View source for Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus

{{Short description|5th-century handwritten Bible copy in Greek}}
{{good article}}
{{New Testament manuscript infobox
| form   = Uncial
| number = '''04'''
| image  = Codex ephremi (The S.S. Teacher's Edition-The Holy Bible - Plate XXIV).jpg
| isize  = 250 px
| caption= ''Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus'', at the [[Bibliothèque Nationale]], Paris, Département des manuscrits, Grec 9, fol. 60r (rotated)
| name   = Ephraemi rescriptus
| sign   = C
| text   = [[Old Testament|Old]] and [[New Testament]]
| script = [[Greek language|Greek]]
| date   = c. 425-450
| found  = 
| now at = [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]
| cite   = 
| size   = {{convert|33|xx|27|cm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| type   = mixture types of text
| cat    = II
| hand   = 
| note   = 
|
}}

The '''Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus''' (Paris, National Library of France, Greek 9) is a manuscript of the Greek [[Bible]],<ref name="Aland">{{Cite book | first1=Kurt | last1=Aland | author-link=Kurt Aland | first2=Barbara | last2=Aland | author-link2=Barbara Aland | others=Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.) | title=The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism | page=109 | year=1995 | publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]] | location=Grand Rapids | isbn=978-0-8028-4098-1 | url=https://archive.org/details/textnewtestament00kurt | url-access=limited }}</ref> written on [[parchment]]. It is designated by the [[siglum]] '''C''' or '''04''' in the [[Biblical manuscript#Gregory-Aland|Gregory-Aland]] numbering of [[New Testament]] [[List of New Testament uncials|manuscripts]], and '''δ 3''' (in the [[Biblical manuscript#Von Soden|von Soden]] numbering of New Testament manuscripts. It contains most of the [[New Testament]] and some [[Old Testament]] books, with sizeable portions missing. It is one of the [[four great uncials]] (these being manuscripts which originally contained the whole of both the Old and New Testaments). The manuscript is not intact: its current condition contains material from every New Testament book except [[Second Epistle to the Thessalonians|2 Thessalonians]] and [[Second Epistle of John|2 John]]; however, only six books of the Greek Old Testament are represented. It is not known whether 2 Thessalonians and 2 John were [[Development of the New Testament canon|excluded on purpose]], or whether no fragment of either epistle happened to survive.<ref name="McDonald">{{Cite book | last=McDonald  |first=Lee Martin | date=2017 | title=The Formation of the Biblical Canon: Volume 2: The New Testament: Its Authority and Canonicity | page=244 | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | location=London | isbn=9780567668851 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfvUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA244 | access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref>

The manuscript is a [[palimpsest]], with the pages being washed of their original text, and reused in the 12th century for the Greek translations of 38 treatises composed by [[Ephrem the Syrian]], from whence it gets its name ''Ephraemi Rescriptus.''{{r|Aland}} 

The lower text of the palimpsest was deciphered by biblical scholar and palaeographer [[Constantin von Tischendorf]] in 1840–1843, and was edited by him in 1843–1845.

== Description ==
The manuscript is a codex (the forerunner to the modern book), written on parchment, measuring 12¼ x 9 in (31.4-32.5 x 25.6-26.4&nbsp;cm).{{r|Aland}} It has 209 leaves extant, of which 145 belong to the New Testament and 64 to the Old Testament. The letters are medium-sized [[Uncial script|uncials]], in a single column per page, 40–46 lines per page.{{r|Kenyon138}} The text is written continuously, with no division of words (known as ''[[Scriptio continua]]''), with the punctuation consisting of only a single point, as in codices [[Codex Alexandrinus|Alexandrinus]] and [[Codex Vaticanus|Vaticanus]]. The beginning sections have larger letters which stand out in the margin (similar to those in codices [[Codex Alexandrinus]] and [[Codex Basilensis A. N. III. 12|Codex Basilensis]]). [[Iota]] ({{lang|grc|ι}}) and [[upsilon]] ({{lang|grc|υ}})  have a small straight line over them, which serves as a form of [[Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]].<ref name="Scrivener">{{Cite book | last=Scrivener | first=Frederick Henry Ambrose | author-link=Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener | author2=Edward Miller | title=[[A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament]] | volume=1 | edition=4 | year=1894 | publisher=[[George Bell & Sons]] | location=London }}</ref>{{rp|123}} 
The [[Greek diacritics|breathings]] (utilised to designate vowel emphasis) and [[Stress (linguistics)|accents]] (used to indicate voiced pitch changes) were added by a later hand.<ref name="textkritik">{{Cite book | last=Gregory | first=Caspar René | author-link=Caspar René Gregory | title=Textkritik des Neuen Testaments | volume=1 | year=1900 | publisher=J.C. Hinrichs | location=Leipzig | url=https://archive.org/stream/textkritikdesne00greggoog#page/n53/mode/2up }}</ref>{{rp|41}} The [[nomina sacra]] (special names/words considered sacred in [[Christianity]] - usually the first and last letters of the name/word in question are written, followed by an overline; sometimes other letters from within the word are used as well) tend to be contracted into three-letter forms rather than the more common two-letter forms.{{r|textkritik}}{{rp|43}}

A list of chapters (known as {{lang|grc|κεφαλαια}} / ''kephalaia'') is preserved before the [[Gospel of Luke]] and the [[Gospel of John]]. One may deduce from this that the manuscript originally contained chapter lists for the [[Gospel of Matthew]] and [[Gospel of Mark]] too. The chapter titles (known as {{lang|grc|τιτλοι}} / ''titloi'') were apparently not placed in the upper margin of the page;{{r|Scrivener}}{{rp|123}} however it is possible the upper margins once contained the titles in red ink, which has since completely faded away; another possibility is the upper portions of the pages have been over-trimmed. The text of the Gospels is accompanied by marginal notations indicating the [[Eusebian canons]] (an early system of dividing the four Gospels into different sections, developed by early [[Christian]] writer [[Eusebius of Caesarea]]), albeit the numerals for the [[Eusebian Canons]] were likely written in red ink, which unfortunately have completely vanished. There are no systematic divisions in the other books.{{r|Kenyon138}}

The [[Jesus and the woman taken in adultery|Pericope Adulterae]] (John 7:53–8:11) was likely missing from the original codex. The two leaves which contain John 7:3–8:34 are not extant, however by counting the lines and calculating how much space would be required to include John 7:53-8:11 (presuming there’s no other large omission), it can be demonstrated they did not contain sufficient space to include the passage.<ref name="text-com">{{Cite book | first=Bruce Manning | last=Metzger | author-link=Bruce Metzger | title=A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament | edition=2 | year=1996 | publisher=Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft | isbn=978-3438060105 }}</ref>{{rp|187}} The text of [[Mark 16|Mark 16:9–20]] is included on folio 148r.

It is difficult to determine whether [[Luke 22:43–44]] ([[Christ's agony at Gethsemane]]) was in the original codex; unfortunately the leaves containing the surrounding verses are not extant.{{r|ubs3}}{{rp|305}} {{bibleref|Mark|15:28}} is not included.{{r|ubs3}}{{rp|193}}

; [[Lacuna (manuscripts)|Missing Chapters/Verses]]
* [[Gospel of Matthew]]: [[Matthew 1:1|1:1]]–2; 5:15–7:5; 17:26–18:28; 22:21–23:17; 24:10–45; 25:30–26:22; 27:11–46; 28:15-fin.;
* [[Gospel of Mark]]: 1:1–17; 6:32–8:5; 12:30–13:19;
* [[Gospel of Luke]]: 1:1–2; 2:5–42; 3:21–4:25; 6:4–36; 7:17–8:28; 12:4–19:42; 20:28–21:20; 22:19–23:25; 24:7–45
* [[Gospel of John]]: 1:1–3; 1:41–3:33; 5:17–6:38; 7:3–8:34; 9:11–11:7; 11:47–13:7; 14:8–16:21; 18:36–20:25;
* [[Acts of the Apostles]]: 1:1–2; 4:3–5:34; 6:8; 10:43–13:1; 16:37–20:10; 21:31–22:20; 23:18–24:15; 26:19–27:16; 28:5-fin.;
* [[Epistle to the Romans]]: 1:1–3; 2:5–3:21; 9:6–10:15; 11:31–13:10;
* [[First Epistle to the Corinthians]]: 1:1–2; 7:18–9:6; 13:8–15:40;
* [[Second Epistle to the Corinthians]]: 1:1–2; 10:8-fin.
* [[Epistle to the Galatians]]: 1:1–20
* [[Epistle to the Ephesians]]: 1:1–2:18; 4:17-fin.
* [[Epistle to the Philippians]]: 1:1–22; 3:5-fin.
* [[Epistle to the Colossians]]: 1:1–2;
* [[First Epistle to the Thessalonians]]: 1:1; 2:9-fin.;
* [[Second Epistle to the Thessalonians]] entirely{{r|McDonald}}
* [[First Epistle to Timothy]]: 1:1–3:9; 5:20-fin.;
* [[Second Epistle to Timothy]]: 1:1–2;
* [[Epistle to Titus]]: 1:1–2
* [[Epistle to Philemon]]: 1–2
* [[Epistle to the Hebrews]]: 1:1–2:4; 7:26–9:15; 10:24–12:15;
* [[Epistle of James]]: 1:1–2; 4:2-fin.
* [[First Epistle of Peter]]: 1:1–2; 4:5-fin.;
* [[Second Epistle of Peter]]: 1:1;
* [[First Epistle of John]]: 1:1–2; 4:3-fin.
* [[Second Epistle of John]] entirely;{{r|McDonald}}
* [[Third Epistle of John]]: 1–2;
* [[Epistle of Jude]]: 1–2;
* [[Book of Revelation]]: 1:1–2; 3:20–5:14; 7:14–17; 8:5–9:16; 10:10–11:3; 16:13–18:2; 19:5-fin.<ref name="na26">{{Cite book | title=Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece | editor-first1=Kurt | editor-last1=Aland | editor1-link=Kurt Aland | editor-first2=Matthew | editor-last2=Black | editor2-link=Matthew Black | editor-first3=Carlo Maria | editor-last3=Martini | editor3-link=Carlo Maria Martini | editor-first4=Bruce M. | editor-last4=Metzger | editor4-link=Bruce Metzger | editor-first5=Allen | editor-last5=Wikgren | editor5-link=Allen Wikgren | edition=26 | year=1981 | publisher=Deutsche Bibelstiftung | location=Stuttgart | isbn=3-438-051001 }} (NA26)</ref>{{rp|689}}

In the Old Testament, parts of the [[Book of Job]], the [[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]], [[Ecclesiastes]], [[Song of Songs]], [[Book of Wisdom|Wisdom]], and [[Wisdom of Sirach|Sirach]] survive.<ref>Würthwein Ernst (1988). ''Der Text des Alten Testaments'', Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, p. 85.</ref>

== Text ==
[[File:Codex Ephraemi Mt 1,1-18.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Matthew 1:2–18 in Tischendorf's facsimile edition]]

The New Testament text of the codex has been considered primarily as a representative of the [[Alexandrian text-type]], although this affiliation varies from book to book. The text-types are groups of different New Testament manuscripts which share specific or generally related readings, which then differ from each other group, and thus the conflicting readings can separate out the groups. These are then used to determine the original text as published; there are three main groups with names: [[Alexandrian text-type|Alexandrian]], [[Western text-type|Western]], and [[Byzantine text-type|Byzantine]].{{r|metz-ehrman}}{{rp|205–230}} It has a Byzantine affiliation in Matthew, a weak Alexandrian connection in Mark, and is considered an [[Alexandrian text-type|Alexandrian]] witness in John. In Luke its textual character is unclear.<ref name="Waltz">{{cite encyclopedia | url=http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/ManuscriptsUncials.html#uC | title=New Testament Manuscripts Uncials | series=An Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism | access-date=2010-11-12 | author=Waltz, Robert | encyclopedia=A Site Inspired By: The Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism }}</ref> Textual critics [[Brooke Foss Westcott]] and [[Fenton John Anthony Hort|Fenton J.A. Hort]] classified it as a mixed text;<ref>{{Cite book | first1=Brooke Foss | last1=Westcott | author-link1=Brooke Foss Westcott | first2=Fenton John Anthony | last2=Hort | author-link2=Fenton John Anthony Hort | title=The New Testament in the Original Greek: Introduction and Appendix | page=152 | year=1881 | publisher=Haprer & Brothers | location=New York }}</ref> [[Hermann von Soden]] classified it as an [[Alexandrian text-type|Alexandrian]] witness.{{r|Wisse}}

According to textual critic [[Kurt Aland]], it agrees with the Byzantine text-type 87 times in the Gospels, 13 times in Acts, 29 times in Paul, and 16 times in the Catholic epistles. It agrees with the Nestle-Aland text 66 times (Gospels), 38 (Acts), 104 (Paul), and 41 (Cath.). It has 50 independent or distinctive readings in the Gospels, 11 in Acts, 17 in Paul, and 14 in the Catholic epistles. [[Kurt Aland|Aland]] placed the text of the codex in [[Categories of New Testament manuscripts#Category II|Category II]] of his New Testament manuscript text classification system.{{r|Aland}} Category II manuscripts are described as being manuscripts "of a special quality, i.e., manuscripts with a considerable proportion of the early text, but which are marked by alien influences. These influences are usually of smoother, improved readings, and in later periods by infiltration by the [[Byzantine text-type|Byzantine]] text."{{r|Aland}}{{rp|335}} According to the [[Claremont Profile Method]] (a specific analysis method of textual data), its text is mixed in [[Luke 1]], [[Luke 10]], and [[Luke 20]].<ref name="Wisse">{{Cite book | last=Wisse | first=Frederik | title=The profile method for the classification and evaluation of manuscript evidence, as Applied to the Continuous Greek Text of the Gospel of Luke | page=52 | year=1982 | publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]] | location=Grand Rapids | isbn=0-8028-1918-4 | url=https://archive.org/details/profilemethodfor00wiss/page/52 | url-access=registration }}</ref>

In the [[Book of Revelation]], the codex is a witness to the same form of text as seen in [[Codex Alexandrinus|02]] and {{papyrus link|115}}.<ref>{{Cite book | first=David C. | last=Parker | title=An Introduction to the New Testament Manuscripts and their Texts | page=235 | year=2008 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | isbn=978-0521719896 }}</ref>

The manuscript is cited in all critical editions of the Greek New Testament (UBS3,{{r|ubs3}}{{rp|xv}} UBS4,<ref>{{Cite book | title=The Greek New Testament | editor-first1=Kurt| editor-last1=Aland | editor1-link=Kurt Aland | editor-first2=Barbara | editor-last2=Aland | editor2-link=Barbara Aland | editor-first3=Johannes | editor-last3=Karavidopoulos | editor3-link=Johannes Karavidopoulos | editor-first4=Carlo Maria | editor-last4=Martini | editor4-link=Carlo Maria Martini | editor-first5=Bruce Manning | editor-last5=Metzger | editor5-link=Bruce Metzger | edition=4 | page=10 | year=2001 | publisher=United Bible Societies | isbn=978-3-438-05110-3 }} (UBS4).</ref> NA26,{{r|na26}}{{rp|12*–17*}} NA27{{r|na27}}). In NA27 it belongs to the witnesses consistently cited of the first order.<ref name="na27">{{Cite book | title=Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece | editor-last1=Aland | editor-first1=Kurt | editor1-link=Kurt Aland | editor-last2=Aland | editor-first2=Barbara | editor2-link=Barbara Aland | editor-first3=Johannes | editor-last3=Karavidopoulos | editor3-link=Johannes Karavidopoulos | editor-first4=Carlo Maria | editor-last4=Martini | editor4-link=Carlo Maria Martini | editor-first5=Bruce Manning | editor-last5=Metzger | editor5-link=Bruce Metzger | edition=27 | pages=52*–63*| year=2001 | publisher=Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft | location=Stuttgart }} (NA27)</ref> The readings of the codex correctors (C<sup>1</sup>, C<sup>2</sup>, and C<sup>3</sup>) are regularly cited in critical editions.{{r|na27}}{{rp|48*}}

=== Notable readings===
Below are some readings of the manuscript which agree or disagree with variant readings in other Greek manuscripts, or with varying ancient translations of the New Testament. See the main article [[Textual variants in the New Testament]].
; Interpolations
{{bibleref|Matthew|8:13}}
:{{lang|grc|και υποστρεψας ο εκατονταρχος εις τον οικον αυτου εν αυτη τη ωρα ευρεν τον παιδα υγιαινοντα}} (''and when the centurion returned to the house in that hour, he found the slave well'' - see {{bibleref|Luke|7:10}})
::incl. - '''C''' {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}}*{{sup|, c2b}} [[Codex Petropolitanus Purpureus|N]] [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] [[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|1}}]] [[Minuscule 33|33]] [[Minuscule 545|545]] [[Codex Sangermanensis I|g{{sup|1}}]] [[Syriac versions of the Bible#MLater Syriac versions|sy{{sup|h}}]]
::omit - Majority of manuscripts{{r|na26}}{{rp|18}}

{{bibleref|Matthew|27:49}}
:{{lang|grc|ἄλλος δὲ λαβὼν λόγχην ἒνυξεν αὐτοῦ τὴν πλευράν, καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ὖδορ καὶ αἳμα}} (''the other took a spear and pierced His side, and immediately came out water and blood'' - see {{bibleref|John|19:34}})
::incl. - '''C''' {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|B]] [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]] [[Codex Tischendorfianus IV|Γ]] 1010 1293 ''pc'' vg{{sup|mss}}
::omit - Majority of manuscripts{{r|text-com}}{{rp|59}} {{r|na26}}{{rp|84}} <ref name="ubs3">{{Cite book | title=The Greek New Testament | editor-first1=Kurt | editor-last1=Aland | editor1-link=Kurt Aland | editor-first2=Matthew | editor-last2=Black | editor2-link=Matthew Black | editor-first3=Carlo Maria | editor-last3=Martini | editor3-link=Carlo Maria Martini | editor-first4=Bruce Manning | editor-last4=Metzger | editor4-link=Bruce Metzger | editor-first5=Allen | editor-last5=Wikgren | editor5-link=Allen Wikgren | edition=3rd | year=1983 | publisher=United Bible Societies | location=Stuttgart | isbn=9783438051103 }} (UBS3)</ref>{{rp|113}}

{{bibleref|Acts|14:19}}
:{{lang|grc|και διαλεγομενων αυτων παρρησια επεισαν τους οχλους αποστηναι απ' αυτων λεγοντες, οτι ουδεν αληθες λεγουσιν αλλα παντα ψευδονται}} - '''C''' [[Minuscule 6|6]] [[Minuscule 36|36]] [[Minuscule 81|81]] [[Minuscule 104|104]] [[Minuscule 323|323]] [[Minuscule 326|326]] [[Minuscule 453|453]] 945 1175 1739 2818 [[Syriac versions of the Bible#MLater Syriac versions|sy{{sup|h(mg)}}]]
:{{lang|grc|και πεισαντης τους οχλους}} - Majority of manuscripts{{r|ubs3}}{{rp|472}}{{r|na26}}{{rp|367}}

; Some corrections
[[File:Codex Ephraemi Mt 26,52-69.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Matthew 26:52–69 in Tischendorf's facsimile edition (1843)]]
{{bibleref|Matthew|11:2}}
:{{lang|grc|δια}} (''by'') - '''C'''* {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|B]] [[Codex Bezae|D]] [[Codex Guelferbytanus A|P]] [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]] [[Codex Dublinensis|Z]] [[Codex Sangallensis 48|Δ]] [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] [[Uncial 0233|0233]] [[Family 13|ƒ{{sup|13}}]] [[Minuscule 33|33]]
:{{lang|grc|δυο}} (''two'') - '''C'''{{sup|3}} [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]] [[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|>1}}]] Byz{{r|na26}}{{rp|27}}

{{bibleref|Acts|20:28}}
:{{lang|grc|του κυριου}} (''of the Lord'') - '''C'''* {{Papyrus link|74}} [[Codex Bezae|D]] [[Codex Laudianus|E]] [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] [[Minuscule 33|33]] [[Minuscule 36|36]] [[Minuscule 453|453]] 945 [[Minuscule 1739|1739]] 1891
:{{lang|grc|του κυριου και του Θεου}} (''and God'') - '''C'''{{sup|c}} [[Codex Porphyrianus|P]] [[Uncial 049|049]] [[Minuscule 326|326]] [[Minuscule 1241|1241]] 2492 Byz{{r|na26}}{{rp|384}} <ref group="n">For the textual variants in this verse see: [[Textual variants in the New Testament#Acts of the Apostles|Textual variants in the Acts of the Apostles]].</ref>

{{bibleref|1 Corinthians|12:9}}
:{{lang|grc|εν τω αυτω πνευματι}} (''in His spirit'')
::omit - '''C'''*
::incl. - '''C'''{{sup|3}} Majority of manuscripts{{r|ubs3}}{{rp|605}}

[[File:Codex Ephraemi 1 Tim 3,15-16.JPG|thumb|right|440px|Scrivener's facsimile with text of 1 Tim 3:15–16]]
{{bibleref|1 Timothy|3:16}}
:{{lang|grc|ὅς ἐφανερώθη}} (''He was manifested'') - '''C'''* {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}}* [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]]* [[Codex Augiensis|F]] [[Codex Boernerianus|G]] [[Minuscule 33|33]] 365 1175
:{{lang|grc|θεός ἐφανερώθη}} (''God was manifested'') - '''C'''{{sup|2}} {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}}{{sup|3}} [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]]{{sup|2}} Majority of manuscripts{{r|text-com}}{{rp|575-576}} <ref group="n">For the textual variants in this verse see: [[Textual variants in the New Testament#First Epistle to Timothy|Textual variants in 1 Timothy]].</ref>

{{bibleref|James|1:22}}
:{{lang|grc|λογου}} (''of the word'') - '''C'''* Majority of manuscripts 
:{{lang|grc|νομου}} (''of the law'') - '''C'''{{sup|2}} 88 [[Minuscule 621|621]] 1067 1852{{r|na26}}{{rp|589}}

; Some other textual variants
{{bibleref|Matthew|22:10}}
:{{lang|grc|αγαμος}} - '''C'''
:{{lang|grc|νυμφων}} - {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|B]]* [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]] [[Uncial 0102|0102]] [[Minuscule 892|892]] 1010  [[Syriac versions of the Bible#MLater Syriac versions|sy{{sup|h(mg)}}]]
:{{lang|grc|γαμος}} - Majority of manuscripts{{r|na26}}{{rp|62}}

{{bibleref|Mark|10:35}}
:{{lang|grc|οι δυο υιοι Ζεβεδαιου}} (''the two sons of Zebedee'') - '''C''' [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|B]] [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Sahidic|sa]] [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Bohairic|bo]]
:{{lang|grc|οι υιοι Ζεβεδαιου}} (''the sons of Zebedee'') - Majority of manuscripts{{r|na26}}{{rp|124}}

{{bibleref|Acts|15:23}}
:{{lang|grc|γραψαντης δια χειρος αυτων επιστολην περιεχουσαν ταδε}} (''they wrote by their hands the letter containing this'') - '''C''' [[Codex Gigas|gig]] [[Codex Waldeccensis|w]] geo
:{{lang|grc|γραψαντης δια χειρος αυτων}} (''wrote by their hands'') - {{papyrus link|33}}{{sup|(vid)}} {{papyrus link|45}}{{sup|(vid)}} {{papyrus link|74}} {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}}* [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|B]] [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Bohairic|bo]] eth
:{{lang|grc|γραψαντης δια χειρος αυτων ταδε}} (''they wrote this by their hands'') - Majority of manuscripts {{r|na26}}{{rp|366}}

{{bibleref|Romans|16:15}}
:{{lang|grc|Ιουνιαν, Νηρεα}} - '''C'''* [[Codex Augiensis|F]] [[Codex Boernerianus|G]]
:{{lang|grc|Ιουλιαν, Νηρεα}} - '''C'''{{sup|c}} Majority of manuscripts{{r|ubs3}}{{rp|575}}

{{bibleref|Romans|16:24}}
:omit - '''C''' {{papyrus link|46}} {{papyrus link|61}} {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|B]] [[Minuscule 5|5]] [[Minuscule 8|81]]1 [[Minuscule 263|263]] [[Minuscule 623|623]] 1739 1838 1962 2127 it{{sup|z}} vg{{sup|ww}} [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Sahidic|sa]] [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Bohairic|bo]] eth{{sup|ro}} Origen{{sup|lat}}
:incl. - Majority of manuscripts

{{bibleref|1 Corinthians|2:1}}
:{{lang|grc|μυστηριον}} (''secret'') - '''C''' {{Papyrus link|46}} [[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]* [[Codex Alexandrinus|Α]] [[Minuscule 88|88]] [[Minuscule 436|436]] it{{sup|a,r}} [[Peshitta|syr{{sup|p}}]] [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Bohairic|bo]]
:{{lang|grc|σωτηριον}} (''savior'') - ''ℓ'' 598 ''ℓ'' 593 ''ℓ'' 599
:{{lang|grc|μαρτυριον}} (''testimony'') - Majority of manuscripts{{r|ubs3}}{{rp|581}}

{{bibleref|1 Corinthians|7:5}}
:{{lang|grc|τη προσευχη}} (''prayer'') - '''C''' {{Papyrus link|11}} {{Papyrus link|46}} {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}}* [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|B]] [[Codex Claromontanus|D]] [[Codex Boernerianus|G]] [[Codex Porphyrianus|P]] [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] [[Minuscule 33|33]] [[Minuscule 81|81]] [[Minuscule 104|104]] [[Minuscule 181|181]] [[Minuscule 629|629]] [[Minuscule 630|630]] 1739 1877 1881 1962 it vg co arm eth
:{{lang|grc|τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη}} (''fasting and prayer'') - {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}}{{sup|c2}} Majority of manuscripts{{r|ubs3}}{{rp|591}}

{{bibleref|2 Timothy|4:10}}
:{{lang|grc|Γαλλιαν}} - '''C''' {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Minuscule 81|81]] [[Minuscule 104|104]] [[Minuscule 326|326]] 436 [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Sahidic|sa]] [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Bohairic|bo]]{{sup|pt}}{{r|ubs3}}{{rp|737}}
:{{lang|grc|Γαλατιαν}} - Majority of manuscripts

{{bibleref|James|1:12}}
:{{lang|grc|κυριος}} (''Lord'') - '''C'''
:{{lang|grc|ο κυριος}} (''the Lord'') - Majority of manuscripts
:{{lang|grc|ο θεος}} (''God'') - [[Minuscule 4|4]] [[Minuscule 33|33]]{{sup|(vid)}} [[Minuscule 323|323]] [[Minuscule 2816|2816]]{{sup|(vid)}} 945 1739 vg [[Peshitta|sy{{sup|p}}]]
:omit - {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|B]] [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] [[Minuscule 81|81]] ff [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Sahidic|sa]] [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Bohairic|bo]]{{r|na26}}{{rp|589}}

{{bibleref|Revelation|1:5}}
:{{lang|grc|λυσαντι ημας εκ}} (''freed us from'') - '''C''' {{Papyrus link|18}} {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}}{{sup|c}} [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] 2020 2081 [[Minuscule 2814|2814]]
:{{lang|grc|λουσαντι ημας εκ}} (''washed us from'') - Majority of manuscripts{{r|na26}}{{rp|632}}

{{bibleref|Revelation|13:18}}
:{{lang|grc|εξακοσιαι δεκα εξ}} ([[616 (number)#The Number of the Beast|six hundred sixteen]] / 616) - '''C''' {{papyrus link|115}}; [[Irenaeus|Ir]]{{sup|lat}}
:{{lang|grc|εξακοσιαι εξηκοντα εξ}} (666) - Majority of manuscripts<ref>{{Cite book | first=Herman C. | last=Hoskier | author-link=Herman C. Hoskier | title=Concerning the Text of the Apocalypse: Collations of All Existing Available Greek Documents with the Standard Text of Stephen's Third Edition | volume=2 | page=364 | year=1929 | publisher = Bernard Quaritch | location=London }}</ref><ref name="metz-ehrman">{{Cite book | last1=Metzger | first1=Bruce Manning | last2=Ehrman | first2=Bart D. | author-link1=Bruce M. Metzger | author-link2=Bart D. Ehrman | title=The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration | edition=4th | year=2005 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=Oxford | isbn=0-19-516667-1 }}</ref>{{rp|61}}

== History ==
[[File:Tischendorf um 1841.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Tischendorf in 1841]]

The codex's place of origin is unknown. [[Constantin von Tischendorf|Tischendorf]] tentatively suggested [[Egypt]]. Tischendorf also proposed the manuscript was produced by two scribes: one for the Old Testament, and one for the New Testament. Subsequent research indicates there may have been a third scribe involved. The text has been corrected by three correctors, designated by C<sup>1</sup>, C<sup>2</sup>, and C<sup>3</sup> (Tischendorf designated them by C*, C**, and C***). Sometimes they are designated by C<sup>a</sup>, C<sup>b</sup>, and C<sup>c</sup>.{{r|Aland}} The first corrector (C<sup>1</sup>) worked in a [[scriptorium]], but the exact location where any of the correctors worked is unknown. The first corrector's corrections are not numerous except in the [[Book of Sirach]].<ref name="Swete">{{Cite book | first=H. B. | last=Swete | title=An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek | pages=128–129 | year=1902 | location=Cambridge | url=https://archive.org/stream/anintrotooldtes00swetuoft#page/128/mode/2up }}</ref>

The third and last corrector (C<sup>3</sup>) likely wrote in the 800s, possibly in [[Constantinople]] (modern day [[Istanbul]] in [[Turkey]]). He conformed readings of the codex to ecclesiastical use, inserting many accents, breathings, and vocal notes. He also added liturgical directions in the margin, and worked extensively on the codex.{{r|Scrivener}}{{rp|123}} The codex was subsequently washed of its text, had the pages scrapped (howbeit imperfectly), and reused in the twelfth century.<ref>{{Cite book| last=Gregory | first=Caspar René | author-link=Caspar René Gregory | title=Canon and Text of the New Testament | page=348 | year=1907 | publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons | location=New York | url=https://archive.org/details/canontextofnewte00greg | access-date=2011-08-03 }}</ref>{{r|metz-ehrman}}{{rp|70}}

After the [[fall of Constantinople]] in 1453, the codex was brought to [[Florence]] by an émigré scholar.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04084a.htm ''Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus'' – ''Catholic Encyclopedia'']</ref> It belonged to Niccolo Ridolpho († 1550), Cardinal of Florence. After his death it was probably bought by [[Piero Strozzi]], an Italian military leader, for [[Catherine de' Medici]]. Catherine brought it to [[France]] as part of her dowry, and from the Bourbon royal library it came to rest in the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]], [[Paris]]. The manuscript was rebound in 1602.{{r|textkritik}}{{rp|42}}

The older writing was first noticed by [[Pierre Allix]], a Protestant pastor. [[Jean Boivin the Younger|Jean Boivin]], supervisor of the Royal Library, made the first extracts of various readings of the codex (under the notation of Paris 9) to [[Ludolph Küster]], who published [[John Mill (theologian)|Mill's]] New Testament in 1710. In 1834–1835 [[potassium ferricyanide]] was used to bring out faded or eradicated ink, which had the effect of defacing the vellum from green and blue to black and brown.{{r|Scrivener}}{{rp|121}}

The first collation of the New Testament was made in 1716 by [[Johann Jakob Wettstein]] for [[Richard Bentley]], who intended to prepare a new edition of the ''Novum Testamentum Graece''. According to Bentley's correspondence, it took two hours to read one page, and Bentley paid Wettstein £50. This collation was used by Wettstein in his own Greek New Testament of 1751–1752.{{r|Scrivener}}{{rp|122}}
Wettstein also made the first description of the codex.<ref>{{cite book | last=Wettstein | first=Johann Jakob | author-link=Johann Jakob Wettstein | title=Novum Testamentum Graecum editionis receptae cum lectionibus variantibus codicum manuscripts | pages=27–28 | year=1751 | publisher=Ex Officina Dommeriana | location=Amsterdam | url=https://archive.org/stream/hekainediatheken00clem#page/26/mode/2up }}</ref> Wettstein examined the text of the Old Testament only occasionally, but he did not publish any of it.{{r|Swete}} Various editors made occasional extracts from the manuscript, but Tischendorf was the first who read it completely (Old and New Testament).{{r|Waltz}} Tischendorf gained an international reputation when he published the Greek New Testament text in 1843, and the Old Testament in 1845. Although Tischendorf worked by eye alone, his deciphering of the palimpsest's text was remarkably accurate.  The torn condition of many folios, and the ghostly traces of the text overlaid by the later one, made the decipherment extremely difficult. Even with modern aids like ultraviolet photography, not all the text is securely legible. Robert W. Lyon published a list of corrections to Tischendorf's edition in 1959.<ref>{{Cite book | last=Lyon | first=Robert W. | title=A Re-Examination of Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus | series=New Testament Studies | volume=5 | pages=266–272 | year=1959 | url=http://www.biblical-data.org/ON_Codex%2004.htm }}</ref> This was also an imperfect work.{{r|Waltz}}

According to Edward Miller (1886), the codex was produced "in the light of the most intellectual period of the early Church."<ref>Edward Miller, ''A Guide to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament'', Dean Burgon Society Press, p. 27.</ref>

According to [[Frederic Kenyon]], "the original manuscript contained the whole Greek Bible, but only scattered leaves of it were used by the scribe of St. Ephraem's works, and the rest was probably destroyed".<ref name="Kenyon138">Frederic Kenyon, [https://archive.org/stream/ourbibleancient00keny#page/138/mode/2up ''Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts''] (London 1896), 2nd edition, p. 138.</ref>

[[Henry Barclay Swete|Swete]] only examined the text of the Old Testament. According to him the original order of the Old Testament cannot be reconstructed. The scribe who converted the manuscript into a palimpsest used the leaves for his new text without regard to their original arrangement. The original manuscript was not a single volume.{{r|Swete}}

It is currently housed in the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] (Grec 9) in [[Paris]].{{r|Aland}}<ref name=INTF>{{Cite web | url=http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php?ObjID=20004 | title= Liste Handschriften | publisher=Institute for New Testament Textual Research | access-date=9 November 2011 | location=Münster }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of New Testament uncials]]
* [[Biblical manuscript]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group = "n"}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
; Text of the codex
* {{Cite book | last=Tischendorf | first=Constantin von | title=Codex Ephraemi Syri rescriptus, sive Fragmenta Novi Testamenti | year=1843 | location=Lipsiae | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWFAAAAAcAAJ }}
* {{Cite book | last=Tischendorf | first=Constantin von | title=Codex Ephraemi Syri rescriptus, sive Fragmenta Veteris Testamenti | year=1845 | location=Lipsiae | url=https://archive.org/stream/Tischendorf.V.Various/01.CodexEphraemiSyriRescriptus.FragUtriusqTest.1845.#page/n9/mode/2up }}
* {{Cite book | last=Lyon | first=Robert W. | title=A Re-Examination of Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus | series=New Testament Studies | volume=5 | pages=260–272 | year=1959 | url=http://www.biblical-data.org/ON_Codex%2004.htm }}

; Description of the codex
* {{Cite book | last=Comfort | first=Philip | title=Encountering the Manuscripts: An Introduction to New Testament Paleography and Textual Criticism | year=2005 | publisher=Broadman & Holman Publishers }}
* {{Cite book | last=Fleck | first=Ferdinand Florens | title=Ueber die Handschrift des neuen Testamentes, gewoehnlich Codex Ephraemi Syri rescriptus genannt, in der koeniglichen Bibliothek zu Paris | year=1841 | location=Hamburg | url=http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/diglit/thstkr_1841/0128?sid=ffc7f131e362c1edaee574408f00a53c }} 
* {{Cite book | last=Hatch | first=William Henry | author-link=William Hatch (theologian) | title=The Principal Uncial Manuscripts of the New Testament | year=1939 | publisher=The University of Chicago Press | location=Chicago }} 
* {{Cite book | last=Kenyon | first=Frederic G. | author-link=Frederic G. Kenyon | title=Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts | edition=4th | year=1939| location=London }} 
* {{Cite book | last=Metzger | first=Bruce Manning | author-link=Bruce M. Metzger | title=Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Palaeography | year=1981 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=Oxford }} 
* {{Cite book | last=Swete | first=Henry B. | author-link=Henry Barclay Swete | title=An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek| location=Cambridge| year=1902 | url=https://archive.org/stream/anintrotooldtes00swetuoft#page/128/mode/2up| pages=128–129}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Codex Ephraemi}}
* {{Rahlfs catalogue|author=Felix Albrecht|date=28 June 2023}}
* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8470433r Codex Ephraemi Syri Rescriptus (in Gallica digital library)]
* {{citation |chapter-url=http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/ManuscriptsUncials.html#uC |title=An Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism |chapter= New Testament Manuscripts Uncials |access-date=2010-11-12 |author=Waltz, Robert}}
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04084a.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'':] Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus
* Michael D. Marlowe, [http://www.bible-researcher.com/codex-c.html ''Codex Ephraemi Syri Rescriptus''] Bible Research

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:5th-century biblical manuscripts]]
[[Category:Bibliothèque nationale de France collections]]
[[Category:Great uncial codices|Ephraemi]]
[[Category:Greek New Testament uncials|Ephraemi]]
[[Category:Palimpsests]]
[[Category:Septuagint manuscripts]]