View source for Concordia Station

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Expand French|Base antarctique Concordia|date=June 2012|topic=struct}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name 			= Concordia Station
| official_name 		= 
| native_name          	= 
| native_name_lang  	= 
| settlement_type     	= [[Research stations in Antarctica|Antarctic base]]
| image_skyline        	= ConcordiaFromTower.jpg
| imagesize              	= 270
| image_caption        	= Concordia Research Station at dome Circe, Charlie or Concordia.    
| image_flag             	=
| flag_size                	= 110px
| flag_border            	= yes
| flag_alt                  	= 
| image_map             	=
| mapsize                 	= 270px
| map_alt                  	= 
| map_caption           	=
| pushpin_map          	= Antarctica
| pushpin_map_alt     	= Location of Concordia Station in Antarctica
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Condordia Station in [[Antarctica]]
| pushpin_mapsize      	= 270
| pushpin_relief         	= yes
| pushpin_label_position  =

| coordinates              	= {{coord|75.099780|S|123.332196|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint           	= 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type       	= Country
| subdivision_name     	= {{flagcountry|France}}<br />{{flagcountry|Italy}}
| subdivision_type1     	= [[Antarctica|Location in Antarctica]]
| subdivision_name1    	= [[Dome C]]<br />[[Antarctic Plateau]]
| subdivision_type2      	=
| subdivision_name2    	= 
| subdivision_type3      	= Administered by
| subdivision_name3     = [[National Antarctic Research Program|PRNA]]<br />[[French Polar Institute|IPEV]]

| established_title       	= Established
| established_date        = {{start date|2005|df=y}}
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| elevation_footnotes    = <ref name="comnap-catalogue"/>
| elevation_m             	= 3,233
| population_as_of  = 2017
| population_footnotes    = <ref name="comnap-catalogue">{{cite report |type=catalogue |url=https://www.comnap.aq/s/COMNAP_Antarctic_Station_Catalogue.pdf |title=Antarctic Station Catalogue |date=August 2017 |publisher=[[Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs]] |isbn=978-0-473-40409-3 |page=73 |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022102847/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/61073506e9b0073c7eaaf464/t/611497cc1ece1b43f0eeca8a/1628739608968/COMNAP_Antarctic_Station_Catalogue.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_total        =
| population_blank1_title = Summer
| population_blank1       = 70
| population_blank2_title = Winter
| population_blank2       = 13
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| blank_name_sec1       = Type
| blank_info_sec1  	= All Year-round
| blank1_name_sec1	= Period
| blank1_info_sec1  	= Annual
| blank2_name_sec1 	= Status
| blank2_info_sec1   	= Operational
| blank_name_sec2    	= Activities 
| blank_info_sec2       = {{Collapsible list |bullets=on |Human biology| Glaciology| Astronomy}}

| postal_code_type 	= 
| postal_code             	= 
| area_code_type    	= 
| area_code               	= 
| iso_code                	= 
| code1_name                = [[UN/LOCODE]]
| code1_info                = AQ CON
| website                 	= [https://institut-polaire.fr/fr/antarctique/la-station-concordia/ Concordia] Institut Polaire Français
| footnotes               = 
}}

[[File:DomeCSummerCamp.jpg|thumb|280px|The main part of the summer camp at Dome C (Concordia) Station in January 2005]]
'''Concordia Research Station''', which opened in 2005, is a French–Italian research facility managed by l'[[Institut polaire français Paul-Émile Victor]] and [[Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide]], that was built {{convert|3233|m|feet|abbr=on}} above sea level on a geographical formation known as [[Dome C|dôme C]], on the [[Antarctic Plateau]], [[Antarctica]]. It is located {{convert|1100|km|abbr=on}} inland from the French research station at [[Dumont d'Urville Station|Dumont D'Urville]], {{convert|1100|km|abbr=on}} inland from Australia's [[Casey Station]] and {{convert|1200|km|abbr=on}} inland from the Italian [[Zucchelli Station]] at [[Terra Nova Bay]]. Russia's [[Vostok Station]] is {{convert|560|km|abbr=on}} away. The [[Geographic South Pole]] is {{convert|1670|km|abbr=on}} away. The facility is also located within Australia's claim on Antarctica, the [[Australian Antarctic Territory]].

Concordia Station is the third permanent, all-year research station on the Antarctic Plateau besides Vostok Station and the [[Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station]] (U.S.) at the Geographic South Pole. It is jointly operated by scientists from [[France]] and [[Italy]] and regularly hosts [[ESA]] scientists.

The station is also known as ''Concordia camp'', and previously as ''[[Dome C#History|Dome Charlie]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dartmouth Medicine Magazine :: Ice Pick|url=https://dartmed.dartmouth.edu/winter11/html/ice_pick|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250116090720/https://dartmed.dartmouth.edu/winter11/html/ice_pick/|archive-date=2025-01-16|access-date=2025-02-20|website=dartmed.dartmouth.edu}}</ref>

== History ==
The first research work at dôme C began during 1978. In 1982 the French first had the idea to build a permanent base at the [[Glacier morphology#Ice sheets|dôme]].

In 1992, France built a new station on the Antarctic Plateau. The program was later joined by Italy in 1993.

In 1995, Pr. Jean Vernin from [[University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis]] and Pr. Giorgio Dall'Oglio from [[Sapienza University of Rome|University of Rome]] performed the first scientific experience towards a site qualification at dôme C.

In 1996, a French-Italian team established a summer camp at dôme C. The two main objectives of the camp were the provision of logistical support for the [[EPICA|European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA)]] and the construction of a permanent research station.

The new all-year facility, ''Concordia Station'', became operational in 2005. The first winterover began with a staff of 13 (eleven French and 2 Italians) in February 2005.
===Winterovers===

While the station has been in use for summer campaigns since December 1997, the first winterover (February to October) was only made in 2005. During this period, the station is inaccessible, requiring total autonomy.

====First winter-over (DC01 – 2005)====
[[File:Frozen face of wintering personnel during first Dome C winterover.jpg|thumb|Frozen face of wintering personnel (Christophe Mozer) during first Dome C winterover (2005)]]
The first winter began in mid-February 2005, with thirteen wintering (eleven French people and two Italians):

{{flag|France}}

*Michel Munoz: station leader, [[plumber]] 
*Christophe Mozer: powerhouse chief 
*Pascal Bordais: radio, electronics, computers 
*Claire Le Calvez: technical chief 
*Michel Galland: electrician 
*Jean-Louis Duraffourg: chef 
*Abdelkarim Agabi (Karim Agabi): [[astronomer]] 
*Stéphane Beausire: [[boilermaker]], [[welder]] 
*Jean Elegoet: vehicle [[mechanic]] 
*Jean-François Jurvilliers: multipurpose technician 
*Guillaume Dargaud: [[climatologist]] (under contract with the Italian [[National Antarctic Research Program|National Antarctic Research Program – PNRA]])

{{flag|Italy}}

*Roberto Dicasilati: [[physician]] 
*Emanuele Salvietti: [[glaciologist]]
In September 2005 the highest temperature was −48&nbsp;°C, with an average in August of −60.2&nbsp;°C and a record of −78.6&nbsp;°C on 1 September.
At these temperatures, trips outside had to be performed with the utmost care. Those going outside travelled at least in pairs and were equipped with a radio, spare batteries and a full fleece suit, with only the eyes at times visible. Italian Glaciologist Emanuele Salvietti had to take snow samples every day one kilometre from the base. As he had to walk (because no vehicle operates at these temperatures), he built a full face mask, with only a pipe to breathe. The slightest mistake would lead to certain injury, as astronomer Agabi Karim explained: "Burns on the cheeks and eyelashes glued to the lens of the telescope," after exposure to the freezing cold.

====Second winter-over (DC02 – 2006)====
From February to November 2006. 10: 6 French, 4 Italian.

{{flag|France}}

*Minh Ly Pham Minh: station leader, physician 
*Eric Aristidi: astronomer
*Loïc Le Bechec: chef
*Shaun Deshommes: technical chief
*José Dos Santos: electrician
*Miguel Ravoux: plumber

{{flag|Italy}}

*Michele Impara: computers 
*Lucia Agnoletto: seismologist
*Omar Cerri: glaciologist
*Elyseo D'Eramo: mechanic

The record temperature for this winter was measured at −80&nbsp;°C on 5 September 2006 at 2:37 ET was renewed several times.

====Third winter-over (DC03 – 2007)====
From February to November 2007. 14: 8 French, 6 Italian.

{{flag|France}}

*François Jeanneaux: engineer 
*Jean-Pierre Pillisio: plumber
*Carlos Marsal: chef
*Yvan Levy: technical chief
*Nicolas Le Parc: electrician
*Christophe Choley: mechanic
*Djamel Mékarnia: astronomer
*Benedict Cuisset: technical

{{flag|Italy}}

*Maurizio Busetto: climatologist 
*Federico Miliacca: computers and telecommunications
*Runa Briguglio: astronomer
*Giuseppe Soriani: surgeon
*Pietro di Felice: station leader, engineer
*Alessandro Iacomino: glaciologist

The average temperature was −65&nbsp;°C and the minimum temperature recorded was −81.9&nbsp;°C reached on 5 September.

====Fourth winter-over (DC04 – 2008)====
From 31 January 2008 to 8 November 2008. 13: 7 French, 6 Italian.

{{flag|France}}

*Erick Bondoux: astronomer
*Laurent Bonnardot: biomedical
*Zalpha Challita: astronomer
*Sébastien Denamur: mechanic 
*Laurent Fromont: electrician 
*Patrick LeRoy: technical chief
*Jean-François Vanacker: station leader, radio

{{flag|Italy}}

*Giorgio Deidda: chef 
*Daniele Frosini: glaciologist
*Fabrizio Martinet: plumber
*Roberto Rainis: doctor
*Lucia Sabbatini: astrophysicist
*Riccardo Schioppo: climatologist

====Fifth winter-over (DC05 – 2009)====
From February 2009 to November 2009. 12: 8 French, 3 Italian, 1 British.

{{flag|Italy}}

*Massimiliano Faiella: technical chief 
*Domenico Fasano: chef
*Laura Genoni: glaciologist

{{flag|France}}

*William Frinot: plumber 
*Caroline Jullian: atmospheric chemistry
*Alexander Leluc: mechanic
*Eric Lotz: station leader, physician
*Denis Petermann: astronomer
*Cyprien Pouzenc: astronomer
*Eric Tragin: electrician
*Jonathan Zaccaria: radio, computer, science support

{{flag|United Kingdom}}

*Alex Salam: ESA biomedical research

====Sixth winter-over (DC06 – 2010)====
13: 6 French, 6 Italian, 1 Czech.

{{flag|France}}

*Jean-François Vanacker: station leader 
*Karim Agabi: astronomer
*Arthur Le Forestier: technical chief
*Christophe Rouy: mechanic
*Jean-Marie Moysan: plumber
*Sylvain Lafont: glaciologist

{{flag|Czech Republic}}

*Ales Rybka: ESA biomedical research 

{{flag|Italy}}

*Alessandro Bambini: electrician 
*Boris Padovan: computer, telecommunications
*Daniele Karlicek: glaciologist
*Giorgio Deidda: chef
*Lorenzo Moggio: atmospheric chemistry
*Rosa Forgittoni: doctor

====Seventh winter-over (DC07 – 2011)====
14 people: 7 French, 6 Italian, 1 British.

{{flag|Italy}}

*Andrea Cesana: station leader, doctor
*Alessandro Giusto: electrician
*Paolo Perfetti: computer, telecommunications
*Domenico Romano: astronomer, glaciologist
*Andrea Ballarini: chef
*Angelo Galeandro: meteorologist

{{flag|United Kingdom}}

*Eoin MacDonald: ESA biomedical research 

{{flag|France}}

*Djamel Mekarnia: astronomer 
*Eric Aristidi: astronomer
*Sergeant Frederic: technical chief
*David Colin: mechanic
*Vivien Koutcheroff: plumber
*Ilann Bourgeois: atmospheric chemistry, glaciologist
*Pascal Robert: technician seismology, magnetism

==== Eighth winter-over (DC08 – 2012) ====
13 people: 7 French, 4 Italian, 1 Russian, 1 British.

{{flag|France}}

* Erick Bondoux: station leader, electronic technician for science 
* Barbara Grolla: nurse anesthetist
* Guillaume Bouchez: astronomer
* Stephane Calvo: technical chief
* Bruno Limouzy: mecanician
* Gérard Guérin: plumber
* Sebastien Aubin: glaciologist, atmospheric chemistry

{{flag|United Kingdom}}

* Alexander Kumar: Station physician and ESA biomedical research MD 

{{flag|Italy}}

* Alessandro Bambini: electrotechnician 
* Roberto D'Amato: informatician, telecommunications
* Mattia Bonazza: glaciologist, atmospheric chemistry
* Giorgio Deidda: chef

{{flag|Russia}}

* Igor Petenko: atmospheric science and climate

====Ninth winter-over (DC09 – 2013)====
15 people: 9 French, 5 Italian, 1 Greek.

{{flag|France}}

*Anne-Marie Courant: station leader, physician 
*Helene Faradji: astronomer
*Christophe Leroy Dos Santos: astronomer
*Yann Reinert: astronomer
*Jean Gabriel Coll: electrician
*Yannick Marin: technical chief
*Simon Reuze: mechanic
*Olivier Delanoë: Plumber
*Albane Barbero: glaciologist, atmospheric chemistry, meteorological maintenance

{{flag|Greece}}

*Evangelos Kaimakamis: ESA biomedical research 

{{flag|Italy}}

*Bruno Epifania: computer, telecommunications 
*Elio Padoan: glaciologist, atmospheric chemistry
*Luigi Vailati: chef
*Antonio Litterio: electronic technician for science
*Simonetta Montaguti: atmospheric science and climate

====Tenth winter-over (DC10 – 2014)====
13 people: 6 French, 5 Italian, 1 Russian, 1 Greek. <ref name="italiantartide_xxix">{{cite web|title=Vivi con noi la XXIX Spedidione italiana in Antartide|url=http://www.italiantartide.it/spedizioni/xxix/news/news.php?id=262|access-date=2014-03-16|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315185153/http://www.italiantartide.it/spedizioni/xxix/news/news.php?id=262|archive-date=15 March 2014}}</ref>

{{flag|France}}

*Bruno Limouzy: Electrical motors 
*Pierre Pejoine: Mechanic
*Julien Ribet: Electrotechnician
*Olivier Haye: Technical Chief, plumbing and heating
*Cecile Lenormant: Chemist
*Xavier Joffrin: Astronomy

{{flag|Italy}}

*Giorgio Deidda: Chef 
*Tindari Ceraolo: Physician
*Paride Legovini: Physicist,<ref name="pl_phys">{{cite web|title=Paride Legovini's Website|url=http://paride.legovini.name/|access-date=2014-03-16|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140315164219/http://paride.legovini.name/|archive-date=15 March 2014}}</ref> Electronic technician for science
*Tommaso Nicosia: Computer, telecommunications
*Daniele Tavagnacco: Astrophysicist

{{flag|Greece}}

*Adrianos Golemis: ESA biomedical research,<ref name="adrianos">{{cite web|title=Follow MSS13 Adrianos Golemis to the Antarctic Concordia Station|url=http://www.isunet.edu/news-and-media-center-2/1276-follow-mss13-adrianos-golemis-to-the-antarctic-concordia-station|access-date=2014-03-16|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315201634/http://www.isunet.edu/news-and-media-center-2/1276-follow-mss13-adrianos-golemis-to-the-antarctic-concordia-station|archive-date=15 March 2014}}</ref> 

{{flag|Russia}}

*Igor Petenko: Atmospheric science and climate 

During the 2014 Antarctic winter Concordia was an active [[amateur radio]] station: Paride Legovini operated from there on a weekly basis with [[call sign]] IA/IZ3SUS.<ref name="ham">{{cite web|title=WAPONLINE > News & Information > Archive 2014 > February 2014|url=http://www.waponline.it/NewsInformation/Archive2014/February2014/tabid/352/Default.aspx|access-date=2014-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413140421/http://www.waponline.it/NewsInformation/Archive2014/February2014/tabid/352/Default.aspx|archive-date=13 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[High frequency|HF]] radio equipment consists in a [[Rohde & Schwarz]] XK2100L transceiver with a 150W [[Radio frequency|RF]] output and a delta loop antenna located a few hundreds of meters away from the station.<ref name="hamequip">{{cite web|title=IZ3SUS – Callsign Lookup by QRZ.COM|url=http://www.qrz.com/db/IZ3SUS|access-date=2014-04-12}}</ref>

The [[analemma]] (path that the sun follows in the sky if photographed at precisely the same time every week through the course of a year) was imaged for the first time ever in Antarctica by Adrianos Golemis during the 10th winterover mission at Concordia Station (2013–2014). The resulting composite exposure image was selected as [http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap150923.html NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day (APOD) on 23 September 2015].

====Eleventh winter-over (DC11 – 2015)====
From February 2015 to November 2015. 13 people: 6 French, 5 Italian, 1 British, 1 Swiss. <ref name="italiantartide_xxx">{{cite web|title=Vivi con noi la XXX Spedizione italiana in Antartide|url=http://www.italiantartide.it/|access-date=2015-04-02}}</ref>

{{flag|Italy}}

*Mario Salza: Station Leader, Information and Communications Technology (ICT) 
*Antonietta Roveran: Physician
*Luca Ficara: Chef
*Giampietro Casasanta: Glaciology and Atmospheric Remote Sensing
*Lorenzo Moggio: Atmospheric physics

{{flag|France}}

*Yannick Marin: Technical Manager and Electrical motors
*Roxanne Jacob: Glaciology and Atmospheric Chemistry
*Guillaume Poirot: Mechanic
*Benoit Laurent: Electronics for Science
*Benoit Joncheray: Plumbing and Heating Engineering Technician
*Rémi Puaud: Electrical Engineering Technician

{{flag|Switzerland}}

*Markus Wildi: Astrophysics 

{{flag|United Kingdom}}

*[[Beth Healey]]: ESA Biomedical Research

====Twelfth winter-over (DC12 – 2016)====
Began 10 February 2016. 12: 5 Italian, 6 French, 1 Belgian.

{{flag|Italy}}

*Vitale Stanzione: Station Leader, Glaciology  
*Elvio Lazzarini: Medical Doctor
*Alessandro Fausto: Information and Communications Technology (ICT)
*Luciano Milano: Electronics for Science
*Simonetta Montaguti: Atmospheric Science and Climate

{{flag|France}}

*Bertrand Bonnefoy: Chef  
*Henri van den Hove: Plumbing and Heating Engineering Technician
*Olivier Leloir: Technical Chief
*Gaetan Quere: Mechanic
*Nicole Hueber: Glaciology and Atmospheric Chemistry

{{flag|the Netherlands}}

*Floris van den Berg: ESA Biomedical Research MD 

{{flag|Belgium}}

*Georges Karakasidis: Electrician

====Thirteenth winter-over (DC13 – 2017)====
Began 9 February 2017. 13: 5 French, 7 Italian, 1 Belgian Canadian.

{{flag|Italy}}

*Simone Chicarella: Electronics for Science, Station Leader
*Andrea Tosti: Information and Communications Technology (ICT)
*Aldo Clemenza: Medical Doctor
*Simone Marcolin: Chef
*Laura Caiazzo: Glaciology and Atmospheric Chemistry
*Yuri de Prà: Astronomy
*Alfonso Ferrone: Atmospheric Science and Climate

{{flag|France}}

*Didier L'Hôte: Technical Chief 
*Sébastien Jullien-Palletier: Electrician
*Alexis Robin: Plumbing and Heating Engineering Technician
*Pol Monfort: Mechanic
*Paul Serre: Chemistry

{{flag|Belgium}} {{flag|Canada}}

*Carole Dangoisse: ESA Biomedical Research MD

====Fourteenth winter-over (DC14 – 2018)====
Began 6 February 2018. 13: 5 French, 7 Italian, 1 Austrian.

{{flag|Italy}}

* Moreno Baricevic: Electronics for Science 
* Marco Buttu: Astronomy
* Filippo Cali' Quaglia: Atmospheric Science and Climate
* Mario Giorgioni: Information and Communications Technology (ICT)
* Alberto Razeto: Medical Doctor
* Marco Smerilli: Chef

{{flag|France}}

* Remi Bras: Electrician 
* Coline Bouchayeur: Glaciology and Atmospheric Chemistry
* Andre Bourre: Technical Chief
* Florentin Camus: Plumbing and Heating Engineering Technician
* Jacques Rattel: Mechanic

{{flag|France}} {{flag|Italy}}

* Cyprien Verseux: Glaciology and Atmospheric Chemistry, Station Leader

{{flag|Austria}}

* [[Carmen Possnig]]: ESA Biomedical Research MD

====Fifteenth winter-over (DC15 – 2019)====
Began 13 February 2019. 13: 5 French, 6 Italian, 1 Danish, 1 Australian.

{{flag|Denmark}}

* Nadja Albertsen: ESA Biomedical Research MD 

{{flag|France}}

* Damien Beloin: Mechanic 
* Thibault Gillet: Electrician
* Bertrand Laine: Technical Chief
* Julien Le Goff: Plumbing and Heating Engineering Technician
* Julien Moyé: Glaciology and Atmospheric Chemistry

{{flag|Italy}}

* Ivan Bruni: Astronomy 
* Massimiliano Catricalà: Electronics for Science, Station Leader
* Giuditta Celli: Glaciology and Atmospheric Chemistry
* Gianluca Ghiselli: Medical Doctor
* Daniele Giambruno: Chef
* Alessandro Mancini: Information and Communications Technology (ICT)

{{flag|Australia}} {{flag|Italy}}

* [[Meganne Christian|Meganne Louise Christian]]: Atmospheric Science and Climate

====Sixteenth winter-over (DC16 – 2020)====
Began on 7 February 2020. 12: 7 French, 4 Italian, 1 Dutch.

{{flag|France}}

* Camille Bréant: Glaciology and Atmospheric Chemistry 
* Elisa Calmon: Chef
* Sylvain Guesnier: Chief of the power plant
* Vivien Koutcheroff: Plumbing and Technical Chief
* Wenceslas Marie Sainte: Electronics for Science
* Inès Ollivier: Glaciology and Atmospheric Chemistry
* Bastien Prat: Electrician

{{flag|Italy}}

* Andrea Ceinini: Mechanic 
* Loredana Faraldi: Medical Doctor
* Luca Ianniello: Information and Communications Technology (ICT)
* Alberto Salvati: Atmospheric Science and Climate, Station Leader

{{flag|Netherlands}}

* Stijn Thoolen: ESA Biomedical Research MD

====Seventeenth winter-over (DC17 – 2021)====
Began 31 January 2021. 12: 5 French, 6 Italian, 1 British.

{{flag|France}}

* Cédric Albert: Electrician 
* Dennis Appere: Glaciology and Atmospheric Chemistry
* Charles Delgrange: Mechanic
* Quentin Perret: Boilermaker, Welder and Multipurpose Technician
* Jean-François Roques: Technical Chief

{{flag|Italy}}

* Fabio Borgognoni: Glaciology and Atmospheric Chemistry
* Marco Buttu: Electronics for Science
* Rodolfo Canestrari: Atmospheric Science and Climate, Station Leader
* Giuseppina Canestrelli: Medical Doctor
* Simone Marcolin: Chef
* David Tosolini: Information and Communications Technology (ICT)

{{flag|United Kingdom}}

* Nicholas Smith: ESA Biomedical Research MD

====Eighteenth winter-over (DC18 – 2022)====
Began  7 February 2022. 13: 6 French, 6 Italian, 1 Swedish. <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.italiantartide.it/concordia-al-via-la-18a-campagna-invernale/ | title = Concordia: al via la 18a Campagna Invernale | publisher = Italiantartide | access-date = 13 February 2022}}</ref>

{{flag|Italy}}

* Massimiliano Catricalà: Station Leader, Electronics for Science 
* Angelo Galeandro: Atmospheric Science and Climate
* Thomas Gasparetto: Astronomy
* Alessia Nicosia: Glaciology
* Thomas Antonio Massimo Pagano: Information and Communications Technology (ICT)
* Marco Smerilli: Chef

{{flag|France}}

* Fabien Farge: Medical Doctor 
* Nicolas Girard: Electrician
* Stanislas Grabowski: Boilermaker, Welder and Multipurpose Technician
* Frederic Sergent: Technical Chief
* Pierre Supiot: Mechanic
* Julien Witwicky: Glaciology and Atmospheric Chemistry

{{flag|Sweden}}

* Hannes Hagson: ESA Biomedical Research MD

==== Nineteenth winter-over (DC19 – 2023) ====
Began 7 February 2023. 12: 6 French, 5 Italian, 1 German.

{{flag|France}}

* Claude Blanc: Mechanic 
* Rudy Bunel: Technical Chief
* Stéphane Fraize: Medical Doctor
* Vincent Morel: Electrotechnician
* Damien Pessieau: Plumbing and Heating Engineering Technician
* Damien Till: Glaciology and Atmospheric Chemistry

{{flag|Italy}}

* Davide Carlucci: Station Leader, Electronics for Science 
* Jacopo Lucini Paioni: Chef
* Domenico Mura: Astronomy
* Luca Rago: Glaciology
* Andrea Traverso: Information and Communications Technology (ICT)

{{flag|Germany}}

* Sascha Freigang: ESA Biomedical Research MD

==== Twentieth winter-over (DC20 – 2024) ====
Began 31 January 2024. 13: 7 French, 5 Italian, 1 Swiss.

{{flag|Italy}}

* Marco Buttu: Electronic of Science
* Gabriele Carugati: Station Leader, Glaciologist, Atmosphere Chemistry 
* Sergio Cosma: Chef
* Mario Lecca: Atmospheric Science and Climate
* Andrea Traverso: Information and Communications Technology (ICT)

{{flag|France}}

* Vincent Deloupy: Astronomer 
* Fanny Larcher: Medical Doctor
* Julien Laurancy: Electrotechnician
* Quentin Lecoutey: Mechanic and Vehicles
* Manon Mastin: Glaciologist and Atmospheric Chemist
* Giovani Rosario: Plumbing and Heating Engineering
* Frederic Sergent: Technical Chief, Electric Central Mechanic

{{flag|Swiss}}

* Jessica Studer: ESA Biomedical Research MD

==== Twenty-first winter-over (DC21 – 2025) ====
From February. 13: 6 French, 6 Italian, 1 British.

{{flag|France}}

* Clément Arrat: Atmosphere Chemistry 
* Julien Castel: Mechanic
* Pierre Chene: Technical Chief, Electric Central Mechanic
* Valentin Jarnole: Plumber
* Julien Lacrampe: Electrotechnician
* Yves-Marie Lahaie: Medical Doctor

{{flag|Italy}}

* Matteo Beltrame: Astronomer 
* Davide Carlucci: Electronic of Science
* Erik Geletti: Information and Communications Technology (ICT)
* Simona Grimaldi: Station Leader, Glaciologist
* Thomas Pagano: Physics of the Atmosphere
* Laerte Picano: Chef

{{flag|United Kingdom}}

* Nina Purvis: ESA Biomedical Research MD
===Beyond Epica-Oldest Ice===
During February 2022 initial ice core extraction of the [[European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica#Beyond EPICA – Oldest Ice|Beyond Epica-Oldest Ice]] research activity was completed, located 34 km from the station. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/media-post/drilling-of-oldest-ice-on-earth-underway/|website=www.bas.ac.uk|title=BAS News stories|date=18 February 2022 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey|access-date=23 February 2025|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=}}</ref>

== Transportation==
{{Infobox airport
| name                      = Concordia Skiway
| ensign                    = 
| ensign_size               = 
| ensign_alt                = 
| nativename                = 
| nativename-a              = 
| nativename-r              = 
| image                     = Last takeoff (16782609524).jpg
| image-width               = 270
| image_alt                 = 
| caption                   = The last take-off in February 2015
| image2                    = 
| image2-width              = <!-- if less than 200 -->
| image2_alt                = 
| caption2                  = 
| IATA                      = 
| ICAO                      = AT03
| FAA                       = 
| TC                        = 
| LID                       = 
| GPS                       = 
| WMO                       = 
| type                      = Private
| owner-oper                = 
| owner                     = 
| operator                  = [[National Antarctic Research Program]]<br />[[French Polar Institute|IPEV]]
| city-served               = 
| location                  = [[Antarctic Plateau]]
| opened                    = <!-- {{start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| closed                    = <!-- {{end date|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| passenger_services_ceased = <!-- {{end date|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| hub                       = 
| focus_city                = 
| built                     = <!-- military airports -->
| used                      = <!-- military airports -->
| commander                 = <!-- military airports -->
| occupants                 = <!-- military airports -->
| timezone                  = 
| utc                       = UTC+8
| summer                    = 
| utcs                      = 
| elevation-f               = 10,725
| elevation-m               = 3,269
| metric-elev               = 
| coordinates               = {{coord|75.103278|S|123.35825|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
| website                   = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
| r1-number                 = 01/19
| r1-length-f               = 4,910
| r1-length-m               = 1,497
| r1-surface                = Ice<ref>{{cite web|url=https://airportnavfinder.com/airport/AT03/ |title= AT03 Concordia Station| website=Airport Nav Finder |access-date=15 October 2018}}</ref>
| metric-rwy                = 
| h1-number                 = 
| h1-length-f               = 
| h1-length-m               = 
| h1-surface                = <!-- up to h12 -->
| stat1-header              = 
| stat1-data                = <!-- up to stat8 -->
| stat-year                 = 
| footnotes                 = 
}}
{{main|Transportation in Antarctica}}
[[File:DomeCTraverse.jpg|thumb|300px|Part of a traverse, which was bringing fuel, food, and other supplies from [[Dumont d'Urville Station]] to Dome C (January 2005)]]

Most of the cargo is moved to Dome C by traverse (called raid)<ref>{{cite web |title=A minimalist photo taken from space reveals the incredible isolation of Antarctic researchers on Earth |url=https://qz.com/883077/a-european-space-agency-pleiades-satellite-photo-shows-the-isolation-of-scientific-research-in-antarcticas-concordia-station |website=Quartz |date=11 January 2017 |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref> from [[Dumont d'Urville Station]], covering {{convert|1200|km}} in 7 to 12 days depending on weather conditions. Station personnel and light cargo arrive by air, landing on a Skiway, using the [[Twin Otter]]s or [[Basler BT-67]] flying from DDU or [[Zucchelli Station]] at {{convert|1200|km}}.

== Environment ==
Dome C is situated on top of the Antarctic Plateau. No animals or plants live at a distance of more than a few tens of kilometers from the [[Southern Ocean]]. However, [[south polar skua]]s have been spotted overflying the station, 1,200&nbsp;km away from their nearest food sources. It is believed that these birds have learned to cross the continent instead of circumnavigating it.

== Human biology and medicine ==
Concordia Station shares many stressor characteristics similar to that of long-duration deep-space missions, in particular extreme isolation and confinement, and therefore serves as a useful analogue platform for research relevant to space medicine. During the winter, the crew are isolated from the outside world, having no transportation and limited communication<ref>{{cite web| url = https://qz.com/486073/what-life-is-like-in-the-most-remote-corner-of-the-world/| title = What life is like in the most remote corner of the world| last = Akshat
| first = Rathi| publisher = [[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]| date = 2015-08-14| access-date = 2018-11-12}}</ref> for 9 months and live a prolonged period in complete darkness, at an altitude almost equivalent to 4000m at the equator. This creates physiological and psychological strains on the crew. Concordia station is particularly useful for the study of chronic hypobaric hypoxia, stress secondary to confinement and isolation, circadian rhythm and sleep disruption, individual and group psychology, telemedicine, and astrobiology. Concordia station has been proposed as one of the real-life Earth-based analogues for long-duration deep-space missions.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.b2453 |title=The coldest job on earth |journal=The BMJ |pages=b2453 |year=2009 |last1=Salam |first1=Alex |s2cid=79621954 }}</ref>

== Glaciology ==
In the 1970s, Dome C was the site of [[ice core]] drilling by field teams of several nations.
In the 1990s, Dome C was chosen for deep ice core drilling by the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA). Drilling at Dome C began in 1996 and was completed on 21 December 2004, reaching a drilling depth of 3270.2 m, 5 m above bedrock. The age of the oldest recovered ice is estimated to be ca. 900,000 years.<ref name="core-press">{{cite press release | publisher=Alfred-Wegener-Institut | date=2005-01-13 | title=In the Cornucopia of the European Project of Ice Coring in Antarctica: the oldest Antarctic ice core | url=http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/AWI/Presse/PM/pm05-1.hj/050113EPICA-e.html | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103080600/http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/AWI/Presse/PM/pm05-1.hj/050113EPICA-e.html | archive-date=3 January 2006 }}</ref>

== Astronomy ==
{{Self-contradictory|date=August 2021}}
Concordia Station has been identified as a suitable location for extremely accurate astronomical observations. The transparency of the Antarctic atmosphere permits the observation of stars even when the [[sun]] is at an elevation angle of 38°. Other advantages include the very low [[infrared]] sky emission, the high percentage of [[cloud]]-free time and the low [[particulate|aerosol]] and [[dust]] content of the [[atmosphere]].

The [[median]] seeing measured with a DIMM Differential Image Motion Monitor<ref name="agabi">{{cite journal |author1=Abdelkrim Agabi |author2=Eric Aristidi |author3=Max Azouit |author4=Eric Fossat |author5=Francois Martin |author6=Tatiana Sadibekova |author7=Jean Vernin |author8=Aziz Ziad |title=First whole atmosphere night-time seeing measurements at Dome C, Antarctica |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |year=2006 |volume= 118|pages= 344–348|arxiv=astro-ph/0510418 |bibcode=2006PASP..118..344A |doi=10.1086/498728 |issue=840|s2cid=15833099 }}</ref> placed on top of an 8.5 m high tower is 1.3&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.8 [[arcsecond]]s.
This is significantly worse than most major observatory sites, but similar to other observatories in Antarctica. However, Lawrence ''et al''. considered other features of the site and concluded that "Dome C is the best ground-based site to develop a new astronomical observatory", <ref name="lawrence">{{cite journal |author1=Jon S. Lawrence |author2=Michael C. B. Ashley |author3=Andrei Tokovinin |author4=Tony Travouillon |url=http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/nature/nature02929.pdf |title=Exceptional astronomical seeing conditions above Dome C in Antarctica |journal=Nature |date=16 September 2004 |volume=431 |pages=278–281 |doi=10.1038/nature02929 |pmid=15372024 |issue=7006 |bibcode=2004Natur.431..278L |s2cid=4388419 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060325210146/http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/nature/nature02929.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2006 }} → [http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/nature/ FAQ by the authors] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060215183040/http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/nature/ |date=15 February 2006 }}</ref> a conclusion made before whole-atmospheric seeing measurements had been made at Dome C.

Thanks to the Single Star Scidar SSS, Vernin, Chadid and Aristidi ''et al''.<ref name="vernin">{Vernin, J., Chadid, M., Aristidi, E., 
	Trinquet, H. and van der Swaelmen, M.},
    title = "{First single star scidar measurements at Dome C, Antarctica}",
  journal = {AP},
 keywords = {atmospheric effects, site testing, turbulence, instrumentation: detectors, methods: data analysis, methods: observational},
     year = 2009,
    month = jun,
   volume = 500,
    pages = {1271-1276},
      doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/200811119},
   adsurl = {http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/abs/2009A%26A...500.1271V},
  adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}</ref> and Giordano, Vernin and Chadid ''et al''.<ref name="giordano">{Giordano, C., Vernin, J., Chadid, M. and Aristidi, E. and Trinquet, H.},
    title = "{Dome C Site Characterization in 2006 with Single-Star SCIDAR}",
  journal = {PASP},
     year = 2012,
    month = may,
   volume = 124,
    pages = {494-506},
      doi = {10.1086/665667},
   adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PASP..124..494G},
  adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}</ref> finally demonstrated that most of the optical turbulence is concentrated within the first 30 m atmospheric level at Dome C. The rest of the atmosphere is very quiet with a [[Astronomical seeing|seeing]] of about 0.3-0.4 [[arcsecond]]s, and the overall seeing is somewhat around 1.0 arcseconds.

Launched in 2007, PAIX, the first robotic multi-color Antarctica [[Photometer]]<ref>{Chadid, M., Vernin, Chapellier, E., 
	Trinquet, H. and Bono, G.},
    title = "{First Antarctica light curve. PAIX monitoring of the Blazhko RR Lyrae star: S Arae}",
  journal = {AP},
 keywords = {techniques: spectroscopic, methods: data analysis, techniques: photometric, shock waves, stars: variables: RR Lyrae, stars: atmospheres},
     year = 2010,
    month = jun,
   volume = 516,
      eid = {L15},
    pages = {L15},
      doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201014857},
   adsurl = {http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/abs/2010A%26A...516L..15C},
  adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}</ref>
gives a new insight to cope with unresolved stellar enigma and stellar oscillation challenges and offers a great
opportunity to benefit from an access to the best astronomical site on Earth –Dome C–. Indeed, Chadid, Vernin, Preston et al.<ref>{Chadid, M., Vernin, J., Preston, G., Zalian, C.,
	Pouzenc, C., Abe, L., A., Aristidi, E., 
	Liu, L.~Y. and Trinquet, H.},
    title = "{First Detection of Multi-shocks in RR Lyrae Stars from Antarctica: A Possible Explanation of the Blazhko Effect}",
  journal = {Astronomical Journal},
 keywords = {hydrodynamics, methods: observational, stars: atmospheres, stars: oscillations, stars: variables: general, techniques: photometric},
     year = 2014,
    month = nov,
   volume = 148,
      eid = {88},
    pages = {88},
      doi = {10.1088/0004-6256/148/5/88},
   adsurl = {http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/abs/2014AJ....148...88C},
  adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}</ref>
implement, for the first time from the ground, a new way to study the stellar [[oscillations]], pulsations and their evolutionary
properties with long uninterrupted and continuous precision observations over 150 days, and
without the regular interruptions imposed by the [[Earth rotation]]. PAIX achieves astrophysical [[UBVRI]] bands [[time-series]] measurements of [[stellar physics]] fields,
challenging [[Photometry (astronomy)|photometry]] from [[Space]].

The Antarctic Search for Transiting ExoPlanets (ASTEP) programme is composed of two telescopes: a 10&nbsp;cm refractor installed in 2008, and a 40&nbsp;cm telescope installed in 2010 and upgraded in 2022.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crouzet |first1=Nicolas |last2=Guillot |first2=Tristan |last3=Agabi |first3=Karim |last4=Rivet |first4=Jean-Pierre |last5=Bondoux |first5=Erick |display-authors=etal |title=ASTEP South: An Antarctic Search for Transiting ExoPlanets around the celestial South pole |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |date=2009 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/437586/filename/Crouzet2009.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Daban |first1=Jean-Baptiste |editor1-first=Larry M |editor1-last=Stepp |editor2-first=Roberto |editor2-last=Gilmozzi |editor3-first=Helen J |editor3-last=Hall |display-authors=etal |title=ASTEP 400: a telescope designed for exoplanet transit detection from Dome C, Antarctica |journal=Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series |series=Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes III |issue=Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes III |date=2010 |volume=7733 |pages=77334T |doi=10.1117/12.854946 |bibcode=2010SPIE.7733E..4TD |s2cid=122313435 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SPIE.7733E..4TD/abstract}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=New year's mission to start new phase of exoplanet research |url=https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/news/latest/2022/01/new-years-mission-to-start-new-phase-of-exoplanet-research.aspx |access-date=28 January 2022 |publisher=University of Birmingham |date=6 January 2022}}</ref>

== Climate ==

The climate at Dome C where Concordia Station is located is frigid all year round, being one of the coldest places on Earth. It has a [[Polar climate|polar]] [[ice cap climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''EF''), with maximums ranging from {{convert|-24.8|C|F}} in December to {{convert|-62|C|F}} in May, mean ranging from {{convert|-30.4|C|F}} in December to {{convert|-65.3|C|F}} in May and minimums ranging from {{convert|-36.1|C|F}} in December to {{convert|-68.7|C|F}} in May. The annual average air temperature is {{convert|-54.5|C|F}}. The station has never recorded a temperature above freezing; the warmest temperature recorded was {{convert|-5.4|C|F}} in January. Temperatures can fall below {{convert|-80|C|F}} in winter, and the coldest recorded temperature was {{convert|-84.6|C|F}} in August 2010; one of the coldest temperatures ever recorded on Earth.

Humidity is low and it is also very dry, with very little precipitation throughout the year.

Dome C does not experience the [[katabatic winds]] typical for the coastal regions of Antarctica because of its elevated location and its relative distance from the edges of the Antarctic Plateau. Typical wind speed in winter is 2.8&nbsp;m/s.

{{Weather box |width = auto |temperature colour=pastel
| location = Concordia
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = -5.4
| Feb record high C = -12.9
| Mar record high C = -11.5
| Apr record high C = -32.9
| May record high C = -28.5
| Jun record high C = -30.2
| Jul record high C = -25.4
| Aug record high C = -26.5
| Sep record high C = -30.3
| Oct record high C = -23.1
| Nov record high C = -17.0
| Dec record high C = -9.4
| Jan high C = -24.9
| Feb high C = -33.7
| Mar high C = -48.7
| Apr high C = -58.5
| May high C = -62.0
| Jun high C = -58.9
| Jul high C = -58.4
| Aug high C = -57.8
| Sep high C = -54.1
| Oct high C = -44.8
| Nov high C = -32.5
| Dec high C = -24.8
| Jan mean C = -31.1
| Feb mean C = -40.6
| Mar mean C = -54.0
| Apr mean C = -61.9
| May mean C = -65.3
| Jun mean C = -62.3
| Jul mean C = -62.1
| Aug mean C = -61.7
| Sep mean C = -59.5
| Oct mean C = -52.2
| Nov mean C = -39.3
| Dec mean C = -30.4
| Jan low C = -37.5
| Feb low C = -47.7
| Mar low C = -59.4
| Apr low C = -65.4
| May low C = -68.7
| Jun low C = -65.8
| Jul low C = -66.0
| Aug low C = -65.8
| Sep low C = -65.2
| Oct low C = -59.8
| Nov low C = -46.2
| Dec low C = -36.1
| Jan record low C = -49.8
| Feb record low C = -60.0
| Mar record low C = -74.2
| Apr record low C = -78
| May record low C = -79.6
| Jun record low C = -82.2
| Jul record low C = -82.3
| Aug record low C = -84.6
| Sep record low C = -81.9
| Oct record low C = -74.0
| Nov record low C = -61.9
| Dec record low C = -45.9
| year record low C = -84.6
| source 1 =<ref name="meteostats">{{cite web|url=http://meteostats-bzh.ath.cx:93/meteostats/index.php?page=stati&id=33|title=Le climat à Dome C (en °C et mm, moyennes mensuelles 1971/2000 et records dupuis 1990)|publisher=Benfxmth}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved on 2014-12-12</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=89625&ano=2022&mes=3&day=18&hora=18&min=0&ndays=30|title= 89625: Concordia (Antarctica)|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 18 March 2022|website=ogimet.com |publisher=OGIMET |access-date= 18 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=89625&ano=2023&mes=1&day=31&hora=18&min=0&ndays=30|title= 89625: Concordia (Antarctica)|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 31 January 2023|website=ogimet.com |publisher=OGIMET |access-date= 1 February 2023}}</ref>
| source = 
}}

== See also ==
{{div col}}
*[[Research stations in Antarctica#List of research stations|List of research stations in Antarctica]]
* [[Antarctic field camps|List of Antarctic field camps]]
* [[List of airports in Antarctica]]
* [[Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station]]
* [[Casey Station]]
* [[Concordia Subglacial Lake]]
* [[Dome A]] also known as Dome Argus
* [[Dome C]] also known as Dome Charlie or Dome Circe
* [[Dome F]] also known as Dome Fuji
* [[Dumont d'Urville Station]]
* [[EPICA]]
* [[Ice core]]
* [[Law Dome]]
* [[Neumayer Station III]]
* [[Vostok Station]]
* [[Zucchelli Station]]
* [[List of Mars analogs]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?lang=en&ind=89625&ano=2025&mes=3&day=30&hora=7&min=0&ndays=30

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Concordia Station}}
*{{in lang|it}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090306080718/http://www.concordiabase.eu/ Official website Concordia Station]
*{{in lang|it}} [http://www.italiantartide.it/ Official website of the Italian Antarctic Programme]
*{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.institut-polaire.fr/ Official website IPEV Institut Polaire Français Paul Emile Victor]
*{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.institut-polaire.fr/ipev/bases_et_navires/station_concordia_dome_c IPEV Concordia Station] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316142827/http://www.institut-polaire.fr/ipev/bases_et_navires/station_concordia_dome_c |date=16 March 2011 }}
*{{in lang|en}} [http://blogs.esa.int/concordia/ Chronicles from Concordia – winter over ESA blog]
*{{in lang|en}} [http://mcba5.phys.unsw.edu.au:8180/%7Eaastino/Data.10/ Automated Astrophysical Site-Testing International Observatory (AASTINO)]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{in lang|en}} [http://www.gdargaud.net/Antarctica/WinterDC.html 1st Winterover at Concordia Station (2005)] blog by Guillaume Dargaud, ISAC (Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima)
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20060626172011/http://www-luan.unice.fr/~aristidi/hivernage/ 2nd Winterover at Concordia Station (2006)] blog by Eric Aristidi, LUAN (Laboratoire Universitaire d'Astrophysique de Nice)
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.cypouz.com/tag/hivernage-2009 5th Winterover at Concordia Station (2009)], blog by Cyprien Pouzenc, Laboratoire Fizeau (Nice, ex-LUAN), Observatoire Sirene
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080424075823/http://www.comnap.aq/facilities COMNAP Antarctic Facilities]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110220115654/https://www.comnap.aq/publications/maps/comnap_map_edition5_a0_2009-07-24.pdf/view COMNAP Antarctic Facilities Map]

{{Portal bar|Earth sciences|Geography|Italy|France}}
{{Antarctic research stations}}
{{Airports in Antarctica}}
{{Antarctica}}
{{European human spaceflight}}
{{Human missions to Mars}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2005 establishments in Antarctica]]
[[Category:Outposts of Antarctica]]
[[Category:France and the Antarctic]]
[[Category:Italy and the Antarctic]]
[[Category:Human analog missions]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 2005]]