View source for Collision avoidance system

{{short description|Motorcar safety system}}
{{about|collision avoidance in cars|other uses|collision avoidance}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
[[File: ADAS testing at IDIADA Proving Ground.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Nissan Leaf]] approaching a movable target performing an [[Autonomous Emergency Braking]] (AEB) test. The vehicle has AEB Pedestrian, AEB Cyclist, AEB City, and AEB Interurban as standard in 2018.<ref>Nissan Leaf 2018 Euro NCAP rating</ref>]]
[[File:Schema ICC.svg|thumb|Schematic of a collision avoidance system]]

A '''collision avoidance system''' ('''CAS'''), also known as a '''pre-crash system''', '''forward collision warning system''' ('''FCW'''), or '''collision mitigation system''', is an [[advanced driver-assistance system]] designed to prevent or reduce the severity of a collision.<ref name="mdpi">{{cite journal |last1=Lim |first1=Hazel Si Min |last2=Taeihagh |first2=Araz |date=2019 |title=Algorithmic Decision-Making in AVs: Understanding Ethical and Technical Concerns for Smart Cities |journal=Sustainability |volume=11 |issue=20 |page=5791 |doi=10.3390/su11205791|arxiv=1910.13122 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In its basic form, a forward collision warning system monitors a vehicle's speed, the speed of the vehicle in front of it, and the distance between the vehicles, so that it can provide a warning to the driver if the vehicles get too close, potentially helping to avoid a crash.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is a forward collision warning system? |url= https://www.safercar.gov/Vehicle+Shoppers/Safety+Technology/fcw/ |website=safercar.gov |access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref> Various technologies and sensors that are used include [[radar]] (all-weather) and sometimes [[lidar|laser]] ([[Lidar|LIDAR]]) and cameras (employing [[image recognition]]) to detect an imminent crash. [[GPS]] sensors can detect fixed dangers such as approaching stop signs through a location database.<ref name="mdpi" /><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mydigitallife.info/2008/02/13/toyota-develops-automatic-brake-system-assisted-by-gps-technology-for-safety-driving/ |title=Toyota Develops Automatic Brake System Assisted by GPS Technology for Safety Driving |first=S.Y. |last=Wong |website=mydigitallife.info |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2020-04-10 |archive-date=6 March 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110306092044/http://www.mydigitallife.info/2008/02/13/toyota-develops-automatic-brake-system-assisted-by-gps-technology-for-safety-driving/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.volvoclub.org.uk/press/releases/2007/collision_warning.shtml |title=Volvo Collision Warning with Auto Brake |work=The Volvo Owners Club |date=2007-08-29 |access-date=2020-04-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=John |last=Fuller |title=How Pre-Collision Systems Work |date=22 April 2009 |website=HowStuffWorks |url= https://auto.howstuffworks.com/car-driving-safety/safety-regulatory-devices/pre-collision-systems.htm |access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref> Pedestrian detection can also be a feature of these types of systems.

Collision avoidance systems range from widespread systems mandatory in some countries, such as '''autonomous emergency braking''' ('''AEB''') in the EU, agreements between carmakers and safety officials to make crash avoidance systems eventually standard, such as in the United States,<ref>{{cite web |title=Automakers, Safety Officials Make Crash Avoidance Systems Standard by 2022 |url= https://www.cars.com/articles/automakers-safety-officials-make-crash-avoidance-systems-standard-by-2022-1420684105016/ |website=cars.com |date=17 March 2016 |access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref> to research projects including some manufacturer specific devices.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

== Advanced emergency braking system (AEBS)==
{{main|Advanced emergency braking system}}
The [[World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations]] defines '''AEBS''' (also '''automated emergency braking''' in some jurisdictions). [[UN ECE]] Regulation 131 requires a system that can automatically detect a potential forward collision and activate the vehicle braking system to decelerate a vehicle to avoid or mitigate a collision.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 February 2014 |title=Uniform provisions concerning the approval of motor vehicles with regard to the Advanced Emergency Braking Systems (AEBS) – Addendum: 130 – Regulation: 131 |url=https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs/2015/R131r1e.pdf |access-date=3 November 2019 |work=United Nations}}</ref> UN ECE regulation 152 says deceleration can be 5 meters per second squared.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs/2020/R152e.pdf |title=Uniform provisions concerning the approval of motor vehicles with regard to the Advanced Emergency Braking System (AEBS) for M1 and N1 vehicles |work=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe |page=8 |date=4 February 2020 |access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref>

Once an impending collision is detected, these systems provide a warning to the driver. When the collision becomes imminent, they can take action autonomously without any driver input (by braking or steering or both). Collision avoidance by braking is appropriate at low vehicle speeds (e.g. below {{convert|50|km/h|abbr=on}}), while collision avoidance by steering may be more appropriate at higher vehicle speeds if lanes are clear.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kanarachos |first=Stratis |title=A new method for computing optimum obstacle avoidance steering manoeuvres of vehicles |journal=International Journal of Vehicle Autonomous Systems |date=2009 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=73–95 |doi=10.1504/IJVAS.2009.027968 |url= http://www.inderscience.com/info/inarticle.php?artid=27968 |access-date=29 July 2015|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Cars with collision avoidance may also be equipped with [[adaptive cruise control]], using the same forward-looking sensors.

AEB differs from forward collision warning: FCW alerts the driver with a warning but does not by itself brake the vehicle.<ref name="thatcham.org">{{cite web |url= https://www.thatcham.org/files/pdf/AEB_FAQ.pdf |title=Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Frequently Asked Questions |work=Thatcham Research |location=UK |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180501093131/https://www.thatcham.org/files/pdf/AEB_FAQ.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2018}}</ref>

According to Euro NCAP, AEB has three characteristics:<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.euroncap.com/en/vehicle-safety/the-rewards-explained/autonomous-emergency-braking/ |title=Autonomous Emergency Braking |work=Euro NCAP |access-date=8 June 2019}}</ref>
* Autonomous: the system acts independently of the driver to avoid or mitigate the accident.
* Emergency: the system will intervene only in a critical situation.
* Braking: the system tries to avoid the accident by applying the brakes.

Time-to-collision could be a way to choose which avoidance method (braking or steering) is most appropriate.<ref name="Hayashi2013">{{cite conference |doi=10.3182/20130904-4-JP-2042.00104 |title=Improvement of Trajectory Tracking Performance in Autonomous Collision Avoidance by Steering |first1=Ryuzo |last1=Hayashi |first2=Puwadech |last2=Chatporntanadul |first3=Masao |last3=Nagai |journal=IFAC Proceedings Volumes |conference=7th IFAC Symposium on Advances in Automotive Control |location=Tokyo |date=4 September 2013|volume=46 |issue=21 |pages=410–415 }}</ref>

A collision avoidance system by steering is a new concept. It is considered by some research projects.<ref name="Hayashi2013"/> Collision avoidance system by steering has some limitations: over-dependence on lane markings, sensor limitations, and interaction between driver and system.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.vinnova.se/en/p/improved-impact-of-collision-avoidance-by-steering-technology-on-real-life-safety/ |title=Improved Impact of Collision Avoidance by Steering Technology on Real Life Safety |website=vinnova.se |location=Stockholm, Sweden |access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref>

==Emergency steering function ==
The emergency steering function, known as ESF, is an automated steering function that detects a potential collision and automatically activates the steering system for a limited duration to avoid or mitigate a collision.<ref name="unece.org">{{cite web |date=14 September 2017 |title=Addendum 78: UN Regulation No. 79 – Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regard to steering equipment |url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs/2018/R079r4e.pdf |access-date=31 January 2024 |work=United Nations}}</ref>

The emergency steering function for UNECE countries is described by regulation 79.<ref name="unece.org"/>

==Automated lane keeping Systems==
{{Main|Automated Lane Keeping Systems}}[[Automated Lane Keeping Systems]] (ALKS) deals with avoiding some cases of collisions.

ALKS<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2017 |title=Agreement Concerning the Adoption of Harmonized Technical United Nations Regulations for Wheeled Vehicles, Equipment and Parts which can be Fitted and/or be Used on Wheeled Vehicles and the Conditions for Reciprocal Recognition of Approvals Granted on the Basis of these United Nations Regulations |url=https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2024-07/R157am4e_1.pdf |access-date=September 11, 2024 |website=United Nations ECE}}</ref> defines some concepts:
<!--The citation above is the source for the content of this entire section. It was pulled from a UN Regulation.-->
{{blockquote|'' Imminent collision risk'' describes a situation or an event which leads to a ''' collision''' of the vehicle with another road user or an obstacle which cannot be '''avoided''' by a braking demand with lower than 5 m/s|Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles about automated lane-keeping systems|title=|source=}}

{{blockquote|'' Emergency Manoeuvre (EM)'' is a maneuver performed by the system in case of an event in which the vehicle is at imminent ''' collision''' risk and has the purpose of '''avoiding''' or mitigating a collision.|Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles about automated lane-keeping systems|title=|source=}}

{{blockquote|The activated system shall not cause any collisions that are reasonably foreseeable and preventable. If a '''collision''' can be safely '''avoided''' without causing another one, it shall be '''avoided'''. When the vehicle is involved in a detectable ''' collision''', the vehicle shall be brought to a standstill.|Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles concerning automated lane-keeping systems|title=|source=}}

{{blockquote|The activated system shall detect the distance to the next vehicle in front as defined in paragraph 7.1.1. and shall adapt the vehicle speed to '''avoid collision'''.|Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles about automated lane-keeping systems|title=|source=}}

{{blockquote|The activated system shall be able to bring the vehicle to a complete stop behind a stationary vehicle, a stationary road user, or a blocked lane of travel to '''avoid''' a ''' collision'''. This shall be ensured up to the maximum operational speed of the system.|Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles concerning automated lane-keeping systems|title=|source=}}

{{blockquote|The activated system shall avoid a collision with a leading vehicle (...)

The activated system shall avoid a collision with a cutting in the vehicle (...)

The activated system shall avoid a collision with an unobstructed crossing pedestrian in front of the vehicle.|Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles concerning automated lane-keeping systems|title=|source=}}

{{blockquote|This document clarifies the derivation process to define conditions under which ''automated lane-keeping systems'' (ALKS) shall '''avoid''' a ''' collision'''|Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles about automated lane-keeping systems,
Guidance on traffic disturbance critical scenarios for ALKS|title=|source=}}

==Regulations==
AEB and ALKS are each defined by one or several UN-ECE regulations.

Requirements related to AEB are regulations 131 and 152.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://unece.org/sustainable-development/press/strengthened-un-regulation-emergency-braking-trucks-and-coaches-will|title = Strengthened UN regulation on emergency braking for trucks and coaches will further increase safety on the road |website=unece.org}}</ref>

Regulation 157 is related to ALKS.

Japan has required AEB since 2020 and ALKS since 2021. The European Union requires AEB since 2022 but did not define a date for ALKS.

==Automobile manufacturers==
Various vendors provide AEB components to automakers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Francis |first=Sam |title=ADAS: Top 40 advanced driver assistance systems companies |url= https://roboticsandautomationnews.com/2019/04/19/top-40-advanced-driver-assistance-systems-companies/21983/ |work=Robotics and Automation News |date=19 April 2019 |access-date=10 February 2020}}</ref> The global automotive AEB system market consists of a few established companies that are manufacturers or suppliers of specialized AEB components or systems.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Top 6 Vendors in the Global Automotive Advanced Emergency Braking System Market from 2016 to 2020: Technavio |url= https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160921005936/en/Top-6-Vendors-Global-Automotive-Advanced-Emergency |work=Business Wire |date=21 September 2016 |access-date=10 February 2020}}</ref> For example, the main vendors for radar systems include [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]], [[Aptiv|Delphi]], [[Denso]], [[Mobileye]], [[TRW Automotive|TRW]], and [[Continental AG|Continental]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Sedgwick |first=David |title=Demand skyrockets for collision-avoidance sensors |url= https://www.autonews.com/article/20141013/OEM06/310139961/demand-skyrockets-for-collision-avoidance-sensors |work=Automotive News |date=13 October 2014 |access-date=10 February 2020}}</ref> Automobile manufactures may describe the systems installed on their vehicles using different names to differentiate their marketing efforts.<ref name="thatcham.org"/> A particular automaker may have systems and sensors sourced from a variety of suppliers.<ref name="Naranjo">{{cite web |last=Naranjo |first=Michelle |title=Forward-Collision Warning Systems Are Not All Created Equal |url= https://www.consumerreports.org/car-safety/forward-collision-warning-systems-are-not-all-created-equal/ |work=Consumer Reports |date=25 February 2016 |access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref> Therefore, even a single car brand may offer various levels of technology sophistication and the: frequency of false alerts can be different from model to model and trim level to trim level, depending on the types of camera and/or laser-based systems installed.<ref name="Naranjo"/>

In countries, such as the UK, one-quarter of new vehicles might have some kind of AEB system; but only 1% of previously sold cars might have AEB.<ref name="thatcham.org"/>

===Audi===
"Pre sense" autonomous emergency braking system uses twin [[radar]] and monocular camera sensors<ref>{{cite press release|url= http://www.bosch-presse.de/TBWebDB/en-US/PressText.cfm?id=4570 |title=Extensive safety in the new Audi A8 |work=Bosch Media Services |date=27 April 2010 |access-date=29 July 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100921045137/http://www.bosch-presse.de/TBWebDB/en-US/PressText.cfm?id=4570 |archive-date=21 September 2010 }}</ref> and was introduced in 2010 on the 2011 [[Audi A8#Third generation (D4, Typ 4H; 2009–present)|Audi A8]].<ref>{{cite press release|url= http://www.audimedia.ca/media/assets/0/110/278/a53962d1-394e-46f1-b8cf-a9f174de5019.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170803223156/http://www.audimedia.ca/media/assets/0/110/278/a53962d1-394e-46f1-b8cf-a9f174de5019.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2017 |title=The new Audi A8|access-date=17 February 2010}}</ref>
"Pre sense plus" works in four phases. The system first provides warning of an impending accident, activating hazard warning lights, closing windows and sunroof, and pre-tensioning front seat belts. The warning is followed by light braking to get the driver's attention. The third phase initiates autonomous partial braking at a rate of {{cvt|3|m/s2|ft/s2|1}}. The fourth phase increases braking to {{cvt|5|m/s2|ft/s2|1}} followed by automatic full braking power, roughly half a second before projected impact. "Pre sense rear", is designed to reduce the consequences of rear-end collisions. The sunroof and windows are closed and seat belts are prepared for impact. The seats are moved forward to protect the car's occupants. 2015 introduced the "avoidance assistant" system that intervenes in the steering to help the driver avoid an obstacle. If an accident occurs, the "turning assistant" monitors opposing traffic when turning left at low speeds. In critical situations, it stops the car. "Multi collision brake assist" uses controlled braking maneuvers during the accident to aid the driver. Both systems were introduced on the [[Audi Q7 PHEV|Second generation Q7]].<ref>{{cite press release|url= https://www.audi-mediacenter.com/en/press-releases/the-new-audi-q7-sportiness-efficiency-premium-comfort-410 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190519213927/https://www.audi-mediacenter.com/en/press-releases/the-new-audi-q7-sportiness-efficiency-premium-comfort-410 |archive-date= 19 May 2019 |title=The new Audi Q7 – Sportiness, efficiency, premium comfort |work=Audi Media Center |date=12 December 2014}}</ref>

===BMW===
In 2012 [[BMW]] introduced two systems on the [[BMW 7 Series (F01)#2012 update|7 Series]]. "Active Protection" detects imminent accidents by pretensioning safety belts, closes windows and moonroof, brings the backrest of the front passenger seat to an upright position, and activates post-crash braking. A [[driver drowsiness detection]] includes advice to take a break from driving. An "Active Driving Assistant" combines [[Lane departure warning system|lane departure warning]], pedestrian protection, and city collision mitigation.<ref>{{cite press release|url= https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/article/detail/T0126929EN/the-new-bmw-7-series?language=en |title=The new BMW 7 Series |date=25 May 2012 |work=BMW Group}}</ref>

In 2013, "Driving Assistant Plus" was introduced on most models combining the front-facing camera, lane-departure warning, and in some cases front radar sensors to detect vehicles ahead. Should the driver not react to the warning of a potential collision, the system would gradually prime brake pressure and apply{{snd}}with maximum deceleration power{{snd}}if necessary. In the case of a crash, the system can bring the vehicle to a standstill. Later iterations of the system on cars equipped with an Automatic Cruise Control system are improved by combining radar and camera detection during fog, rain, and other situations where normal camera operations may be compromised.<ref>{{cite press release|url= http://www.bmwusanews.com/newsrelease.do?id=1864&mid= |title=Model Year 2014 Update Information |date=16 October 2013 |first=Matthew |last=Russel |work=BMW USA news}}</ref>

===Ford===
[[File: Collision Warning Brake Support.jpg|thumb|Collision warning and brake support on the 2009 [[Lincoln MKS]]]]

Beginning on the 2012 Ford Focus, Active City Stop was offered on the range-topping Titanium model, under the optional Sports Executive Pack. The system used windscreen-mounted cameras, radars, and lidars to monitor the road ahead. The system doesn't provide a warning, rather, it can prevent a crash from occurring at speeds between {{convert|3.6|and|30|km/h|abbr=on}}. This speed was later raised to {{convert|50|km/h|abbr=on}} and was available on all models, the Trend, Sport, Titanium, ST, and RS (Limited Edition only).

===General Motors===
[[General Motors]]' collision alert system was introduced in [[GMC Terrain]] SUVs in 2012. It uses a camera to provide a warning when there is a vehicle ahead or there is a lane departure.<ref>{{cite press release|url= https://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gmc/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2011/Sep/0929_terrain.html |title=New Camera-Based Collision Alert Debuts on GMC Terrain |work=media.gm.com|access-date=25 January 2015}}</ref>
The 2014 [[Chevrolet Impala]] received the radar- and camera-based crash imminent braking (radar technology detects a possible crash threat and alerts the driver. If the driver does not appear to react quickly enough or doesn't react at all, this feature intervenes to apply the brakes to avoid the crash. Forward collision alert, lane departure warning, side blind zone alert (using radar sensors on both sides of the vehicle, the system "looks" for other vehicles in the blind zone areas of the Impala and indicates their presence with LED-lit symbols in the outside mirrors. Rear cross-traffic alert features.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Chevrolet News – United States – Impala |date=15 December 2014 |url=http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/chevrolet/vehicles/impala/2014.html |access-date=10 March 2016 |website=Media.gm.com}}</ref>

===Honda===
2003: Honda introduced autonomous braking (Collision Mitigation Brake System CMBS, originally CMS) front collision avoidance system on the [[Honda Inspire|Inspire]]<ref>{{cite press release|url= http://world.honda.com/news/2003/4030618_2.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20030624014452/http://world.honda.com/news/2003/4030618_2.html |archive-date=24 June 2003 |title=Honda Announces a Full Model Change for the Inspire |work=Honda |date=18 June 2003 |access-date=19 January 2015 }}</ref> and later in [[Acura]], using a radar-based system to monitor the situation ahead and provide brake assistance if the driver reacts with insufficient force on the brake pedal after a warning in the instrument cluster and a tightening of the seat belts.<ref>{{cite press release|url= http://world.honda.com/HDTV/news/2003-4030520a/|title=Honda Worldwide |website=honda.com |access-date=25 January 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141230004733/http://world.honda.com/HDTV/news/2003-4030520a/ |archive-date=30 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="world.honda.com">{{cite press release |title=Honda Worldwide – World News – News Releases |date=20 May 2003 |url=http://world.honda.com/news/2003/4030520.html |access-date=25 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229235818/http://world.honda.com/news/2003/4030520.html |archive-date=29 December 2014 |website=honda.com}}</ref> The Honda system was the first production system to provide automatic braking.<ref name="world.honda.com"/>

The system also incorporated an "E-Pretensioner", which worked in conjunction with the CMBS system with electric motors on the seat belts. When activated, the CMBS has three warning stages. The first warning stage includes audible and visual warnings to brake. If ignored, the second stage would include the E-Pretensioner's tugging on the shoulder portion of the seat belt two to three times as an additional tactile warning to the driver to take action. The third stage, in which the CMBS predicts that a collision is unavoidable, includes full seat belt slack take-up by the E-Pretensioner for more effective seat belt protection and automatic application of the brakes to lessen the severity of the predicted crash. The E-Pretensioner would also work to reduce seat belt slack whenever the brakes are applied, and the brake assist system is activated.<ref name="world.honda.com" />

2013: Honda introduced new driver-assistance system called Honda SENSING in [[Honda Legend|2014 Honda Legend]], with the tagline, "Safety for Everyone".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honda Introduces "Honda SENSING" Advanced Driver-Assistive System – the All-new Legend will be the first Honda SENSING-equipped vehicle to be sold in Japan |url=https://global.honda/en/newsroom/news/2014/4141024eng.html |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Honda Global |language=en}}</ref> The system uses two types of sensors: a millimeter-wave radar in the front grille and a monocular camera on the windshield. These sensors detect pedestrians and other objects with improved accuracy. Enhanced data processing capabilities allow the system to recognize surroundings, driver intentions, and vehicle conditions, enabling collaborative control over braking and steering. The system now includes six new functions, such as the Pedestrian Collision Mitigation Steering System, and assists in vehicle speed, following distance, and lane keeping. Honda continues to evolve its driver-assistive technologies globally to enhance safety and comfort.

2020: Honda announced the flagship variation of Honda SENSING called, Honda SENSING Elite. The system was first introduced in the new [[Honda Legend|Honda Legend Hybrid EX]]. This system uses 3D maps, [[Satellite navigation|GNSS]] data, and sensors to monitor the vehicle’s surroundings and driver condition. It can control acceleration, braking, and steering for smooth driving and includes features like hands-off lane change assist and Traffic Jam Pilot for [[Autonomous driving|Level 3 automated driving]], approved by Japan's [[Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism|Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism]] (MLIT).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-04 |title=Honda Legend Hybrid EX with Honda Sensing Elite – hands-off Level 3 automated driving, RM416k in Japan |url=https://paultan.org/2021/03/04/honda-legend-hybrid-ex-with-honda-sensing-elite-hands-off-level-3-automated-driving-rm416k-in-japan/ |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Paul Tan's Automotive News |language=en-US}}</ref>

A key feature of Honda SENSING Elite is the hands-off function, which assists in steering the vehicle when the driver has their hands off the wheel, supported by adaptive in-lane driving. This aids in maintaining lane position at a pre-set speed and keeping a proper following distance from the vehicle ahead. The system also includes active lane change assist with hands-off function, which executes lane changes when the driver activates the turn signal and adjusts the vehicle’s speed accordingly.<ref name="hondanews.eu">{{Cite web |title=Honda unveils next-generation technologies of Honda SENSING 360 and Honda SENSING Elite |url=https://hondanews.eu/eu/lv/cars/media/pressreleases/431941/honda-unveils-next-generation-technologies-of-honda-sensing-360-and-honda-sensing-elite |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=hondanews.eu}}</ref>

2021: Honda introduced the Honda SENSING 360 system, enhancing the original with omnidirectional sensing. This system helps eliminate blind spots and reduce collisions by using five millimeter-wave radar units and a front camera. Key features include Front Cross Traffic Warning, which alerts drivers to approaching vehicles at intersections; Lane Change Collision Mitigation, which helps avoid collisions during lane changes; and Collision Mitigation Braking, which provides braking assistance at turns. It also features Adaptive Cruise Control with Cornering Speed Assist, adjusting speed during cornering for smoother navigation. The application of Honda SENSING 360 will begin in 2022, starting from China,<ref name="hondanews.eu"/> with the first vehicle equipped with Honda SENSING 360 being the [[Honda Accord|eleventh-generation Honda Accord]] and [[Honda CR-V (sixth generation)|sixth-generation Honda CR-V]].

2022: Honda updated the SENSING 360 system with new features including Advanced Lane Driving and Lane Change Assist with hands-off capability, a Driver Emergency Support System, and Exit Warning. These additions enhance existing features like [[Automated emergency braking system|collision mitigation braking]] and front cross traffic warning.

2023: Honda SENSING 360+ builds on existing Honda SENSING 360 by adding a driver monitoring camera and high-definition maps. This updated system aims to reduce accidents caused by driver health issues or errors. It features Advanced Lane Driving with hands-off capability, Active Lane Change Recommendation, Predictive Curve Departure Warning, and an Exit Warning. The system will debut with the [[Honda Accord|Accord]] in China in 2024 and expand globally. It includes a Driver Emergency Support System that helps stop the vehicle if the driver becomes unresponsive and connects to the [https://global.honda/jp/appli/helpnet/ HELPNET®] emergency call center for added safety.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Honda to Introduce "Honda SENSING 360+" Omnidirectional Safety and Driver-assistive System {{!}} Honda Global Corporate Website |url=https://global.honda/en/newsroom/news/2023/4231117eng.html |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Honda Global |language=en}}</ref>

===Jaguar Land Rover===
As part of the InControl suite of services, Jaguar Land Rover provides several driver assistance technologies, amongst which are autonomous emergency braking, intelligent emergency braking, [[lane departure warning]], [[blind spot monitor]] and [[blind spot assist]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Driver Assistance Technology in Jaguar Land Rover Vehicles |url= https://www.jaguar.com/incontrol-global/incontrol/driver-assistance/index.html |website=jaguar.com |access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref> The systems variously use both microwave and optical detection methods.<ref>{{cite web |title=Detection Technologies used in Jaguar Land Rover Driver Assistance Systems |url= http://www.jaguarboerne.com/blog/what-are-the-2018-jaguar-f-pace-safety-features-and-technology/ |website=jaguarboerne.com/ |date=13 July 2018 |access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref>

===Mercedes-Benz===
2002: Mercedes' "Pre-Safe" system was exhibited at the [[Paris Motor Show]] on the 2003 [[Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W220)|S-Class]]. Using [[electronic stability control]] sensors to measure steering angle, vehicle yaw, and lateral acceleration and [[brake assist]] (BAS) sensors to detect emergency braking, the system can tighten the seat belts, adjust seat positions, including rear seats (if installed), raise folded rear headrests (if installed), and close the sunroof if it detects a possible collision (including rollover).<ref>{{cite press release |url= http://www.mercedes-benz.ca/index.cfm?NewsID=121&id=2959 |title=Mercedes-Benz launches first-ever car with "reflexes" |date=15 October 2002 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071008151232/http://www.mercedes-benz.ca/index.cfm?NewsID=121&id=2959 |archive-date=8 October 2007 |access-date=14 March 2013 }}</ref> A later version of the Pre-Safe system was supplemented by an additional function that can close any open windows if necessary.

2006: Mercedes-Benz's "Brake Assist BAS Plus" was their first forward warning collision system introduced on the [[Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W221)|W221 S-Class]], it incorporates the [[autonomous cruise control system]] and adds a radar-based collision warning.

2006: the "Pre-Safe Brake" on the [[Mercedes-Benz CL-Class (C216)|CL-Class C216]]<ref>{{cite press release |url= http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0-5-658451-1-1767861-1-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html |title=Innovation as a tradition |work=Daimler |date=29 December 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141229221136/http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0-5-658451-1-1767861-1-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html |archive-date=2014-12-29}}</ref> was their first to offer partial autonomous braking (40%, or up to 0.4g deceleration) if the driver does not react to the BAS Plus warnings and the system detects a severe danger of an accident.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-01/esv/esv20/07-0103-O.pdf |first1=Joerg J. |last1=Breuer |first2=Andreas |last2=Faulhaber |first3=Stefan |last3=Gleissner |title=Real world Safety benefits of brake assistance systems |work=DaimlerChrysler |access-date=10 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122123/http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-01/esv/esv20/07-0103-O.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.mbusa.com/impact/index#/story-1/|title=Impact: Real Drivers. Life Changing Stories |website=mbusa.com|access-date=25 January 2015}}</ref>

2009: Mercedes introduced the first Pre-Safe Brake with full (100%) autonomous braking with maximum braking force approximately 0.6 seconds before impact, on the [[Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W212)]].<ref>{{cite press release|url= http://www.emercedesbenz.com/Nov08/12_001507_Mercedes_Benz_TecDay_Special_Feature_PRE_SAFE_And_PRE_SAFE_Brake.html |title=Mercedes-Benz TecDay Special Feature: PRE-SAFE And PRE-SAFE Brake |website=emercedesbenz.com |access-date=25 January 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150112120052/http://www.emercedesbenz.com/Nov08/12_001507_Mercedes_Benz_TecDay_Special_Feature_PRE_SAFE_And_PRE_SAFE_Brake.html |archive-date=12 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Umar Zakir Abdul |first=Hamid |title=Autonomous Emergency Braking System with Potential Field Risk Assessment for Frontal Collision Mitigation |journal=2017 IEEE Conference on Systems, Process and Control  |date=2017 |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323715308 |display-authors=etal|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref>

2013: Mercedes updated Pre-Safe on the [[W222 S-Class]] as plus with cross-traffic assist.<ref name="media.daimler.com">{{cite press release|url= http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0-921-1549267-1-1549456-1-0-0-1549717-0-0-11702-854934-0-1-0-0-0-0-0.html |title=Extended PRE-SAFE protection: Prevention is better than cure|date=May 2013 |website=daimler.com |access-date=25 January 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150103223922/http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0-921-1549267-1-1549456-1-0-0-1549717-0-0-11702-854934-0-1-0-0-0-0-0.html |archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> Pre-Safe with pedestrian detection and City Brake function is a combination of stereo camera and radar sensors to detect pedestrians in front of the vehicle. Visual and acoustic warnings are triggered when a hazard is spotted. If the driver then reacts by braking, the braking power will be boosted as the situation requires, up to a full brake application. Should the driver fail to react, the Pre-Safe Brake triggers autonomous vehicle braking. Pedestrian detection is active up to about {{convert|72|km/h|abbr=on}}, and can reduce collisions with pedestrians autonomously from an initial speed of up to {{convert|50|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="media.daimler.com"/> A radar sensor in the rear bumper monitors the traffic behind the vehicle. If the risk of an impact from the rear is detected, the rear hazard warning lights are activated to alert the driver of the vehicle behind (not on vehicles with USA/Canada coding). Anticipatory occupant protection measures, such as the reversible belt tensioners, are deployed. If the vehicle is stopped and the driver indicates a wish to remain stationary{{snd}}by depressing the brake pedal, activating the hold function, or moving the selector lever to "P"{{snd}}the system increases the brake pressure to keep the vehicle firmly braked during a possible rear-end collision.<ref name="media.daimler.com"/> Pre-Safe Impulse works an early phase of the crash, before the resulting deceleration starts to increase, the front occupants are pulled away from the direction of impact and deeper into their seats by their seat belts. By the time the accident enters the phase when loads peak, the extra distance they are retracted by can be used while dissipating energy in a controlled fashion. Pre-acceleration and force limitation allow the occupants to be temporarily isolated from the effects of the crash, significantly reducing the risk and severity of injuries in a frontal collision.<ref name="media.daimler.com"/>

===Nissan===
Nissan's [[Infiniti]] brand offers both [[lidar|laser-based]] and [[radar|radar-based]] systems. Brake assist with preview function anticipates the need to apply emergency braking and pre-pressurize the brake system to help improve brake response. Intelligent brake assist (IBA) with forwarding emergency braking (FEB) (on QX80) uses radar to monitor the approaching speed of the vehicle ahead, helping detect an imminent collision. It provides a two-stage warning to alert the driver, and if the driver takes no action, the system automatically engages the brakes to mitigate the collision speed and impact. A predictive forward collision warning system warns the driver of risks that may be obscured from the driver's view. It senses the relative velocity and distance of a vehicle directly ahead, as well as a vehicle traveling in front of the preceding one. The forward emergency braking system judges that deceleration is required, it alerts the driver using both a screen display and sound, then generates a force that pushes the accelerator pedal up and applies partial braking to assist the driver in slowing the vehicle down. When the system judges that there is the possibility of a collision, it will automatically apply harder braking to help avoid one.

Nissan has been under investigation for collision avoidance systems on late-model Rogue models that allegedly brake the vehicles for no reason, according to the US [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA).<ref name=Car>{{cite news |url= https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a29023949/nissan-rogue-sport-crossover-braking-nhtsa/ |title=Owners Accuse Nissan Rogue of Braking for No Reason; NHTSA Investigating |first=Clifford |last=Atiyeh |work=Car and Driver |date=12 September 2019 |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> {{As of|2019|September}}, Nissan considered the issue strictly as a "performance update" by issuing technical service bulletins—at least three since January 2019—that pertain to reprogramming the radar control unit, according to the agency.<ref name=Car/> At least 553,860 cars are potentially affected<ref name=Car/> from the 2017 and 2018 model years.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2019/09/12/nissan-rogue-investigation-recall-possible-emergency-brakes/2298316001/ |title=Nissan Rogue under investigation after claims emergency brakes turned on for no reason |work=USA Today |date=15 December 2019 |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref>

===Subaru===
Subaru's system, branded "EyeSight", was announced in May 2008 using stereo camera technology to detect pedestrians and bicyclists. As initially announced, EyeSight enabled pre-collision braking control and adaptive cruise control at all speeds.<ref name=PR-100422>{{cite press release |url= https://www.subaru.co.jp/en/news/archives/contents/pdf_en_59361.pdf |title=FHI to Introduce the "New EyeSight" Subaru's Unique Driving Assist System with Advanced Safety Functions |date=22 April 2010 |work=Subaru |access-date=1 June 2017}}</ref> It was rolled out in Japan to selected models in 2010; in Australia in 2011; and in North America in 2012 for the 2013 model year Legacy and Outback models.<ref name="PR-120316">{{cite press release |title=FHI to Introduce the "EyeSight" to North America – The Second Overseas Launch of Subarufs ''[sic]'' Unique Driving Assist System |date=16 March 2012 |url=https://www.media.subaru-global.com/en/news/1472 |access-date=1 June 2017 |work=Subaru}}</ref> An alarm is used to warn the driver of a potential collision hazard in the pre-collision system.

The pre-collision braking control was upgraded in 2010 to allow the vehicle to stop automatically if the speed difference between the EyeSight-equipped vehicle and the object in front is less than {{convert|30|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and the driver takes no action to slow down or stop. Above {{convert|30|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, the vehicle will reduce its speed automatically.<ref name=PR-100422 /> It also allows the vehicle to engage braking assist, if there is a risk of a frontal collision and the driver suddenly applies the brakes.<ref name=PR-100422 /> The speed difference to allow an automatic stop was raised to {{convert|50|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} in 2013 with improved cameras.<ref name=PR-131002 /> The adaptive cruise control was also upgraded in 2010 to allow automatic emergency braking in traffic, fully stopping the EyeSight vehicle when the car in front has come to a complete stop.<ref name=PR-100422 />

In 2013, color was added to the cameras, allowing the system to recognize brake lights and red stoplights ahead.<ref name=PR-131002>{{cite press release |url= https://www.media.subaru-global.com/en/news/1755 |title=FHI Reveals the Next Generation "EyeSight" |date=22 April 2010 |work=Subaru |access-date=1 June 2017}}</ref> Subaru also added active lane-keeping (keeping the vehicle in the middle of the lane, and applying steering force to keep the vehicle in the lane when unintentionally crossing lane markers) and throttle management (to prevent sudden unintended acceleration in forward and reverse) systems in 2013 with the improved cameras.<ref name=PR-131002 /> EyeSight has been very popular, equipped on approximately 90% of all Legacy and Outbacks sold in Japan at the beginning of 2012,<ref name=PR-120316 /> and the engineers responsible for its development won a prize from the Japanese government that year.<ref>{{cite press release |url= https://www.media.subaru-global.com/en/news/1483 |title=Subaru's Unique Driving Assist System "EyeSight" Received the Commendation for Science and Technology 2012 from the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology |date=17 April 2012 |work=Subaru |access-date=1 June 2017}}</ref>

{{As of|2021}}, EyeSight is standard on the Ascent, Forester, Legacy, and Outback. It is also standard on all CVT-equipped Crosstrek, Impreza, and WRX. It became standard on the automatic-equipped BRZ as of 2022.

===Toyota===
[[File:Lexus Pre-Collision System frontal.jpg|thumb|2008 LS 600h forward PCS diagram, with radar (<span style="background:SkyBlue">blue</span>) and [[stereo camera]] (<span style="background:pink">red</span>) coverage]]

Toyota's system, branded "Toyota Safety Sense" or "Lexus Safety System", is a [[radar|radar-based]] system that uses a forward-facing millimeter-wave radar. When the system determines that a frontal collision is unavoidable, it preemptively tightens the [[seat belt]]s, removing any slack, and pre-charges the brakes using [[brake assist]] to give the driver maximum stopping power when the driver depresses the brake pedal.

2003 February: Toyota launched PCS in the redesigned [[Japanese domestic market]] [[Toyota Harrier|Harrier]].<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/data/automotive_business/products_technology/technology_development/electronics_parts/index.html |title=75 Years of Toyota &#124; Technical Development &#124; Electronics Parts |website=toyota-global.com}}</ref>

2003 August: added an automatic partial pre-crash braking system to the [[Lexus LS (XF30)|Celsior]].<ref>{{cite news| url= http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3012/is_/ai_n6173980 |work=Automotive Industries |title=Safety matters: advanced crash avoidance technology finds its way into production vehicles in Japan |year=2004}}</ref>

2003 September: PCS made available in North America on the [[Lexus LS (XF30)|Lexus LS 430]], becoming the first radar-guided forward-collision warning system offered in the US.

2004: In July 2004, the [[Toyota Crown Majesta (S180)|Crown Majesta]] radar PCS added a single digital camera to improve the accuracy of collision forecast and warning and control levels.<ref name="toyota-global.com">{{cite press release |title=Toyota – Technical Development – Electronics Parts |url=http://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/data/automotive_business/products_technology/technology_development/electronics_parts/index.html |access-date=4 April 2015 |website=toyota-global.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2004/07/07/202727.html|title=Toyota Crown Majesta undergoes complete redesign |work=theautochannel.com |access-date=4 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.designnews.com/article/27-Safety_Rules_the_Road.php |title=(Really Playing it Safe) |website=Designnews.com |access-date=10 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081027102411/http://www.designnews.com/article/27-Safety_Rules_the_Road.php |archive-date=27 October 2008 }}</ref>

2006: Pre-collision system with [[Driver Monitoring System]] introduced in March 2006 on the [[Lexus GS (S190)|Lexus GS 450h]]<ref name="toyota-global.com"/> using a [[CCD camera]] on the steering column. This system monitors the driver's face to determine where the driver is looking. If the driver's head turns away from the road and a frontal obstacle is detected, the system will alert the driver using a buzzer, and if necessary, pre-charge the brakes and tighten the safety belts.

2006: the [[Lexus LS (XF40)|Lexus LS]] introduced an advanced pre-collision system (APCS), added a twin-lens stereo camera located on the windshield, and a more sensitive radar to detect smaller "soft" objects such as animals and pedestrians. A near-infrared projector located in the headlights allows the system to work at night. With adaptive variable suspension (AVS) and electric power steering, the system can change the [[shock absorber]] firmness, steering gear ratios, and torque to aid the driver's evasive steering measures. The lane departure warning system will make automatic steering adjustments to help ensure that the vehicle maintains its lane in case the driver fails to react. Driver Monitoring System was introduced on the Lexus LS. The rear-end pre-collision system includes a rearward-facing millimeter-wave radar mounted in the rear bumper.<ref>{{cite press release|url= http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/news/06/0825.html|title=Toyota: News Releases |website=toyota.co.jp |access-date=25 January 2015}}</ref> The system adjusts the active head restraints by moving them upward and forward to reduce the risk of [[Whiplash (medicine)|whiplash]] injuries if an imminent rear collision is detected.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-01/esv/esv20/07-0146-O.pdf |first1=Kiyoka |last1=Matsubayashi |first2=Yukinori |last2=Yamada |first3=Motomi |last3=Iyoda |first4=Shin |last4=Koike |first5=Tomoya |last5=Kawasaki |first6=Masanori |last6=Tokuda |title=Development of Rear Pre-Crash Safety System For Rear-End Collisions |work=Toyota |access-date=10 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105536/http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-01/esv/esv20/07-0146-O.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

2008: Improved driver monitoring system added on the [[Toyota Crown Hybrid|Crown]] for detecting whether the driver's eyes are properly open.<ref>{{cite press release |url= http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/news/08/0122.html |title=Toyota Enhances Pre-crash Safety System with Eye Monitor |website=Toyota.co.jp |date=22 January 2008 |access-date=10 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132654/http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/news/08/0122.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> It monitors the driver's eyes to detect the driver's level of wakefulness. This system is designed to work even if the driver is wearing sunglasses at night.

2008: PCS with [[GPS]]-[[automotive navigation system|navigation]] linked brake assist function on the [[Toyota Crown Hybrid|Crown]]. The system is designed to determine if the driver is late in decelerating at an approaching stop sign, will then sound an alert, and can also pre-charge the brakes to provide braking force if deemed necessary. This system works in certain Japanese cities and requires Japan-specific road markings that are detected by a camera.

2009: [[Toyota Crown Hybrid|Crown]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.worldcarfans.com/9090326.019/toyota-launches-redesigned-crown-majesta-in-japan |title=Toyota Launches Redesigned Crown Majesta in Japan |website=worldcarfans.com |access-date=25 January 2015}}</ref> added a front-side millimeter-wave radar to detect potential side collisions primarily at intersections or when another vehicle crosses the center line. The latest version tilts the rear seat upward, placing the passenger in a more ideal crash position if it detects a front or rear impact.<ref>{{cite press release |url= http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/news/09/0226.html |title=Toyota Adds to Pre-crash Safety Technologies |website=Toyota.co.jp |date=26 February 2009 |access-date=10 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161027062425/http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/news/09/0226.html |archive-date=27 October 2016 }}</ref>

2012: Higher speed APCS on the Lexus LS enables deceleration from up to {{convert|37|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, compared to the previous of {{convert|25|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}}. The higher-speed APCS uses the same technologies as the current APCs. This system increases the braking force up to twice that applied by average drivers. It was not then available in U.S. markets.

2013: Pre-collision system with pedestrian-avoidance steer assist and steering bypass assist<ref>{{cite press release |title=Technology File |url=http://www.toyota-global.com/innovation/safety_technology/safety_technology/technology_file/pre_crash/ |access-date=25 January 2015 |work=toyota-global.com}}</ref> can help prevent collisions in cases where automatic braking alone is not sufficient, such as when the vehicle is traveling too fast or a pedestrian suddenly steps into the vehicle's path. An onboard sensor detects pedestrians and issues a visual alert on the dashboard immediately in front of the driver if the system determines that there is a risk of collision. If the likelihood of a collision increases, the system issues an audio and visual alarm to encourage the driver to take evasive action, and the increased pre-collision braking force and automatic braking functions are activated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Different driveway alert systems |url= https://www.drivewayalertsystems.net/collections/all |website=drivewayalertsystems.net |access-date=2017-02-17|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170218063710/https://www.drivewayalertsystems.net/collections/all|archive-date=2017-02-18}}</ref> If the system determines that a collision cannot be avoided by braking alone and there is sufficient room for avoidance, steer assist is activated to steer the vehicle away from the pedestrian.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Crowe |first1=Phillipe |title=oyota Develops New Pedestrian Safety Technology |url= http://www.hybridcars.com/toyota-develops-new-pedestrian-safety-technology/ |website=hybridcars.com}}</ref>

2016: Toyota announced it would make Toyota Safety Sense (TSS) and Lexus Safety System+ standard on nearly all Japan, Europe, and US models by the end of 2017.<ref>{{cite press release |url= http://pressroom.toyota.com/releases/lexus+toyota+automated+braking+standard+2017.htm |title=Lexus and Toyota Will Make Automated Braking Standard on Nearly Every Model and Trim Level by End of 2017 |date=21 March 2016 |work=Toyota Press Room |access-date=31 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113356/http://pressroom.toyota.com/releases/lexus+toyota+automated+braking+standard+2017.htm |archive-date=4 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.autoguide.com/auto-news/2016/03/nearly-every-toyota-to-have-automatic-emergency-braking-by-2017.html |title=Nearly Every Toyota to Have Automatic Emergency Braking by 2017 |website=autoguide.com |date=21 March 2016}}</ref>

2017: Lexus introduced the updated Lexus Safety System+ 2.0 on the fifth-generation LS. In the US 2017 model year, Toyota sold more vehicles equipped with collision warnings than any other single brand with a total of 1.4 million sold or 56% of their fleet.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.autonews.com/article/20171221/OEM11/171229937/nhtsa-iihs-document-increase-in-emergency-braking-systems-in-2017 |title=NHTSA, IIHS document increase in emergency braking systems in 2017 vehicles |first=Kackie |last=Charniga |work=Automotive news |location=US |date=21 December 2017 |access-date=8 June 2019}}</ref>

2018: Toyota released its updated Toyota Safety Sense 2.0 (TSS 2.0) to include Lane Tracing Assist, Road Sign Assist, and Low Light Pedestrian Detection with Daytime Bicyclist Detection which improves the Pre-Collision System. The first Japanese car model to receive (TSS 2.0) is the executive [[Toyota Crown|Crown]] in its 15th generation.

2021: Lexus introduced the updated Lexus Safety System+ 3.0 in the [[Lexus NX (AZ20)|Lexus NX]]. The suite contains a ''Risk Avoidance Emergency Steer Assist'', a ''Right/Left Turn Oncoming Vehicle Detection/Braking'', an ''Oncoming Vehicle Detection'', a ''Dynamic Radar Cruise Control with Curve Speed Management'', a ''Road Sign Assist'', a ''Pre-Collision System'', a ''Lane Assistance'' and an ''Intelligent High Beam''.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.jdpower.com/cars/shopping-guides/what-is-lexus-safety-system-plus |title=What is Lexus Safety System+ 3.0? |first=Christian |last=Wardlaw |work=J.D. Power |date=2021-06-14 |access-date=2021-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.newsweek.com/what-lexus-safety-system-30-9-new-technologies-help-keep-you-safe-1599986 |title=What is Lexus Safety System+ 3.0? 9 New Technologies to Help Keep You Safe |first=Eileen |last=Falkenberg-Hull |work=News Week |date=2021-06-11 |access-date=2021-07-15}}</ref>

===Volkswagen===
[[File:Notbremsassistent.jpg|thumbnail|Laser sensor of a Volkswagen Up]]

2010: "Front Assist" on 2011 [[Volkswagen Touareg (7P)|Volkswagen Touareg]] can brake the car to a stop in case of an emergency and tension the seat belts as a precautionary measure.<ref>{{cite press release|url= https://www.volkswagen-media-services.com/medias_publish/ms/content/en/pressemitteilungen/2010/03/04/to_the_point__the.standard.gid-oeffentlichkeit.html |title=To the Point: The New Touareg. Volkswagen SUV is one of the safest automobiles of all times |access-date=2 June 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110720152923/https://www.volkswagen-media-services.com/medias_publish/ms/content/en/pressemitteilungen/2010/03/04/to_the_point__the.standard.gid-oeffentlichkeit.html |archive-date=20 July 2011 }}</ref>

2012: [[Volkswagen Golf Mk7]] introduced a "Proactive Occupant Protection" that will close the windows and retract the safety belts to remove excess slack if the potential for a forward crash is detected. [[Multi Collision Brake System|Multi-collision brake system]] (automatic post-collision braking system) to automatically brake the car after an accident to avoid a second collision. City emergency braking automatically activates brakes at low speeds in urban situations.

2014: [[Volkswagen Passat (B8)]] introduced pedestrian recognition as a part of the system. It uses a sensor fusion between a camera and the radar sensor. There is an "emergency assist" in case of a non-reacting driver, the car takes control of the brakes and the steering until a complete stop. This is also found in the [[Volkswagen Golf Mk8]].

===Volvo===
[[File: Volvo s60 2010 camera front 4831424025 5696cdbb0f z.jpg|thumb|Volvo City Safety multiple cameras]]

2006: Volvo's "Collision Warning with Auto Brake" was introduced in 2007 [[Volvo S80|S80]]. This system is powered by a radar/camera sensor fusion and provides a warning through a [[head up display]] that visually resembles brake lamps. If the driver does not react, the system pre-charges the brakes and increases the brake assist sensitivity to maximize driver braking performance. Later versions would automatically apply the brakes to minimize pedestrian impacts. In some models of Volvos, the automatic braking system can be manually turned off. The [[Volvo V40 (2012–2019)|V40]] also included the first pedestrian [[airbag]], when it was introduced in 2012.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

2013: Volvo introduced the first [[cyclist detection]] system. All Volvo automobiles now come standard with a [[lidar]] laser sensor that monitors the front of the roadway, and if a potential collision is detected, the safety belts will retract to reduce excess slack. Volvo now includes this safety device as an option in FH series trucks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Volvo Trucks – Emergency braking at its best! |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ridS396W2BY |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/ridS396W2BY |archive-date=2021-12-21 |access-date=25 January 2015 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=December 2021}}

2015: "IntelliSafe" with [[Turning assistant|auto brake at the intersection]]. The [[Volvo XC90]] features automatic braking if the driver turns in front of an oncoming car. This is a common scenario at busy city crossings as well as on highways, where the speed limits are higher.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

March 2020: Volvo recalled 121,000 cars over auto emergency braking failure.<ref name=CNET>{{cite news |url= https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/volvo-recall-auto-emergency-braking-failure/ |title=Volvo recalls 121,000 cars over auto emergency braking failure |first=Sean |last=Szymkowski |work=CNET |date=18 March 2020 |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> The system may not detect an object and so may not work as intended, increasing the risk of a crash.<ref name=CNET/>

==List of cars with available collision avoidance features==
<!--the list is nowhere near complete -->
{{inc-transport|date=October 2021}}
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Acura]]: [[Acura ILX|ILX]], [[Acura MDX|MDX]], [[Acura RDX|RDX]], [[Acura RL|RL]] [[Acura RLX|RLX]], [[Acura TLX|TLX]], [[Acura Integra|Integra]]
* [[Audi]]: [[Audi A3|A3]] from 2013, [[Audi A6|A6]] from 2011, [[Audi A7|A7]] from 2010, [[Audi A8|A8]], [[Audi Q7|Q7]] from 2015
* [[BMW|BMW Group]]: [[BMW 2 Series|2 Series]], [[3 Series]], [[4 Series]], [[5 Series]], [[BMW 7 Series|7 Series]], [[Mini Hatch|Mini Cooper]]
* [[Buick]]: [[Buick Enclave|Enclave]]
* [[Cadillac]]: 2013 [[Cadillac ATS|ATS]], 2013 [[Cadillac XTS|XTS]]
* [[Chevrolet]]: Tenth generation [[Chevrolet Impala|Impala]], [[Chevrolet Traverse|Traverse]], [[Chevrolet Equinox|Equinox]], [[Chevrolet Silverado|Silverado]], [[Chevrolet Volt|Volt]]
* [[Dodge]]: All models
* [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]: [[Ford Edge|Edge]], [[Ford Escape|Escape]], [[Ford Everest|Everest]], [[Ford F-Series|F-Series]], [[Ford Fiesta|Fiesta]], [[Ford Flex|Flex]], [[Ford Focus|Focus]], [[Ford Fusion (Americas)|Fusion]], [[Ford Kuga|Kuga]], [[Ford Mustang|Mustang]], [[Ford Ranger|Ranger]], [[Ford Taurus|Taurus]], [[Ford Transit Connect|Transit Connect]]
* [[GMC (automobile)|GMC]]: [[GMC Acadia|Acadia]], [[GMC Terrain|Terrain]]
* [[Honda]]: [[Honda Accord|Accord]], [[Honda Civic|Civic]], [[Honda Clarity|Clarity]], [[Honda CR-V|CR-V]], [[Honda Fit|Fit]], [[Honda HR-V|HR-V]], [[Honda Insight|Insight]], [[Honda Odyssey|Odyssey]], [[Honda Passport|Passport]], [[Honda Pilot|Pilot]], [[Honda Ridgeline|Ridgeline]], all models (since 2019)
* [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]]: [[Hyundai Elantra|Elantra]] from 2016
* [[Infiniti]]: [[Infiniti FX|FX]], [[Infiniti EX|EX]], [[Infiniti Q50|Q50]], [[QX56]], [[QX60]]
* [[Jeep]]: All Models{{when|date=May 2022|reason=Surely not all models since WWII ?}}
* [[Lexus]]: [[Lexus LS|LS]] from 2003, [[Lexus GS|GS]] (2005), [[Lexus IS|IS]] (2005), [[Lexus RX|RX]] (2008), [[Lexus NX|NX]] (2014)
* [[Lincoln Motor Company|Lincoln]]: [[Lincoln Aviator|Aviator]], [[Lincoln Continental|Continental]], [[Lincoln Corsair|Corsair]], [[Lincoln MKS|MKS]], [[Lincoln MKZ|MKZ]], [[Lincoln Nautilus|Nautilus]], [[Lincoln Navigator|Navigator]]
* [[Mazda]]: [[Mazda2]], [[Mazda3]], [[Mazda6]], [[Mazda CX-3|CX-3]], [[Mazda CX-5|CX-5]], [[Mazda CX-9|CX-9]]
* [[Mercedes-Benz]]: [[Mercedes-Benz B-Class|Mercedes-Benz B Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class|CLA Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz E Class|E-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz S Class|S-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz M-Class|M Class]]
* [[Mitsubishi]]: [[Mitsubishi Outlander|Outlander]], [[Mitsubishi Challenger#Third generation (2015–present)|Pajero Sport]]
* [[Nissan]]: [[Nissan X-Trail]] Tekna, 2015<ref>{{cite press release|url= http://de.nissan.ch/CH/de/vehicle/crossovers/new-x-trail.html|title=Der neue Nissan X-Ttrail Fahrzeuge |website=nissan.ch |access-date=25 January 2015}}</ref> [[Nissan Rogue]] (2019) [[Nissan LEAF]] (2019), [[Nissan Altima]] (2019), [[Nissan Pathfinder]] (2020)
* [[Perodua Myvi]] (1.5 Advance), 2017
* [[Peugeot]]: [[Peugeot 308|308]], 2014
* [[KG Mobility|SsangYong]]: [[SsangYong Rexton|Rexton]], [[SsangYong Tivoli|Tivoli]]
* [[Subaru]]: [[Subaru Ascent|Ascent]], [[Subaru BRZ (ZN8)|BRZ]] (2022+), [[Subaru Crosstrek|Crosstrek]], [[Subaru Forester|Forester]], [[Subaru Impreza|Impreza]], [[Subaru Legacy|Legacy]], [[Subaru Outback|Outback]], [[Subaru WRX|WRX]]
* [[Suzuki]]: [[Suzuki Kizashi|Kizashi]], PRECRS, JDM only
* [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]]: [[Tesla Model S|Model S]] (starting with 2015 model year), [[Tesla Model X|Model X]], [[Tesla Model 3|Model 3]], [[Tesla Model Y|Model Y]]
* [[Toyota]]: All Models except Toyota 4Runner 2020 and up to get it and Yaris 2019 and up to get it
* [[Volkswagen Group]]: [[Audi A4]], [[Audi A5]], [[Audi A6]], [[Audi A7]], [[Audi A8]], [[Porsche Cayenne|Porsche Cayenne (3rd Generation)]], [[Porsche Macan]], [[VW Up!]], [[SEAT Mii]], [[Skoda Citigo]], [[Volkswagen Golf R]]
* [[Volvo Cars|Volvo]]: all models
{{div col end|2019 Altima, 2018 LEAF, 2018.5 Rogue Sport, 2018 Rogue, 2018 Murano and 2018 Pathfinder=}}

==New car assessment program==
[[Euro NCAP]] and [[C-NCAP]] and ANCAP are involved in taking into account the Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) in their respective [[New Car Assessment Program]].<ref name="globalncap.org">{{cite web |url= http://www.globalncap.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Market-for-Vehicle-Safety.pdf |title=Creating a Global Market for Vehicle Safety |work=Global New Car Assessment Programme |access-date=8 June 2019 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201111191848/http://www.globalncap.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Market-for-Vehicle-Safety.pdf }}</ref>

Since 2016, Euro NCAP has taken into account pedestrians in the AEB rating.<ref name="globalncap.org"/>

In 2018, Euro NCAP provided assessments for AEB city (since 2014), AEB interurban (since 2014), AEB pedestrian (since 2018), and AEB cyclist (since 2018). Since 2018, ANCAP has also provided assessments for AEB city, AEB interurban, AEB pedestrian, and cyclist.

==Cost==
Many vehicles have AEB fitted as standard. The AEB is not available for every car. When AEB is available as an option, its cost can be in the £180 (AEB city only){{snd}}£1300 (regular AEB) range.<ref name="thatcham.org"/>

The cost of optional AEB will depend, in part, on whether certain other safety systems are installed. The electronic and sensor systems that underpin adaptive cruise control and forward-collision warning systems, for example, are well-suited, if not prerequisites, to an AEB system.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/3ab87fdc-5715-4733-af50-c3608034ca56/report_aebs_en.pdf |title=Automated Emergency Brake Systems: Technical requirements, costs, and benefits |first1=C. |last1=Grover |first2=I. |last2=Knight |first3=F. |last3=Okoro |first4=I. |last4=Simmons |first5=G. |last5=Couper |first6=P. |last6=Massie |first7=B. |last7=Smith |work=European Commission |date=April 2008 |access-date=8 June 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Adaptive cruise control]]
* [[Advanced Automatic Collision Notification]]
* [[Autonomous car]]
* [[Automotive night vision]]
* [[Brake Assist]]
* [[Electronic stability control]]
* [[Lane departure warning system]]
* [[LIDAR#Object detection for transportation systems]]
* [[Blind spot monitor]]
* [[Autonomous car|Intelligent Car]]
* [[GPS tracking]]
* [[Moral Machine]] and [[trolley problem]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite web|url= http://autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060317/FREE/60313015/1024/LATESTNEWS |title=Breaking the Bank: Precrash systems are available now for a hefty price |work=AutoWeek |access-date=17 March 2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110804212811/http://www.autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20060317%2FFREE%2F60313015%2F1024%2FLATESTNEWS |archive-date=4 August 2011}}
* [http://www.iihs.org/iihs/ratings/ratings-info/front-crash-prevention-tests Ratings of existing crash avoidance systems] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190514035412/https://www.iihs.org/iihs/ratings/ratings-info/front-crash-prevention-tests |date=14 May 2019 }}, [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]], January 2017.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080331032149/http://www.calccit.org/itsdecision/serv_and_tech/Collision_avoidance/lateral.html Intelligent Transportation Systems: Collision Avoidance], 2004.
* [http://www.ersecproject.eu/ ERSEC Project (FP7 247955): Enhanced Road Safety by integrating Egnos-Galileo data with on-board Control system for car collision avoidance applications], 2011.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811033058/http://acumine.com/_Products/Proximity.php Acumine Collision Avoidance Safety System (ACASS)], 2007.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190910234424/http://etexas.harmonia.com/blog/ DSRC/Wave Vehicle Communication and Traffic Simulator eTEXAS]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130117062001/http://euroncap.com/results/aeb/survey.aspx Euro NCAP's fitment survey]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080602081830/http://www.ford.com/innovation/automotive-technology/developing-better-ideas/wireless-vehicle-technologies/wireless-vehicle-communication-320p Ford: Safer Driving Through Vehicle collision avoidance systems]
* {{cite web |url= https://www.nissanusa.com/experience-nissan/news-and-events/car-safety-features-technology.html |title=Nissan Safety Features & Technologies |work=Nissan |location=US |date=2019-12-16 |access-date=2020-04-10}}
* [https://torsaglobal.com/en/solution/collision-avoidance-trucks-vehicles/ Collision Avoidance System of TORSA]

{{Autonomous cars and enabling technologies}}

[[Category:Vehicle safety technologies]]