View source for Commelinales

{{Short description|Order of flowering plants}}
{{Expand Spanish|Commelinales|topic=sci|date=December 2009}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|fossil_range = {{fossil range|80|0}}[[Late Cretaceous]] - Recent
|image = Flor - Quintana Roo - México.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Tradescantia pallida]]''
|taxon = Commelinales
|authority = [[Charles-François Brisseau de Mirbel|Mirb.]] ex [[Friedrich von Berchtold|Bercht.]] & [[Jan Svatopluk Presl|J.Presl]]<ref name=APGIII2009/>
|subdivision_ranks = Families
|subdivision = [[Commelinaceae]]<br />
[[Haemodoraceae]]<br />
[[Hanguanaceae]]<br />
[[Philydraceae]]<br />
[[Pontederiaceae]]
|synonyms = Haemodorales
}}

'''Commelinales''' is an order of [[flowering plant]]s. It comprises five families: [[Commelinaceae]], [[Haemodoraceae]], [[Hanguanaceae]], [[Philydraceae]], and [[Pontederiaceae]]. All the families combined contain over 885 species in about 70 [[Genus|genera]]; the majority of species are in the Commelinaceae. Plants in the order share a number of [[Synapomorphy|synapomorphies]] that tie them together, such as a lack of [[Mycorrhiza|mycorrhizal associations]] and [[tapetum (botany)|tapetal]] [[raphides]]. Estimates differ as to when the Commelinales evolved, but most suggest an origin and diversification sometime during the mid- to late [[Cretaceous]]. Depending on the methods used, studies suggest a range of origin between 123 and 73 million years, with diversification occurring within the group 110 to 66 million years ago. The order's closest relatives are in the [[Zingiberales]], which includes [[ginger]], [[banana]]s, [[cardamom]], and others.<ref>Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, November 2011.</ref>

==Taxonomy==
According to the most recent classification scheme, the [[APG IV system|APG IV]] of 2016, the order includes five families:<ref name=APGIV2016/>
* [[Commelinaceae]]
* [[Haemodoraceae]]
* [[Hanguanaceae]]
* [[Philydraceae]]
* [[Pontederiaceae]]

This is unchanged from the [[APG III system|APG III]] of 2009 and the [[APG II system|APG II]] of 2003, but different from the older [[APG system]] of 1998, which did not include Hanguanaceae.

=== Previous classification systems ===
The older [[Cronquist system]] of 1981, which was based purely on morphological data, placed the order in subclass [[Commelinidae]] of class [[Liliopsida]] and included the families Commelinaceae, [[Mayacaceae]], [[Rapateaceae]] and [[Xyridaceae]]. These families are now known to be only distantly related.<ref name=APGII2003/><ref name=APGIII2009/>
In the classification system of [[Rolf Dahlgren|Dahlgren]] the Commelinales were one of four orders in the [[superorder]] Commeliniflorae (also called Commelinanae), and contained five families, of which only Commelinaceae has been retained by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]].

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=APGII2003>The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2003 ''An update  of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II.'' Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 399–436.</ref>

<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=APGIV2016>{{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|issn=0024-4074|doi=10.1111/boj.12385|doi-access=free}}</ref>
}}

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[[Category:Commelinales| ]]
[[Category:Angiosperm orders]]
[[Category:Extant Campanian first appearances]]