima Yan]], and the plan was set into motion only after the fall of Shu.

In the novel, the last event before the campaign ended was described to be Zhang Xiang's surrender when he led a 10,000 strong navy to engage Jin forces. Since the Wu imperial court had not received news of Zhang Xiang's surrender yet, Wang Jun ordered Zhang Xiang to return to the Wu capital Jianye to trick the Wu defenders into opening the city gates. Zhang Xiang followed as instructed and Jin forces swiftly conquered Jianye. The Wu emperor Sun Hao surrendered and that marked the end of Wu. In history, however, before Sun Hao's surrender, there was one last battle at Sanshan (三山), just southeast of Jianye, between Wang Jun's army and a smaller force led by Wu general Tao Jun (陶濬).

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|group="Sanguozhi"}}
{{reflist|group="Sanguozhi zhu"}}
{{reflist}}
===Sources===
* [[Chang Qu]] ({{circa}} 4th century). ''[[Chronicles of Huayang]]'' (''Huayang Guo Zhi'').
* {{ cite book |author= Chen Shou | author-link= Chen Shou | title= Records of the Three Kingdoms | title-link= Records of the Three Kingdoms | orig-date= 280s or 290s| date= 1959 | publisher= Zhonghua Shuju| place= Beijing }}
* {{ Cite book| title= Book of Jin | title-link= Book of Jin
| editor= Fang Xuanling
| editor-link= Fang Xuanling
| display-editors=etal
| orig-date= 648 | date= 1974
| publisher= Zhonghua Shuju| place= Beijing
| script-title= zh:晉書
| ref={{sfnref|Book of Jin|648}}
}}
* {{ cite book
| title = Annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms 
| title-link= Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms
| script-title= zh:三國志注
| author= Chen Shou | author-link= Chen Shou
| editor=Pei Songzhi | editor-link=Pei Songzhi
| year = 1977 | orig-year=429
| publisher= Dingwen Printing
| place=Taipei
| ref={{sfnref|Chen and Pei|429}}
}} 
* {{ cite book | editor = Sima Guang | editor-link= Sima Guang| title= Zizhi Tongjian | title-link= Zizhi Tongjian| orig-date= 1084 | date= 1934 | publisher= Zhonghua Shuju| place= Hong Kong | ref={{sfnref|Zizhi Tongjian|1084}} }}
* [[Xi Zuochi]] (4th century). ''Xiangyang Qijiu Ji'' (襄陽耆舊記).

===Further reading===
* {{cite book|author=Bo Yang|author-link=Bo Yang|title=Modern Chinese Edition of Zizhi Tongjian|volume=20|year=1985|location=Taipei|publisher=Yuan-Liou Publishing|isbn=9573208423|language=zh | ref={{sfnref|Boyang|1985}} }}
* {{cite book|last=de Crespigny|first=Rafe|author-link=Rafe de Crespigny|title=Generals of the South: The foundation and early history of the Three Kingdoms state of Wu|year=2004|orig-year=1990|edition=internet|publisher=Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University|location=Canberra|isbn=0731509013|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/html/1885/42048/gos_index.html|access-date=2023-09-09|archive-date=2016-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130034958/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/html/1885/42048/gos_index.html|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|first=John|last=Haywood|title=Historical Atlas of the Classical World 500 BC - AD 600|year=1998|location=London|publisher=Andromeda Oxford|isbn=0-7607-1973-X}}
* {{Citation|last=Killigrew|first=John H.|title=A Case Study of Chinese Civil Warfare: The Cao-Wei Conquest of Shu-Han in AD 263|journal=Civil Wars|volume=4|issue=4|year=2001|pages=95–114|doi=10.1080/13698240108402489}}
* {{cite book|author=Liang Zhangju (梁章鉅) |author-link=:zh:梁章鉅 |editor=Yang Yaokun (楊耀坤)|script-title=zh:三國志旁證 |title=Circumstantial Evidence on the Sanguozhi|location=Fuzhou|publisher=Fujian Renmin Chubanshe |year=2000|isbn=978-7-211-03490-1|language=zh | ref={{sfnref|Liang|2000}} | orig-date=1800s | url = https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=998822 }}
* {{cite book|editor=Lu Bi (盧弼)|script-title=zh:三國志集解 | title=Explanatory Commentary to the Sanguozhi|location=Beijing|publisher=Zhonghua Book Company|year=1982|isbn=978-7-101-01019-0|language=zh | ref={{sfnref|Lu|1982}} }}
* {{cite book|author=Luo Guanzhong|author-link=Luo Guanzhong|script-title=zh:三國演義| trans-title=[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]|origyear=1300s|location=Yonghe, Taiwan|publisher=Zhiyang Publishing House|year=1998}} (''Sanguo Yanyi'').
* {{cite book|author=Luo Guanzhong|author-link=Luo Guanzhong|title=Three Kingdoms: A Historical Novel: Volume IV|translator=Roberts, Moss|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|year=2007|location=Beijing|isbn=978-7-119-00590-4 | ref={{sfnref|Luo|2007}} }}
* {{cite book | author= Pan Mei (潘眉) |date=1889 | title= Sanguozhi Kaozheng |script-title=zh:三國志考證 | trans-title=Research on the Records of the Three Kingdoms | url= https://archive.org/details/02077701.cn | volume= 4}}
* [[Tao Hongjing]] (499). ''[[Zhen'gao]]''.
* {{ Cite book | editor=Xu Song (許嵩) | date= 700s | title=Jiankang Shilu  | script-title=zh:[[:zh:s:建康實錄|建康實錄]] | trans-title= Veritable Records of Jiankang }}
* Yue Shi (10th century). ''[[Taiping Huanyu Ji]]''.

{{Jin dynasty (265–420) topics}}

[[Category:279]]
[[Category:280]]
[[Category:Campaigns of the Three Kingdoms]]
[[Category:Jin dynasty (266–420)]]