View source for Colour-sided

{{Short description|Coat pattern of cattle}}
[[Image:STN Cow.jpg|thumb|right|Cow of the Norwegian {{ill|Sidet trønderfe og nordlandsfe|sv}} breed]]

'''Colour-sided''' is a colour pattern of domesticated [[cattle]].  It is sometimes called '''lineback'''.

== Characteristics ==

The pattern consists of a dark body colour, with white [[finching (cattle)|finching]] along the spine, white under the belly, and often white also over the tail, head and legs. The ears, nose and feet are generally dark. The dark colour may be any solid colour such as black, red or [[brindle]]. The pattern may occur in many breeds, but some breeds are consistently colour-sided; these include the [[English Longhorn]], and the [[Irish Moiled]] in the British Isles, and the [[Randall Lineback]] in the United States. Among other breeds that frequently display the pattern are the [[Texas Longhorn]], the [[Florida Cracker (cattle)|Florida Cracker]] and some African and Scandinavian breeds; it is also seen in the [[Belgian Blue]], where it is called 'Witrik'.{{r|olson|p=48|cabi|p2=xxii, 127}} A similar colour pattern is seen in the [[domestic yak]]{{r|olson|p=48}} and in some [[zebuine cattle]].{{r|wriedt}}

An extreme pale form of the colour-sided pattern is the colour-pointed or 'white park' pattern, seen for example in the [[White Park cattle|White Park]], the [[British White]] and in some [[Irish Moiled]], where the darker colour is restricted to the ears, nose and feet, leaving most of the animal white.{{r|cabi|p=127}}

== Genetics ==

Colour-sidedness was discussed in ''[[The Journal of Heredity]]'' in 1925 by Christian Wriedt, who probably coined the term.{{r|ibsen|p=465|wriedt|p2=51}}

The mechanism of transmission of the colour-pointed pattern was identified and investigated in 2011–2013 by [[Keith Durkin]], {{ill|Bertram Brenig|de}} and others.{{r|cabi|p=xxii}} It involves an unusual [[chromosomal translocation|translocation]], through a ring-shaped intermediate DNA fragment, of the KIT gene between chromosomes 6 and 29.{{r|durkin|p=81|brenig|p2=451|science}} No genetic mutation of this type had previously been identified.{{r|cabi|p=127}}

== References ==
{{reflist|45em|refs=

<ref name=brenig>B. Brenig, J. Beck, C. Floren, K. Bornemann-Kolatzki, I. Wiedemann, S. Hennecke, H. Swalve, E. Schütz (2013). [https://eds.p.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4&sid=78fed2ee-65e7-4ca2-9b54-7a9495b7eba9%40redis Molecular genetics of coat colour variations in White Galloway and White Park cattle]. ''Animal Genetics''. '''44''' (4): 450-453. {{doi|10.1111/age.12029}}. {{subscription required}}.</ref>

<ref name=cabi>Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). [https://books.google.it/books?id=2UEJDAAAQBAJ&hl=en ''Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding''] (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. {{isbn|9781780647944}}.</ref>

<ref name=durkin>Keith Durkin, Wouter Coppieters, Cord Drögemüller, Naima Ahariz, Nadine Cambisano, Tom Druet, Corinne Fasquelle, Aynalem Haile, Petr Horin, Lusheng Huang, Yohichiro Kamatani, Latifa Karim, Mark Lathrop, Simon Moser, Kor Oldenbroek, Stefan Rieder, Arnaud Sartelet, Johann Sölkner, Hans Stälhammar, Diana Zelenika, Zhiyan Zhang, Tosso Leeb, Michel Georges, Carole Charlier (February 2012). [https://eds.p.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4&sid=43eee380-d54d-4b6f-83fb-15dcb5f84fc1%40redis Serial translocation by means of circular intermediates underlies colour sidedness in cattle]. ''Nature'' (London). '''482''' (7383): 81–84. {{doi|10.1038/nature10757}}. {{subscription required}}.</ref>

<ref name=ibsen>Heman L. Ibsen (1933). [https://eds.s.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1&sid=b1f3d541-dbef-422f-90bd-7e842381c0f4%40redis Cattle Inheritance. I. Color]. ''Genetics''. '''18''' (5): 441–480. {{doi|10.1093/genetics/18.5.441}}. {{subscription required}}.</ref>

<ref name=olson>T.A. Olson (1999). [https://www.simmental.org/site/pdf/other/olsoncolor.pdf Genetics of colour variation]. In: Ruedi Fries, Anatoly Ruvinsky (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=fcRvQgAACAAJ ''The Genetics of Cattle'']. Wallingford, Oxfordshire: C.A.B. International. {{isbn|9780851992587}}, pages 33–52.</ref>

<ref name=science>Elizabeth Pennisi (27 May 2011). [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.332.6033.1030-a Meeting Briefs: DNA Circles Cause Cow Coat Color Changes]. ''Science''. '''332''' (6033): 1030. {{doi|10.1126/science.332.6033.1030-a}}.</ref>

<ref name=wriedt>Christian Wriedt (1925). [https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article-abstract/16/2/51/825991 Colorsided Cattle: Some Remarks Concerning Their Occurrence and Heredity]. ''The Journal of Heredity''. '''16''' (2): 51–56. {{doi|10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a102551}}. {{subscription required}}.</ref>

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[[Category:Cattle]]

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