View source for Confederate States dollar

{{Short description|Currency of the Confederate States of America}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox currency
| image_1 = {{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center| align = center| direction = vertical| width = 275| header = | footer_align = center |footer=$1,000 depicting [[John C. Calhoun]] and [[Andrew Jackson]]<br />$50 depicting [[Jefferson Davis]]| image2 =CSA-T1-$1000-1861.jpg | image3= CSA-T16-$50-1862.jpg}}
| image_title_1 = 
| image_2 = 
| image_title_2 = 
| iso_code = 
| using_countries = {{flagcountry|Confederate States of America|1861}}
| inflation_rate = 
| inflation_source_date = 
| subunit_ratio_1 = {{frac|1|100}}
| subunit_name_1 = [[Cent (currency)|cent]]
| symbol = $ or C$
| symbol_subunit_1 = ¢
| used_coins = 50¢, 1¢
| coin_article = 
| date_of_introduction = April 1861
| used_banknotes = 50¢, $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100, $500, $1,000
| issuing_authority = 
| issuing_authority_website = 
| printer = 
| mint = 
| mint_website = 
| date_of_withdrawal = 1865
| obsolete = yes
}}
The '''Confederate States dollar''' was first issued just before the outbreak of the [[American Civil War]] by the newly formed [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]]. It was not backed by hard assets, but simply by a promise to pay the bearer after the war, on the prospect of Southern victory and independence. As the Civil War progressed and victory for the South seemed less and less likely, its value declined. After the Confederacy's defeat, its money had no value, and individuals and banks lost large sums.

The first series of Confederate paper money, issued in March 1861, bore interest and had a total circulation of {{US$|long=no|1000000}}.<ref>Friedberg, R., Friedberg, I. S., & Friedberg, A. (2017). Paper money of the United States: A complete illustrated guide with valuations (21st ed.). Williston, Vermont.: Coin and Currency Institute. Pg. 252</ref> As the war began to turn against the Confederates, confidence in the currency diminished, and the government inflated the currency by continuing to print unbacked banknotes. By the end of 1863, the Confederate dollar (or "Greyback", to distinguish it from the then-new "[[Greenback (1860s money)|Greenback]]" paper U.S. dollar, which was likewise put into circulation during the war) was quoted at just six cents in gold, and fell further still.

The Greyback is now a prized collector's item, in its many versions, including those issued by individual states and local banks. The various engravings of leading Confederates, gods and goddesses, trains, ships, and slaves on these hastily printed [[banknote]]s, sometimes cut with scissors and signed by clerks, continue to stimulate debate among antique dealers, with even some of the [[Counterfeit money|counterfeit notes]] commanding high prices.

==Background==
The Confederate dollar, often called a "Greyback", was first issued into circulation in April 1861, when the Confederacy was only two months old, and on the eve of the outbreak of the Civil War.

At first, Confederate currency was accepted throughout the [[Southern United States|South]] as a medium of exchange with high purchasing power.  As the war progressed, confidence in the ultimate success waned, the amount of paper money increased, and their dates of redemption were extended further into the future.<ref>"[https://www.proquest.com/docview/91802536/3CA60FF409B04C14PQ/3 The Finances of the Rebel Confederacy]". ''The New York Times''. November 13, 1864. p. 4.</ref> Most Confederate currency carried the phrase across the top of the bill: <small>"SIX MONTHS AFTER THE RATIFICATION OF A TREATY OF PEACE BETWEEN THE CONFEDERATE STATES AND THE UNITED STATES"</small> then across the middle, the "<small>CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA WILL PAY</small> [amount of bill] <small>TO BEARER</small>" (or "<small>...WILL PAY TO BEARER</small> [amount of bill]" or "<small>...WILL PAY TO BEARER ON DEMAND</small> [amount of bill]").

As the war progressed, the currency underwent the depreciation and soaring prices characteristic of [[inflation]]. For example, when news of the [[Battle of Gettysburg|Confederate defeat at Gettysburg]] reached the public, the Confederate currency depreciated 20%.<ref>Weidenmier, M. D. (2002). Turning Points in the U.S. Civil War: Views from the Grayback Market. Southern Economic Journal, 68(4), 875–890.</ref> [[President of the Confederate States of America|Confederate President]] [[Jefferson Davis]] asked private citizens to restore the value of the Confederate dollar by mutually agreeing to sell and buy items only at reduced prices.<ref name= Financiers>"[https://www.proquest.com/docview/91758502/3CA60FF409B04C14PQ/1 Flounderings of the Rebel Financiers]". ''The New York Times'' October 16, 1863. p. 4.</ref> In October 1863, [[Confederate States Congress|Confederate States Senator]] [[Louis Wigfall]] of Texas said that a Confederate soldier received {{US$|long=no|11}} per month in pay, which was worth the same as {{US$|long=no|1}} had been worth at the beginning of the war.<ref name= Financiers/> In September 1864, one Confederate dollar was worth the same as three cents in gold currency.<ref name= absolutely>"[https://www.proquest.com/docview/91860439/3CA60FF409B04C14PQ/2 Grant's Army: Gold Out of Sight in Richmond: Rebel Paper Absolutely Worthless]". ''The New York Times''. September 28, 1864. p. 5.</ref> People tried to retain their wealth by buying gold to such an extent that, in Richmond, it was impossible to find someone who would sell their gold.<ref name= absolutely/> On Christmas Day, 1864, the Confederate dollar's worth had decreased to such an extent that a turkey sold for {{US$|long=no|155}} and a ham for {{US$|long=no|300}}.<ref>"[https://www.proquest.com/docview/137812467/3CA60FF409B04C14PQ/6 A Conferate Christmas: The Hard Lines of the Southerners in the Winter of '64]". ''The Washington Post''. January 2, 1881. p. 2.</ref> By the war's end, a cake of soap could sell for as much as {{US$|long=no|50}}, and an ordinary suit of clothes was {{US$|long=no|2}},700.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://inflationdata.com/articles/confederate-inflation/ | title=Confederate Inflation Rates (1861 - 1865)}}</ref>

Near the end of the war, the currency became practically worthless as a medium of exchange. This was because, for the most part, Confederate currency was [[bills of credit]], as in the Revolutionary War, not secured or backed by any assets. The only two exceptions were in Mississippi, where in 1862 a series of notes were issued with the backing of cotton stored by the state's planters and in Florida, where notes were backed, in theory, by public lands.<ref>Shull, H. (2007) A Guide Book of Southern States Currency. Whitman Publishing LLC.</ref> Just as the currency issued by the Continental Congress was deemed worthless (witness the phrase "{{Wikt-lang|en|not worth a Continental|italic=no}};" and see ''[[The Federalist Papers]]'', which also addressed this issue in the run-up to the ratification of the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]]) because they were not backed by any hard assets, this too became the case with Confederate currency.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} Even though gold and silver may have been scarce, some economic historians {{who|date=December 2012}} have suggested that the currency would have retained a relatively material degree of value, and for a longer period of time, had it been backed by hard goods the Confederacy did have, such as cotton or tobacco. When the Confederacy ceased to exist as a political entity at the end of the war, the money lost all value as [[Fiat money|fiat currency]].

==Designs==
[[File:Confederate 100 Dollar Note with slaves.jpg|thumb|Slaves working in a field, as seen in a {{US$|long=no|100}} C.S. banknote]]
The Confederacy, being limited in skilled engravers and printers as well as secure printing facilities, often had to make do with unrelated designs in early banknote issues.  Some such were abstract depictions of mythological gods and goddesses, such as the [[Liberty (personification)|Goddess of Liberty]]. Typical Confederate themes included naval ships and historical figures, including [[George Washington]]. Of the 72 notes issued by the Confederate States of America, five designs depicted slaves.

Since most engravers and bank plates were in the Northern states, Confederate printers used offset or lithographic process to copy scenes that had been used on whatever notes they had access to. Many variations in plates, printing and papers also appear in most of the issues, due in large part to the limits on commerce resulting from the [[Union blockade]] and the inadequate [[Confederate railroads in the American Civil War]].

People featured on banknotes include [[Andrew Jackson]], [[John C. Calhoun]], [[Christopher Memminger]], [[Robert M. T. Hunter]], [[Alexander H. Stephens]], [[Jefferson Davis]], [[Judah P. Benjamin]], [[Clement Claiborne Clay|Clement Clay]], [[George W. Randolph]], and [[Lucy Pickens|Lucy Holcombe Pickens]], the wife of the Governor of South Carolina.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pmgnotes.com/gallery/featuredNote/featurednote9.asp |title=$1,000 1861 Confederate States of America Note |publisher=Pmgnotes.com |access-date=January 20, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virtualgettysburg.com/exhibit/currency/criswell45.html |title=Virtual Gettysburg-Featured Confederate Currency-Criswell Type 45 |publisher=Virtualgettysburg.com |access-date=January 20, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/coins/printable/coin.cfm?coincode=5_05 |title=NMAH &#124; Legendary Coins & Currency: Confederacy, 5 Dollars, 1862 |publisher=Americanhistory.si.edu |date=October 24, 2008 |access-date=January 20, 2012 |archive-date=March 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313075254/http://americanhistory.si.edu/coins/printable/coin.cfm?coincode=5_05 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/coins/printable/coin.cfm?coincode=5_07 |title=NMAH &#124; Legendary Coins & Currency: Confederacy, 10 Dollars, 1863 |publisher=Americanhistory.si.edu |date=October 24, 2008 |access-date=January 20, 2012 |archive-date=March 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313075305/http://americanhistory.si.edu/coins/printable/coin.cfm?coincode=5_07 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rebelstatescurrency.com/confederate.html |title=Confederate Currency |publisher=Rebelstatescurrency.com |access-date=January 20, 2012}}</ref> There was also a bill featuring George Washington.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deerrunmercantile.com/t-08confederatemoneyfiftydollarsgeorgewashingtonchoiceuncirculated.aspx |title=Type 8 confederate money 50.00 George Washington scarce Choice Unc |publisher=Deerrunmercantile.com |access-date=January 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204010233/http://www.deerrunmercantile.com/t-08confederatemoneyfiftydollarsgeorgewashingtonchoiceuncirculated.aspx |archive-date=February 4, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Signatures==
Confederate Treasury Notes were hand signed by various clerks, with exception of the 50 cent issues that had the printed signatures of Robert Tyler and [[Edward C. Elmore]]. The first six notes issued were hand signed by the Register and Treasurer themselves. While hand signatures were considered an anti-counterfeiting tool, the sheer number of bills being produced could not reasonably be signed individually by two men each. Women were often hired as clerks to sign "for Register" and "for Treasurer". Up to 200 clerks were eventually hired for each.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McNeil |first1=Michael |last2=Derby |first2=Charles |title=Confederate Treasury Notes The Signers and Their Stories |date=2022 |publisher=BookLogix}}</ref>

==Coinage==
[[File:1861 1C Original Confederate Cent.jpg|thumb|275px|1861 1¢ original Confederate Cent]]
As the Civil War continued, the cost of the war loomed large. Any [[precious metal]]s available in the South often made their way to Europe to procure war goods, but the CSA did manage to mint a few coins. In 1861, Robert Lovett Jr. of [[Philadelphia]] was commissioned to design, engrave, and make a one cent piece for the Confederacy.<ref>{{cite web |title=1861 1C CSA Original (Special Strike) |url=https://www.pcgs.com/coinfacts/coin/1861-1c-csa-original/340404 |website=pcgs.com |publisher=Collectors Universe, Inc. |access-date=25 March 2025}}</ref> On the obverse (front), he used the head of [[Minerva]] (French Liberty Head), which he had used on several store cards. The coins were struck using the then Federal standard of [[cupronickel]] for cent pieces. He made a few samples, of which only 12 had been said to exist by the popular stories<ref>{{cite web |title=1861 1C CSA Original (Special Strike) |url=https://www.pcgs.com/coinfacts/coin/1861-1c-csa-original/340404 |website=pcgs.com |publisher=Collectors Universe, Inc. |access-date=16 April 2025}}</ref> but research has shown that 14 are currently known to exist. Fearing prosecution for aiding the enemy, he stopped his work and hid the coins and [[die (manufacturing)|dies]] in his cellar. The original dies were purchased later and used to make restrikes, first by John W. Haseltine and later by Robert S. Bashlow.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Flynn |first1=Kevin |title=Restrikes, Storied Treasures of the U.S. Mint |date=2022 |publisher=Kevin Flynn |location=Troy, Virginia |page=235}}</ref> The dies were donated to the [[Smithsonian Institution]] by Bashlow in 1962.
[[File:1861 50C Original Confederate Half Dollar.jpg|thumb|275px|1861 50¢ original Confederate Half Dollar reportedly belonging to CSA President [[Jefferson Davis]]]]

In the aftermath of secession, the Confederacy seized [[United States Mint|U.S. Mint]] facilities at [[Charlotte Mint|Charlotte, North Carolina]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Charlottes US Mint |url=https://www.museumofthenewsouth.org/digital/charlotte-us-mint/ |website=museumofthesouth.com |publisher=LEVINE MUSEUM OF THE NEW SOUTH |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> [[Dahlonega Mint|Dahlonega, Georgia]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bulfinch |first1=Chris |title=The Dahlonega Mint Lived a Short, Eventful Life |url=https://stacksbowers.com/the-dahlonega-mint-lived-a-short-eventful-life/ |website=stacksbowers.com |publisher=Stack’s Bowers Numismatics, LLC. |access-date=31 March 2025}}</ref> and [[New Orleans Mint|New Orleans, Louisiana]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bugeja |first1=Michael |title=Coins struck under control of three governments |url=https://www.coinworld.com/news/us-coins/coins-struck-under-control-of-three-governments.html |website=coinworld.com |publisher=Amos Media Company |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> After seizing and appropriating the bullion reserves stored at the facilities, the Confederate Treasury, led by C. G. Memminger, determined that the cost of minting coins far outweighed the benefits. Circulating [[Bullion coin|specie]] would be virtually nonexistent in the Confederacy throughout the entirety of the war. A wide variety of local token and scrip would attempt to fill this void, to little avail.<ref>{{cite web |title=History Through Coins: America’s Civil War |url=https://www.ngccoin.com/news/article/8238/history-through-coins-civil-war/ |website=ngccoin.com |publisher=Numismatic Guaranty Company |access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref>

In late April 1861, four Confederate [[half dollar]]s were struck on a hand press by employees of the New Orleans Mint. Because of the high relief of the [[Coining (mint)|coin die]], a test striking was made to determine if coins would release from the Confederate die. The die was made by a [[Printing|printing plate]] engraver (A.H.M. Peterson) in [[New Orleans]] who was unfamiliar with techniques required to engrave coining dies. These coins were struck using a U.S. obverse die ([[United States Seated Liberty coinage|Seated Liberty]]) and the Confederate die made by Peterson. These coins are known as ''originals'', and the location of all four of the coins is known today.

As the result of an 1879 article about the Confederate cent printed in a [[New York City]] newspaper, Benjamin F. Taylor, M.D. (Chief Coiner, New Orleans Mint, CSA) contacted coin dealer Ebenezer Mason. Taylor informed Mason of the existence of the Confederate half dollar and the die. Mason bought the die and coin from Taylor and sold them to J.W. Scott Co. of New York City, a coin and stamp dealer. Scott bought 500 1861 [[Half dollar (United States coin)|United States half dollars]] from a New York bank that were supposedly struck at the New Orleans Mint. Scott had the reverse of the half dollars planed down and performed a one-sided strike using the Confederate half dollar die. The Seated Liberty obverse of the coins were flattened some because of the one-sided strike. In addition, Scott struck 500 half dollar-sized tokens in [[white metal]] using the Confederate die and a newly made die to commemorate the restrikes of the Confederate half dollars. The Confederate half dollar die went missing during the 1920s and has not been seen since.

Popular stories claim one of the Confederate half dollars was given to Confederate President [[Jefferson Davis]]. This story has no basis in fact. In an 1879 letter to Ebenezer Mason, Davis confirmed that a [[Union soldier]] (actually a Federal Officer) stole a coin from one of his wife's trunks, but could not confirm that it was like the then known Confederate half dollar. It is possible that the coin was a [[gold]] so-called Jefferson Davis [[Dime (United States coin)|dime]] struck at the Paris (France) Mint, which Davis described to coin dealer Ed Frossard in an 1880 letter. All known Jefferson Davis dimes were struck in [[silver]] at the [[Monnaie de Paris|Paris Mint]]. The Davis letter is the only known reference to a gold specimen, which was likely a special presentation piece made for Davis.

==Banknotes==
Confederate Treasury Notes ([[banknote]]s) were ultimately issued in 50¢, {{US$|long=no|1}}, {{US$|long=no|2}}, {{US$|long=no|5}}, {{US$|long=no|10}}, {{US$|long=no|20}}, {{US$|long=no|50}}, {{US$|long=no|100}}, {{US$|long=no|500}}, and {{US$|long=no|1000}} denominations with a variety of designs, issuers, and redeemable obligations. The amount of [[currency]] issued under the various acts of the [[Confederate States Congress|Confederate Congress]] totaled {{US$|long=no|1}}.7 billion. Bills were released in 72 different note "types" in seven "series" from 1861 through 1864.

Since there were many types of Confederate notes as well as notes issued by the states of the Confederacy, and since [[bank]]s could issue their own notes, [[counterfeit money|counterfeiting]] was a major problem for the Confederacy. Many of these contemporary counterfeits are identifiable today and they can be as valuable to a collector as a real note.<ref>{{cite web|author=Rothman, Jordan|url=http://bir.brandeis.edu/bitstream/handle/10192/23258/Thesis2.pdf?sequence=1|title=A Pledge of a Nation: Charting the Economic Aspirations, Political Motivations and Consequences of Confederate Currency Creation|publisher=Bir.brandeis.edu|access-date=November 19, 2012}}</ref>

Confederate dollars and coins remain the subject of a lively trade, with careful grading of damage and deterioration similar to booksellers' gradings.

===Series of CSA notes===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Series and authorizing acts
|+ Confederate States dollar banknotes (1861–1864)

|-
!scope="col" style="width:80px;"|Series
!scope="col" style="width:200px;"| Authorization
!scope="col" style="width:70px;"| Amount
!scope="col" style="width:40px;"| Denominations
!scope="col" style="width:250px;"|Comments
|-

! scope="row"|First{{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=121}}
|Act of March 9, 1861<br>Amended August 3, 1861
|{{US$|long=no|1000000}} (i)<br>{{US$|long=no|1000000}} (ii)
|{{US$|long=no|50}}, {{US$|long=no|100}}, {{US$|long=no|500}}, {{US$|long=no|1000}} (i)<br>$50, {{US$|long=no|100}} (ii)
|Interest bearing at 3.65%, payable twelve months after date
|-

! scope="row"|Second{{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=135}}
|Act of May 16, 1861
|{{US$|long=no|20000000}}
|{{US$|long=no|5}}, {{US$|long=no|10}}, {{US$|long=no|20}}, {{US$|long=no|50}}, {{US$|long=no|100}}
|No interest, payable two years after date
|-

! scope="row"|Third{{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=167}}
|Act of August 19, 1861<br>Amended December 24, 1861
|{{US$|long=no|100000000}} (i)<br>{{US$|long=no|50000000}} (ii)
|{{US$|long=no|5}}, {{US$|long=no|10}}, {{US$|long=no|20}}, {{US$|long=no|50}}, {{US$|long=no|100}}
|Funded by 8% bonds, payable six months after a treaty/peace between the U.S. and CSA
|-

! scope="row"|Fourth{{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=289}}
|Act of April 17, 1862<br>Amended September 23, 1862
|{{US$|long=no|170000000}} (i)<br>{{US$|long=no|5000000}} (ii)
|{{US$|long=no|1}}, {{US$|long=no|2}}, {{US$|long=no|10}}, {{US$|long=no|20}}, {{US$|long=no|100}}
|Introduced {{US$|long=no|1}} and {{US$|long=no|2}} notes, and {{US$|long=no|100}} interest-bearing notes (2 cents per day)
|-

! scope="row"|Fifth{{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=353}}
|Act of October 13, 1862
|{{US$|long=no|90000000}}{{Refn|group= n|Despite the authorized amount, {{US$|long=no|138000000}} was issued.<ref>{{harvnb|Fricke|2014|p=353}}.</ref>}}
|{{US$|long=no|1}}, {{US$|long=no|2}}, {{US$|long=no|5}}, {{US$|long=no|10}}, {{US$|long=no|20}}, {{US$|long=no|50}}, {{US$|long=no|100}}
|Payable six months after ratification of a treaty. Lower denominations issued on pink paper
|-

! scope="row"|Sixth{{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=397}}
|Act of March 23, 1863
|{{US$|long=no|50000000}}{{Refn|group= n|Despite the authorized amount, over {{US$|long=no|517900000}} was issued.<ref>{{harvnb|Fricke|2014|p=397}}.</ref>}}
|50¢, {{US$|long=no|1}}, {{US$|long=no|2}}, {{US$|long=no|5}}, {{US$|long=no|10}}, {{US$|long=no|20}}, {{US$|long=no|50}}, {{US$|long=no|100}}
|Payable two years after ratification of a treaty
|-

! scope="row"|Seventh{{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=469}}
|Act of February 17, 1864
|{{US$|long=no|200000000}}{{Refn|group= n|Despite the authorized amount, over {{US$|long=no|400000000}} was issued.<ref>{{harvnb|Fricke|2014|p=469}}.</ref>}}
|50¢, {{US$|long=no|1}}, {{US$|long=no|2}}, {{US$|long=no|5}}, {{US$|long=no|10}}, {{US$|long=no|20}}, {{US$|long=no|50}}, {{US$|long=no|100}}, {{US$|long=no|500}}
| Payable two years after ratification of a treaty
|}

===Banknote printers and engravers===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Printers and engravers of<br>Confederate States dollar banknotes (1861–1864)

|-
!scope="col" style="width:80px;"|Engraver/Printer
!scope="col" style="width:200px;"| Location
!scope="col" style="width:70px;"| Types printed
!scope="col" style="width:250px;"|Comments
|-

! scope="row"|National Bank Note Company
|[[New York City|New York]], NY
|1–4
|Part of the [[ABCorp|American Bank Note Company]]
|-

! scope="row"| Southern Bank Note Company
|[[New Orleans]], LA
|5, 6, 15, 19, 22, 31
|Southern branch of the American Bank Note Company{{Sfn|Hessler|1993|p=296}}
|-

! scope="row"| Hoyer & Ludwig
| [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], VA
|7–11, 13–14, 17–18, 27–28, 35–36, 46
|Louis Hoyer and Charles Ludwig, in operation 1861–64{{Sfn|Hessler|1993|p=175}}
|-

! scope="row"| Jules Manouvrier
| New Orleans, LA
|12
|Lithographer, contracted to print {{US$|long=no|10}} CSA notes. Some were stolen and entered circulation with forged signatures. Contract cancelled{{Sfn|Hessler|1993|p=212}}
|-

! scope="row"| Leggett, Keatinge & Ball
| Richmond, VA
|23, 24, 32, 33
|Edward Keatinge (formerly a portrait engraver with the Southern Bank Note Company) joined Leggett & Ball shortly after the Civil War began. Leggett was forced out after being accused of spying for the Union, and the company became Keatinge & Ball.{{Sfn|Hessler|1993|p=187}}
|-

! scope="row"| Keatinge & Ball
|[[Columbia, South Carolina|Columbia]], SC<br>Richmond, VA
|16, 21, 25, 26, 34, 41, 49–62, 64–71 
|In 1862, Keatinge & Ball moved to Richmond.{{Sfn|Hessler|1993|p=187}}
|-

! scope="row"| Blanton Duncan
| Columbia, SC<br>Richmond, VA
|20, 29, 30, 37, 38, 42–45 
|Originally from Kentucky, Duncan moved to Richmond at the invitation of [[Christopher Memminger]] to open a paper mill and printing plant.{{Sfn|Hessler|1993|p=107}}
|-

! scope="row"| J.T. Patterson
| Columbia, SC
|28, 36, 39, 40, 
|
|-

! scope="row"| Archer & Daly
| Richmond, VA
|63
|A lithographic firm specializing mainly in CSA stocks and bonds{{Sfn|Hessler|1993|p=34}}
|-

! scope="row"| Archer & Halpin
| Richmond, VA
|72
|
|}

===Complete typeset of CSA banknotes===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ A complete typeset of the Confederate States dollar banknotes (1861–1864)

|-
!scope="col" style="width:80px;"|Series/Date
!scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Type{{Refn|group= n|"T" numbers refer to the categorization system widely used in Confederate banknotes and denote major design changes.<ref>{{harvnb|Friedberg & Friedberg|2013|p=250}}.</ref> Dates underneath "T" numbers (when available) indicate the beginning and end dates of issue for the particular note<ref>{{harvnb|Fricke|2014}}.</ref>}}
!scope="col" style="width:40px;"| Value
!scope="col" style="width:250px;" class="unsortable" |Image
!scope="col" style="width:275px;" class="unsortable"| Comments{{Refn|group= n|Comments include the portraits or vignettes listed from left to right, the engraver and/or publisher of the note, and the number of notes issued. The single reference citation applies to all information in the cell.}}
|-

|rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | <span style="display:none">1</span>First Series

! scope="row"|T–1<br>5 Apr 1861<br>21 Jun 1861
|<span style="display:none">1000</span>$1,000
|[[File: CSA-T1-$1000-1861.jpg |250px]]
|[[John C. Calhoun]], [[Andrew Jackson]]<br>National Bank Note Company<br>(607 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=122}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–2<br>8 Apr 1861<br>23 Jul 1861
|<span style="display:none">0500</span>$500
|[[File: CSA-T2-$500-1861.jpg |250px]]
|[[Ceres (mythology)|Ceres]], ''The Crossing'' (by James Smillie)<br>National Bank Note Company<br>(607 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=124}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–3<br>5 Apr 1861<br>21 Jun 1861
|<span style="display:none">0100</span>$100
|[[File: CSA-T3-$100-1861.jpg |250px]]
|[[Minerva]], railroad<br>National Bank Note Company<br>(1,606 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=127}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–4<br>5 Apr 1861<br>21 Jun 1861
|<span style="display:none">0050</span>$50
|[[File: CSA-T4-$50-1861.jpg |250px]]
|Slaves working in a field<br>National Bank Note Company<br>(1,606 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=129}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–5<br>25 Aug 1861<br>23 Sep 1861
|<span style="display:none">0100</span>$100
|[[File: CSA-T5-$100-1861.jpg |250px]]
|[[Justice]], [[New York Central Railroad|Hudson River Railroad]], Minerva<br>Southern Bank Note Company<br>(5,798 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=131}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–6<br>25 Aug 1861<br>23 Sep 1861
|<span style="display:none">0050</span>$50
|[[File: CSA-T6-$50-1861.jpg |250px]]
|Justice, Agriculture and Industry, [[George Washington]]<br>Southern Bank Note Company<br>(5,798 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=133}}
|-

|rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | <span style="display:none">2</span>Second Series

! scope="row"|T–7<br>29 Jul 1861<br>22 Oct 1861
|<span style="display:none">0100</span>$100
|[[File:CSA-T7-$100-1861.jpg |250px]]
|George Washington, Ceres, and [[Proserpina]]<br>Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)<br>(37,155 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=137}}{{Refn|group= n|Federal authorities forbid the National Bank Note Company (and their affiliate Southern Bank Note Company) from printing currency for the Confederate States of America. The CSA turned to local lithographer Hoyer & Ludwig to print the next series of notes. The paper quality and printing technique is noticeably inferior to the prior First Series.<ref>{{harvnb|Fricke|2014|p=135}}.</ref>}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–8<br>29 Jul 1861<br>22 Oct 1861
|<span style="display:none">0050</span>$50
|[[File:CSA-T8-$50-1861.jpg |250px]]
|[[Terra (mythology)|Tellus]], George Washington<br>Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)<br>(123,564 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=141}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–9<br>25 Jul 1861<br>26 Oct 1861
|<span style="display:none">0020</span>$20
|[[File:CSA-T9-$20-1861.jpg |250px]]
|Sailing ship<br>Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)<br>(264,988 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=145}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–10<br>25 Jul 1861<br>2 Nov 1861
|<span style="display:none">0010</span>$10
|[[File:CSA-T10-$10-1861.jpg |250px]]
|Liberty (seated), Liberty (leaning on shield)<br>Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)<br>(170,994 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=150}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–11<br>29 Jul 1861<br>7 Sep 1861
|<span style="display:none">0005</span>$5
|[[File:CSA-T11-$5-1861.jpg |250px]]
|Sailor (leaning), Liberty (seated)<br>Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)<br>(73,355 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=158}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–12
|<span style="display:none">0005</span>$5
|[[File:CSA-T12-$5-1861.jpg |250px]]
|"Confederate States of America"<br>Jules Manouvrier (New Orleans, LA)<br>(15,556 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=162}}
|-

|rowspan="25" style="text-align:center;" | <span style="display:none">3</span>Third Series

! scope="row"|T–13<br>22 Oct 1861<br>16 Apr 1862
|<span style="display:none">0100</span>$100
|[[File:CSA-T13-$100-1861–62.jpg|250px]]
|Sailor (standing), slaves loading cotton<br>Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)<br>(629,284 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=168}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–14<br>22 Oct 1861<br>16 Apr 1862
|<span style="display:none">0050</span>$50
|[[File:CSA-T14-$50-1861–62.jpg|250px]]
|Sailors, [[Moneta]] with treasure chest<br>Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)<br>(469,660 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=174}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–15<br>8 Jan 1862<br>15 May 1862
|<span style="display:none">0050</span>$50
|[[File:CSA-T15-$50-1862.jpg |250px]]
|[[Hope]], Hudson River Railroad, Justice<br>Southern Bank Note Company<br>(14,860 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=180}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–16<br>17 Apr 1862<br>10 Dec 1862
|<span style="display:none">0050</span>$50
|[[File:CSA-T16-$50-1862.jpg |250px]]
|[[Jefferson Davis]]<br>Keatinge & Ball (Richmond, VA)<br>(425,944 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=182}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–17<br>14 Sep 1861<br>5 Nov 1861
|<span style="display:none">0020</span>$20
|[[File:CSA-T17-$20-1861.jpg |250px]]
|Liberty, Ceres between Commerce and Navigation<br>Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)<br>(43,732 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=188}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–18<br>24 Oct 1861<br>16 Aug 1862
|<span style="display:none">0020</span>$20
|[[File:CSA-T18-$20-1861–62.jpg|250px]]
| Sailor, Sailing ship<br>Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)<br>(2,366,486 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=192}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–19<br>8 Jan 1862<br>15 May 1862
|<span style="display:none">0020</span>$20
|[[File:CSA-T19-$20-1862.jpg |250px]]
|Minerva, Navigation, Blacksmith<br>Southern Bank Note Company<br>(14,860 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=200}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–20<br>21 Jun 1862<br>8 Dec 1862
|<span style="display:none">0020</span>$20
|[[File:CSA-T20-$20-1862.jpg |250px]]
|[[Alexander H. Stephens]], Industry between Commerce and beehive<br>B. Duncan (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(2,834,251 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=202}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–21<br>28 Jun 1862<br>15 Nov 1862
|<span style="display:none">0020</span>$20
|[[File:CSA-T21-$20-1862.jpg |250px]]
|Alexander H. Stephens<br>Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(164,248 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=212}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–22<br>13 Nov 1861<br>15 May 1862
|<span style="display:none">0010</span>$10
|[[File:CSA-T22-$10-1861–62.jpg|250px]]
|[[Thetis]], [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]], Female with X<br>Southern Bank Note Company<br>(58,860 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=217}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–23<br>15 Nov 1861<br>30 Dec 1861
|<span style="display:none">0010</span>$10
|[[File:CSA-T23-$10-1861.jpg |250px]]
|[[John Elliott Ward|John E. Ward]], Wagon of cotton, Corn gatherer<br>Leggett, Keatinge & Ball (Richmond, VA)<br>(20,333 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=220}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–24<br>20 Feb 1862<br>8 Dec 1862
|<span style="display:none">0010</span>$10
|[[File:CSA-T24-$10-1862.jpg |250px]]
| [[Robert M. T. Hunter|Robert M.T. Hunter]] (left); Reverend Alfred L. Elwyn (vignette, as child)<br>Leggett, Keatinge & Ball (Richmond, VA)<br>(278,400 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=223}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–25<br>12 May 1862<br>9 Aug 1862
|<span style="display:none">0010</span>$10
|[[File:CSA-T25-$10-1862.jpg |250px]]
| Robert M.T. Hunter (left); Hope; [[Christopher Memminger|C.G. Memminger]]<br>Keatinge & Ball (Richmond, VA)<br>(178,716 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=229}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–26<br>12 Jul 1862<br>8 Dec 1862
|<span style="display:none">0010</span>$10
|[[File:CSA-T26-$10-1862.jpg |250px]]
| Robert M.T. Hunter (left); Hope; C.G. Memminger<br>Keatinge & Ball (Richmond, VA)<br>(514,400 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=233}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–27<br>26 Nov 1861<br>5 Dec 1861
|<span style="display:none">0010</span>$10
|[[File:CSA-T27-$10-1861.jpg |250px]]
|[[Liberty]]; Train<br>Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)<br>(8,576 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=245}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–28<br>23 Jan 1862<br>13 Dec 1862
|<span style="display:none">0010</span>$10
|[[File:CSA-T28-$10-1862.jpg |250px]]
| Ceres and Commerce; Train<br>Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)<br>J.T. Patterson (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(1,074,980 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=249}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–29<br>17 Mar 1862<br>13 Sep 1862
|<span style="display:none">0010</span>$10
|[[File:CSA-T29-$10-1862.jpg |250px]]
|Slave picking cotton; canal<br>B. Duncan (Richmond, VA)<br>(286,627 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=253}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–30<br>14 Jun 1862<br>3 Jan 1863
|<span style="display:none">0010</span>$10
|[[File:CSA-T30-$10-1862–63.jpg|250px]]
|Robert M.T. Hunter (left); engraving of the painting ''[[Francis Marion|General Marion]] Inviting a British Officer to Share His Meal'' by [[John Blake White]]; Minerva<br>B. Duncan (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(1,939,810 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=255}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–31<br>13 Nov 1861<br>15 May 1862
|<span style="display:none">0005</span>$5
|[[File:CSA-T31-$5-1861–62.jpg|250px]]
|Navigation; Commerce, Agriculture, Justice, Liberty, and Industry; George Washington statue<br>Southern Bank Note Company<br>(58,860 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=258}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–32<br>15 Nov 1861<br>30 Dec 1861
|<span style="display:none">0005</span>$5
|[[File:CSA-T32-$5-1861.jpg |250px]]
| Boy; Machinist with hammer<br>Leggett, Keatinge & Ball (Richmond, VA)<br>(20,333 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=261}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–33<br>13 Mar 1862<br>19 Jun 1862
|<span style="display:none">0005</span>$5
|[[File:CSA-T33-$5-1862.jpg |250px]]
| C.G. Memminger; Minerva<br>Leggett, Keatinge & Ball (Richmond, VA)<br>(136,736 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=264}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–34<br>12 May 1862<br>8 Dec 1862
|<span style="display:none">0005</span>$5
|[[File:CSA-T34-$5-1862.jpg |250px]]
| C.G. Memminger; Minerva<br>Keatinge & Ball (Richmond, VA)<br>(228,644 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=275}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–35<br>26 Nov 1861<br>5 Dec 1861
|<span style="display:none">0005</span>$5
|[[File:CSA-T35-$5-1861.jpg |250px]]
|Slaves load cotton; Indian princess<br>Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)<br>(7,160 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=279}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–36<br>31 Mar 1862<br>3 Jan 1863
|<span style="display:none">0005</span>$5
|[[File:CSA-T36-$5-1862–63.jpg|250px]]
| Sailor; Commerce (seated)<br>Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)<br>J.T. Patterson (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(3,694,890 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=282}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–37<br>7 Apr 1862<br>13 Sep 1862
|<span style="display:none">0005</span>$5
|[[File:CSA-T37-$5-1862.jpg |250px]]
| C.G. Memminger; Sailor (seated); Justice and Ceres<br>B. Duncan (Richmond, VA)<br>(1,002,478 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=286}}
|-

|rowspan="11" style="text-align:center;" | <span style="display:none">4</span>Fourth Series

! scope="row"|T–38
|<span style="display:none">0002</span>$2
|[[File:CSA-T38-$2-1862 (1861 in error).jpg |250px]]
| [[Judah P. Benjamin]]; The South striking down the Union<br>B. Duncan (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(~36,000 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=291}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–39
|<span style="display:none">0100</span>$100
|[[File:CSA-T39-$100-1862.jpg |250px]]
| [[Milkmaid]]; train with straight steam<br>Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)<br>J.T. Patterson (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(284,000 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=294}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–40
|<span style="display:none">0100</span>$100
|[[File:CSA-T40-$100-1862–63.jpg|250px]]
|Milkmaid; train with diffused steam<br>J.T. Patterson & Co. (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(214,400 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=302}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–41
|<span style="display:none">0100</span>$100
|[[File:CSA-T41-$100-1862–63.jpg|250px]]
| [[John C. Calhoun]]; Slaves working; Confederacy<br>Keatinge & Ball (Richmond, VA)<br>(670,400 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=307}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–42
|<span style="display:none">0002</span>$2
|[[File:CSA-T42-$2-1862.jpg |250px]]
| Judah P. Benjamin; The South striking down the Union<br>B. Duncan (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(1,520,000 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=336}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–43
|<span style="display:none">0002</span>$2
|[[File:CSA-T43-$2-1862.jpg |250px]]
| Judah P. Benjamin; The South striking down the Union<br>B. Duncan (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(194,900 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=339}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–44
|<span style="display:none">0001</span>$1
|[[File:CSA-T44-$1-1862.jpg |250px]]
| Liberty; Steamship at sea; [[Lucy Pickens]]<br>B. Duncan (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(1,689,860 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=342}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–45
|<span style="display:none">0001</span>$1
|[[File:CSA-T45-$1-1862.jpg |250px]]
| Liberty; Steamship at sea; Lucy Pickens<br>B. Duncan (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(412,500 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=344}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–46
|<span style="display:none">0010</span>$10
|[[File:CSA-T46-$10-1861 (1862 in error).jpg |250px]]
|Ceres; Robert M.T. Hunter<br>Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA) <br>(635,250 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=347}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–47
|<span style="display:none">0020</span>$20
|[[File:CSA-T47-$20-1862.jpg |250px]]
| Ceres; Robert M.T. Hunter<br>Test pattern or [[Fantasy issue|fantasy note]]{{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=349}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–48
|<span style="display:none">0010</span>$10
|[[File:CSA-T48-$10-1862.jpg |250px]]
| Ceres; Robert M.T. Hunter<br>Test pattern or fantasy note{{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=352}}
|-

|rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <span style="display:none">5</span>Fifth Series

! scope="row"|T–49
|<span style="display:none">0100</span>$100
|[[File:CSA-T49-$100-1862.jpg |250px]]
| Soldiers; Lucy Pickens; [[George W. Randolph]]<br>Keatinge & Ball (Richmond, VA)<br>(628,640 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=355}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–50
|<span style="display:none">0050</span>$50
|[[File:CSA-T50-$50-1862.jpg |250px]]
| [[Jefferson Davis]]<br>Keatinge & Ball (Richmond, VA & Columbia, S.C.)<br>(414,200 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=359}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–51
|<span style="display:none">0020</span>$20
|[[File:CSA-T51-$20-1862.jpg |250px]]
| [[Tennessee State Capitol]]; Alexander H. Stephens<br>Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(776,800 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=366}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–52
|<span style="display:none">0010</span>$10
|[[File:CSA-T52-$10-1862.jpg |250px]]
| Proposed state capitol (Columbia, S.C.); Robert M.T. Hunter<br>Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(3,060,000 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=372}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–53
|<span style="display:none">0005</span>$5
|[[File:CSA-T53-$5-1862.jpg |250px]]
| [[Virginia State Capitol]]; C.G. Memminger<br>Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(2,833,600 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=381}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–54
|<span style="display:none">0002</span>$2
|[[File:CSA-T54-$2-1862.jpg |250px]]
| Judah P. Benjamin<br>Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(607,000 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=388}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–55
|<span style="display:none">0001</span>$1
|[[File:CSA-T55-$1-1862.jpg |250px]]
| [[Clement Claiborne Clay]]<br>Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(1,141,200 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=393}}
|-

|rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | <span style="display:none">6</span>Sixth Series

! scope="row"|T–56
|<span style="display:none">0100</span>$100
|[[File:CSA-T56-$100-1863 (inverted back).jpg |250px]]
| Soldiers; Lucy Pickens; George W. Randolph<br>Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(1,950,400){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=400}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–57
|<span style="display:none">0050</span>$50
|[[File:CSA-T57-$50-1863.jpg |250px]]
| Jefferson Davis<br>Keatinge & Ball (Richmond, VA and Columbia, S.C.)<br>(2,349,600 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=403}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–58
|<span style="display:none">0020</span>$20
|[[File:CSA-T58-$20-1863.jpg |250px]]
| Tennessee State Capitol; Alexander H. Stephens<br>Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(4,429,600 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=410}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–59
|<span style="display:none">0010</span>$10
|[[File:CSA-T59-$10-1863.jpg |250px]]
| Proposed state capitol (Columbia, S.C.); Robert M.T. Hunter<br>Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(7,420,800 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=424}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–60
|<span style="display:none">0005</span>$5
|[[File:CSA-T60-$5-1863.jpg |250px]]
| Virginia State Capitol; C.G. Memminger<br>Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(7,745,600 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=440}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–61
|<span style="display:none">0002</span>$2
|[[File:CSA-T61-$2-1863.jpg |250px]]
| Judah P. Benjamin<br>Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(689,200 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=455}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–62
|<span style="display:none">0001</span>$1
|[[File:CSA-T62-$1-1863.jpg |250px]]
| Clement Claiborne Clay<br>Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(1,645,600 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=459}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–63
|<span style="display:none">0000.50</span>$0.50
|[[File:CSA-T63-Fifty cents-1863.jpg |250px]]
|Jefferson Davis<br>Archer & Daly (Richmond, VA)<br>(1,831,517 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=465}}
|-

|rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;" | <span style="display:none">7</span>Seventh Series

! scope="row"|T–64
|<span style="display:none">0500</span>$500
|[[File:CSA-T64-$500-1864.jpg |250px]]
|[[Seal of the Confederate States|Confederate seal]] and second national flag; [[Stonewall Jackson]]<br>Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(~154,000 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=471}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–65
|<span style="display:none">0100</span>$100
|[[File:CSA-T65-$100-1864.jpg |250px]]
| Soldiers; Lucy Pickens; George W. Randolph<br>Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.) <br>(~964,000 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=476}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–66
|<span style="display:none">0050</span>$50
|[[File:CSA-T66-$50-1864.jpg |250px]]
| Jefferson Davis<br>Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.) <br>(1,671,444 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=479}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–67
|<span style="display:none">0020</span>$20
|[[File:CSA-T67-$20-1864.jpg |250px]]
| Tennessee State Capitol; Alexander H. Stephens<br>Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(~4,150,000 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=487}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–68
|<span style="display:none">0010</span>$10
|[[File:CSA-T68-$10-1864.jpg |250px]]
| Horses pulling cannon; Robert M.T. Hunter<br>Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(~9,071,000 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=496}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–69
|<span style="display:none">0005</span>$5
|[[File:CSA-T69-$5-1864.jpg |250px]]
| Virginia State Capitol; C.G. Memminger<br>Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(~5,526,100 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=517}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–70
|<span style="display:none">0002</span>$2
|[[File:CSA-T70-$2-1864.jpg |250px]]
| Judah P. Benjamin<br>Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(~944,000 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=522}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–71
|<span style="display:none">0001</span>$1
|[[File:CSA-T71-$1-1864.jpg |250px]]
| Clement Claiborne Clay<br>Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)<br>(~681,500 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=528}}
|-

! scope="row"|T–72
|<span style="display:none">0000.50</span>$0.50
|[[File:CSA-T72-Fifty cents-1864.jpg |250px]]
| Jefferson Davis<br>Archer & Halpin (Richmond, VA)<br>(~1,100,000 issued){{Sfn|Fricke|2014|p=534}}

|}

==See also==
* [[Economy of the Confederate States of America]]
* {{slink|Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution#Section 4: Validity of public debt}}, which banned the Federal recognition of Confederate debts or currency
* [[Samuel C. Upham]], a notorious counterfeiter of Confederate bills
* [[Texas dollar]]
* [[United States dollar]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |title=Confederate States Paper Money|first=George S. |last= Cuhaj |isbn= 978-1-4402-3086-8|url = https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1440231060|date=2012-12-28 |publisher=Krause Publications }}
* {{cite journal|title= Seigniorage in the Civil War South. Explorations in Economic History|journal= Explorations in Economic History|volume= 72|pages= 74–92|doi= 10.1016/j.eeh.2018.11.001|date= April 2019|s2cid= 92991941}}
* {{Cite book |title=Collecting Confederate Paper Money - Field Edition 2008 |first=Pierre |last=Fricke |year=2005 |publisher=Spink |isbn=978-0-9710821-5-1 |ref={{SfnRef|Fricke|2008}}}}
* {{Cite book |title=Collecting Confederate Paper Money - Field Edition 2014 |first=Pierre |last=Fricke |date=December 2, 2013 |publisher=Pierre Fricke |isbn=978-0-9844534-9-8 |ref={{SfnRef|Fricke|2014}}}}
* {{cite book |last1=Friedberg |first1=Arthur L. |last2=Friedberg |first2=Ira S. |year=2013 |title= Paper Money of the United States: A Complete Illustrated Guide With Valuations |publisher= Coin & Currency Institute |edition=20th|isbn=978-0-87184-520-7 |ref={{SfnRef|Friedberg & Friedberg|2013}}}}
* {{Cite book |first1=Harold |last1=Levi |first2=George |last2=Corell |title=The Lovett Cent; a Confederate Story |year=2006 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-84728-878-3 }}{{self-published source|date=February 2020}}
* {{cite book |title=The Engraver's Line – An Encyclopedia of Paper Money & Postage Stamp Art |first=Gene |last=Hessler|isbn=978-0-931960-36-9|year=1993 |publisher=BNR Press }}
* {{Cite book |title=Public Laws of the Confederate States of America Passed at the First-Fourth Sessions of the Second Congress |first=James M. |last= Matthews |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AMg4AAAAIAAJ|year=1862 }}
* {{Cite book |title=A Guide Book of United States Coins |first=R. S. |last=Yeoman |isbn=978-0-7948-1790-9 |date=2004-06-01 }}
* {{Cite book |title=2005 Blackbook Price Guide to United States Paper Money |isbn=978-1-4000-4839-7 |last1=Hudgeons |first1=Tom |last2=Hudgeons |first2=Marc |date=2004-06-01 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Money of the Confederate States of America}}
* [http://www.virtualgettysburg.com/exhibit/currency/main.html The Story of Confederate Currency]
* [http://csaquotes.com/ Collecting Confederate Paper Money] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030417135114/http://www.csaquotes.com/ |date=April 17, 2003 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090220011255/http://www.pcgs.com/articles/article2903.chtml Professional Grading Service]
* [http://www.coinfacts.com/confederate_coins/1861_scott_restrike.htm Coin Facts]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090219235458/http://www.mintmark.com/confederatehalfdollarscotttoken.html Mintmark Numismatics, Inc]
* [http://www.mccunecollection.org/miscellaneous.html#confederate_currency Photos and descriptions of Confederate Currency in McCune Collection]
* [http://cdm.bostonathenaeum.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16057coll13 Boston Athenæum: Paper Currency from the Confederate States of America, Digital Collection]
* [http://cdm16688.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16688coll5 Civil War Confederate Currency Collection from Georgia State University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101171036/http://cdm16688.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16688coll5 |date=January 1, 2017 }}

{{US currency and coinage}}
{{dollar}}
{{American Civil War}}
{{Portal bar|American Civil War|Money|Numismatics}}

[[Category:1861 establishments in the Confederate States of America]]
[[Category:Economic history of the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Confederate States of America currency]]
[[Category:Currencies introduced in 1861]]
[[Category:Dollar]]