View source for Classification of the Indigenous languages of the Americas

{{Short description|none}}
[[Image:Langs N.Amer.png|thumb|300px|Pre-contact distribution of North American language families north of Mexico]]
[[Image:Map of the languages of Mexico.png|300px|thumb|The indigenous languages of Mexico that have more than 100,000 speakers]]
[[File:Chibcha lang.png|thumb|right|300px|The [[Chibchan languages]]]]
This is a list of different language classification proposals developed for the [[Indigenous languages of the Americas]] or [[Amerindian languages]]. The article is divided into North, Central, and South America sections; however, the classifications do not correspond to these divisions.

==North America==

===''Glottolog'' 4.1 (2019)===
''[[Glottolog]]'' 4.1 (2019) recognizes 42 independent families and 31 isolates in North America (73 total).<ref name="Glottolog-4-1">{{cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/glottolog/family |title=Glottolog |version=4.1 |editor1-last=Hammarström |editor1-first=Harald |editor2-last=Forkel |editor2-first=Robert |editor3-last=Haspelmath |editor3-first=Martin |date=2019 |location=Jena |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History]]}}</ref> The vast majority are (or were) spoken in the United States, with 26 families and 26 isolates (52 total).

;North American languages families proposed in ''[[Glottolog]]'' 4.1
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
;Families (42)
#[[Otomanguean languages|Otomanguean]] (180)
#[[Arawakan languages|Arawakan]] (78)
#[[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]] (69)
#[[Algic languages|Algic]] (46)
#[[Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit languages|Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit]] (45)
#[[Mayan languages|Mayan]] (33)
#[[Chibchan languages|Chibchan]] (27)
#[[Salishan languages|Salishan]] (25)
#[[Mixe-Zoque languages|Mixe-Zoque]] (19)
#[[Siouan languages|Siouan]] (18)
#[[Eskimo–Aleut languages|Eskimo–Aleut]] (12)
#[[Totonacan languages|Totonacan]] (12)
#[[Cochimi-Yuman languages|Cochimi-Yuman]] (11)
#[[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]] (11)
#[[Miwok-Costanoan languages|Miwok-Costanoan]] (11)
#[[Kiowa-Tanoan languages|Kiowa-Tanoan]] (8)
#[[Muskogean languages|Muskogean]] (7)
#[[Pomoan languages|Pomoan]] (7)
#[[Chumashan languages|Chumashan]] (6)
#[[Wakashan languages|Wakashan]] (6)
#[[Caddoan languages|Caddoan]] (5)
#[[Misumalpan languages|Misumalpan]] (5)
#[[Sahaptian languages|Sahaptian]] (5)
#[[Xincan languages|Xincan]] (5)
#[[Chinookan languages|Chinookan]] (4)
#[[Huavean languages|Huavean]] (4)
#[[Maiduan languages|Maiduan]] (4)
#[[Yokutsan languages|Yokutsan]] (4)
#[[Kalapuyan languages|Kalapuyan]] (3)
#[[Shastan languages|Shastan]] (3)
#[[Tequistlatecan languages|Tequistlatecan]] (3)
#[[Tsimshian languages|Tsimshian]] (3)
#[[Chimakuan languages|Chimakuan]] (2)
#[[Coosan languages|Coosan]] (2)
#[[Haida languages|Haida]] (2)
#[[Jicaquean languages|Jicaquean]] (2)
#[[Keresan languages|Keresan]] (2)
#[[Lencan languages|Lencan]] (2)
#[[Palaihnihan languages|Palaihnihan]] (2)
#[[Tarascan languages|Tarascan]] (2)
#[[Wintuan languages|Wintuan]] (2)
#[[Yuki-Wappo languages|Yuki-Wappo]] (2)

{{col-break}}
;Isolates (31)
#[[Adai language|Adai]]
#[[Alsea-Yaquina language|Alsea-Yaquina]]
#[[Atakapa language|Atakapa]]
#[[Beothuk language|Beothuk]]
#[[Cayuse language|Cayuse]]
#[[Chimariko language|Chimariko]]
#[[Chitimacha language|Chitimacha]]
#[[Coahuilteco language|Coahuilteco]]
#[[Comecrudan language|Comecrudan]]
#[[Cotoname language|Cotoname]]
#[[Cuitlatec language|Cuitlatec]]
#[[Esselen language|Esselen]]
#[[Guaicurian language|Guaicurian]]
#[[Karankawa language|Karankawa]]
#[[Karok language|Karok]]
#[[Klamath-Modoc language|Klamath-Modoc]]
#[[Kutenai language|Kutenai]]
#[[Maratino language|Maratino]]
#[[Molale language|Molale]]
#[[Natchez language|Natchez]]
#[[Salinan language|Salinan]]
#[[Seri language|Seri]]
#[[Siuslaw language|Siuslaw]]
#[[Takelma language|Takelma]]
#[[Timucua language|Timucua]]
#[[Tonkawa language|Tonkawa]]
#[[Tunica language|Tunica]]
#[[Washo language|Washo]]
#[[Yana language|Yana]]
#[[Yuchi language|Yuchi]]
#[[Zuni language|Zuni]]
{{col-end}}

===Gallatin (1836)===

An early attempt at North American language classification was attempted by [[Albert Gallatin|A. A. Albert Gallatin]] published in 1826, 1836, and 1848. Gallatin's classifications are missing several languages which are later recorded in the classifications by [[Daniel Garrison Brinton|Daniel G. Brinton]] and [[John Wesley Powell]]. (Gallatin supported the assimilation of indigenous peoples to Euro-American culture.)

: (Current terminology is indicated parenthetically in ''italics''.)

'''Families'''
# Algonkin-Lenape ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]])</small>''
# Athapascas ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan]])</small>''
# Catawban ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Catawba language|Catawba]]&nbsp;+&nbsp;[[Woccon language|Woccons]])</small>''
# Eskimaux ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Eskimo languages|Eskimoan]])</small>''
# Iroquois ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Northern Iroquoian languages|Northern Iroquoian]])</small>''
# Cherokees ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Southern Iroquoian languages|Southern Iroquoian]])</small>''
# Muskogee ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Muskogean languages|Eastern Muskogean]])</small>''
# Chahtas  ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Muskogean languages|Western Muskogean]])</small>''
# Sioux ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Siouan languages|Siouan]])</small>''

'''Languages'''
{|
| valign="top" width="65%" |
# Adaize ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Adai language|Adai]])</small>''
# Attacapas ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Atakapa language|Atakapa]])</small>''
# Salmon River ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Bella Coola language|Bella Coola]])</small>''
# Black Feet ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Blackfoot language|Blackfoot]])</small>''
# Pawnees ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Pawnee language|Pawnee]])</small>''
# Caddoes ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Caddo language|Caddo]])</small>''
# Chinooks ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Chinook language|Chinookan]])</small>''
# Chetimachas ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Chitimacha language|Chitimacha]])</small>''
# Fall Indians ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Gros Ventre language|Gros Ventre]])</small>''
# Queen Charlotte's Island ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Haida language|Haida]])</small>''
| valign="top" |
11. Straits of Fuca ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Makah language|Makah]])</small>'' <br> 
12. Natches ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Natchez language|Natchez]])</small>'' <br>
13. Wakash ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Nootka language|Nootka]])</small>'' <br>
14. Salish ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Salish language|Salishan]])</small>'' <br>
15. Shoshonees ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Shoshone language|Shoshone]])</small>'' <br>
16. Atnahs ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Shuswap language|Shuswap]])</small>'' <br>
17. Kinai ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Tanaina language|Tanaina]])</small>'' <br>
18. Koulischen ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Tlingit language|Tlingit]])</small>'' <br>
19. Utchees ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Yuchi language|Yuchi]])</small>''
|}

===Gallatin (1848)===
'''Families'''

# [[Algonquian languages]]
# [[Athabaskan languages]]
# [[Catawban languages]]
# [[Eskimoan languages]]
# [[Iroquoian languages]] (Northern)
# [[Iroquoian languages]] (Southern)
# [[Muskogean languages]]
# [[Siouan languages]]

'''Languages'''
{|
| valign="top" width="55%" |
&nbsp;&thinsp;1. [[Adai language|Adai]] <br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;2. [[Alsean language|Alsean]] <br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;3. [[Apache language|Apache]] <br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;4. [[Arapaho language|Arapaho]] <br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;5. [[Atakapa language|Atakapa]] <br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;6. [[Pawnee language|Caddoan, Northern]] <br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;7. [[Caddo language|Caddoan, Southern]] <br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;8. [[Cayuse language|Cayuse]]-[[Molala language|Molala]] <br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;9. [[Chinookan language|Chinookan]] <br>
10. [[Chitimacha language|Chitimacha]] <br>
11. [[Comanche language|Comanche]] <br>
12. [[Haida language|Haida]] <br>
13. [[Kalapuyan language|Kalapuyan]] <br>
14. [[Kiowa language|Kiowa]] <br>
15. [[Klamath language|Klamath]] <br>
16. [[Koasati language|Koasati]]-[[Alabama language|Alabama]] <br>
17. [[Kootenai language|Kootenai]] <br>
| valign="top" |  
18. [[Kutchin language|Kutchin]] <br>
19. [[Maricopa language|Maricopa (Yuman)]] <br>
20. [[Natchez language|Natchez]] <br>
21. [[Palaihnihan languages|Palaihnihan]] <br>
22. [[Plains Apache language|Plains Apache]] <br>
23. [[Sahaptian languages|Sahaptian]] <br>
24. [[Salishan languages|Salishan]] <br>
25. [[Shastan languages|Shasta]] <br>
26. [[Shoshone language|Shoshone]] <br>
27. [[Tanaina language|Tanaina]] <br>
28. [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] <br>
29. [[Tsimshian language|Tsimshian]] <br>
30. [[Ute language|Ute]] <br>
31. [[Wakashan languages|Wakashan, Southern]] <br>
32. [[Wichita language|Wichita]] <br>
33. [[Yuchi language|Yuchi]] <br>
|}

===Powell's (1892) "Fifty-eight"===
[[John Wesley Powell]], an explorer who served as director of the [[Bureau of American Ethnology]], published a classification of 58 "[[Language family#Subdivision|stocks]]" that is the "cornerstone" of genetic classifications in North America. Powell's classification was influenced by Gallatin to a large extent.

John Wesley Powell was in a race with [[Daniel G. Brinton]] to publish the first comprehensive classification of North America languages (although Brinton's classification also covered South and Central America). As a result of this competition, Brinton was not allowed access to the linguistic data collected by Powell's fieldworkers.

: ''(More current names are indicated parenthetically.)''

{| style="font-size: 95%;"
| valign="top" width="34%" |
&nbsp;&thinsp;1. [[Adai language|Adaizan]] <br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;2. [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] <br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;3. [[Athabaskan languages|Athapascan]] <br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;4. Attacapan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Atakapa language|Atakapa]])</small>''<br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;5. Beothukan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Beothuk language|Beothuk]])</small>''<br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;6. [[Caddoan languages|Caddoan]] <br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;7. [[Chimakuan languages|Chimakuan]] <br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;8. Chimarikan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Chimariko language|Chimariko]])</small>''<br>
&nbsp;&thinsp;9. Chimmesyan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Tsimshian language|Tsimshian]])</small>''<br>
10. [[Chinookan languages|Chinookan]] <br>
11. Chitimachan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Chitimacha language|Chitimacha]])</small>''<br>
12. [[Chumashan languages|Chumashan]] <br>
13. [[Coahuiltecan languages|Coahuiltecan]] <br>
14. Copehan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Wintu language|Wintuan]])</small>''<br>
15. [[Costanoan languages|Costanoan]] <br>
16. Eskimauan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Eskimo languages|Eskimoan]])</small>''<br>
17. Esselenian ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Esselen language|Esselen]])</small>''<br>
18. [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]] <br>
19. Kalapooian ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Kalapuyan language|Kalapuyan]])</small>''<br>
20. Karankawan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Karankawa language|Karankawa]])</small>''<br>
| valign="top" width="34%" |
21. [[Keresan languages|Keresan]] <br>
22. Kiowan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Kiowa language|Kiowa]])</small>''<br>
23. Kitunahan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Kutenai language|Kutenai]])</small>''<br>
24. Koluschan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Tlingit language|Tlingit]])</small>''<br>
25. Kulanapan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Pomoan languages|Pomoan]])</small>''<br>
26. Kusan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Coosan languages|Coosan]])</small>''<br>
27. Lutuamian ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Klamath-Modoc language|Klamath-Modoc]])</small>''<br>
28. Mariposan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Yokutsan languages|Yokutsan]])</small>''<br>
29. Moquelumnan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Miwokan languages|Miwokan]])</small>''<br>
30. Muskhogean ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Muskogean languages|Muskogean]])</small>''<br>
31. Natchesan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Natchez language|Natchez]])</small>''<br>
32. [[Palaihnihan languages|Palaihnihan]] <br>
33. [[Piman languages|Piman]] ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]])</small>''<br>
34. Pujunan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Maiduan languages|Maiduan]])</small>''<br>
35. Quoratean ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Karok language|Karok]])</small>''<br>
36. [[Salinan language|Salinan]] <br>
37. [[Salishan languages|Salishan]] <br>
38. Sastean ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Shastan languages|Shastan]])</small>''<br>
39. Shahaptian ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Sahaptian languages|Sahaptian]])</small>''<br>
| valign="top" |
40. Shoshonean ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Numic languages|Uto-Aztecan]])</small>''<br>
41. Siouan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Siouan–Catawban languages|Siouan–Catawba]])</small>''<br>
42. Skittagetan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Haida language|Haida]])</small>''<br>
43. Takilman ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Takelma language|Takelma]])</small>''<br>
44. Tañoan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Tanoan languages|Tanoan]])</small>''<br>
45. Timuquanan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Timucua language|Timucua]])</small>''<br>
46. Tonikan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Tunica language|Tunica]])</small>''<br>
47. Tonkawan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Tonkawa language|Tonkawa]])</small>''<br>
48. Uchean ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Yuchi language|Yuchi]])</small>''<br>
49. Waiilatpuan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Cayuse language|Cayuse]]&nbsp;&&nbsp;[[Molala language|Molala]])</small>''<br>
50. [[Wakashan languages|Wakashan]] <br>
51. Washoan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Washo language|Washo]])</small>''<br>
52. Weitspekan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Yurok language|Yurok]])</small>''<br>
53. Wishoskan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Wiyot language|Wiyot]])</small>''<br>
54. Yakonan ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[languages|Siuslaw&nbsp;&&nbsp;Alsean]])</small>''<br>
55. [[Yana language|Yanan]] <br>
56. [[Yukian languages|Yukian]] <br>
57. [[Yuman languages|Yuman]] <br>
58. Zuñian ''&nbsp;<small>(=[[Zuni language|Zuni]])</small>''<br>
|}

===Rivet (1924)===
[[Paul Rivet]] (1924) lists a total of 46 independent language families in North and Central America. Olive and [[Janambre language|Janambre]] are extinct languages of [[Tamaulipas]], [[Mexico]].<ref name="Rivet-1924"/>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
;North American families
#[[Algonquian languages|Algonkin]]
#''[[Beothuk language|Beothuk]]''
#[[Eskimo languages|Eskimo]]
#[[Hokan languages|Hoka]]
#[[Iroquoian languages|Iroquois (Irokwa)]]
#''[[Caddo language|Kaddo]]''
#''[[Keres language|Keres]]''
#''[[Kiowa language|Kiowa]]''
#''[[Klamath language|Klamath]]''
#''[[Kutenai language|Kutenai]]''
#[[Muskogean languages|Muskhogi]]
#[[Na-Dene languages|Na-Dene]]
#[[Penutian languages|Penutia]]
#[[Sahaptin language|Sahaptin]]
#[[Salish languages|Salish]]
#[[Siouan languages|Siou (Syu)]]
#[[Tanoan languages|Tano]]
#''[[Timucua language|Timukua]]''
#''[[Chimakum language|Chimakum]]''
#''[[Tunica language|Tunika]]''
#[[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Azten]]
#''[[Cayuse language|Waiilatpu]]''
#[[Wakashan languages|Wakash]]
#''[[Yukian languages|Yuki]]''
#''[[Yuchi language|Yuchi]]''
#''[[Zuni language|Zuñi]]''
{{col-break}}
;Central American families
#''[[Amuzgo language|Amusgo]]''
#''[[Cuicatec languages|Kuikatec]]''
#''[[Cuitlatec language|Kuitlatek]]''
#[[Lencan languages|Lenka]]
#[[Maya languages|Maya]]
#[[Misumalpan languages|Miskito-Sumo-Matagalpa]]
#[[Mixe-Zoque languages|Mixe-Zoke]]
#[[Mixtecan languages|Mixtek]]
#''[[Olive language|Olive]]''
#[[Otomian languages|Otomi]]
#''[[Paya language|Paya]]''
#''[[Subtiaba language|Subtiaba]]''
#''[[Purepecha language|Tarask (Michoacano)]]''
#[[Totonacan languages|Totonak]]
#[[Chinantecan languages|Chinantek]]
#''[[Waikuri language|Waїkuri]]''
#''[[Janambre language|Xanambre (Janambre)]]''
#[[Jicaque languages|Xikake (Jicaque)]]
#[[Xincan languages|Xinka (Jinca, Sinca)]]
#[[Zapotecan languages|Zapotek]]
{{col-end}}

===Sapir (1929): ''Encyclopædia Britannica''===
Below is [[Edward Sapir]]'s (1929) famous ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' classification. Note that Sapir's classification was controversial at the time and it additionally was an original proposal (unusual for general encyclopedias). Sapir was part of a "[[lumper (taxonomy)|lumper]]" movement in Native American language classification. Sapir himself writes of his classification: "A more far-reaching scheme than Powell's [1891 classification], suggestive but not demonstrable in all its features at the present time" (Sapir 1929: 139). Sapir's classifies all the languages in North America into only 6 families: [[Eskimo–Aleut languages|Eskimo–Aleut]], [[Algonkin–Wakashan languages|Algonkin–Wakashan]], [[Na-Dene languages|Na-Dene]], [[Penutian languages|Penutian]], [[Hokan languages|Hokan]]–[[Siouan languages|Siouan]], and [[Aztec–Tanoan languages|Aztec–Tanoan]]. Sapir's classification (or something derivative) is still commonly used in general languages-of-the-world type surveys. (Note that the question marks that appear in Sapir's list below are present in the original article.)

: "Proposed Classification of American Indian Languages North of Mexico (and Certain Languages of Mexico and Central America)"

{| style="font-size: 95%;"
| valign="top" width="40%" |

'''I. ''[[Eskimo–Aleut languages|Eskimo–Aleut]]'''''

'''II. ''[[Algonkin–Wakashan languages|Algonkin–Wakashan]]'''''
: 1. ''[[Algonkin–Ritwan]]''
:: (1) [[Algonquian languages|Algonkin]]
:: (2) [[Beothuk language|Beothuk]] (?)
:: (3) [[Ritwan]]
::: (a) [[Wiyot language|Wiyot]]
::: (b) [[Yurok language|Yurok]]
: 2. ''[[Kutenai language|Kootenay]]''
: 3. ''[[Mosan languages|Mosan]] (Wakashan–Salish)''
:: (1) [[Wakashan]] (Kwakiutl–Nootka)
:: (2) [[Chimakuan]]
:: (3) [[Salishan languages|Salish]]

'''III. ''[[Na-Dene languages|Nadene]]'''''
: 1. ''[[Haida language|Haida]]''
: 2. ''Continental Nadene''
:: (1) [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]]
:: (2) [[Athabaskan]]

'''IV. ''[[Penutian languages|Penutian]]'''''
: 1. ''Californian Penutian''
:: (1) [[Utian languages|Miwok-Costanoan]]
:: (2) [[Yokutsan languages|Yokuts]]
:: (3) [[Maiduan languages|Maidu]]
:: (4) [[Wintuan languages|Wintun]]
: 2. ''[[Oregon Penutian languages|Oregon Penutian]]''
:: (1) [[Takelma language|Takelma]]
:: (2) [[Coast Oregon Penutian languages|Coast Oregon Penutian]]
::: (a) [[Coosan languages|Coos]]
::: (b) [[Siuslaw language|Siuslaw]]
::: (c) [[Yakonan language|Yakonan]]
:: (3) [[Kalapuyan languages|Kalapuya]]
: 3. ''[[Chinookan languages|Chinook]]''
: 4. ''[[Tsimshianic languages|Tsimshian]]''
: 5. ''[[Plateau Penutian]]''
:: (1) [[Sahaptin language|Sahaptin]]
:: (2) [[Waiilatpuan language|Waiilatpuan]] (Molala–Cayuse)
:: (3) [[Klamath language|Lutuami]] (Klamath-Modoc)
: 6. ''Mexican Penutian''
:: (1) [[Mixe–Zoque]]
:: (2) [[Huave language|Huave]]
| valign="top" width="40%" |

'''V. ''Hokan–Siouan'''''
: 1. ''Hokan–Coahuiltecan''
:: A. [[Hokan languages|Hokan]]
::: (1) Northern Hokan
:::: (a) [[Karok language|Karok]], [[Chimariko language|Chimariko]], [[Shastan languages|Shasta]]–[[Achumawi language|Achomawi]]
:::: (b) [[Yana language|Yana]]
:::: (c) [[Pomoan languages|Pomo]]
::: (2) [[Washo language|Washo]]
::: (3) [[Esselen language|Esselen]]–[[Yuman languages|Yuman]]
:::: (a) [[Esselen language|Esselen]]
:::: (b) [[Yuman languages|Yuman]]
::: (4) Salinan–Seri
:::: (a) [[Salinan language|Salinan]]
:::: (b) [[Chumashan languages|Chumash]]
:::: (c) [[Seri language|Seri]]
::: (5) [[Tequistlatecan languages|Tequistlatecan]] (Chontal)
:: B. [[Subtiaba–Tlapanec languages|Subtiaba–Tlappanec]]
:: C. [[Coahuiltecan languages|Coahuiltecan]]
::: (1) [[Tonkawa language|Tonkawa]]
::: (2) [[Coahuiltecan languages|Coahuilteco]]
:::: (a) [[Coahuilteco language|Coahuilteco proper]]
:::: (b) [[Cotoname language|Cotoname]]
:::: (c) [[Comecrudo language|Comecrudo]]
::: (3) [[Karankawa language|Karankawa]]
: 2. ''[[Yukian languages|Yuki]]''
: 3. ''[[Keres language|Keres]]''
: 4. ''Tunican''{{anchor|Tunican}}
:: (1) [[Tunica language|Tunica]]–[[Atakapa language|Atakapa]]
:: (2) [[Chitimacha language|Chitimacha]]
: 5. ''Iroquois''
:: (1) [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]]
:: (2) [[Caddoan languages|Caddoan]]
: 6. ''Eastern group''
:: (1) Siouan–Yuchi
::: (a) [[Siouan languages|Siouan]]
::: (b) [[Yuchi language|Yuchi]]
:: (2) [[Gulf languages|Natchez–Muskogian]]
::: (a) [[Natchez language|Natchez]]
::: (b) [[Muskogean languages|Muskogian]]
::: (c) [[Timucua language|Timucua]] (?)
| valign="top" width="40%" |

'''VI. ''[[Aztec–Tanoan languages|Aztec–Tanoan]]'''''
: 1. ''[[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztekan]]''
:: (1) [[Nahuan languages|Nahuatl]]
:: (2) [[Piman languages|Piman]]
:: (3) [[Shoshone language|Shoshonean]]
: 2. ''Tanoan–Kiowa''
:: (1) [[Tanoan languages|Tanoan]]
:: (2) [[Kiowa language|Kiowa]]
: 3. ''[[Zuni language|Zuñi]] (?)''
|}

===Voegelin & Voegelin (1965): The "Consensus" of 1964===
[[Image:Early Localization Native Americans USA.jpg|thumb|300px]]
[[Image:Early Indian Languages Alaska.jpg|thumb]]

The Voegelin & Voegelin (1965)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Voegelin |first1=C. F. |last2=Voegelin |first2=F. M. |date=October 1965 |title=Languages of the World: Native America Fascicle Two |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30022559 |journal=Anthropological Linguistics |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=139–145 |doi= |jstor=30022559 |access-date=2022-01-08}}</ref> classification was the result of a conference of Americanist linguists held at Indiana University in 1964. This classification identifies 16 main genetic units.

{| style="font-size: 95%;" cellpadding="7"
| valign="top" width="50%" |
# '''American Arctic-[[Paleosiberian]]''' phylum
#* [[Eskimo–Aleut languages|Eskimo–Aleut]]
#* [[Chukchi–Kamchatkan languages|Chukchi–Kamchatkan]]
# '''[[Na-Dene languages|Na-Dene]]''' phylum
#* [[Athabaskan languages|Athapascan]]
#* [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]]
#* [[Haida language|Haida]]
# '''Macro-Algonquian''' phylum
#* [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]
#* [[Yurok language|Yurok]]
#* [[Wiyot language|Wiyot]]
#* [[Muskogean languages|Muskogean]]
#* [[Natchez language|Natchez]]
#* [[Atakapa language|Atakapa]]
#* [[Chitimacha language|Chitimacha]]
#* [[Tunica language|Tunica]]
#* [[Tonkawa language|Tonkawa]]
# '''[[Macro-Siouan languages|Macro-Siouan]]''' phylum
#* [[Siouan languages|Siouan]]
#* [[Catawba language|Catawba]]
#* [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]]
#* [[Caddoan languages|Caddoan]]
#* [[Yuchi language|Yuchi]]
# '''[[Hokan languages|Hokan]]''' phylum
#* [[Yuman languages|Yuman]]
#* [[Seri language|Seri]]
#* [[Pomoan languages|Pomoan]]
#* [[Palaihnihan languages|Palaihnihan]]
#* [[Shastan languages|Shastan]]
#* [[Yana language|Yanan]]
#* [[Chimariko language|Chimariko]]
#* [[Washo language|Washo]]
#* [[Salinan language|Salinan]]
#* [[Karuk language|Karok]]
#* [[Chumashan languages|Chumashan]]
#* [[Comecrudan languages|Comecrudan]]
#* [[Coahuiltecan languages|Coahuiltecan]]
#* [[Esselen language|Esselen]]
#* [[Jicaquean languages|Jicaque]]
#* [[Tlapanecan languages|Tlapanecan]]
#* [[Tequistlatecan languages|Tequistlatecan]]
| valign="top" width="60%" |
&nbsp;6. '''[[Penutian]]''' phylum
* [[Yokutsan languages|Yokuts]]
* [[Maiduan languages|Maidu]]
* [[Wintuan languages|Wintun]]
* [[Utian languages|Miwok–Costanoan]]
* [[Klamath language|Klamath]]–[[Modoc language|Modoc]]
* [[Sahaptin–Nez Perce languages|Sahaptin–Nez Perce]]
* [[Cayuse language|Cayuse]]
* [[Molala language|Molale]]
* [[Coosan languages|Coos]]
* [[Yakonan languages|Yakonan]]
* [[Takelma language|Takelma]]
* [[Kalapuyan|Kalapuya]]
* [[Chinookan language|Chinookan]]
* [[Tsimshianic languages|Tsimshian]]
* [[Zuni language|Zuni]]
* [[Mixe–Zoque languages|Mixe–Zoque]]
* [[Mayan languages|Mayan]]
* [[Chipaya–Uru languages|Chipaya–Uru]]
* [[Totonacan languages|Totonacan]]
* [[Huave language|Huave]]
&nbsp;7. '''[[Aztec–Tanoan languages|Aztec–Tanoan]]''' phylum
* [[Kiowa–Tanoan languages|Kiowa–Tanoan]]
* [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]]
&nbsp;8. '''[[Keresan languages|Keres]]''' <br>
&nbsp;9. '''[[Yukian languages|Yuki]]''' <br>
10. '''[[Beothuk language|Beothuk]]''' <br>
11. '''[[Kutenai language|Kutenai]]''' <br>
12. '''[[Karankawa language|Karankawa]]''' <br>
13. '''[[Chimakuan languages|Chimakuan]]''' <br>
14. '''[[Salishan languages|Salish]]''' <br>
15. '''[[Wakashan language|Wakashan]]''' <br>
16. '''[[Timucua language|Timucua]]''' <br>
|}

[[Chumashan languages|Chumashan]], [[Comecrudan languages|Comecrudan]], and [[Coahuiltecan languages|Coahuiltecan]] are included in Hokan with "reservations". [[Esselen language|Esselen]] is included in [[Hokan languages|Hokan]] with "strong reservations". [[Tsimshian languages|Tsimshian]] and [[Zuni language|Zuni]] are included in [[Penutian languages|Penutian]] with reservations.

===Campbell & Mithun (1979): The "Black Book"===
Campbell & Mithun's 1979 classification is more conservative, since it insists on more rigorous demonstration of genetic relationship before grouping. Thus, many of the speculative phyla of previous authors are "split".

===Goddard (1996), Campbell (1997), Mithun (1999)===
(preliminary)

{{collapse top|Classification by Goddard (1996), Campbell (1997), Mithun (1999)}}
'''Families'''
# [[Algic languages|Algic]]
## [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]
## [[Wiyot language|Wiyot]] (> [[Ritwan]]?)
## [[Yurok language|Yurok]] (> [[Ritwan]]?)
# [[Na-Dene languages|Na-Dene]]
## [[Eyak-Athabaskan languages|Eyak-Athabaskan]]
### [[Eyak language|Eyak]]
### [[Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan]]
## [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]]
# [[Caddoan languages|Caddoan]] (> [[Macro-Siouan languages|Macro-Siouan]]?)
# [[Chimakuan languages|Chimakuan]]
# [[Chinookan languages|Chinookan]] (> [[Penutian languages|Penutian]]?)
# [[Chumashan languages|Chumashan]] [chúmash]
# [[Comecrudan languages|Comecrudan]]
# [[Coosan languages|Coosan]] [kus] (> [[Penutian languages|Coast Penutian]]?)
# [[Eskimo–Aleut languages|Eskimo–Aleut]]
## [[Eskimo languages|Eskimoan]]
## [[Aleut language|Aleut]] = Unangan
# [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]]
# [[Kalapuyan languages|Kalapuyan]] [kalapúyan]
# [[Kiowa–Tanoan languages|Kiowa–Tanoan]]
# [[Maiduan languages|Maiduan]]
# [[Muskogean languages|Muskogean]]
# [[Palaihnihan languages|Palaihnihan]] (Achumawi–Atsugewi)
# [[Pomoan languages|Pomoan]]
# [[Sahaptian languages|Sahaptian]]
# [[Salishan languages|Salishan]]
# [[Shastan languages|Shastan]]
# [[Siouan–Catawban languages|Siouan–Catawban]]
## [[Western Siouan languages|Siouan]]
## [[Catawban languages|Catawban]]
# [[Tsimshianic languages|Tsimshianic]]
# [[Utian languages|Utian]]
## [[Miwok languages|Miwok]]
## [[Costanoan languages|Costanoan]]
# [[Utaztecan languages|Utaztecan]]
## [[Numic languages|Numic]] = Plateau
## [[Tübatulabal language|Tübatulabal]] = Kern
## [[Takic languages|Takic]] = Southern California
## [[Hopi language|Hopi]] = Pueblo
## [[Tepiman languages|Tepiman]] = Pimic
## [[Taracahitic languages|Taracahitic]]
## [[Tubar language|Tubar]]
## [[Corachol languages|Corachol]]
## [[Aztecan languages|Aztecan]]
# [[Wakashan languages|Wakashan]]
## [[Kwakiutl language|Kwakiutlan]]
## [[Nootka language|Nootkan]]
# [[Wintuan languages|Wintuan]] (> [[Penutian languages|Coast Penutian]]?)
# [[Yokutsan languages|Yokutsan]]
# [[Yuman–Cochimi languages|Yuman–Cochimi]]
## [[Yuman languages|Yuman]]
## [[Cochimi language|Cochimi]]

'''Isolates'''
# [[Adai language|Adai]]
# [[Alsea language|Alsea]] [alsi] (> [[Penutian languages|Coast Penutian]]?)
# [[Atakapa language|Atakapa]] (> [[Tunican languages|Tunican]]?)
# [[Beothuk language|Beothuk]] (unclassifiable?)
# [[Cayuse language|Cayuse]]
# [[Chimariko language|Chimariko]]
# [[Chitimacha language|Chitimacha]] (> [[Tunican languages|Tunican]]?)
# [[Coahuilteco language|Coahuilteco]]
# [[Cotoname language|Cotoname]] = Carrizo de Camargo
# [[Esselen language|Esselen]]
# [[Haida language|Haida]]
# [[Karankawa language|Karankawa]]
# [[Karok language|Karuk]]
# [[Keres language|Keres]]
# [[Klamath-Modoc language|Klamath-Modoc]]
# [[Kootenai language|Kootenai]]
# [[Molala language|Molala]]
# [[Natchez language|Natchez]]
# [[Salinan language|Salinan]]
# [[Siuslaw language|Siuslaw]] (> [[Penutian languages|Coast Penutian]]?)
# [[Takelma language|Takelma]]
# [[Timucua language|Timucua]]
# [[Tonkawa language|Tonkawa]]
# [[Tunica language|Tunica]] (> [[Tunican languages|Tunican]]?)
# [[Wappo language|Wappo]] (> [[Yuki–Wappo languages|Yuki–Wappo]])
# [[Washo language|Washo]]
# [[Yana language|Yana]]
# [[Yuchi language|Yuchi]] (> [[Siouan languages|Siouan]])
# [[Yuki language|Yuki]] (> [[Yuki–Wappo languages|Yuki–Wappo]])
# [[Zuni language|Zuni]]

'''Stocks'''

* [[Yuki–Wappo languages|Yuki–Wappo]], supported by Elmendorf (1981, 1997)

The unity of Penutian languages outside Mexico is considered probable by many linguists:
* [[Penutian languages|Penutian]]
# [[Tsimshianic languages|Tsimshianic]]
# [[Chinookan languages|Chinookan]]
# [[Takelma language|Takelma]]
# [[Kalapuya language|Kalapuya]] (not close to [[Takelma language|Takelma]]: Tarpent & Kendall 1998)
# [[Maidun language|Maidun]]
# [[Oregon Coast Penutian languages|Oregon Coast]]-Wintu (Whistler 1977, Golla 1997)
## [[Alsea language|Alsea]]
## [[Coosan languages|Coosan]]
## [[Siuslaw language|Siuslaw]]
## [[Wintuan languages|Wintuan]]
# [[Plateau Penutian languages|Plateau]]
## [[Sahaptian languages|Sahaptian]]
## [[Klamath language|Klamath]]
## [[Molala language|Molala]]
## [[Cayuse language|Cayuse]] ? (poor data)
# [[Yok-Utian languages|Yok-Utian]] ?
## [[Yokuts language|Yana]]
## [[Utian languages|Yana]]

Siouan–Yuchi "probable"; [[Macro-Siouan languages|Macro-Siouan]] likely:
* [[Macro-Siouan languages|Macro-Siouan]]
# Iroquoian–Caddoan
## [[Iroquoian language|Iroquoian]]
## [[Caddoan language|Caddoan]]
# [[Siouan–Yuchi languages|Siouan–Yuchi]]
## [[Siouan–Catawban languages|Siouan–Catawban]]
## [[Yuchi language|Yuchi]]

Natchez–Muskogean most likely of the [[Gulf languages|Gulf hypothesis]]
* [[Natchez–Muskogean languages|Natchez–Muskogean]]
# [[Natchez language|Natchez]]
# [[Muskogean languages|Muskogean]]

Hokan: most promising proposals
* [[Hokan languages|Hokan]]
# [[Karuk language|Karok]]
# [[Chimariko language|Chimariko]]
# [[Shastan languages|Shastan]]
# [[Palaihnihan languages|Palaihnihan]]
# [[Yana language|Yana]]
# [[Washo language|Washo]]
# [[Pomoan languages|Pomoan]]
# [[Esselen language|Esselen]]
# [[Salinan language|Salinan]]
# [[Yuman–Cochimi languages|Yuman–Cochimi]]
# [[Seri language|Seri]]

"Unlikely" to be Hokan:
:[[Chumashan languages|Chumashan]]
:[[Tonkawa language|Tonkawa]]
:[[Karankawa language|Karankawa]]
{{collapse bottom}}

[[Subtiaba–Tlapanec languages|Subtiaba–Tlapanec]] is likely part of [[Otomanguean languages|Otomanguean]] (Rensch 1977, Oltrogge 1977).

[[Aztec–Tanoan languages|Aztec–Tanoan]] is "undemonstrated"; [[Mosan languages|Mosan]] is a [[Sprachbund]].

==Mesoamerica==
(Consensus conservative classification)

'''Families'''
* [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]] (Other branches outside Mesoamerica. See North America) languages
:# [[Corachol languages|Corachol]] (Cora–Huichol)
:# [[Aztecan languages|Aztecan]] (Nahua–Pochutec)

* [[Totonac–Tepehua languages|Totonac–Tepehua]]
* [[Otomanguean languages|Otomanguean]]
:# [[Oto-Pamean languages|Otopamean]]
:# [[Popolocan languages|Popolocan]]–[[Mazatecan languages|Mazatecan]]
:# [[Subtiaba–Tlapanec languages|Subtiaba–Tlapanec]]
:# [[Amuzgo language|Amuzgo]]
:# [[Mixtecan languages|Mixtecan]]
:# [[Chatino language|Chatino]]–[[Zapotecan languages|Zapotec]]
:# [[Chinantecan languages|Chinantec]]
:# [[Chiapanec language|Chiapanec]]–[[Mangue language|Mangue]] (extinct)

* [[Tequistlatecan languages|Tequistlatec]]-[[Jicaquean languages|Jicaque]]
* [[Mixe–Zoque languages|Mixe–Zoque]]
* [[Mayan languages|Mayan]]
* [[Misumalpan languages|Misumalpan]] (Outside Mesoamerica proper. See South America)
* [[Chibchan languages|Chibchan]] (Outside Mesoamerica proper. See South America)
:# [[Paya language|Paya]]

'''Isolates'''
* [[Purépecha language|Purépecha]]
* [[Cuitlatec language|Cuitlatec]] (extinct)
* [[Huave languages|Huave]]
* [[Xincan languages|Xinca]] (extinct)
* [[Lencan languages|Lenca]] (extinct)

'''Proposed stocks'''
* [[Hokan languages|Hokan]] (see North America)
:# [[Tequistlatecan languages|Tequistlatec]]-[[Jicaquean languages|Jicaque]]
* [[Macro-Mayan languages|Macro-Mayan]] ([[Penutian languages|Penutian]] affiliation now considered doubtful.)
:# [[Totonac–Tepehua languages|Totonac–Tepehua]]
:# [[Huave languages|Huave]]
:# [[Mixe–Zoque languages|Mixe–Zoque]]
:# [[Mayan languages|Mayan]]
* [[Macro-Chibchan languages|Macro-Chibchan]]
:# [[Chibchan languages|Chibchan]]
:# [[Misumalpan languages|Misumalpan]]
:# [[Paya language|Paya]] (sometimes placed in [[Chibchan languages|Chibchan]] proper)
:# [[Xincan languages|Xinca]]
:# [[Lencan languages|Lenca]]

==South America==
{{further|Indigenous languages of South America}}

Notable early classifications of classifications of indigenous South American language families include those by [[Filippo Salvatore Gilii]] (1780–84),<ref name="Gilij">Gilij, Filippo Salvatore. 1965. ''Ensayo de historia Americana''. Spanish translation by [[Antonio Tovar]]. (Fuentes para la Historia Colonial de Venezuela, Volumes 71–73.) Caracas: Biblioteca de la Academia Nacional de la Historia. First published as Saggio di storia americana; o sia, storia naturale, civile e sacra de regni, e delle provincie spagnuole di Terra-Ferma nell’ America Meridionale descritto dall’ abate F. S. Gilij. Rome: Perigio [1780–1784].</ref> [[Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro]] (1784–87),<ref name="Hervas-1784">Hervás y Panduro, Lorenzo. 1784–87. ''Idea dell’universo: che contiene la storia della vita dell’uomo, elementi cosmografici, viaggio estatico al mondo planetario, e storia de la terra e delle lingue''. Cesena: Biasini.</ref><ref name="Hervas-1800">Hervás y Panduro, Lorenzo. 1800–1805. ''Catálogo de las lenguas de las naciones conocidas y numeracion, division, y clases de estas segun la diversidad de sus idiomas y dialectos'', Volume I (1800): ''Lenguas y naciones Americanas''. Madrid: Administracion del Real Arbitrio de Beneficencia.</ref> [[Daniel Garrison Brinton]] (1891),<ref name="Brinton-1891">Brinton, Daniel G. 1891. ''The American race''. New York: D. C. Hodges.</ref> [[Paul Rivet]] (1924),<ref name="Rivet-1924">Rivet, Paul. 1924. Langues Américaines III: Langues de l’Amérique du Sud et des Antilles. In: Antoine Meillet and Marcel Cohen (ed.), ''Les Langues du Monde'', Volume 16, 639–712. Paris: Collection Linguistique.</ref> [[John Alden Mason]] (1950),<ref name="Mason-1950">Mason, J. Alden. 1950. The languages of South America. In: Julian Steward (ed.), ''Handbook of South American Indians'', Volume 6, 157–317. ([[Smithsonian Institution]], [[Bureau of American Ethnology]] Bulletin 143.) Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.</ref> and [[Čestmír Loukotka]] (1968).<ref name="Loukotka"/> Other classifications include those of [[Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño]] (1940–45),<ref name="Jijon">Jijón y Caamaño, Jacinto. 1998. ''El Ecuador interandino y occidental antes de la conquista castellana''. Quito: Abya-Yala. First published Quito: Editorial Ecuatoriana [1940–1945].</ref> [[Antonio Tovar]] (1961; 1984),<ref name="Tovar-1961">Tovar, Antonio. 1961. ''Catálogo de las lenguas de América del Sur: enumeración, con indicaciones tipológicas, bibliografía y mapas''. Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana.</ref><ref name="Tovar-1984">Tovar, Antonio and Consuelo Larrucea de Tovar. 1984. ''Catálogo de las lenguas de América del Sur''. Madrid: Gredos.</ref> and [[Jorge A. Suárez]] (1974).<ref name="Suarez-1974">Suárez, Jorge. 1974. South American Indian languages. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 15th edition, Macropaedia 17. 105–112.</ref><ref name="Campbell-SAmerica">{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Lyle |author-link=Lyle Campbell |title=The Indigenous Languages of South America |date=2012 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |isbn=978-3-11-025513-3 |editor1-last=Grondona |editor1-first=Verónica |series=The World of Linguistics |volume=2 |location=Berlin |pages=59–166 |chapter=Classification of the indigenous languages of South America |editor2-last=Campbell |editor2-first=Lyle}}</ref>

===''Glottolog'' 4.1 (2019)===
''[[Glottolog]]'' 4.1 (2019) recognizes 44 independent families and 64 isolates in South America.<ref name="Glottolog-4-1" />

;South American languages families proposed in ''[[Glottolog]]'' 4.1
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
;Families (44)
#[[Arawakan languages|Arawakan]] (78)
#[[Tupian languages|Tupian]] (71)
#[[Pano-Tacanan languages|Pano-Tacanan]] (45)
#[[Quechuan languages|Quechuan]] (45)
#[[Cariban languages|Cariban]] (42)
#[[Mayan languages|Mayan]] (33)
#[[Nuclear-Macro-Je languages|Nuclear-Macro-Je]] (30)
#[[Chibchan languages|Chibchan]] (27)
#[[Tucanoan languages|Tucanoan]] (26)
#[[Chapacuran languages|Chapacuran]] (12)
#[[Chocoan languages|Chocoan]] (9)
#[[Huitotoan languages|Huitotoan]] (7)
#[[Matacoan languages|Matacoan]] (7)
#[[Arawan languages|Arawan]] (6)
#[[Barbacoan languages|Barbacoan]] (6)
#[[Nambiquaran languages|Nambiquaran]] (6)
#[[Zaparoan languages|Zaparoan]] (6)
#[[Guahiboan languages|Guahiboan]] (5)
#[[Guaicuruan languages|Guaicuruan]] (5)
#[[Lengua-Mascoy languages|Lengua-Mascoy]] (5)
#[[Yanomamic languages|Yanomamic]] (5)
#[[Aymaran languages|Aymaran]] (4)
#[[Chicham languages|Chicham]] (4)
#[[Chonan languages|Chonan]] (4)
#[[Jodi-Saliban languages|Jodi-Saliban]] (4)
#[[Kamakanan languages|Kamakanan]] (4)
#[[Naduhup languages|Naduhup]] (4)
#[[Bororoan languages|Bororoan]] (3)
#[[Cahuapanan languages|Cahuapanan]] (3)
#[[Charruan languages|Charruan]] (3)
#[[Kawesqar languages|Kawesqar]] (3)
#[[Peba-Yagua languages|Peba-Yagua]] (3)
#[[Zamucoan languages|Zamucoan]] (3)
#[[Araucanian languages|Araucanian]] (2)
#[[Boran languages|Boran]] (2)
#[[Harakmbut languages|Harakmbut]] (2)
#[[Hibito-Cholon languages|Hibito-Cholon]] (2)
#[[Huarpean languages|Huarpean]] (2)
#[[Kakua-Nukak languages|Kakua-Nukak]] (2)
#[[Katukinan languages|Katukinan]] (2)
#[[Otomaco-Taparita languages|Otomaco-Taparita]] (2)
#[[Puri-Coroado languages|Puri-Coroado]] (2)
#[[Ticuna-Yuri languages|Ticuna-Yuri]] (2)
#[[Uru-Chipaya languages|Uru-Chipaya]] (2)

{{col-break}}
;Isolates (64)
#[[Aewa language|Aewa]]
#[[Aikanã language|Aikanã]]
#[[Andaqui language|Andaqui]]
#[[Andoque language|Andoque]]
#[[Arutani language|Arutani]]
#[[Atacame language|Atacame]]
#[[Betoi-Jirara language|Betoi-Jirara]]
#[[Camsá language|Camsá]]
#[[Candoshi-Shapra language|Candoshi-Shapra]]
#[[Canichana language|Canichana]]
#[[Cayubaba language|Cayubaba]]
#[[Chiquitano language|Chiquitano]]
#[[Chono language|Chono]]
#[[Cofán language|Cofán]]
#[[Culli language|Culli]]
#[[Fulniô language|Fulniô]]
#[[Guachi language|Guachi]]
#[[Guamo language|Guamo]]
#[[Guató language|Guató]]
#[[Irántxe-Münkü language|Irántxe-Münkü]]
#[[Itonama language|Itonama]]
#[[Jirajaran language|Jirajaran]]
#[[Kanoê language|Kanoê]]
#[[Kariri language|Kariri]]
#[[Kunza language|Kunza]]
#[[Kwaza language|Kwaza]]
#[[Leco language|Leco]]
#[[Lule language|Lule]]
#[[Jukude language|Máku]]
#[[Matanawí language|Matanawí]]
#[[Mato Grosso Arára language|Mato Grosso Arára]]
#[[Mochica language|Mochica]]
#[[Mosetén-Chimané language|Mosetén-Chimané]]
#[[Movima language|Movima]]
#[[Muniche language|Muniche]]
#[[Mure language|Mure]]
#[[Omurano language|Omurano]]
#[[Oti language|Oti]]
#[[Páez language|Páez]]
#[[Pankararú language|Pankararú]]
#[[Payagua language|Payagua]]
#[[Pirahã language|Pirahã]]
#[[Puelche language|Puelche]]
#[[Puinave language|Puinave]]
#[[Pumé language|Pumé]]
#[[Puquina language|Puquina]]
#[[Ramanos language|Ramanos]]
#[[Sapé language|Sapé]]
#[[Sechuran language|Sechuran]]
#[[Tallán language|Tallán]]
#[[Taruma language|Taruma]]
#[[Taushiro language|Taushiro]]
#[[Timote-Cuica language|Timote-Cuica]]
#[[Tinigua language|Tinigua]]
#[[Trumai language|Trumai]]
#[[Tuxá language|Tuxá]]
#[[Urarina language|Urarina]]
#[[Vilela language|Vilela]]
#[[Waorani language|Waorani]]
#[[Warao language|Warao]]
#[[Xukurú language|Xukurú]]
#[[Yámana language|Yámana]]
#[[Yuracaré language|Yuracaré]]
#[[Yurumanguí language|Yurumanguí]]
{{col-end}}

===Rivet (1924)===
[[Paul Rivet]] (1924) lists 77 independent language families of South America.<ref name="Rivet-1924"/>

{{columns-list |colwidth=25em|
#''[[Alakaluf language|Alakaluf]]''
#''[[Allentiac language|Al'entiak]]''
#''[[Amuesha language|Amuesha]]''
#''[[Araucanian languages|Araukan]]''
#[[Arawakan languages|Arawak]]
#''[[Arda language|Arda]]'' (spurious)
#''[[Atacama language|Atakama]]''
#''[[Atalan language|Atal'an]]''
#''[[Auaké language|Auaké]]''
#''[[Aymara language|Aymará]]''
#[[Bororoan languages|Bororó]]
#[[Diaguit languages|Diagit]]
#''[[Enimaga language|Enimaga]]''
#''[[Esmeralda language|Esmeralda]]''
#[[Guahibo languages|Guahibo]]
#''[[Warao language|Guarauno]]''
#''[[Guató language|Guató]]''
#[[Guaicuruan languages|Guaykurú]]
#''[[Chechehet language|Het (Chechehet)]]''
#''[[Huari language|Huari]]''
#''[[Itonama language|Itonama]]''
#[[Cahuapanan languages|Kahuapana]]
#''[[Kaliana language|Kaliána]]''
#''[[Cañari language|Kañari]]''
#''[[Kanichana language|Kanichana]]''
#[[Karajá languages|Karajá (Karayá)]]
#[[Cariban languages|Karib]]
#[[Kariri languages|Karirí]]
#[[Catuquinan languages|Katukina]]
#''[[Cayuvava language|Kayuvava]]''
#[[Quechuan languages|Kichua]]
#''[[Coche language|Koche (Mokóa)]]''
#''[[Cofán language|Kofane]]''
#''[[Leco language|Leko]]''
#[[Nadahup languages|Maku]]
#[[Mascoian languages|Maskoi]]
#''[[Mashubi language|Mashubi]]''
#[[Matacoan languages|Matako-Mataguayo]]
#''[[Movima language|Mobima]]''
#[[Moseten languages|Moseten]]
#[[Mura languages|Múra]]
#[[Nambikwaran languages|Nambikuára]]
#[[Otomacoan languages|Otomak]]
#[[Pano languages|Pano]]
#''[[Puelche language|Puelche]]''
#''[[Puinave language|Puinave]]''
#[[Puruhá language|Puruhá]]
#[[Saliban languages|Sáliba]]
#[[Zamucoan languages|Samuku]]
#''[[Sanavirón language|Sanaviron]]''
#''[[Xavante language|Shavanté]]''
#[[Sek languages|Sek]]
#''[[Shiriana language|Shirianá]]''
#[[Timote languages|Timote]]
#''[[Trumai language|Trumaí]]''
#[[Chapacuran languages|Chapakura]]
#[[Charruan languages|Charrúa]]
#[[Chibchan languages|Chibcha]]
#[[Chiquito languages|Chikito]]
#''[[Chirino language|Chirino]]''
#[[Choco languages|Choko]]
#[[Cholona languages|Cholona]]
#[[Chon languages|Chon]]
#[[Tucanoan languages|Tukáno]]
#[[Tupi-Guaraní languages|Tupi-Guaraní]]
#''[[Tuyuneri language|Tuyuneiri]]''
#[[Lule-Vilela languages|Vilela]]-''[[Chulupí language|Chulupí]]''
#[[Witotoan languages|Witóto]]
#[[Jivaroan languages|Xíbaro (Shiwora, Shuara)]]
#[[Jirajara languages|Xiraxara]]
#''[[Yaghan language|Yahgan]]''
#''[[Yaruro language|Yaruro]]''
#''[[Yunca language|Yunka]]''
#''[[Yuracare language|Yurakáre]]''
#''[[Yuri language (Amazon)|Yuri]]''
#[[Zaparoan languages|Záparo]]
#[[Je languages|Je (Ge)]]
}}

===Mason (1950)===
Classification of South American languages by [[J. Alden Mason]] (1950):<ref name="Mason-1950"/>

{{collapse top|Classification of South American languages by Mason (1950)}}
; [[Chibchan languages|Chibchan]]
* Western
** [[Talamanca languages|Talamanca]]
** [[Barbacoa languages|Barbacoa]]
*** [[Pasto language|Pasto]]
*** [[Cayapa language|Cayapa]]-[[Tsafiki language|Colorado]]
** [[Guatuso language|Guatuso]]
** [[Guna language|Cuna]]
* Pacific
** [[Guaymí language|Isthmian (Guaymí)]]
** Colombian
* Inter-Andine
** [[Páez language|Páez]]
** [[Coconuco language|Coconuco]]
** [[Popayan language|Popayanense]]
* Eastern
** [[Chibcha language|Cundinamarca]]
** [[Arhuaco language|Arhuaco]]
** [[Votic languages|Central America]]
** ? [[Andaquí language|Andakí (Andaquí)]]
** ? [[Betoi language|Betoi group]]

;Languages probably of Chibchan affinities
* [[Panzaleo language|Panzaleo]]
* [[Cara language|Cara]], [[Caranki language|Caranki]]
* [[Quijo language|Kijo (Quijo)]]
* [[Misumalpan languages|Misumalpan]]
* [[Cofán language|Cofán (Kofane)]]

;Languages of doubtful Chibchan relationships
* [[Coche language|Coche (Mocoa)]]
* [[Esmeralda language|Esmeralda]]
* [[Tairona language|Tairona]], [[Chimila language|Chimila]]
* [[Yurumanguí language|Yurumanguí]]
* [[Timote language|Timote]]
* [[Candoshi language|Candoshi]], [[Chirino language|Chirino]], [[Murato language|Murato]]
* [[Cholón language|Cholón]]
* [[Hibito language|Híbito]]
* [[Copallén language|Copallén]]
* [[Aconipa language|Aconipa (Akonipa)]]

;Language families of central South America
* Yunca-Puruhán
** [[Yunca language|Yunca]]
** [[Puruhá language|Puruhá]]
** [[Cañari language|Cañari (Canyari)]]
** [[Atalán language|Atalán]]
** [[Sechura language|Sec (Sechura, Tallán)]]
* [[Kechumaran languages|Kechumaran]]
** [[Quechua language|Quechua]]
** [[Aymara language|Aymara]]
* [[Chiquitano language|Chiquitoan]]
* [[Macro-Guaicuruan languages|Macro-Guaicuruan]]
** [[Matacoan languages|Mataco-Macá]]
*** [[Mataco language|Mataco]]
*** [[Macá language|Macá (Enimagá, Cochaboth)]]
** [[Guaicurú languages|Guaicurú (Waicurú)]]
* [[Lule-Vilelan languages|Lule-Vilelan]]
** [[Tonocoté language|Tonocoté]], [[Matará language|Matará]], [[Guacará language|Guacará]]

; [[Arawakan languages|Arawakan]]
* [[Chané language|Chané]], [[Chaná language|Chaná]]

;Languages of probable Arawakan affinities
* [[Arawan languages|Arauá group]]
* [[Apolista language|Apolista (Lapachu)]]
* [[Amuesha language|Amuesha]]
* [[Tikuna language|Tucuna (Tikuna)]]
* [[Taruma language|Tarumá]]
* [[Tacana language|Tacana]]

;Languages of possible Arawakan relationships
* [[Tuyuneri language|Tuyuneri]]
* [[Jirajara language|Jirajara]]
* [[Jívaro languages|Jívaro]]
* [[Uru-Chipaya languages|Uru-Chipaya]]-[[Pukina language|Pukina]]
** [[Ochosuma language|Ochosuma]]
** Chango, [[Uru language|Coast Uru]]

;[[Cariban languages|Cariban]]

;Languages of probable Cariban affiliations
* [[Chocó languages|Chocó]], Cariban of Colombia
* [[Peba-Yagua languages|Peba-Yagua]]
** [[Arda language|Arda]]
* [[Yuma language|Yuma]]
* [[Palmella language|Palmella]]
* [[Yuri language (Amazon)|Yuri (Juri)]]
* [[Pimenteira language|Pimenteira]]

;Macro-Tupí-Guaranian
* [[Tupí-Guaranian languages|Tupí-Guaranian]]
** [[Yurimagua language|Yurimagua (Zurimagua)]]
* [[Arikem language|Arikem]]
* [[Boran languages|Miranyan (Boran)]]
* [[Witotoan languages|Witotoan]]
** [[Nonuya language|Nonuya]]
** [[Muenane language|Muenane]]
** [[Fitita language|Fitita]]
** [[Orejón language|Orejón]]
** [[Coeruna language|Coeruna]]
** [[Andoke language|Andoke]]
** [[Resigero language|Resigero]]
* [[Zaparoan languages|Záparoan]]
** [[Omurano language|Omurano (Roamaina?)]]
** [[Waorani language|Sabela]]
** [[Canelo language|Canelo]]
** [[Awishira language|Awishira]]

;Northern tropical lowland independent families
* [[Warao language|Warrauan]]
* [[Auaké language|Auakéan]]
* [[Kaliana language|Calianan]]
* [[Jukude language|Macuan]]
* [[Shiriana language|Shirianán]]
* [[Sáliba language|Sálivan]], [[Wirö language|Macu]], [[Piaroa language|Piaróa]]
* [[Pamigua language|Pamigua]], [[Tinigua language|Tinigua]]
* [[Otomacoan languages|Otomacan]], [[Guamo language|Guamo (Guama)]], [[Yaruro language|Yaruran]]
* [[Guahiban language|Guahiban]]
* [[Puinavean language|Puinavean (Macú)]]
* [[Tucanoan languages|Tucanoan (Betoyan)]]
** [[Orejón language|Coto]]
* [[Cahuapanan languages|Cahuapanan]]
** [[Muniche language|Muniche]]
* [[Panoan languages|Panoan]]
** Chama languages
** [[Cashibo language|Cashibo]]
** [[Mayoruna language|Mayoruna]]
** [[Itucale language|Itucale]], [[Simacu language|Simacu]], [[Urarina language|Urarina]]
** [[Aguano language|Aguano]]
** [[Chamicuro language|Chamicuro]]

;Southern tropical lowland independent families
* Unclassified languages of Eastern Perú: [[Alon language|Alon]], [[Amasifuin language|Amasifuin]], [[Carapacho language|Carapacho]], [[Cascoasoa language|Cascoasoa]], [[Chedua language|Chedua]], [[Cholto language|Cholto]], [[Chunanawa language|Chunanawa]], [[Chusco language|Chusco]], [[Cognomona language|Cognomona]], [[Chupacho language|Chupacho]], [[Huayana language|Huayana]], [[Kikidcana language|Kikidcana (Quiquidcana)]], [[Moyobamba language|Moyo-pampa]], [[Nindaso language|Nindaso]], [[Nomona language|Nomona]], [[Pantahua language|Pantahua]], [[Payanso language|Payanso]], [[Tepqui language|Tepqui]], [[Tingan language|Tingan]], [[Tulumayo language|Tulumayo]], [[Zapazo language|Zapazo]]
* Small "families" of Bolivia: [[Itonama language|Itonama]], [[Canichana language|Canichana]], [[Cayuvava language|Cayuvava]], [[Movima language|Movima]], [[Moseten language|Moseten]], [[Leco language|Leco]], [[Yuracare language|Yuracare]]
* Small languages of the Brazil-Bolivia border: [[Huari language|Huari]], [[Masáca language|Masáca]], [[Capishaná language|Capishaná]], [[Puruborá language|Puruborá]], [[Mashubi language|Mashubi]], [[Kepikiriwat language|Kepikiriwat]], [[Sanamaicá language|Sanamaicá]], [[Tuparí language|Tuparí]], [[Guaycarú language|Guaycarú]], [[Aricapu language|Aricapu]], [[Yaputi language|Yaputi]], [[Aruashí language|Aruashí]], [[Canoa language|Canoa]]
* [[Catukinan languages|Catukinan]]
* [[Chapacuran languages|Chapacuran]]: [[Wanyam language|Wanyam (Huañam)]], [[Cabishí language|Cabishí (Kabichi)]]
* [[Mascoian languages|Mascoian]]
* [[Zamucoan languages|Zamucoan]]
* [[Guató language|Guatoan]]
* [[Bororoan languages|Bororoan]], [[Otuke language|Otuke]]
** [[Coraveca language|Coraveca]], [[Covareca language|Covareca]]
** [[Curucaneca language|Curucaneca]], [[Curuminaca language|Curuminaca]]
* [[Nambicuaran languages|Nambicuaran]]
** [[Cabishí language|Cabishí]]
* [[Muran languages|Muran]]
** [[Matanawí language|Matanawí]]
* [[Trumai language|Trumaian]]
* [[Carajá language|Caraján]]
* [[Caririan languages|Caririan]]

;Macro-Ge
* [[Je languages|Ge]]
* [[Caingang language|Caingang]]
* [[Camacán languages|Camacán]], [[Mashacalí languages|Mashacalí]], [[Purí languages|Purí (Coroado)]]
** [[Camacán languages|Camacán]]
** [[Mashacalí languages|Mashacalí]]
** [[Purí languages|Purí (Coroado)]]
* [[Patashó language|Patashó]]
* [[Malalí language|Malalí]]
* [[Coropó language|Coropó]]
* [[Botocudo language|Botocudo]]

;Other language families of eastern Brazil
* [[Xavante language|Shavanté (Chavanté, Šavante)]]
** [[Otí language|Otí]]
** [[Opayé language|Opayé]]
** [[Cucurá language|Cucurá]]
* [[Guaitacá language|Guaitacán]]
* Small languages of the [[Pernambuco]] region: [[Fulnió language|Fulnió]], [[Natú language|Natú]], [[Pancãrurú language|Pancãrurú]], [[Shocó language|Shocó]], [[Shucurú language|Shucurú]], [[Tushá language|Tushá]], [[Carapató language|Carapató]], [[Payacú language|Payacú]], [[Teremembé language|Teremembé]], [[Tarairiu language|Tarairiu (Ochucayana)]]

;Southernmost languages
* Ataguitan
** [[Atacama language|Atacama]]
** [[Omahuaca language|Omawaca (Omahuaca)]]
** [[Diaguita language|Diaguita (Calchaquí)]]
* [[Charrua language|Charrua]], [[Querandi language|Kerandí]], [[Chaná language|Chaná]], etc.
* [[Allentiac language|Allentiac (Huarpean)]]
* [[Sanavirón language|Sanavirón]], [[Comechingon language|Comechingónan]]
** [[Sanavirón language|Sanavirón]]
** [[Comechingón language|Comechingón]]
* [[Araucanian language|Araucanian]]
** [[Chono language|Chono]]
* [[Puelche language|Puelchean]]
** [[Chechehet language|Het (Chechehet)]]
* [[Chonan languages|Chonan]] ([[Tehuelche language|Tewelche, Tehuelche]]), [[Selkʼnam language|Selkʼnam]]
* [[Yahgan language|Yahganan]]
* [[Alacalufan languages|Alacalufan]]
{{collapsebottom}}

===Loukotka (1968)===
{{See also|List of unclassified languages of South America#Loukotka (1968)}}
[[Čestmír Loukotka]] (1968) proposed a total of 117 indigenous language families (called ''stocks'' by Loukotka) and isolates of South America.<ref name="Loukotka">{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |author-link=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
;Languages of Paleo-American tribes
*A. Southern Division
**1. ''[[Yámana language|Yámana]]''
**2. ''[[Alacaluf language|Alacaluf]]''
**3. [[Aksanás languages|Aksanás]]
**4. ''[[Patagon languages|Patagon]]''
**5. ''[[Gennaken language|Gennaken]]''
**6. [[Chechehet languages|Chechehet]]
**7. ''[[Sanaviron language|Sanaviron]]''
*B. Chaco Division
**8. [[Guaicuru languages|Guaicuru]]
**9. [[Vilela languages|Vilela]]
**10. [[Mataco languages|Mataco]]
**11. [[Lengua languages|Lengua]]
**12. [[Zamuco languages|Zamuco]]
**13. [[Chiquito languages|Chiquito]]
**14. ''[[Gorgotoqui language|Gorgotoqui]]''
**Unclassified or unknown languages of the areas of Divisions A and B.
*C. Division of Central Brazil
**15. [[Charrua languages|Charrua]]
**16. [[Kaingán languages|Kaingán]]
**17. ''[[Opaie language|Opaie]]''
**18. [[Puri languages|Puri]]
**19. [[Mashakali languages|Mashakali]]
**20. [[Botocudo languages|Botocudo]]
**21. ''[[Baenan language|Baenan]]''
**22. [[Kamakan languages|Kamakan]]
**23. [[Fulnio languages|Fulnio]]
**24. [[Ge languages|Ge]]
**25. ''[[Kukura language|Kukura]]'' (spurious)
**26. ''[[Otí language|Otí]]''
**27. [[Boróro languages|Boróro]]
**28. [[Karajá languages|Karajá]]
**Unclassified or unknown languages of the area of Division C.
*D. Northeastern Division
**29. ''[[Katembri language|Katembri]]''
**30. ''[[Tushá language|Tushá]]''
**31. ''[[Pankarurú language|Pankarurú]]''
**32. ''[[Xocó language|Chocó]]''
**33. ''[[Umán language|Umán]]''
**34. ''[[Natú language|Natú]]''
**35. [[Shukurú languages|Shukurú]]
**36. [[Kiriri languages|Kiriri]]
**37. [[Tarairiú languages|Tarairiú]]
**38. [[Gamela languages|Gamela]]
**Unclassified or unknown languages of the area of Division D.
*E. Northwestern Division
**39. [[Múra languages|Múra]]
**40. ''[[Matanawí language|Matanawí]]''
**41. ''[[Erikbaktsa language|Erikbaktsa]]''
**42. [[Nambikwára languages|Nambikwára]]
**43. ''[[Iranshe language|Iranshe]]''
**44. [[Yabutí languages|Yabutí]]
{{col-break}}
;Languages of tropical forest tribes
*A. North Central Division
**45. [[Tupi languages|Tupi]]
**46. [[Arawak languages|Arawak]]
**47. [[Otomac languages|Otomac]]
**48. [[Guamo languages|Guamo]]
**49. ''[[Taruma language|Taruma]]''
**50. [[Piaroa–Saliban languages|Piaroa]]
**51. [[Tinigua languages|Tinigua]]
**52. ''[[Jukude language|Máku]]''
**53. ''[[Tucuna language|Tucuna]]''
**54. [[Yagua languages|Yagua]]
**55. [[Kahuapana languages|Kahuapana]]
**56. [[Munichi languages|Munichi]]
**57. [[Cholona languages|Cholona]]
**58. [[Mayna languages|Mayna]]
**59. [[Murato languages|Murato]]
**60. ''[[Auishiri language|Auishiri]]''
**61. ''[[Itucale language|Itucale]]''
**62. [[Jíbaro languages|Jíbaro]]
**63. [[Sabela languages|Sabela]]
**64. [[Záparo languages|Záparo]]
**65. [[Chapacura languages|Chapacura]]
**66. [[Huari languages|Huari]]
**67. ''[[Capixana language|Capixana]]''
**68. ''[[Koaiá language|Koaiá]]''
**69. ''[[Purubora language|Purubora]]''
**70. ''[[Trumai language|Trumai]]''
**71. ''[[Cayuvava language|Cayuvava]]''
**72. ''[[Mobima language|Mobima]]''
**73. ''[[Itonama language|Itonama]]''
**74. ''[[Canichana language|Canichana]]''
**Unclassified or unknown languages of the area of the North Central Division.
*B. South Central Division
**75. [[Pano languages|Pano]]
**76. [[Tacana languages|Tacana]]
**77. ''[[Toyeri language|Toyeri]]''
**78. ''[[Yuracare language|Yuracare]]''
**79. [[Mosetene languages|Mosetene]]
**80. ''[[Guató language|Guató]]''
**Unclassified or unknown languages of the area of the South Central Division.
*C. Languages of the Central Division
**81. [[Tucano languages|Tucano]]
**82. ''[[Andoque language|Andoque]]''
**83. [[Uitoto languages|Uitoto]]
**84. [[Bora languages|Bora]]
**85. ''[[Yuri language (Amazon)|Yuri]]''
**86. [[Nadahup languages|Makú]]
**87. [[Catuquina languages|Catuquina]]
**88. [[Arawa languages|Arawa]]
**Unclassified or unknown languages of the area of the Central Division.
*D. Northeastern Division
**89. [[Karaib languages|Karaib]]
**90. [[Yanoama languages|Yanoama]]
**91. [[Uarao languages|Uarao]]
**92. ''[[Auaké language|Auaké]]''
**93. ''[[Kaliána language|Kaliána]]''
**Unclassified or unknown languages of the area of the North Eastern Division.
{{col-break}}
;Languages of Andean tribes
*A. Northern Division
**94. [[Chibcha languages|Chibcha]]
**95. [[Timote languages|Timote]]
**96. [[Jirajara languages|Jirajara]]
**97. [[Chocó languages|Chocó]]
**98. ''[[Idabaez language|Idabaez]]''
**Unclassified or unknown division.
*B. North Central Division
**99. [[Yurimangui languages|Yurimangui]]
**100. ''[[Cofán language|Cofán]]''
**101. [[Sechura languages|Sechura]]
**102. [[Catacao languages|Catacao]]
**103. ''[[Culli language|Culli]]''
**104. ''[[Tabancale language|Tabancale]]''
**105. ''[[Copallén language|Copallén]]''
**106. [[Chimú languages|Chimú]]
*C. South Central Division
**107. [[Quechua languages|Quechua]]
**108. [[Aymara languages|Aymara]]
**109. [[Puquina languages|Puquina]]
**110. [[Uro languages|Uro]]
**111. [[Atacama languages|Atacama]]
**112. ''[[Leco language|Leco]]''
**Unclassified or unknown languages of the area of the Ancient [[Inca Empire]].
*D. Southern Division
**113. [[Mapuche languages|Mapuche]]
**114. [[Diaguit languages|Diaguit]]
**115. [[Humahuaca languages|Humahuaca]]
**116. [[Lule languages|Lule]]
**117. [[Huarpe languages|Huarpe]]
{{col-end}}

===Kaufman (1990)===

====Families and isolates====

[[Terrence Kaufman]]'s classification is meant to be a rather conservative genetic grouping of the languages of South America (and a few in Central America). He has 118 ''genetic units''. Kaufman believes for these 118 units "that there is little likelihood that any of the groups recognized here will be broken apart". Kaufman uses more specific terminology than only ''language family'', such as ''language area'', ''emergent area'', and ''language complex'', where he recognizes issues such as partial [[mutual intelligibility]] and [[dialect continuum]]s. The list below collapses these into simply ''families''. Kaufman's list is numbered and grouped by "geolinguistic region". The list below is presented in alphabetic order. Kaufman uses an anglicized orthography for his genetic units, which is mostly used only by himself. His spellings have been retained below.<ref>Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), ''Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages'' (pp.&nbsp;13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. {{ISBN|0-292-70414-3}}.</ref>

{|
| valign="top" width="65%" |
'''Families:'''
# [[Aymaran languages|Aimoré]]
# [[Arauan languages|Arawán]]
# [[Barbacoan languages|Barbakóan]]
# [[Bora language|Bóran]]
# [[Boróroan languages|Boróroan]]
# [[Chapacuran languages|Chapakúran]]
# [[Charrúan languages|Charrúan]]
# [[Chibchan languages|Chíbchan]]
# [[Chimuan languages|Chimúan]]
# [[Chipaya languages|Chipaya]]
# [[Choco languages|Chokó]]
# [[Cholónan languages|Cholónan]]
# [[Chon languages|Chon]]
# [[Haki languages|Haki]]
# [[Harákmbut languages|Harákmbut]]
# [[Hiraháran languages|Hiraháran]]
# [[Jivaroan languages|Hívaro]]
# [[Jabutían languages|Jabutían]]
# [[Ge languages|Je]]
# [[Kamakánan languages|Kamakánan]]
# [[Karajá languages|Karajá]]
# [[Cariban languages|Káriban]]
# [[Katakáoan languages|Katakáoan]]
# [[Katukínan languages|Katukínan]]
# [[Kawapánan languages|Kawapánan]]
# [[Kawéskar languages|Kawéskar]]
# [[Quechuan languages|Kechua]]
# [[Arawakan languages|Maipúrean]]
# [[Mashakalían languages|Mashakalían]]
# [[Maskóian languages|Maskóian]]
# [[Matacoan languages|Matákoan]]
# [[Misumalpan languages|Misumalpa]]
# [[Mosetén languages|Mosetén]]
# [[Muran languages|Múran]]
# [[Nambikuara languages|Nambikuara]]
# [[Otomákoan languages|Otomákoan]]
# [[Paezan languages|Páesan]]
# [[Panoan languages|Pánoan]]
# [[Puinavean languages|Puinávean]]
# [[Purian languages|Purían]]
# [[Sálivan languages|Sálivan]]
# [[Samúkoan languages|Samúkoan]]
# [[Zaparoan languages|Sáparoan]]
# [[Tacanan languages|Takánan]]
# [[Timótean languages|Timótean]]
# [[Tiníwan languages|Tiníwan]]
# [[Tucanoan languages|Tukánoan]]
# [[Tupian languages|Tupían]]
# [[Guajiboan languages|Wahívoan]]
# [[Guaicuruan languages|Waikurúan]]
# [[Warpe languages|Warpe]]
# [[Witotoan languages|Witótoan]]
# [[Yanomaman languages|Yanomáman]]
# [[Yáwan languages|Yáwan]]
| valign="top" width="65%" |
'''Isolates or unclassified:'''
# [[Aikaná language|Aikaná]]
# [[Andoke language|Andoke]]
# [[Awaké language|Awaké]]
# [[Baenã language|Baenã]]
# [[Betoi language|Betoi]]
# [[Chikitano language|Chikitano]]
# [[Ezmeralda language|Ezmeralda]]
# [[Fulnió language|Fulnió]]
# [[Gamela language|Gamela]]
# [[Gorgotoki language|Gorgotoki]]
# [[Guató language|Guató]]
# [[Hotí language|Hotí]]
# [[Iranshe language|Iranshe]]
# [[Itonama language|Itonama]]
# [[Jaruro language|Jaruro]]
# [[Jeikó language|Jeikó]]
# [[Jurí language|Jurí]]
# [[Kaliana language|Kaliana]]
# [[Kamsá language|Kamsá]]
# [[Kanichana language|Kanichana]]
# [[Kapishaná language|Kapishaná]]
# [[Karirí language|Karirí]]
# [[Katembrí language|Katembrí]]
# [[Kayuvava language|Kayuvava]]
# [[Koayá language|Koayá]]
# [[Kofán language|Kofán]]
# [[Kandoshi language|Kandoshi]]
# [[Kolyawaya language|Kolyawaya jargon]]
# [[Kukurá language|Kukurá]]
# [[Kulyi language|Kulyi]]
# [[Kunsa language|Kunsa]]
# [[Leco language|Leko]]
# [[Lule language|Lule]]
# [[Jukude language|Maku]]
# [[Mapudungu language|Mapudungu]]
# [[Matanawí language|Matanawí]]
# [[Movima language|Movima]]
# [[Munichi language|Munichi]]
# [[Natú language|Natú]]
# [[Ofayé language|Ofayé]]
# [[Omurano language|Omurano]]
# [[Otí language|Otí]]
# [[Pankararú language|Pankararú]]
# [[Puelche language|Puelche]]
# [[Pukina language|Pukina]]
# [[Rikbaktsá language|Rikbaktsá]]
# [[Sabela languages|Sabela]]
# [[Sechura language|Sechura]]
# [[Shokó language|Shokó]]
# [[Shukurú language|Shukurú]]
# [[Tarairiú language|Tarairiú]]
# [[Taruma language|Taruma]]
# [[Tekiraka language|Tekiraka]]
# [[Tikuna language|Tikuna]]
# [[Trumai language|Trumai]]
# [[Tushá language|Tushá]]
# [[Urarina language|Urarina]]
# [[Vilela language|Vilela]]
# [[Wamo language|Wamo]]
# [[Wamoé language|Wamoé]]
# [[Warao language|Warao]]
# [[Yámana language|Yámana]]
# [[Yurakare language|Yurakare]]
# [[Yurimangi language|Yurimangi]]
|}

====Stocks====
In addition to his conservative list, Kaufman list several larger "stocks" which he evaluates. The names of the stocks are often obvious hyphenations of two members; for instance, the Páes-Barbakóa stock consists of the Páesan and Barbakóan families. If the composition is not obvious, it is indicated parenthetically. Kaufman puts question marks by Kechumara and Mosetén-Chon stocks.

'''"Good" stocks:'''
* [[Awaké–Kaliana languages|Awaké–Kaliana]] (Arutani–Sape)
* [[Chibcha–Misumalpa languages|Chibcha–Misumalpa]]
* [[Ezmeralda–Jaruro languages|Ezmeralda–Jaruro]]
* [[Jurí–Tikuna languages|Jurí–Tikuna]]
* [[Kechumara languages|Kechumara]]  ''(=[[Quechuan languages|Kechua]] + [[Jaqi languages|Haki]])'' (good?)
* [[Lule–Vilela languages|Lule–Vilela]]
* [[Mosetén–Chon languages|Mosetén–Chon]] (good?)
* [[Páes–Barbakóa languages|Páes–Barbakóa]]
* [[Pano–Takana languages|Pano–Takana]]
* [[Sechura–Katakao languages|Sechura–Katakao]]
* [[Wamo–Chapakúra languages|Wamo–Chapakúra]]

'''"Probable" stocks:'''
* [[Macro-Je languages|Macro-Je]] ''(=[[Chiquitano language|Chikitano]] + [[Bororoan languages|Boróroan]] + [[Krenak languages|Aimoré]] + [[Rikbaktsá language|Rikbaktsá]] + [[Jê languages|Je]] + [[Jaikó language|Jeikó]] + [[Kamakã languages|Kamakánan]] + [[Maxakalían languages|Mashakalían]] + [[Purian languages|Purían]] + [[Fulniô language|Fulnío]] + [[Karajá language|Karajá]] + [[Ofayé language|Ofayé]] + [[Guató language|Guató]])''
* [[Mura–Matanawí languages|Mura–Matanawí]]

'''"Promising" stocks:'''
* [[Kaliánan languages|Kaliánan]] ''(=[[Arutani language|Awaké]] + [[Sape language|Kaliana]] + [[Máku language|Maku]])''

'''"Maybe" stocks:'''
* [[Bora–Witoto languages|Bora–Witoto]]
* [[Hívaro–Kawapana languages|Hívaro–Kawapana]]
* [[Macro-Paesan languages|Kunsa–Kapishaná]] (now abandoned)
* [[Pukina–Kolyawaya languages|Pukina–Kolyawaya]]
* [[Sáparo–Yawa languages|Sáparo–Yawa]]

====Clusters and networks====
{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}

Kaufman's largest groupings are what he terms ''clusters'' and ''networks''. Clusters are equivalent to macro-families (or phyla or superfamilies). Networks are composed of clusters. Kaufman views all of these larger groupings to be hypothetical and his list is to be used as a means to identify which hypotheses most need testing.

===Campbell (2012)===
{{Update|part=section|date=May 2025|reason=Campbell has published a newer classification}}{{See also|List of indigenous languages of South America#Campbell (2012)}}
{{See also|List of unclassified languages of South America#Campbell (2012)}}
[[Lyle Campbell]] (2024) proposed the following list of 47 uncontroversial indigenous language families and 53 isolates of South America – a total of 100 independent families and isolates.<ref>{{Citation |last=Campbell |first=Lyle |title=Indigenous Languages of South America |date=2024-06-25 |work=The Indigenous Languages of the Americas |pages=182–279 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/57386/chapter/464719092 |access-date=2025-06-16 |edition=1 |publisher=Oxford University PressNew York |language=en |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197673461.003.0004 |isbn=978-0-19-767346-1|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Language families with more than 6 languages are highlighted in '''bold'''. The remaining language families all have 6 languages or fewer.

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
;Families
#'''[[Arawakan languages|Arawakan]]''' (Maipurean, Maipuran) (~65) – widespread
#'''[[Cariban languages|Cariban]]''' (~40) – Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, etc.
#'''[[Chapacuran languages|Chapacuran]]''' (Txapakúran) (9) – Brazil, Bolivia
#'''[[Chibchan languages|Chibchan]]''' (23) – Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, Costa Rica
#'''[[Jêan languages|Jêan]]''' (12) – Brazil
#'''[[Pano–Takanan languages|Pano–Takanan]]''' (~30) – Brazil, Peru, Bolivia
#'''[[Macro-Puinavean languages|Makúan]]''' (Makú–Puinavean, Puinavean, Guaviaré–Japurá) (8) – Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela
#'''[[Quechuan languages|Quechuan]]''' (23 ?) – Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina
#'''[[Tukanoan languages|Tukanoan]]''' (Tucanoan) (~20) – Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil
#'''[[Tupían languages|Tupían]]''' (~55) – Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, etc.
#[[Arawan languages|Arawan]] (Arahuan, Arauan, Arawán) (6) – Brazil, Peru
#[[Aymaran languages|Aymaran]] (2) – Bolivia, Peru
#[[Barbacoan languages|Barbacoan]] (5) – Colombia, Ecuador
#[[Bororoan languages|Bororoan]] (3) – Brazil
#[[Cahuapanan languages|Cahuapanan]] (2) – Peru
#[[Cañar–Puruhá languages|Cañar–Puruhá]] (2; uncertain) – Ecuador
#[[Charruan languages|Charruan]] (3) – Uruguay, Argentina
#[[Chipaya–Uru languages|Chipaya–Uru]] (3) – Bolivia
#[[Chocoan languages|Chocoan]] (2–6) – Colombia, Panama
#[[Cholonan languages|Cholonan]] (2) – Peru
#[[Chonan languages|Chonan]] (Chon) (3) – Argentina
#[[Guaicuruan languages|Guaicuruan]] (Waykuruan) (5) – Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil
#[[Guajiboan languages|Guajiboan]] (4) – Colombia
#[[Harákmbut–Katukinan languages|Harákmbut–Katukinan]] (3; uncertain) – Peru, Brazil
#[[Huarpean languages|Huarpean]] (Warpean) (2) – Argentina
#[[Jabutían languages|Jabutían]] (2) – Brazil
#[[Jirajaran languages|Jirajaran]] (3) – Venezuela
#[[Jivaroan languages|Jivaroan]] (4 ?) – Peru, Ecuador
#[[Kamakanan languages|Kamakanan]] (5 ?) – Brazil
#[[Karajá languages|Karajá]] (2 ?) – Brazil
#[[Karirian languages|Karirian]] (Karirí) (4) – Brazil
#[[Krenákan languages|Krenákan]] (Botocudoan, Aimoré) (3) – Brazil
#[[Lule–Vilelan languages|Lule–Vilelan]] (2) – Argentina
#[[Mascoyan languages|Mascoyan]] (4) – Paraguay
#[[Matacoan languages|Matacoan]] (4) – Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia
#[[Maxakalían languages|Maxakalían]] (3) – Brazil
#[[Mosetenan languages|Mosetenan]] (2) – Bolivia
#[[Muran languages|Muran]] (4, only 1 living) – Brazil
#[[Nambikwaran languages|Nambikwaran]] (5 ?) – Brazil
#[[Qawasqaran languages|Qawasqaran]] (Kaweskaran, Alacalufan) (2–3) – Chile
#[[Otomacoan languages|Otomacoan]] (2) – Venezuela
#[[Paezan languages|Paezan]] (1–3; isolate ?) – Colombia
#[[Purían languages|Purían]] (2) – Brazil
#[[Sáliban languages|Sáliban]] (Sálivan) (3 ?) – Venezuela, Colombia
#[[Sechura–Catacaoan languages|Sechura–Catacaoan]] (3) – Peru
#[[Timotean languages|Timotean]] (2) – Venezuela
#[[Tikuna–Yuri languages|Tikuna–Yuri]] – Peru, Colombia, Brazil
#[[Tiniguan languages|Tiniguan]] (2) – Colombia
#[[Yaguan languages|Yaguan]] (3) – Peru
#[[Witotoan languages|Witotoan]] (Huitotoan) (5) – Colombia, Peru
#[[Yanomaman languages|Yanomaman]] (4) – Venezuela, Brazil
#[[Zamucoan languages|Zamucoan]] (2) – Paraguay, Bolivia
#[[Zaparoan languages|Zaparoan]] (3) – Peru, Ecuador
{{col-break}}
;Isolates
#[[Aikaná language|Aikaná]] – Brazil
#[[Andaquí language|Andaquí]] – Colombia
#[[Andoque language|Andoque]] (Andoke) – Colombia, Peru
#[[Atacameño language|Atacameño]] (Cunza, Kunza, Atacama, Lipe) – Chile, Bolivia, Argentina
#[[Awaké language|Awaké]] (Ahuaqué, Uruak) – Venezuela, Brazil
#[[Baenan language|Baenan]] – Brazil
#[[Betoi language|Betoi]] – Colombia (small family ?)
#[[Camsá language|Camsá]] (Sibundoy, Coche) – Colombia
#[[Candoshi language|Candoshi]] (Candoxi, Maina, Shapra, Murato) – Peru
#[[Canichana language|Canichana]] – Bolivia
#[[Cayuvava language|Cayuvava]] (Cayuwaba, Cayubaba) – Bolivia
#[[Chiquitano language|Chiquitano]] – Bolivia
#[[Chono language|Chono]] – Chile
#[[Cofán language|Cofán]] (A’ingaé) – Colombia, Ecuador
#[[Culle language|Culle]] – Peru
#[[Gamela language|Gamela]] – Brazil
#[[Guachí language|Guachí]] – Brazil
#[[Guató language|Guató]] – Brazil
#[[Irantxe language|Irantxe]] (Iranche, Münkü) – Brazil
#[[Itonama language|Itonama]] (Saramo, Machoto) – Bolivia, Brazil
#[[Jeikó language|Jeikó]] (Jeicó, Jaiko) – Brazil (Macro–Jêan ?)
#[[Jotí language|Jotí]] (Yuwana) – Venezuela
#[[Kaliana language|Kaliana]] (Sapé, Caliana, Cariana, Chirichano) – Venezuela
#[[Kapixaná language|Kapixaná]] (Kanoé) – Brazil
#[[Koayá language|Koayá]] (Kwaza, Koaiá, Arara) – Brazil
#[[Jukude language|Máku]] (Mako) – Brazil
#[[Mapudungu language|Mapudungu]] (Mapudungun, Araucano, Mapuche, Maputongo) – Chile, Argentina
#[[Matanauí language|Matanauí]] – Brazil
#[[Mochica language|Mochica]] (Yunga, Yunca, Chimú, Mochica, Muchic) – Peru
#[[Movima language|Movima]] – Bolivia
#[[Munichi language|Munichi]] (Muniche, Munichino, Otanabe) – Peru
#[[Natú language|Natú]] (Peagaxinan) – Brazil
#[[Ofayé language|Ofayé]] (Opayé, Ofayé–Xavante) – Brazil (Macro–Jêan ?)
#[[Omurano language|Omurano]] (Humurana, Numurana) – Peru
#[[Otí language|Otí]] – Brazil
#[[Pankararú language|Pankararú]] (Pancararu, Pancarurú, Brancararu) – Brazil
#[[Payaguá language|Payaguá]] – Paraguay
#[[Puquina language|Puquina]] – Bolivia
#[[Rikbaktsá language|Rikbaktsá]] (Aripaktsá, Eribatsa, Eripatsa, Canoeiro) – Brazil (Macro–Jêan ?)
#[[Sabela languages|Sabela]] (Huao, Auca, Huaorani, Auishiri) – Ecuador
#[[Taruma language|Taruma]] (Taruamá) – Brazil, Guyana
#[[Taushiro language|Taushiro]] (Pinchi, Pinche) – Peru
#[[Tequiraca language|Tequiraca]] (Tekiraka, Aushiri, Auishiri, Avishiri) – Peru
#[[Trumai language|Trumai]] (Trumaí) – Brazil
#[[Tuxá language|Tuxá]] – Brazil
#[[Urarina language|Urarina]] (Simacu, Kachá, Itucale) – Peru
#[[Wamoé language|Wamoé]] (Huamoé, Huamoi, Uamé, Umã; Araticum, Atikum) – Brazil
#[[Warao language|Warao]] (Guarao, Warau, Guaruno) – Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela
#[[Xokó language|Xokó]] – Brazil
#[[Xukurú language|Xukurú]] – Brazil
#[[Yagan language|Yagan]] (Yaghan, Yamana, Yámana) – Chile
#[[Yaruro language|Yaruro]] (Pumé, Llaruro, Yaruru, Yuapín) – Venezuela
#[[Yaté language|Yaté]] (Furniô, Fornió, Carnijó; Iatê) – Brazil
#[[Yuracaré language|Yuracaré]] – Bolivia
#[[Yurumangui language|Yurumangui]] – Colombia
{{col-end}}

Campbell (2012) leaves out the classifications of these languages as uncertain.

*[[Boran languages|Boran]] – Brazil, Colombia
*''[[Esmeralda language|Esmeralda]]'' – Ecuador
*''[[Guamo language|Guamo]]'' – Venezuela
*''[[Leco language|Leko]]'' – Bolivia
*''[[Mure language|Mure]]'' – Bolivia
*''[[Puinave language|Puinave]]'' – Colombia, Venezuela

===Jolkesky (2016)===
{{See also|List of indigenous languages of South America#Jolkesky (2016)}}

Jolkesky (2016) lists 43 language families and 66 language isolates (and/or unclassified languages) in South America – a total of 109 independent families and isolates.<ref name="Jolkesky-2016">{{cite thesis|last=Jolkesky |first=Marcelo Pinho de Valhery |date=2016 |url=http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica |title=Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas |type=Ph.D. dissertation |location=Brasília |publisher=University of Brasília |edition=2}}</ref>{{rp|783–806}}

*† = extinct

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
;Families
#[[Andoke-Urekena languages|Andoke-Urekena]]
#[[Arawa languages|Arawa]]
#[[Barbakoa languages|Barbakoa]]
#[[Bora-Muinane languages|Bora-Muinane]]
#[[Chacha-Cholon-Hibito languages|Chacha-Cholon-Hibito]]
#[[Chapakura-Wañam languages|Chapakura-Wañam]]
#[[Charrua languages|Charrua]]
#[[Chibcha languages|Chibcha]]
#[[Choko languages|Choko]]
#[[Chon languages|Chon]]
#[[Duho languages|Duho]]
#[[Guahibo languages|Guahibo]]
#[[Harakmbet-Katukina languages|Harakmbet-Katukina]]
#[[Jaqi languages|Jaqi]]
#[[Jirajara languages|Jirajara]] †
#[[Jivaro languages|Jivaro]]
#[[Karib languages|Karib]]
#[[Kawapana languages|Kawapana]]
#[[Kechua languages|Kechua]]
#[[Lengua-Maskoy languages|Lengua-Maskoy]]
#[[Macro-Arawak languages|Macro-Arawak]]
#[[Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru languages|Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru]]
#[[Macro-Jê languages|Macro-Jê]]
#[[Mapudungun languages|Mapudungun]]
#[[Moseten-Tsimane languages|Moseten-Tsimane]]
#[[Mura-Matanawi languages|Mura-Matanawi]]
#[[Nambikwara languages|Nambikwara]]
#[[Otomako-Taparita languages|Otomako-Taparita]] †
#[[Pano-Takana languages|Pano-Takana]]
#[[Peba-Yagua languages|Peba-Yagua]]
#[[Puinave-Nadahup languages|Puinave-Nadahup]]
#[[Puri languages|Puri]] †
#[[Tallan languages|Tallan]] †
#[[Timote-Kuika languages|Timote-Kuika]]
#[[Tinigua-Pamigua languages|Tinigua-Pamigua]]
#[[Tukano languages|Tukano]]
#[[Tupi languages|Tupi]]
#[[Uru-Chipaya languages|Uru-Chipaya]]
#[[Warpe languages|Warpe]] †
#[[Witoto-Okaina languages|Witoto-Okaina]]
#[[Yanomami languages|Yanomami]]
#[[Zamuko languages|Zamuko]]
#[[Zaparo languages|Zaparo]]
{{col-break}}
;Isolates and unclassified languages
#[[Aikanã language|Aikanã]]
#[[Andaki language|Andaki]] †
#[[Arara do Rio Branco language|Arara do Rio Branco]]
#[[Arutani language|Arutani]]
#[[Atakame language|Atakame]] †
#[[Atikum language|Atikum]] †
#[[Aushiri language|Aushiri]] †
#[[Chono language|Chono]] †
#[[Guamo language|Guamo]] †
#[[Guato language|Guato]]
#[[Gününa Këna language|Gününa Këna]]
#[[Iranche language|Iranche]]/[[Myky language|Myky]]
#[[Itonama language|Itonama]]
#[[Kakan language|Kakan]] †
#[[Kamsa language|Kamsa]]
#[[Kañari language|Kañari]] †
#[[Kanichana language|Kanichana]]
#[[Kanoe language|Kanoe]]
#[[Kawesqar language|Kawesqar]]
#[[Kayuvava language|Kayuvava]]
#[[Kerandi language|Kerandi]] †
#[[Kimbaya language|Kimbaya]] †
#[[Kingnam language|Kingnam]] †
#[[Kofan language|Kofan]]
#[[Komechingon language|Komechingon]] †
#[[Koraveka language|Koraveka]] †
#[[Kueva language|Kueva]] †
#[[Kulle language|Kulle]] †
#[[Kunza language|Kunza]] †
#[[Kuruminaka language|Kuruminaka]] †
#[[Kwaza language|Kwaza]]
#[[Leco language|Leko]]
#[[Lule language|Lule]] †
#[[Jukude language|Maku]]
#[[Malibu language|Malibu]] †
#[[Mochika language|Mochika]] †
#[[Mokana language|Mokana]] †
#[[Morike language|Morike]] †
#[[Movima language|Movima]]
#[[Muzo-Kolima language|Muzo-Kolima]] †
#[[Omurano language|Omurano]]
#[[Oti language|Oti]] †
#[[Paez language|Paez]]
#[[Panche language|Panche]] †
#[[Pijao language|Pijao]] †
#[[Puruha language|Puruha]] †
#[[Sanaviron language|Sanaviron]] †
#[[Sape language|Sape]]
#[[Sechura language|Sechura]] †
#[[Tarairiu language|Tarairiu]] †
#[[Taruma language|Taruma]]
#[[Taushiro language|Taushiro]]
#[[Tekiraka language|Tekiraka]]
#[[Trumai language|Trumai]]
#[[Tuxa language|Tuxa]] †
#[[Umbra language|Umbra]]
#[[Urarina language|Urarina]]
#[[Vilela language|Vilela]]
#[[Waorani language|Waorani]]
#[[Warao language|Warao]]
#[[Xukuru language|Xukuru]] †
#[[Yagan language|Yagan]]
#[[Yaruro language|Yaruro]]
#[[Yurakare language|Yurakare]]
#[[Yurumangui language|Yurumangui]] †
#[[Zenu language|Zenu]] †
{{col-break}}
;Creoles, pidgins, and secret languages
#[[Kallawaya language|Kallawaya]]
#[[Maskoy Pidgin language|Maskoy Pidgin]]
#[[Media Lengua language|Media Lengua]]
#[[Ndyuka-Tiriyo language|Ndyuka-Tiriyo]]
{{col-end}}
===Campbell (2024)===
<!--{{See also|List of indigenous languages of South America#Campbell (2012)}}
{{See also|List of unclassified languages of South America#Campbell (2012)}}-->
[[Lyle Campbell]] (2024) proposed the following list of 47 uncontroversial indigenous language families and 53 isolates of South America – a total of 100 independent families and isolates.<ref>{{Citation |last=Campbell |first=Lyle |title=Indigenous Languages of South America |date=2024-06-25 |work=The Indigenous Languages of the Americas |pages=182–279 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/57386/chapter/464719092 |access-date=2025-06-16 |edition=1 |publisher=Oxford University PressNew York |language=en |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197673461.003.0004 |isbn=978-0-19-767346-1|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Language families with more than 6 languages are highlighted in '''bold'''. The remaining language families all have 6 languages or fewer.

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
;Families
#'''[[Arawakan languages|Arawakan]]''' (Maipurean, Maipuran) (~65–80) – widespread
#'''[[Cariban languages|Cariban]]''' (~40–50) – Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, etc.
#'''[[Chapacuran languages|Chapacuran]]''' (Txapakúran) (10) – Brazil, Bolivia
#'''[[Chibchan languages|Chibchan]]''' (23) – Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, Costa Rica
#'''[[Macro-Jê languages|Macro-Jê Sensu Stricto]]''' (~33) – Brazil
#'''[[Pano–Takanan languages|Pano–Takanan]]''' (~39) – Brazil, Peru, Bolivia
#'''[[Macro-Puinavean languages|Makúan]]''' (Makú–Puinavean, Puinavean, Guaviaré–Japurá) (8) – Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela
#'''[[Quechuan languages|Quechuan]]''' (23 ?) – Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina
#'''[[Tukanoan languages|Tukanoan]]''' (Tucanoan) (~29, 8 extinct) – Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil
#'''[[Tupían languages|Tupían]]''' (~55–70) – Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, etc.
#[[Arawan languages|Arawan]] (Arahuan, Arauan, Arawán) (6?) – Brazil, Peru
#[[Aymaran languages|Aymaran]] (2) – Bolivia, Peru
#[[Barbacoan languages|Barbacoan]] (5) – Colombia, Ecuador
#[[Boran languages|Boran]] (3) – Brazil, Colombia
#[[Bororoan languages|Bororoan]] (3) – Brazil
#[[Cahuapanan languages|Cahuapanan]] (3, possibly 2) – Peru
#[[Cañar–Puruhá languages|Cañar–Puruhá]] (2; uncertain) – Ecuador
#[[Charruan languages|Charruan]] (3) – Uruguay, Argentina
#[[Chicham languages|Chicham]] (4) – Peru, Ecuador
#[[Chocoan languages|Chocoan]] (3?) – Colombia, Panama
#[[Cholonan languages|Cholonan]] (2) – Peru
#[[Chonan languages|Chonan]] (Chon) (5–6?) – Argentina
#[[Mascoyan languages|Enlhet–Enenlhet Mascoyan]] (6) – Paraguay
#[[Guaicuruan languages|Guaicuruan]] (Waykuruan) (5) – Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil
#[[Guajiboan languages|Guajiboan]] (4) – Colombia
#[[Harákmbut–Katukinan languages|Harákmbut–Katukinan]] (4) – Peru, Brazil
#[[Huarpean languages|Huarpean]] (Warpean) (2) – Argentina
#[[Jirajaran languages|Jirajaran]] (3) – Venezuela
#[[Kakua–Nukak languages|Kakua–Nukak]] (2) – Colombia, Brazil
#[[Karirian languages|Karirian]] (Karirí) (4) – Brazil
#[[Qawasqaran languages|Kaweskaran]] (Qawasqaran, Alacalufan) (3?) – Chile
#[[Lule–Vilelan languages|Lule–Vilelan]] (2) – Argentina
#[[Mapudungu language|Mapudungun]] (Mapudungu, Araucano, Mapuche, Maputongo) (2) – Chile, Argentina
#[[Matacoan languages|Matacoan]] (4) – Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia
#[[Nadahup languages|Nadahup]] (4) – Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil
#[[Nambikwaran languages|Nambikwaran]] (4 ?) – Brazil
#[[Otomacoan languages|Otomacoan]] (2) – Venezuela
#[[Sáliban languages|Sáliban]] (Sálivan) (3 ?) – Venezuela, Colombia
#[[Tallán language|Tallán]] (2) – Peru
#[[Tikuna–Yuri languages|Tikuna–Yuri]] (3) – Peru, Colombia, Brazil
#[[Timotean languages|Timotean]] (2) – Venezuela
#[[Tiniguan languages|Tiniguan]] (2) – Colombia
#[[Chipaya–Uru languages|Uru–Chipaya]] (3) – Bolivia
#[[Yaguan languages|Yaguan]] (3) – Peru
#[[Witotoan languages|Witotoan]] (Huitotoan) (5) – Colombia, Peru
#[[Yanomaman languages|Yanomaman]] (4) – Venezuela, Brazil
#[[Zamucoan languages|Zamucoan]] (2) – Paraguay, Bolivia
#[[Zaparoan languages|Zaparoan]] (3–8?) – Peru, Ecuador
{{col-break}}
;Isolates
#[[Aikaná language|Aikaná]] – Brazil
#[[Andaquí language|Andaquí]] – Colombia
#[[Andoque language|Andoque]] (Andoke) – Colombia, Peru
#[[Mato Grosso Arára language|Arara do Rio Branco]] – Brazil
#[[Awaké language|Arutani]] (Ahuaqué, Uruak) – Venezuela, Brazil
#[[Atacameño language|Atacameño]] (Cunza, Kunza, Atacama, Lipe) – Chile, Bolivia, Argentina
#[[Betoi language|Betoi–Jirara]] – Colombia
#[[Candoshi language|Candoshi]] (Candoxi, Maina, Shapra, Murato) – Peru
#[[Canichana language|Canichana]] – Bolivia
#[[Cayuvava language|Cayuvava]] (Cayuwaba, Cayubaba) – Bolivia
#[[Chiquitano language|Chiquitano]] – Bolivia
#[[Chono language|Chono]] – Chile
#[[Cofán language|Cofán]] (A’ingaé) – Colombia, Ecuador
#[[Culle language|Culle]] – Peru
#''[[Esmeralda language|Esmeralda]]'' – Ecuador
#[[Guachí language|Guachí]] – Brazil
#''[[Guamo language|Guamo]]'' – Venezuela
#[[Guató language|Guató]] – Brazil
#[[Yaté language|Iatê]] (Furniô, Fornió, Carnijó; Yaté) – Brazil
#[[Irantxe language|Irantxe]] (Iranche, Münkü) – Brazil
#[[Itonama language|Itonama]] (Saramo, Machoto) – Bolivia, Brazil
#[[Jotí language|Jotí]] (Yuwana) – Venezuela
#[[Camsá language|Kamsá]] (Sibundoy, Coche) – Colombia
#[[Kapixaná language|Kanoê]] (Kanoé, Kapixaná) – Brazil
#[[Koayá language|Kwaza]] (Koayá, Koaiá, Arara) – Brazil
#''[[Leco language|Leko]]'' – Bolivia
#[[Jukude language|Máku]] (Mako) – Brazil
#[[Matanauí language|Matanawí]] – Brazil
#[[Mochica language|Mochica]] (Yunga, Yunca, Chimú, Mochica, Muchic) – Peru
#[[Mosetenan languages|Moseten–Chimane]] (Mosetén) – Bolivia
#[[Movima language|Movima]] – Bolivia
#[[Munichi language|Munichi]] (Muniche, Munichino, Otanabe) – Peru
#[[Omurano language|Omurano]] (Humurana, Numurana) – Peru
#[[Paezan languages|Paezan]] (1–3; smal family ?) – Colombia
#[[Payaguá language|Payaguá]] – Paraguay
#[[Muran languages|Pirahã]] (Muran) (possibly family of close languages) – Brazil
#''[[Puinave language|Puinave]]'' – Colombia, Venezuela
#[[Purían languages|Purí–Coroado]] – Brazil
#[[Puinave language|Puinave]] (Wãnsöhöt) – Xolombia, Venezuela
#[[Puquina language|Puquina]] – Bolivia
#[[Kaliana language|Sapé]] (Kaliana, Caliana, Cariana, Chirichano) – Venezuela
#[[Sechura language|Sechura]]? – Peru
#[[Taruma language|Taruma]] (Taruamá) – Brazil, Guyana
#[[Taushiro language|Taushiro]] (Pinchi, Pinche) – Peru
#[[Tequiraca language|Tequiraca]] (Tekiraka, Aushiri, Auishiri, Avishiri) – Peru
#[[Trumai language|Trumai]] (Trumaí) – Brazil
#[[Urarina language|Urarina]] (Simacu, Kachá, Itucale) – Peru
#[[Sabela languages|Waorani]] (Sabela, Huao, Auca, Huaorani, Auishiri) – Ecuador
#[[Warao language|Warao]] (Guarao, Warau, Guaruno) – Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela
#[[Xukurú language|Xukurú]] – Brazil
#[[Yagan language|Yagan]] (Yaghan, Yamana, Yámana) – Chile
#[[Yaruro language|Yaruro]] (Pumé, Llaruro, Yaruru, Yuapín) – Venezuela
#[[Yuracaré language|Yuracaré]] – Bolivia
#[[Yurumangui language|Yurumangui]] – Colombia
{{col-end}}

==All of the Americas==

===Swadesh (1960 or earlier)===
Morris Swadesh further consolidated Sapir's North American classification and expanded it to group all [[indigenous languages of the Americas]] in just 6 families, 5 of which were entirely based in the Americas.<ref>{{cite book| author = Mauricio Swadesh| title = Tras la huella lingüística de la prehistoria| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IYQkVkdsKXgC&pg=PA114| year = 1987| publisher = UNAM| isbn = 978-968-36-0368-5| page = 114 }}</ref>

# [[Vasco-Dene languages]] included the Eskimo–Aleut, Na-Dene, Wakashan and Kutenai families along with most of the languages of Eurasia.
# Macro-Hokan roughly comprised a combination of Sapir's Hokan–Siouan and Almosan families and expanded into Central America including the [[Jicaque language]].
# Macro-Mayan comprising Mayan along with Sapir's Penutian and Aztec-Tanoan families, the [[Otomanguean languages]] and various languages of Central and South America including the [[Chibchan languages]], the [[Paezan languages]] and the [[Tucanoan languages]].
# Macro-Quechua comprising the [[Zuni language]], the [[Purépecha language]] and various languages of South America including [[Quechua languages|Quechua]], the [[Aymara language]], the [[Panoan languages]] and most of the various other languages of Patagonia and the Andes.
# Macro-Carib, an almost entirely South American family including the [[Carib languages]], the [[Macro-Je languages]] and the [[Jirajara languages]], albeit including some Caribbean languages.
# Macro-Arawak, a family primarily confined to South America and its component families included the [[Arawakan languages]] and the [[Tupian languages]]. However, it also was proposed to include the [[Taíno language]] in the Caribbean and the [[Timucua language]] in Florida.

===Greenberg (1960, 1987)===
[[Joseph Greenberg]]'s classification<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdbEBricFRUC |title = Language in the Americas|isbn = 9780804713153|last1 = Greenberg|first1 = Joseph Harold|year = 1987| publisher=Stanford University Press }}</ref> in his 1987 book ''[[Joseph Greenberg#The languages of the Americas|Language in the Americas]]'' is best known for the highly controversial assertion that all North, Central and South American language families other than [[Eskimo–Aleut]] and [[Na-Dene]] including Haida, are part of an [[Amerind languages|Amerind]] [[macrofamily]].  This assertion of only three major American language macrofamilies is supported by DNA evidence,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/12/science/earliest-americans-arrived-in-3-waves-not-1-dna-study-finds.html|title = Earliest Americans Arrived in Waves, DNA Study Finds|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 11 July 2012|last1 = Wade|first1 = Nicholas}}</ref> although the DNA evidence does not provide support for the details of his classification.

{{collapse top|[[Amerind languages|Amerind]] [[macrofamily]] proposed by Greenberg}}
# [[Amerind languages|Northern Amerind]]
## Almosan–Keresiouan
### [[Almosan languages|Almosan]]
#### [[Algic languages|Algic]]
#### [[Kutenai language|Kutenai]]
#### [[Mosan languages|Mosan]]
##### [[Wakashan languages|Wakashan]]
##### [[Salish languages|Salish]]
##### [[Chimakuan languages|Chimakuan]]
### [[Caddoan languages|Caddoan]]
### [[Keres languages|Keres]]
### [[Siouan languages|Siouan]]
### [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]]
## [[Penutian languages|Penutian]]
### California [[Penutian languages|Penutian]]
#### [[Maidu languages|Maidu]]
#### [[Miwok–Costanoan languages|Miwok–Costanoan]]
#### [[Wintun languages|Wintun]]
#### [[Yokuts languages|Yokuts]]
### [[Chinook languages|Chinook]]
### Mexican Penutian (=Macro-Mayan)
#### [[Huave languages|Huave]]
#### [[Mayan languages|Mayan]]
#### [[Mixe–Zoque languages|Mixe–Zoque]]
#### [[Totonac languages|Totonac]]
### [[Oregon Penutian languages|Oregon Penutian]]
### [[Plateau Penutian languages|Plateau Penutian]]
### [[Tsimshian languages|Tsimshian]]
### [[Yukian languages|Yukian]]
### [[Gulf languages|Gulf]]
#### [[Atakapa language|Atakapa]]
#### [[Chitimacha language|Chitimacha]]
#### [[Muskogean languages|Muskogean]]
#### [[Natchez language|Natchez]]
#### [[Tunica language|Tunica]]
### [[Zuni language|Zuni]]
## [[Hokan languages|Hokan]]
### [[Hokan languages|Nuclear Hokan]]
#### [[Hokan languages|Northern]]
##### [[Karok language|Karok]]–[[Shasta language|Shasta]]
##### [[Yana language|Yana]]
##### [[Pomo languages|Pomo]]
#### [[Washo language|Washo]]
#### [[Esselen language|Esselen]]–[[Yuman languages|Yuman]]
#### [[Salinan language|Salinan]]–[[Seri language|Seri]]
#### [[Waicuri language|Waicuri]]
#### [[Maratino language|Maratino]]
#### [[Quinigua language|Quinigua]]
#### [[Tequistlatec languages|Tequistlatec]]
### [[Coahuiltecan languages|Coahuiltecan]]
#### [[Tonkawa language|Tonkawa]]
#### [[Coahuiltecan languages|Nuclear Coahuiltecan]]
#### [[Karankawa language|Karankawa]]
### [[Subtiaba language|Subtiaba]]
### [[Jicaque languages|Jicaque]]
### [[Yurumangui language|Yurumangui]]
# [[Central Amerind languages|Central Amerind]]
## [[Kiowa–Tanoan languages|Kiowa–Tanoan]]
## [[Otomanguean languages|Otomanguean]]
## [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]]
# [[Chibchan–Paezan languages|Chibchan–Paezan]]
## [[Chibchan languages|Chibchan]]
### [[Chibchan languages|Nuclear Chibchan]]
#### [[Chibchan languages|Antioquia]]
#### [[Aruak language|Aruak]]
#### [[Chibcha languages|Chibcha]]
#### [[Guna language|Cuna]]
#### [[Guaymi language|Guaymi]]
#### [[Malibu language|Malibu]]
#### [[Misumalpan languages|Misumalpan]]
#### [[Motilon language|Motilon]]
#### [[Rama language|Rama]]
#### [[Talamanca languages|Talamanca]]
### [[Paya language|Paya]]
### [[Purépecha language|Purépecha]]
### [[Xincan languages|Xinca]]
### [[Yanomam languages|Yanomam]]
### [[Yunca–Puruhan languages|Yunca–Puruhan]]
## [[Paezan languages|Paezan]]
### [[Allentiac language|Allentiac]]
### [[Atacama language|Atacama]]
### [[Betoi languages|Betoi]]
### [[Chimu languages|Chimu]]
### [[Itonama language|Itonama]]
### [[Jirajara languages|Jirajara]]
### [[Mura languages|Mura]]
### Nuclear [[Paezan]]
#### [[Andaqui language|Andaqui]]
#### [[Barbacoa languages|Barbacoa]]
#### [[Choco languages|Choco]]
#### [[Paez language|Paez]]
### [[Timucua language|Timucua]]
### [[Warrao language|Warrao]]
# Andean (Greenberg (1960) joined Andean and Equatorial, but Greenberg (1987) did not)
## [[Aymara language|Aymara]]
## [[Itucale language|Itucale]]–[[Waorani language|Sabela]]
### [[Itucale language|Itucale]]
### [[Mayna language|Mayna]]
### [[Waorani language|Sabela]]
## Cahuapana–Zaparo
### [[Cahuapano languages|Cahuapano]]
### [[Zaparo languages|Zaparo]]
## Northern
### [[Catacao languages|Catacao]]
### [[Cholona languages|Cholona]]
### [[Culli language|Culli]]
### [[Leco language|Leco]]
### [[Sechura language|Sechura]]
## [[Quechua languages|Quechua]]
## Southern
### [[Qawesqar language|Qawesqar]]
### [[Mapundungu language|Mapundungu]]
### [[Gennaken language|Gennaken]]
### [[Patagon language (Peru)|Patagon]]
### [[Yamana language|Yamana]]
# Equatorial–Tucanoan
## Equatorial
### [[Macro-Arawakan languages|Macro-Arawakan]]
#### [[Arawakan languages|Arawakan]]
#### [[Guahibo languages|Guahibo]]
#### [[Katembri language|Katembri]]
#### [[Otomaco languages|Otomaco]]
#### [[Tinigua languages|Tinigua]]
### [[Cayuvava language|Cayuvava]]
### [[Coche language|Coche]]
### [[Jivaro–Kandoshi languages|Jivaro–Kandoshi]]
#### [[Cofan language|Cofan]]
#### [[Esmeralda language|Esmeralda]]
#### [[Jivaro languages|Jivaro]]
#### [[Kandoshi language|Kandoshi]]
#### [[Yaruro language|Yaruro]]
### Kariri–Tupi
#### [[Kariri languages|Kariri]]
#### [[Tupian languages|Tupian]]
### [[Piaroa language|Piaroa]]
### [[Taruma language|Taruma]]
### [[Timote language|Timote]]
### [[Trumai language|Trumai]]
### [[Tusha language|Tusha]]
### [[Yuracare language|Yuracare]]
### [[Zamucoan languages|Zamucoan]]
## [[Tucanoan languages|Tucanoan]]
### [[Auixiri language|Auixiri]]
### [[Canichana language|Canichana]]
### [[Capixana language|Capixana]]
### [[Catuquina language|Catuquina]]
### [[Gamella language|Gamella]]
### [[Huari language|Huari]]
### [[Iranshe language|Iranshe]]
### [[Kaliana–Maku languages|Kaliana–Maku]]
#### [[Auake language|Auake]]
#### [[Kaliana language|Kaliana]]
#### [[Jukude language|Maku]]
### [[Koaia language|Koaia]]
### [[Movima language|Movima]]
### [[Muniche language|Muniche]]
### [[Nambikwara languages|Nambikwara]]
### [[Natu language|Natu]]
### [[Pankaruru language|Pankaruru]]
### [[Puinave language|Puinave]]
### [[Xukuruan languages|Shukura]]
### [[Ticuna–Yuri languages|Ticuna–Yuri]]
#### [[Ticuna language|Ticuna]]
#### [[Yuri language (Amazon)|Yuri]]
### [[Tucanoan languages|Tucanoan]]
### [[Uman language|Uman]]
# [[Je–Tupi–Carib|Ge–Pano–Carib]]
## [[Macro-Ge languages|Macro-Ge]]
### [[Bororo languages|Bororo]]
### [[Botocudo languages|Botocudo]]
### [[Caraja language|Caraja]]
### [[Chiquitano language|Chiquito]]
### [[Erikbatsa language|Erikbatsa]]
### [[Fulnio language|Fulnio]]
### Ge–Kaingang
#### [[Ge languages|Ge]]
#### [[Kaingang language|Kaingang]]
### [[Guato language|Guato]]
### [[Kamakan languages|Kamakan]]
### [[Mashakali languages|Mashakali]]
### [[Opaie language|Opaie]]
### [[Oti language|Oti]]
### [[Puri languages|Puri]]
### [[Yabuti languages|Yabuti]]
## [[Macro-Panoan languages|Macro-Panoan]]
### [[Charruan languages|Charruan]]
### [[Lengua languages|Lengua]]
### [[Lule–Vilela languages|Lule–Vilela]]
#### [[Lule language|Lule]]
#### [[Vilela language|Vilela]]
### [[Mataco–Guaicuru languages|Mataco–Guaicuru]]
#### [[Guaicuru languages|Guaicuru]]
#### [[Mataco languages|Mataco]]
### [[Moseten languages|Moseten]]
### [[Pano–Tacanan languages|Pano–Tacanan]]
#### [[Panoan languages|Panoan]]
#### [[Tacanan languages|Tacanan]]
## [[Cariban languages|Macro-Carib]]
### [[Andoke language|Andoke]]
### [[Bora–Uitoto languages|Bora–Uitoto]]
#### [[Boran languages|Boro]]
#### [[Uitoto languages|Uitoto]]
#### [[Carib languages|Carib]]
#### [[Kukura language|Kukura]]
#### [[Peba-Yagua languages|Yagua]]
{{collapse bottom}}

==Mixed languages==
In ''American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America'', [[Lyle Campbell]] describes various pidgins and trade languages spoken by the indigenous peoples of the Americas.<ref>{{cite book|first=Lyle|last=Campbell|author-link=Lyle Campbell|title=American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America|date=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-509427-5|pages=18–25}}</ref> Some of these mixed languages have not been documented and are known only by name.

* [[Medny Aleut language|Medny Aleut]] (Copper Island Aleut)
* [[Chinook Jargon]]
* [[Broken Slavey]] (Slavey Jargon)
* [[Loucheux Jargon]]
* [[Michif]] (French Cree, [[Métis]], Metchif)
* [[Broken Oghibbeway]] ([[Broken Ojibwa]])
* [[Basque-Algonquian Pidgin]] (spoken by the [[Basque people|Basque]]s, [[Mi'kmaq people|Micmac]]s, and [[Innu people|Montagnais]] in eastern Canada)
* [[Delaware Jargon]]
* [[Pidgin Massachusett]]
* Jargonized [[Powhatan]]
* Lingua Franca [[Creek language|Creek]]
* Lingua Franca [[Apalachee language|Apalachee]]
* [[Mobilian Jargon]]
* [[Güegüence-Nicarao]] (formerly spoken in Nicaragua)
* [[Ndjuka-Amerindian Pidgin|Carib Pidgin]] or Ndjuka-Amerindian Pidgin (Ndjuka-Trio)
* [[Carib Pidgin-Arawak mixed language]]
* [[Media Lengua]]
* [[Catalangu]]
* [[Callahuaya]] (Machaj-Juyai, Kallawaya)
* [[Nheengatú]] or [[Lingua Geral Amazonica]] ("Lingua Boa," Lingua Brasílica, Lingua Geral do Norte)
* [[Lingua Geral do Sul]] or [[Lingua Geral Paulista]] ([[Tupí Austral]])
* [[Labrador Eskimo Pidgin]]
* [[Hudson Strait Pidgin Eskimo]] (spoken from 1750–1850)
* [[Nootka Jargon]] (18th–19th centuries; later replaced by Chinook Jargon)
* [[Trader Navajo]]
* [[Yopará]] (Guaraní-Spanish pidgin)
* [[Afro-Seminole Creole]] (variety of Gullah)
* [[Haida Jargon]]
* [[Kutenai Jargon]]
* [[Guajiro]]-Spanish mixed language

'''Lingua francas'''
* [[Occaneechi language|Ocaneechi]] (spoken in Virginia and the Carolinas in early colonial times)
* [[Tuscarora language]]
* [[Plains sign language]]

==Linguistic areas==
{{main|Linguistic areas of the Americas}}

==See also==
{{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=[[Wiktionary]] has comparative word lists at '''''[[Wiktionary:Appendix:Amerindian basic vocabulary|Appendix:Amerindian basic vocabulary]]'''''}}
*[[Indigenous languages of South America]]
**[[List of indigenous languages of South America]]
*[[List of extinct languages of South America]]
**[[Extinct languages of the Marañón River basin]]
**[[List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages]]
*[[List of unclassified languages of South America]]
**[[:Category:Unclassified languages of South America]]
*[[Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas]]
*[[Classification of Southeast Asian languages]]
*[[Intercontinental Dictionary Series]]

==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* See: {{Slink|Indigenous languages of the Americas|Bibliography}}

==External links==
*[http://native-languages.org/ Native American Language Net]
*{{cite web |url=http://geocities.ws/indiosbr_nicolai/menu.html |title=Vocabulários e dicionários de línguas indígenas brasileiras |first=Renato |last=Nicolai |date=2006}}
*{{cite web |url=https://www.oocities.org/indianlanguages_2000/index.html |first=Victor A. |last=Petrucci |title=Línguas Indígenas |date=2007}}
*[https://diacl.ht.lu.se/Language/Index Diachronic Atlas of Comparative Linguistics (DiACL)]
*[https://huntergatherer.la.utexas.edu/ Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors], The University of Texas at Austin
*[https://ids.clld.org/ The Intercontinental Dictionary Series]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Classification of the Indigenous languages of the Americas}}
[[Category:Indigenous languages of the Americas]]
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