View source for Clear Script

{{Short description|Writing system for the Oirat language}}
{{Infobox Writing system
|name=Clear Script
|altname=Oirat alphabet
|languages=[[Oirat language|Oirat]]<br/>[[Sanskrit]]<br/>[[Tibetic languages|Tibetic]]
|type=[[Alphabet]]
 |fam1=[[Proto-Sinaitic script]]
 |fam2=[[Phoenician alphabet]]
 |fam3=[[Aramaic alphabet]]
 |fam4=[[Syriac alphabet]]
 |fam5=[[Sogdian alphabet]]
 |fam6=[[Old Uyghur alphabet]]
 |fam7=[[Mongolian script]]
|creator=[[Zaya Pandita]]
|sisters=[[Manchu alphabet]]<br/>[[Vagindra script]]
|children=
|time=ca. 1648 &ndash; today
|unicode=[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1800.pdf U+1800 – U+18AF]
|iso15924=Mong
|sample=Smp kalmyk.gif
|imagesize=250px
}}

The '''Clear Script'''{{notetag|{{bulleted list |{{langx|xal|{{MongolUnicode|ᡐᡆᡑᡆ<br />ᡋᡅᡒᡅᡎ|valign=middle}} / Тодо бичиг|translit=todo bičiq / todo bičig}}, {{IPA|xal|todo bit͡ʃ(ə)k|}} |{{langx|mn|Тод бичиг / {{MongolUnicode|ᠲᠣᠳᠣ<br />ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ|valign=middle}}|translit=tod bichig / todo bičig}}, {{IPA|mn|tɔd bit͡ʃək|}} |{{langx|bxr|Тодо бэшэг|translit=Todo besheg}}, {{IPA|bxr|tɔdɔ bɛʃək|}}}}}} is an alphabet created in 1648 by the [[Oirats|Oirat]] [[Lama|Lamaist monk]] [[Zaya Pandita]] for the [[Oirat language]].<ref>{{cite web |first1=N. |last1=Yakhantova |url=http://www.nlc.gov.cn/newhxjy/wjls/wjqcsy/wjd17q/201011/P020101123700814793877.pdf |title=The Mongolian and Oirat Translations of the Sutra of Golden Light |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407212301/http://www.nlc.gov.cn/newhxjy/wjls/wjqcsy/wjd17q/201011/P020101123700814793877.pdf |archive-date=2016-04-07 |date=2006 |url-status=dead |lang=zh,en}}</ref><ref name="Kara2005">{{Cite book |last=Kara |first=György |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSlkAAAAMAAJ |title=Books of the Mongolian Nomads: More Than Eight Centuries of Writing Mongolian |date=2005 |publisher=Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies |isbn=978-0-933070-52-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Daniels1996">{{Cite book |last=Daniels |first=Peter T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA548 |title=The World's Writing Systems |last2=Bright |first2=William |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-507993-7 |language=en}}</ref> It was developed on the basis of the [[Mongolian script]] with the goal of distinguishing all sounds in the spoken language, and to make it easier to transcribe [[Sanskrit]] and the [[Tibetic languages]].

[[File:Prijutnoe1.jpg|thumb|250px|A border sign in Clear Script (Priyutnensky District, Kalmykia)|left]]

== History ==
The Clear Script is a Mongolian script, whose obvious closest forebear is vertical Mongolian. This Mongolian script was derived from the [[Old Uyghur alphabet|Uyghur alphabet]]. The Clear Script was developed as a better way to write Mongolian, specifically of the Western Mongolian groups of the Oirats and Kalmyks.<ref name="Daniels1996" />{{Rp|page=548}} It resolved ambiguities in the written language by assigning symbols to vowels, and adding new symbols and [[diacritic]]s to show vowels and vowel lengths, and to distinguish between voiced and unvoiced consonants.<ref name="Daniels1996" />{{Rp|page=548}}<ref name="Kara2005" />{{Rp|page=145}} Symbols that were preserved from the traditional Mongolian script were assigned a fixed meaning.<ref name="Kara2005" />{{Rp|page=145}}

There were even some marks enabling distinctions that were unimportant for words written in the Oirat language but were useful for the transcription of foreign words and names, such as between ''{{Transliteration|Mong|ši}}'' and ''{{Transliteration|Mong|si}}''.<ref name="Kara2005" />

== Usage ==
The Clear Script was used by Oirat and neighboring Mongols, mostly in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.<ref name="Kara2005" /> It was widely used by its creator and others to translate Buddhist works so that they might better spread the Buddhist religion throughout western Mongolia. Though the script was useful for translating works from other languages, especially Tibetan, it was also used more informally, as evidenced by some letters from the late 1690s.<ref name="Kara2005" />

Around the 19th and early 20th centuries, some [[Altai people|Altaians]] in Russia were able utilize the script to read and write texts due to contacts with Mongolian Buddhists.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kos'min|first=V. K.|date=2007|title=Mongolian Buddhism's Influence on the Formation and Development of Burkhanism in Altai|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/aae1061-1959450303|journal=Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia|volume=45|issue=3|pages=43–72|doi=10.2753/aae1061-1959450303|s2cid=145805201 |issn=1061-1959|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The script was used by [[Kalmyks]] in [[Russia]] until 1924, when it was replaced by the [[Cyrillic script]]. In [[Xinjiang]], Oirats still use it, although today Mongolian education takes place in [[Chakhar Mongolian]] all across China.

== Writing in the Clear Script ==
This script is a vertical script, as was its 'vertical Mongolian' parent script. Letters and diacritics are written along a central axis. Portions of letters to the right of the axis generally slant up, and portions to the left of the axis generally slant down. The only signs that do not follow these rules are the horizontal signs for ''{{Transliteration|Mong|S}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|Š}}'', and part of ''{{Transliteration|Mong|Ö}}''.<ref name="Kara2005" />  Words are delineated by a space, as well as different letter forms. Though most letters only come in one shape, there are some letters that look different depending on where in the word they occur, whether they are initial, medial, or final.<ref name="Daniels1996" />

== Tables ==
There is an alphabetic order in the Clear Script, as in other related scripts, but the order for it is not the same as its Mongolian parent script<!-- Citation needed: ..."as its Mongolian parents nor its Aramaic ancestors." -->. The Clear Script order is: ''{{Transliteration|Mong|a}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|e}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|i}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|o}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|u}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|ö}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|ü}}''; ''{{Transliteration|Mong|n}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|b}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|x}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|ɣ}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|g}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|k}}'' & ''{{Transliteration|Mong|k’}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|q}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|m}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|l}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|r}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|d}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|t}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|y}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|z/ǰ}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|c/č}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|s}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|š}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|ng}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|v/w}}''.<ref name="Kara2005" />{{Rp|pages=150–151}}

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable nounderlines" style="display: inline-table; text-align: center"
! colspan="7" |Single vowels{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}<ref name="Daniels1996" />{{Rp|page=548}}<ref name="Čoyiǰungǰab1998">{{Cite book |last=n/a |first=Čoyiǰungǰab |url=https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/mong/oirat%20dictionary%20020.pdf |title=Oyirad ayalɣun-u üges |last2=Na. |first2=Gereltü |date=1998-05-10 |publisher=[[Inner Mongolia University]] |isbn=7-81015-892-9 |location=Hohhot |language=mn |script-title=mn:ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠭᠤᠨ{{nnbsp}}ᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ |access-date=2023-02-06}}</ref><ref name="ALA-LC">{{Cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/kalmyk.pdf |title=Tod-Oirat-Old Kalmyk romanization table |year=2012 |website=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=2023-02-06}}</ref><ref name="Kara2005" />{{Rp|page=151}}<ref name="Unicode15ch13">{{Cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode15.0.0/ch13.pdf |title=The Unicode Standard, Version 15.0 – Core Specification Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II, Other Modern Scripts |date=2022-09-13 |website=[[Unicode|Unicode Standard]] 15.0.0 |access-date=2023-02-06}}</ref>{{Rp|page=555}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Initial
! rowspan="2" |Medial
! rowspan="2" |Final
! rowspan="2" |[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<ref name="Čoyiǰungǰab1998" />
! colspan="2" |{{Shy|Trans|lit.}}{{Wbr}}{{NoteTag|''[[Transliteration]]''}}
! rowspan="2" |Notes{{NoteTag|Modern Kalmyk Oirat (Cyrillic) equivalent (?)}}{{Wbr}}{{NoteTag|[[GOST 7.79-2000]] ([[ISO 9#ISO 9:1995|ISO 9:1995]])<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.ifap.ru/library/gost/7792000.pdf |title=GOST 7.79-2000 (ISO 9-95; Sistema standartov po informatsii, bibliotechnomu i izdatelskomu delu. Pravila transliteratsii kirillovskogo pisma latinskim alfavitom) |language=ru |script-title=ru:ГОСТ 7.79-2000 (ИСО 9-95; Система стандартов по информации, библиотечному и издательскому делу. Правила транслитерации кирилловского письма латинским алфавитом)}}</ref>{{Rp|pages= 9, 16}}}}<!-- Citation needed: additional sources are needed to equate the (Cyrillic) Kalmyk Oirat letters with the Clear Script ones. -->
|-
!Dan.{{Wbr}}{{NoteTag|Daniels}} & Kara
![[ALA-LC romanization|ALA-{{Wbr}}LC]]
|-
| colspan="7" |All these form ligatures with a preceding bow-shaped consonant.
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠠ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠠ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠠ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|[[Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]], [[Silent letter|'''∅''']]
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|a}}''
| style="text-align: left" |Final example ligature: {{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᠠ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|ba}}''. This ligated form of final ''{{Transliteration|Mong|a}}'' extends its tail to the left.

{{Gray|Confer [[Kalmyk Oirat#Modern Cyrillic alphabet|Kalmyk Oirat]] {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|а}} {{Transliteration|xal|a}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|∅}}.}}

This letter's forms are shared with [[Mongolian script|Hudum script]] ''{{Transliteration|Mong|[[A (Mongolic)#Mongolian language|a]]}}''.
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡄ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡄ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡄ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|[[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]], ∅
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|e}}''
| style="text-align: left" |Initial/medial/final example ligature: {{MongolUnicode|ᡋᡄ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|be}}''.

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|э}} {{Transliteration|xal|è}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|∅}}.}}
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡅ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡅ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡅ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|[[Close front unrounded vowel|i]], ∅
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|i}}''
| style="text-align: left" |Final example ligature: {{MongolUnicode|ᡋᡅ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|bi}}''. This ligated form of final ''{{Transliteration|Mong|i}}'' differs from the one used elsewhere.

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|и}} {{Transliteration|xal|i}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|∅}}.}}
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡆ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡆ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡆ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|[[Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|o}}''
| style="text-align: left" |Initial/medial/final example ligature: {{MongolUnicode|ᡋᡆ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|bo}}''. This ligated form of ''{{Transliteration|Mong|o}}'' is fully round. The ligature ''{{Transliteration|Mong|bo}}'' is also identical in form to ''{{Transliteration|Mong|bü}}''.

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|о}} {{Transliteration|xal|o}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|∅}}.}}
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡇ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡇ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡇ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|[[Near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊ]], ∅
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|u}}''
| style="text-align: left" |Initial/medial/final example ligature: {{MongolUnicode|ᡋᡇ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|bu}}''.

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|у}} {{Transliteration|xal|u}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|∅}}.}}
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡈ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡈ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡈ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|[[Close-mid front rounded vowel|ø]], ∅
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|ö}}''
| style="text-align: left" |Initial/medial/final example ligature: {{MongolUnicode|ᡋᡈ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|bö}}''. This ligated form of ''{{Transliteration|Mong|ö}}'' is fully round.

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|ө}} {{Transliteration|xal|ô}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|∅}}.}}
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡉ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡉ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡉ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|[[Close front rounded vowel|y]], ∅
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|ü}}''
| style="text-align: left" |Initial/medial/final example ligature: {{MongolUnicode|ᡋᡉ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|bü}}''. The ligatures ''{{Transliteration|Mong|bü}}'' and ''{{Transliteration|Mong|bo}}'' are identical in form.

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|ү}} {{Transliteration|xal|ù}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|∅}}.}}
|}
{| class="wikitable nounderlines" style="display: inline-table; text-align: center"
! colspan="7" |Long vowels{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}<ref name="Daniels1996" />{{Rp|page=548}}<ref name="Čoyiǰungǰab1998" /><ref name="ALA-LC" /><ref name="Unicode15ch13" />{{Rp|page=555}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Initial
! rowspan="2" |Medial
! rowspan="2" |Final
! rowspan="2" |IPA
! colspan="2" |{{Shy|Trans|lit.}}
! rowspan="2" |Notes<!-- Citation needed: additional sources are needed to equate the (Cyrillic) Kalmyk Oirat letters with the Clear Script ones. -->
|-
!Dan.
!ALA-LC
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠠᡃ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠠᡃ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|—
|ɑː
|''{{Transliteration|Mong|â}}''
|''{{Transliteration|Mong|ā}}''
| style="text-align: left" |Final example ligature: {{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡗᠠᡃ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|kâ}}''.

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|аа}} {{Transliteration|xal|aa}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|а}} {{Transliteration|xal|a}}.}}
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡄᡃ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡄᡃ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡄᡃ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}{{NoteTag|Should appear without a final left-pointing tail.}}
|eː, [[Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]]ː
|''{{Transliteration|Mong|ê}}''
|''{{Transliteration|Mong|ē}}''
| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|ээ}} {{Transliteration|xal|èè}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|э}} {{Transliteration|xal|è}}.}}
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡅᡅ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}{{NoteTag|Should appear with an intervocalic tooth.}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡅᡅ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}{{NoteTag|Should appear with an intervocalic tooth.}}
|—
| rowspan="2" |iː
| rowspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|ii}}''
|''{{Transliteration|Mong|iyi}}''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" |Diphthongs ending in ''{{Transliteration|Mong|i}}'' are shaped and transliterated in the same manner.

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|ии}} {{Transliteration|xal|ii}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|и}} {{Transliteration|xal|i}}.}}
|-
|—
|—
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡅᡅ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|''{{Transliteration|Mong|ii}}''
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡆᡃ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡆᡃ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡆᡃ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}{{NoteTag|Should appear without a final left-pointing tail.}}
|ɔː
|''{{Transliteration|Mong|ô}}''
|''{{Transliteration|Mong|ō}}''
| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|оо}} {{Transliteration|xal|oo}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|о}} {{Transliteration|xal|o}}.}}
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡇᡇ{{fvs|2}}{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡇᡇ{{fvs|2}}{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡇᡇ{{fvs|1}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|ʊː
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|uu}}''
| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|уу}} {{Transliteration|xal|uu}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|у}} {{Transliteration|xal|u}}.}}
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡈᡃ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡈᡃ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡈᡃ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}{{NoteTag|Should appear without a final left-pointing tail.}}
|øː, æː
|''{{Transliteration|Mong|ö̂}}''
|''{{Transliteration|Mong|ȫ}}''
| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|өө}} {{Transliteration|xal|ôô}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|ө}} {{Transliteration|xal|ô}}.}}
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡉᡉ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡉᡉ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡉᡉ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|yː
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|üü}}''
| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|үү}} {{Transliteration|xal|ùù}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|ү}} {{Transliteration|xal|ù}}.}}
|}

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable nounderlines" style="display: inline-table; text-align: center"
! colspan="7" |Native consonants<!-- Citation needed: source for what separates these from the "foreign" consonants below. -->{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}<ref name="Smirnov1857">{{Cite book |last=Smirnov |first=Parmen |url=https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/mong/Смирнов_Краткий%20Русско-%20Калмыцкий%20словарь%201857.pdf |title=Kratkiy russko-kalmytskiy slovar |year=1857 |location=Kazan |language=ru |script-title=ru:Краткій русско-калмыцкій словарь |access-date=2023-02-06}}</ref><ref name="Daniels1996" />{{Rp|page=548}}<ref name="Čoyiǰungǰab1998" /><ref name="Kara2005" />{{Rp|page=151}}<ref name="ALA-LC" /><ref name="Unicode15ch13" />{{Rp|page=555}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Initial
! rowspan="2" |Medial
! rowspan="2" |Final
! rowspan="2" |IPA
! colspan="2" |{{Shy|Trans|lit.}}
! rowspan="2" |Notes<ref name="BolorToli" >{{Cite web |url=http://www.bolor-toli.com/ |title=Bolor Dictionary |access-date=2023-02-06}}</ref><!-- Citation needed: additional sources are needed to equate the (Cyrillic) Kalmyk Oirat letters with the Clear Script ones. Sources also needed for the Kalmyk spellings. -->
|-
!Dan. & Kara
!ALA-LC
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{MongolUnicode|ᠨ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠨ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
| rowspan="2" |{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠨ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|n}}''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|н}} {{Transliteration|xal|n}}.}}

This letter is shared with Hudum ''{{Transliteration|Mong|[[Na (Mongolic)#Mongolian language|n]]}}''.
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠨ{{fvs|1}}{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡋ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|[[Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|b}}''
| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|б}} {{Transliteration|xal|b}}.}}

This letter's initial/medial form is shared with Hudum ''{{Transliteration|Mong|[[Ba (Mongolic)#Mongolian language|b]]}}''.
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡍ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡍ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|—
|[[Voiceless velar fricative|x]]
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|x}}''
| style="text-align: left" |Used before back vowels.<ref name="Kara2005" />{{Rp|page=149}}

As in {{MongolUnicode|ᡍᠠᠷᠠ|lang=xwo|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|xara}}'' 'black'.<ref name="Smirnov1857" />{{Rp|page=121}}<ref name="Čoyiǰungǰab1998" />{{Rp|page=95}}{{NoteTag|Confer {{Gray|Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|хар}} {{Transliteration|xal|har}}}}; Hudum {{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠠᠷ{{mvs}}ᠠ|lang=mn|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|qar{{nbh}}a}}''; Khalkha {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|хар}} {{Transliteration|khk|khar}}.}}

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|х}} {{Transliteration|xal|h}}.}}
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡎ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡎ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|—
|[[Voiced uvular plosive|ɢ]]
|'''''{{Transliteration|Mong|[[ɣ]]}}'''''
|''{{Transliteration|Mong|ġ}}''
| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Used before vowels.}}<!-- Citation needed. -->

As in {{MongolUnicode|ᡎᠠᠯ|lang=xwo|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|ɣal}}'' 'fire'.<ref name="Smirnov1857" />{{Rp|page=63}}<ref name="Čoyiǰungǰab1998" />{{Rp|page=127}}{{NoteTag|Confer {{Gray|Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|һал}} {{Transliteration|xal|ḥal}}}}; Hudum {{MongolUnicode|ᠭᠠᠯ|lang=mn|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|ɣal}}''; Khalkha {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|гал}} {{Transliteration|khk|gal}}.}}

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|һ}} {{Transliteration|xal|ḥ}}.}}
|-
|[[File:Mongolian letter todo Ga (isolated form).svg|frameless|upright=0.12]]<!-- Stand-in for context-sensitive shape. -->
|[[File:Mongolian letter todo Ga (isolated form).svg|frameless|upright=0.12]]<!-- Stand-in for context-sensitive shape. -->
|—
|[[Voiced velar plosive|ɡ]]
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|g}}''
| style="text-align: left" |As in {{MongolUnicode|ᡎᡄᠷ|lang=xwo|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|ger}}'' 'ger'.<ref name="Smirnov1857" />{{Rp|page=28}}<ref name="Čoyiǰungǰab1998" />{{Rp|page=136}}{{NoteTag|Confer {{Gray|Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|гер}} {{Transliteration|xal|ger}}}}; Hudum {{MongolUnicode|ᠭᠡᠷ|lang=mn|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|ger}}''; Khalkha {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|гэр}} {{Transliteration|khk|ger}}.}}

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|г}} {{Transliteration|xal|g}}.}}
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡍ{{fvs|1}}{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡍ{{fvs|1}}{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|—
|[[Voiceless velar plosive|k]]
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|k}}''
| style="text-align: left" |Used before front vowels.<ref name="Kara2005" />{{Rp|page=149}}

As in {{MongolUnicode|ᡍᡈᡍᡈ|lang=xwo|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|kökö}}'' 'blue'.<ref name="Smirnov1857" />{{Rp|page=95}}<ref name="Čoyiǰungǰab1998" />{{Rp|page=119}}{{NoteTag|Confer {{Gray|Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|көк}} {{Transliteration|xal|kök}}}}; Hudum {{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠥᠬᠡ|lang=mn|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|köke}}''; Khalkha {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|хөх}} {{Transliteration|khk|khökh}}.}}

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|к}} {{Transliteration|xal|k}}.}}
|-
|—
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡎ{{fvs|1}}{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡎ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|[[Voiced velar plosive|ɡ]]
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|q}}''
| style="text-align: left" |Used syllable-finally,<ref name="Kara2005" />{{Rp|page=151}} and irrespective of vowel harmony.<ref name="Kara2005" />{{Rp|page=145}}

As in {{MongolUnicode|ᡔᠠᡎ|lang=xwo|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|caq}}'' 'time'.<ref name="Smirnov1857" />{{Rp|page=21}}<ref name="Čoyiǰungǰab1998" />{{Rp|page=244}}{{NoteTag|Confer {{Gray|Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|цаг}} {{Transliteration|xal|cag}}}}; Hudum {{MongolUnicode|ᠴᠠᠭ|lang=mn|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|čaɣ}}''; Khalkha {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|цаг}} {{Transliteration|khk|tsag}}.}}

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|г}} {{Transliteration|xal|g}}.}}
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡏ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡏ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡏ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|[[Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|m}}''
| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|м}} {{Transliteration|xal|m}}.}}

This letter's initial/medial form is shared with Hudum ''{{Transliteration|Mong|[[Ma (Mongolic)#Mongolian language|m]]}}''.
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠯ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠯ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠯ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|[[Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|l}}''
| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|л}} {{Transliteration|xal|l}}.}}

This letter is shared with Hudum ''{{Transliteration|Mong|[[La (Mongolic)#Mongolian language|l]]}}''.
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠷ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠷ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠷ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|[[Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|r}}''
| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|р}} {{Transliteration|xal|r}}.}}

This letter is shared with Hudum ''{{Transliteration|Mong|[[Ra (Mongolic)#Mongolian language|r]]}}''.
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡑ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡑ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡑ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|[[Voiced alveolar plosive|d]]
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|d}}''
| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|д}} {{Transliteration|xal|d}}.}}
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡐ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡐ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|—
|[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|t]]
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|t}}''
| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|т}} {{Transliteration|xal|t}}.}}
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡕ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡕ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|—
|[[Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|y}}''
| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|й}} {{Transliteration|xal|j}}.}}
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠴ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠴ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|—
|[[Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]
|''{{Transliteration|Mong|z}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|ǰ}}''{{Sup|†}}
|''{{Transliteration|Mong|z}}''
| style="text-align: left" |†. Ambiguous value (''{{Transliteration|Mong|z}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|ǰ}}'') from the 18th century until post-war reform.<!-- Which war? --><ref name="Kara2005" />{{Rp|pages=149–150}}

As in modern/older {{MongolUnicode|ᠴᡇᠨ|lang=xwo|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|zun}}'' 'summer'.<ref name="Smirnov1857" />{{Rp|page=50}}<ref name="Čoyiǰungǰab1998" />{{Rp|page=274}}{{NoteTag|Confer {{Gray|Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|зун}} {{Transliteration|xal|zun}}}}; Hudum {{MongolUnicode|ᠵᠤᠨ|lang=mn|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|ǰun}}''; Khalkha {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|зун}} {{Transliteration|khk|zun}}.}}

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|з}} {{Transliteration|xal|z}}.}}
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡓ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡓ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{Gray|—}}<!-- Citation needed. -->
|[[Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
|''{{Gray|{{Transliteration|Mong|ǰ}}}}''<!-- Citation needed: to unquestionably connect this transliteration with the letter; the sources for the "introduced in" note are somewhat ambiguous. -->
|—
| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Introduced in the 1950s.<ref name="Kara2005" />{{Rp|pages=149–150, 187}}}}

As in modern {{MongolUnicode|ᡓᡅᠯ|lang=xwo|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|'''ǰ'''il}}''{{Sup|'''?'''}} (older {{MongolUnicode|ᠴᡅᠯ|lang=xwo|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|zil}}'') 'year'.<ref name="Smirnov1857" />{{Rp|page=24}}<ref name="Čoyiǰungǰab1998" />{{Rp|page=257}}{{NoteTag|Confer {{Gray|Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|җил}} {{Transliteration|xal|z̦̆il}}}}; Hudum {{MongolUnicode|ᠵᠢᠯ|lang=mn|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|ǰil}}''; Khalkha {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|жил}} {{Transliteration|khk|jil}}.}}

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|ж}} {{Transliteration|xal|z̆}}.}}
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡔ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡔ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|—
|[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]]
|''{{Transliteration|Mong|c}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|č}}''{{Sup|†}}
|''{{Transliteration|Mong|c}}''
| style="text-align: left" |†. Ambiguous value (''{{Transliteration|Mong|c}}'', ''{{Transliteration|Mong|č}}'') from the 18th century until post-war reform.<!-- Which war? --><ref name="Kara2005" />{{Rp|pages=149–150}}

As in modern/older {{MongolUnicode|ᡔᠠᡅ|lang=xwo|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|cai}}'' 'tea'.<ref name="Smirnov1857" />{{Rp|page=120}}<ref name="Čoyiǰungǰab1998" />{{Rp|page=246}}{{NoteTag|Confer {{Gray|Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|цә}} {{Transliteration|xal|ca̋}}}}; Hudum {{MongolUnicode|ᠴᠠᠢ|lang=mn|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|čai}}''; Khalkha {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|цай}} {{Transliteration|khk|tsai}}.}}

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|ц}} {{Transliteration|xal|c}}.}}
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡒ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡒ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{Gray|—}}<!-- Citation needed. -->
|[[Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]]
|''{{Gray|{{Transliteration|Mong|č}}}}''<!-- Citation needed: to unquestionably connect this transliteration with the letter; the sources for the "introduced in" note are somewhat ambiguous. -->
|—
| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Introduced in the 1950s.<ref name="Kara2005" />{{Rp|pages=149–150, 187}}}}

As in modern {{MongolUnicode|ᡒᡅ|lang=xwo|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|'''č'''i}}''{{Sup|'''?'''}} (older {{MongolUnicode|ᡔᡅ|lang=xwo|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|ci}}'') 'you'.<ref name="Smirnov1857" />{{Rp|page=111}}<ref name="Čoyiǰungǰab1998" />{{Rp|page=235}}{{NoteTag|Confer {{Gray|Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|чи}} {{Transliteration|xal|či}}}}; Hudum {{MongolUnicode|ᠴᠢ|lang=mn|valign=middle}} ''{{Transliteration|Mong|či}}''; Khalkha {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|чи}} {{Transliteration|khk|chi}}.}}

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|ч}} {{Transliteration|xal|č}}.}}
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠰ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠰ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠰ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|[[Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|s}}''
| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|с}} {{Transliteration|xal|s}}.}}

This letter is shared with Hudum ''{{Transliteration|Mong|[[Sa (Mongolic)#Mongolian language|s]]}}''.
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠱ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠱ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠱ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|[[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]
|''{{Transliteration|Mong|š}}''
|''{{Transliteration|Mong|ś}}''
| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|ш}} {{Transliteration|xal|s̆}}.}}

This letter is shared with Hudum ''{{Transliteration|Mong|[[Sha (Mongolic)#Mongolian language|š]]}}''.
|-
|—
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡊ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡊ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|[[Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|ng}}''
| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|ң}} {{Transliteration|xal|n̦}}.}}
|}
{| class="wikitable nounderlines" style="display: inline-table; text-align: center"
! colspan="7" |Letters used in foreign words<!-- Citation needed: source for why these are separated from the "native" consonants above. -->{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}<ref name="Daniels1996" />{{Rp|page=548}}<ref name="Čoyiǰungǰab1998" /><ref name="ALA-LC" /><ref name="Unicode15ch13" />{{Rp|page=555}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Initial
! rowspan="2" |Medial
! rowspan="2" |Final
! rowspan="2" |IPA
! colspan="2" |Translit.
! rowspan="2" |Notes<!-- Citation needed: additional sources are needed to equate the (Cyrillic) Kalmyk Oirat letters with the Clear Script ones. Sources also needed for the Clear transliterations. -->
|-
!Dan. & Kara
!ALA-LC
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡌ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡌ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|—
|[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]
| rowspan="3" |—
|''{{Transliteration|Mong|f}}''
| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|п}} {{Transliteration|xal|p}}.}}
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡙ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}<!-- Citation needed. -->
|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡙ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}<!-- Citation needed: toothless according to ALA-LC table. -->
|—
|
|''{{Transliteration|Mong|h}}''
| style="text-align: left" |<!-- "Typically required" letter as per Unicode15ch13. -->{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|г}} {{Transliteration|xal|g}}.}}
|-
|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|ᡘ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}<!-- Citation needed. -->
|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡘ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}<!-- Citation needed. -->
|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡘ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}<!-- Citation needed. -->
|
|—
| style="text-align: left" |<!-- "Typically required" letter as per Unicode15ch13. -->{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|г}} {{Transliteration|xal|g}}.}}
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡗ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡗ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|—
|[[Voiceless velar plosive|k]]
|''{{Transliteration|Mong|k}}'', {{Gray|''{{Transliteration|Mong|k’}}''}}<!-- Citation needed: additional source to connect k-apostrophe (Kara page 151) with this letter. -->
|''{{Transliteration|Mong|k}}''
| style="text-align: left" |<!-- "Typically required" letter as per Unicode15ch13. -->{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|к}} {{Transliteration|xal|k}}.}}<!-- {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|қ}} {{Transliteration|xal|...}} -->
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡚ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡚ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|—
|
| rowspan="6" |—
|''{{Transliteration|Mong|j}}''
| style="text-align: left" |<!-- "Typically required" letter as per Unicode15ch13. -->{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|җ}} {{Transliteration|xal|z̦̆}}.}}
|-
|—
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡛ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|—
|
|''{{Transliteration|Mong|ñ}}''
| style="text-align: left" |<!-- Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|...}} {{Transliteration|xal|ñ}}. -->
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡜ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡜ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|—
|
|''{{Transliteration|Mong|j}}''
| style="text-align: left" |<!-- "Typically required" letter as per Unicode15ch13. --><!-- Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|...}} {{Transliteration|xal|dz}}. -->
|-
|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|ᢘ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}<!-- Citation needed. -->
|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᢘ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}<!-- Citation needed. -->
|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᢘ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}<!-- Citation needed. -->
|
|—
| style="text-align: left" |<!-- Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|...}} {{Transliteration|xal|t}}. -->
|-
|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|ᢙ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}<!-- Citation needed. -->
|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᢙ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}<!-- Citation needed. -->
|—<!-- Citation needed. -->
|
|{{Gray|''{{Transliteration|Mong|ź}}''}}
| style="text-align: left" |<!-- Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|...}} {{Transliteration|xal|zh}}. -->
|-
|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|ᠸ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}<!-- Citation needed. -->
|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠸ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}<!-- Citation needed. -->
|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠸ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}<!-- Citation needed. -->
|
|—
| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|ф}} {{Transliteration|xal|f}}.}}

This letter is shared with Hudum ''{{Transliteration|Mong|[[Wa (Mongolic)#Mongolian language|w/v]]}}''.
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡖ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡖ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡖ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|[[Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]]
|''{{Transliteration|Mong|w/v}}''
|''{{Transliteration|Mong|v}}''
| style="text-align: left" |<!-- "Typically required" letter as per Unicode15ch13. -->{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|в}} {{Transliteration|xal|v}}.}}
|}

=== Ligatures ===
{| class="wikitable nounderlines" style="display: inline-table; text-align: center"
! colspan="6" |Ligatures<ref name="ALA-LC" />
|-
! rowspan="2" |Initial
! rowspan="2" |Medial
! rowspan="2" |Final
! colspan="2" |{{Shy|Trans|lit.}}
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
!Dan.
!ALA-LC
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡋᠠ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᠠ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᠠ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|ba}}''
| style="text-align: left" |
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡋᡄ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᡄ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᡄ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|be}}''
| style="text-align: left" |
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡋᡅ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᡅ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᡅ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|bi}}''
| style="text-align: left" |
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡋᡆ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᡆ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᡆ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|bo}}''
| style="text-align: left" |Written the same as {{Transliteration|xal|bü}}.
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡋᡇ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᡇ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᡇ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|bu}}''
| style="text-align: left" |
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡋᡈ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᡈ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᡈ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|bö}}''
| style="text-align: left" |
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡋᡉ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᡉ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᡉ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|bü}}''
| style="text-align: left" |Written the same as {{Transliteration|xal|bo}}.
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡗᠠ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡗᠠ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡗᠠ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|ka}}''
| style="text-align: left" |
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡍᡄ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡍᡄ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡍᡄ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|ke}}''
| style="text-align: left" |
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡍᡅ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡍᡅ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡍᡅ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|ki}}''
| style="text-align: left" |
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡗᡆ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡗᡆ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡗᡆ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|ko}}''
| style="text-align: left" |
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡗᡇ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡗᡇ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡗᡇ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|ku}}''
| style="text-align: left" |
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡍᡈ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡍᡈ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡍᡈ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|kö}}''
| style="text-align: left" |
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡍᡉ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡍᡉ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡍᡉ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|kü}}''
| style="text-align: left" |{{NoteTag|Should appear as a bow with a down-pointing tooth, followed by a round ''{{Transliteration|Mong|ü}}''.}}
|-
|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|ᡘᠠ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}
|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡘᠠ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}
|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡘᠠ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}
| colspan="2" |{{Gray|''{{Transliteration|Mong|ga}}''}}
| style="text-align: left" |<!-- Citation needed. -->
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡎᡄ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡎᡄ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡎᡄ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|ge}}''
| style="text-align: left" |{{NoteTag|Should appear in line with ''{{Transliteration|Mong|be}}'' and ''{{Transliteration|Mong|ke}}''.}}
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡎᡅ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡎᡅ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡎᡅ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|gi}}''
| style="text-align: left" |{{NoteTag|Should appear in line with ''{{Transliteration|Mong|bi}}'' and ''{{Transliteration|Mong|ki}}''.}}
|-
|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|ᡘᡆ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}
|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡘᡆ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}
|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡘᡆ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}
| colspan="2" |{{Gray|''{{Transliteration|Mong|go}}''}}
| style="text-align: left" |<!-- Citation needed. -->
|-
|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|ᡘᡇ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}
|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡘᡇ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}
|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡘᡇ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}
| colspan="2" |{{Gray|''{{Transliteration|Mong|gu}}''}}
| style="text-align: left" |<!-- Citation needed. -->
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡎᡈ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡎᡈ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡎᡈ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|gö}}''
| style="text-align: left" |
|-
|{{MongolUnicode|ᡎᡉ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡎᡉ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡎᡉ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
| colspan="2" |''{{Transliteration|Mong|gü}}''
| style="text-align: left" |
|-
| colspan="6" |Other bow-shaped ligatures are formed in the same manner.
|}

== See also ==
* [[Mongolian writing systems]]
* [[Mongolian script]]
* [[Soyombo alphabet]]

{{Commons category|Todo bichig}}

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kalmyk.htm Oirat Clear Script at Omniglot]
* [http://www.dusal.net/downloads/vertNote.rar Traditional Mongolian Notepad (for Windows XP/Vista)]

{{list of writing systems}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mongolian writing systems]]
[[Category:Alphabets]]
[[Category:Kalmyk language]]