View source for Classical planet

{{Short description|Planets visible to the naked eye}}
{{hatnote group|
{{Redirect|Wandering stars|other uses|Wandering star (disambiguation){{!}}Wandering star}}
{{For|the failed IAU planet category of Classical Planets|IAU definition of planet}}
}}
{{astrology}}
A '''classical planet''' is an [[astronomical object]] that is visible to the [[naked eye]] and moves across the sky and its [[celestial dome|backdrop]] of [[fixed star]]s (the common stars which seem still in contrast to the planets), appearing as '''wandering stars'''. Visible to humans on Earth there are '''seven classical planets''' (the '''seven luminaries'''). They are from [[apparent magnitude|brightest to dimmest]]: the [[Sun]], the [[Moon]], [[Venus]], [[Jupiter]], [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], [[Mars]] and [[Saturn]].

Greek astronomers such as [[Geminus]]<ref>{{Citation | last = Goldstein | first = Bernard R. | author-link = Bernard R. Goldstein | date = 2007 | title = What's New in Ptolemy's ''Almagest'' | journal = Nuncius | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | page = 271 | doi = 10.1163/221058707X00549 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and [[Ptolemy]]<ref>{{Citation | last = Pedersen | first = Olaf | author-link = Olaf Pedersen | date = 2011 | title = A Survey of the Almagest | series = Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences | publisher = Springer Science + Business Media | place = New York / Dordrecht / Heidelberg / London | isbn = 978-0-387-84825-9 }}</ref> recorded these classical planets during [[classical antiquity]], introducing the term ''[[planet]]'', which means 'wanderer' in [[Greek language|Greek]] ({{lang|grc|πλάνης}} {{Transliteration|grc|planēs}} and {{lang|grc|πλανήτης}} {{Transliteration|grc|planētēs}}). This term reflects the fact that these objects move across the [[celestial sphere]] relative to the fixed stars.<ref>[http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/classification/classification.html Classification of the Planets]</ref><ref>{{LSJ|pla/nhs|πλάνης}}, {{LSJ|planh/ths|πλανήτης|ref}}.</ref> Therefore, the Greeks were the first to document the astrological connections to the planets' visual detail.<ref>{{Citation |last=Campion |first=Nicholas |title=The Planets in Alchemy and Astrology (Medieval and Renaissance) |date=2022-03-23 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Planetary Science |url=https://oxfordre.com/planetaryscience/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.001.0001/acrefore-9780190647926-e-178 |access-date=2024-02-11 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.013.178 |isbn=978-0-19-064792-6|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Through the use of [[telescope]]s other celestial objects like the classical planets were found, starting with the [[Galilean moons]] in 1610. Today the term ''planet'' is used considerably differently, with a planet [[definition of planet|being defined]] as a [[natural satellite]] directly orbiting the Sun (or [[Exoplanet|other stars]]) and having cleared its own orbit. Therefore, only five of the seven classical planets remain recognized as planets, alongside [[Earth]], [[Uranus]], and [[Neptune]].

==History==
===Babylonian===
{{main|Babylonian astronomy}}

The Babylonians recognized seven planets. A bilingual list in the British Museum records the seven Babylonian planets in the following order:<ref>{{cite book |author=Mackenzie |title=Myths of Babylonia and Assyria |date=1915 |chapter=13 Astrology and Astronomy |url=http://sacred-texts.com/ane/mba/mba19.htm}}</ref>

*The Moon, [[Sin (mythology)|Sin]].
*The Sun, [[Shamash]].
*Jupiter, [[Marduk|Merodach]].
*Venus, [[Ishtar]].
*Saturn, [[Ninurta|Ninip]].
*Mercury, [[Nabu|Nebo]].
*Mars, [[Nergal]].

===Mandaean===
{{main|Mandaean cosmology}}
{{Contains special characters|special=[[Mandaic language|Mandaic]] text|section=section}}
In [[Mandaeism]], the names of the [[Mandaean cosmology#Planets|seven planets]] are derived from the seven Babylonian planets.<ref name="Bhayro 2020">{{cite book|last=Bhayro|first=Siam|title=Hellenistic Astronomy |chapter=Cosmology in Mandaean Texts|publisher=Brill|date=2020-02-10|chapter-url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004400566/BP000051.xml|access-date=2021-09-03|pages=572–579|doi=10.1163/9789004400566_046|isbn=9789004243361 |s2cid=213438712 }}</ref> Overall, the seven classical planets ({{langx|myz|ࡔࡅࡁࡀ|šuba|The Seven}}; {{lang|myz|ࡔࡉࡁࡉࡀࡄࡉࡀ}} {{transliteration|myz|šibiahia}}, "planets"; or, combined, {{transliteration|myz|šuba šibiahia}} "Seven Planets"<ref name="Nasoraia 2021">{{cite book|last=Nasoraia|first=Brikha H.S.|author-link=Brikha Nasoraia|title=The Mandaean gnostic religion: worship practice and deep thought|publisher=Sterling|publication-place=New Delhi|year=2021|isbn=978-81-950824-1-4|oclc=1272858968}}</ref>) are generally not viewed favorably in Mandaeism, since they constitute part of the entourage of [[Ruha]], the Queen of the World of Darkness who is also their mother. However, individually, some of the planets can be associated with positive qualities. The names of the seven planets in Mandaic are borrowed from [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]].<ref name="Bhayro 2020"/> Some of the names are ultimately derived from [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]], since [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] had borrowed many deity names from Sumerian.

Each planet is said to be carried in a ship. Drawings of these ships are found in various [[Mandaean scriptures]], such as the ''[[Scroll of Abatur]]''. The planets are listed according to the traditional Mandaean order of the planets as mentioned in Masco (2012).<ref name="Masco 2012">{{cite book|last=Masco|first=Maire|title=The Mandaeans: Gnostic astrology as an artifact of cultural transmission|publisher=Fluke Press|publication-place=Tacoma, WA|year=2012|isbn=978-1-938476-00-6|oclc=864905792}}</ref>{{rp|87}}

{|class="wikitable"
!Planet
![[Mandaic language|Mandaic]]
![[Mandaic alphabet|Mandaic script]]
![[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]
!Other names
!Associations
|-
|Sun
|[[Shamish|Šamiš]]
|{{Langx|myz|ࡔࡀࡌࡉࡔ|label=none}}
|[[Shamash|Šamaš]]
|''Adunai'' ← Hebrew [[Adonai]]
|light and life-powers ''[[Yawar Ziwa]]'' (Dazzling Light) and ''[[Simat Hayyi]]'' (Treasure of Life); [[Yazuqaeans]]<ref name="Shapira 2004">{{cite journal|title=Manichaeans (''Marmanaiia''), Zoroastrians (''Iazuqaiia''), Jews, Christians and Other Heretics: A Study in the Redaction of Mandaic Texts|last=Shapira|first=Dan D.Y.|journal=[[Le Muséon]]|volume=117|issue=3–4|date=2004|pages=243–280|doi=10.2143/MUS.117.3.516929|url=https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/secure/POJ/downloadpdf.php?ticket_id=60d8fdd28336c|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
|-
|Venus
|[[Libat]]
|{{Langx|myz|ࡋࡉࡁࡀࡕ|label=none}}
|[[Delebat]]
|''Amamit'' (the underworld goddess), ''Argiuat'', ''Daitia'', ''Kukbat'' (the diminutive of 'star'), ''Spindar'', ''ʿstira'' (i.e., [[Ishtar]] or [[Astarte]]), and ''[[Ruha]]'' or ''Ruha ḏ-qudša'' ([[Holy Spirit]])
|success in love and reproduction
|-
|Mercury
|[[Nbu]] (ʿNbu)
|{{Langx|myz|ࡍࡁࡅ|label=none}}<br />{{Langx|myz|ࡏࡍࡁࡅ|label=none}}
|[[Nabu|Nabû]]
|''Maqurpiil'', ''Mšiha'' ← [[Messiah]]; ''ʿaṭarid'' ← Arabic
|learning, scribes; Christ and Christianity
|-
|Moon
|[[Sin (Mandaeism)|Sin]]
|{{Langx|myz|ࡎࡉࡍ|label=none}}
|[[Sin (mythology)|Sīnu]]
|''Agzʿil'', ''Ṭaṭmʿil'', ''[[Saureil|Ṣaurʿil]]'', and ''Sira''
|miscarriages and abnormal births
|-
|Saturn
|[[Kiwan]]
|{{Langx|myz|ࡊࡉࡅࡀࡍ|label=none}}
|[[Kajamanu|Kayyamānu]]
|''Br Šamiš'' (The Son of the Sun)
|Jews; Saturday
|-
|Jupiter
|[[Bil (Mandaeism)|Bil]]
|{{Langx|myz|ࡁࡉࡋ|label=none}}
|[[Bel (mythology)|Bēlu]]
|''Angʿil''
|male; "hot and moist"
|-
|Mars
|[[Nirig]]
|{{Langx|myz|ࡍࡉࡓࡉࡂ|label=none}}
|[[Nergal]]lu
|''Marik''
|violence; Islam
|}

==Symbols==
{{main|Astrological symbols|Planet symbols}}

The astrological symbols for the classical planets appear in the medieval Byzantine codices in which many ancient horoscopes were preserved.<ref name="neugebauer-1975">{{cite book
| title = A history of ancient mathematical astronomy
| last = Neugebauer
| first = Otto
| date = 1975
| pages = 788–789
}}</ref> In the original papyri of these Greek horoscopes, there are found a circle with one ray ([[File:Sun symbol (medieval).svg|x15px|old sun symbol]]) for the Sun and a crescent for the Moon.<ref name="neugebauer-1987">{{cite book
| title = Greek Horoscopes
| last1 = Neugebauer
| first1 = Otto
| last2 = Van Hoesen
| first2 = H. B.
| date = 1987
| pages = 1, 159, 163
}}</ref>
The written symbols for Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn have been traced to forms found in late Greek papyri.<ref name="jones-1999">{{cite book
| title = Astronomical papyri from Oxyrhynchus
| last = Jones
| first = Alexander
| date = 1999
| pages = 62–63
| quote=It is now possible to trace the medieval symbols for at least four of the five planets to forms that occur in some of the latest papyrus horoscopes ([ [[Oxyrhynchus Papyri|P.Oxy.]] ] 4272, 4274, 4275 [...]). That for Jupiter is an obvious monogram derived from the initial letter of the Greek name. Saturn's has a similar derivation [...] but underwent simplification. The ideal form of Mars' symbol is uncertain, and perhaps not related to the later circle with an arrow through it. Mercury's is a stylized caduceus.}}</ref> The symbols for Jupiter and Saturn are identified as monograms of the initial letters of the corresponding Greek names, and the symbol for Mercury is a stylized [[caduceus]].<ref name="jones-1999" />

A. S. D. Maunder finds antecedents of the planetary symbols in earlier sources, used to represent the gods associated with the classical planets. ''Bianchini's [[planisphere]]'', produced in the 2nd century,<ref name=imss>{{cite web
| url = http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/galileopalazzostrozzi/object/BianchinisPlanisphere.html
| title = Bianchini's planisphere
| publisher = Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza (Institute and Museum of the History of Science)
| location = Florence, Italy
| access-date = 2010-03-17
}}</ref> shows Greek personifications of planetary gods charged with early versions of the planetary symbols: Mercury has a caduceus; Venus has, attached to her necklace, a cord connected to another necklace; Mars, a spear; Jupiter, a staff; Saturn, a scythe; the Sun, a [[circlet]] with rays radiating from it; and the Moon, a headdress with a crescent attached.<ref name=maunder>{{cite journal
| last = Maunder
| first = A. S. D.
| date = 1934
| title = The origin of the symbols of the planets
| journal = The Observatory
| volume = 57
| pages = 238–247
| bibcode = 1934Obs....57..238M
}}</ref>
A diagram in Johannes Kamateros' 12th century ''Compendium of Astrology'' shows the Sun represented by the circle with a ray, Jupiter by the letter ''zeta'' (the initial of [[Zeus]], Jupiter's counterpart in [[Greek mythology]]), Mars by a shield crossed by a spear, and the remaining classical planets by symbols resembling the modern ones, without the cross-mark seen in modern versions of the symbols.<ref name=maunder /> The modern Sun symbol, pictured as a circle with a dot (☉), first appeared in the [[Renaissance]].<ref name="neugebauer-1987"/>

==Planetary hours==
{{main|Planetary hours|Names of the days of the week}}
The [[Ptolemaic system]] used in [[ancient Greek astronomy]] placed the planets by order of proximity to Earth in the then-current [[geocentric model]], closest to furthest, as the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.<ref>{{cite journal |title= The Arabic version of Ptolemy's planetary hypothesis |first= Bernard R. |last= Goldstein |page= 6 |journal= Transactions of the American Philosophical Society |date= 1967 |volume= 57 |issue= pt. 4 |doi= 10.2307/1006040 |jstor= 1006040}}</ref> In addition the day was divided into seven-hour intervals, each ruled by one of the planets, although the order was staggered (see below).

The first hour of each day was named after the ruling planet, giving rise to the names and order of the [[names of the days of the week|Roman seven-day week]]. Modern Latin-based cultures, in general, directly inherited the days of the week from the Romans and they were named after the classical planets; for example, in Spanish ''Miércoles'' is Mercury, and in French ''mardi'' is Mars-day.

The modern English days of the week were mostly inherited from gods of the old Germanic Norse culture – Wednesday is ''[[Odin|Wōden]]''’s-day (''Wōden'' or ''Wettin'' eqv. Mercury), Thursday is ''[[Thor]]''’s-day (Thor eqv. Jupiter), Friday is ''[[Frigg|Frige]]''-day (Frige eqv. Venus).  Equivalence here is by the gods' roles; for instance, Venus and Frige were both goddesses of love. It can be correlated that the Norse gods were attributed to each Roman planet and its god, probably due to Roman influence rather than coincidentally by the naming of the planets.  A vestige of the Roman convention remains in the English name Saturday.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Weekday||Planet
!Greek god||colspan="2"|Germanic god||Weekday
|-
!<small>French name</small>||<small>Roman god</small>
!<small>[[Greek mythology|Greek]] name</small>||<small>[[Old Norse|Norse]] name</small>||<small>[[Old English|Saxon]] name</small>||<small>English name</small>
|-
|dimanche||[[Sol (Roman mythology)|Sol]]
|[[Helios]]||[[Sól (Germanic mythology)|Sól]]||Sunne||Sunday
|-
|lundi||[[Luna (goddess)|Luna]]
|[[Selene]]||[[Máni]]||Mōnda||Monday
|-
|mardi||[[Mars (mythology)|Mars]]
|[[Ares]]||[[Týr]]||Tīw||Tuesday
|-
|mercredi||[[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]]
|[[Hermes]]||[[Óðinn]]||Wōden / Wettin||Wednesday
|-
|jeudi||[[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]]
|[[Zeus]]||[[Þórr]]||Thunor||Thursday
|-
|vendredi||[[Venus (mythology)|Venus]]
|[[Aphrodite]]||[[Frigg]]||Frige||Friday
|-
|samedi||[[Saturn (mythology)|Saturn]]
|[[Cronus]]||[[Njörðr]]<ref name="VIGFÚSSON456">Vigfússon (1874:456).</ref>||Njord<ref name="VIGFÚSSON456"/>||Saturday
|}

==Alchemy==
{{further information|Astronomical symbols|Alchemical symbol}}

In [[alchemy]], each classical planet (Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) was associated with one of the seven metals known to the classical world. As a result, the alchemical glyphs for the metal and associated planet coincide. Alchemists believed the other elemental metals were variants of these seven (e.g. zinc was known as "Indian tin" or "mock silver"<ref name="BallParacelsus">Philip Ball, ''The Devil's Doctor: Paracelsus and the World of Renaissance Magic and Science'', {{ISBN|978-0-09-945787-9}}</ref>).

[[Image:Alchemy-Digby-RareSecrets.png|thumb|right|300px|Extract and symbol key from 17th century alchemy text.]]

Alchemy in the [[Western world|Western World]] and other locations where it was widely practiced was (and in many cases still is) allied and intertwined with traditional Babylonian-Greek style astrology; in numerous ways they were built to complement each other in the search for [[occult|hidden knowledge]] (knowledge that is not common i.e. the occult). [[Astrology]] has used the concept of [[classical elements]] from antiquity up until the present day today. Most modern astrologers use the four classical elements extensively, and indeed they are still viewed as a critical part of interpreting the astrological chart.

[[Image:Alchemical table Valentine (1671).jpg|200px|thumb|A table of alchemical symbols from [[Basil Valentine]]’s ''The Last Will and Testament'', 1670 ce.]]
Traditionally, each of the seven [[Planets in astrology|planets]] in the [[Solar System]] as known to the ancients was associated with, held dominion over, and [[Metals of antiquity#Astrological and alchemical symbolism|"ruled" a certain metal]].

The list of [[Domicile (astrology)|rulership]] is as follows:
* The [[Sun (astrology)|Sun]] rules [[Gold]] ([[Image:Sun symbol (fixed width).svg|20px]])
* The [[Moon (astrology)|Moon]], [[Silver]] ([[Image:Moon crescent symbol (fixed width).svg|14px]])
* [[Mercury (astrology)|Mercury]], Quicksilver/[[Mercury (element)|Mercury]] ([[Image:Mercury symbol (fixed width).svg|20px]])
* [[Venus (astrology)|Venus]], [[Copper]] ([[Image:Venus symbol (fixed width).svg|20px]])
* [[Mars (astrology)|Mars]], [[Iron]] ([[Image:Mars symbol (fixed width).svg|16px]])
* [[Jupiter (astrology)|Jupiter]], [[Tin]] ([[Image:Jupiter symbol (fixed width).svg|20px]])
* [[Saturn (astrology)|Saturn]], [[Lead]] ([[Image:Saturn symbol (fixed width).svg|20px]])

Some alchemists (e.g. [[Paracelsus]]) adopted the [[Hermetic Qabalah]] assignment between the [[vital organs]] and the planets as follows:<ref name="BallParacelsus"/>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
||'''Planet'''||'''Organ'''
|-
|Sun||Heart
|-
|Moon||Brain
|-
|Mercury||Lungs
|-
|Venus||Kidneys
|-
|Mars||[[Gallbladder]]
|-
|Jupiter||Liver
|-
|Saturn||[[Spleen]]
|}

==Contemporary astrology==

===Western astrology===
{{main|Planets in astrology}}

{{See also|Astrological sign#Dignity and detriment, exaltation and fall}}[[File:Thema Mundi.svg|thumb|right|[[Astrology]]: the [[Thema Mundi]] shows the naked-eye planets in their [[domicile (astrology)|domicile]]]]
{| class="wikitable"
! Planet
! Domicile sign(s)<ref name="Astrology by Hand">{{cite web |last1=Hand |first1=Robert |title=Astrology by Hand |url=https://www.astro.com/astrology/in_astrobyhand35_e.htm |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=Astro.com}}</ref>
! Detriment sign(s)<ref name="Astrology by Hand"/>
! Exaltation sign<ref name="Burk2001">{{Cite book |last=Burk |first=Kevin |title=Astrology: Understanding the Birth Chart: A Comprehensive Guide to Classical Interpretation |date=2001 |publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide |isbn=978-1-56718-088-6 |pages=81}}</ref>
! Fall sign<ref name="Burk2001"/>
|-
| [[Sun (astrology)|Sun]]
| [[Leo (astrology)|Leo]]
| [[Aquarius (astrology)|Aquarius]]
| [[Aries (astrology)|Aries]]
| [[Libra (astrology)|Libra]]
|-
| [[Moon (astrology)|Moon]]
| [[Cancer (astrology)|Cancer]]
| [[Capricorn (astrology)|Capricorn]]
| [[Taurus (astrology)|Taurus]]
| [[Scorpio (astrology)|Scorpio]]
|-
| [[Mercury (astrology)|Mercury]]
| [[Gemini (astrology)|Gemini]] (diurnal) and [[Virgo (astrology)|Virgo]] (nocturnal)
| [[Sagittarius (astrology)|Sagittarius]] (diurnal) and [[Pisces (astrology)|Pisces]] (nocturnal)
| [[Virgo (astrology)|Virgo]]
| [[Pisces (astrology)|Pisces]]
|-
| [[Venus (astrology)|Venus]]
| [[Libra (astrology)|Libra]] (diurnal) and [[Taurus (astrology)|Taurus]] (nocturnal)
| [[Aries (astrology)|Aries]] (diurnal) and [[Scorpio (astrology)|Scorpio]] (nocturnal)
| [[Pisces (astrology)|Pisces]]
| [[Virgo (astrology)|Virgo]]
|-
| [[Mars (astrology)|Mars]]
| [[Aries (astrology)|Aries]] (diurnal) and [[Scorpio (astrology)|Scorpio]] (nocturnal)
| [[Libra (astrology)|Libra]] (diurnal) and [[Taurus (astrology)|Taurus]] (nocturnal)
| [[Capricorn (astrology)|Capricorn]]
| [[Cancer (astrology)|Cancer]]
|-
| [[Jupiter (astrology)|Jupiter]]
| [[Sagittarius (astrology)|Sagittarius]] (diurnal) and [[Pisces (astrology)|Pisces]] (nocturnal)
| [[Gemini (astrology)|Gemini]] (diurnal) and [[Virgo (astrology)|Virgo]] (nocturnal)
| [[Cancer (astrology)|Cancer]]
| [[Capricorn (astrology)|Capricorn]]
|-
| [[Saturn (astrology)|Saturn]]
| [[Aquarius (astrology)|Aquarius]] (diurnal) and [[Capricorn (astrology)|Capricorn]] (nocturnal)
| [[Leo (astrology)|Leo]] (diurnal) and [[Cancer (astrology)|Cancer]] (nocturnal)
| [[Libra (astrology)|Libra]]
| [[Aries (astrology)|Aries]]
|}

===Indian astrology===
{{main|Navagraha}}

[[Indian astronomy]] and [[Hindu astrology|astrology]] (''jyotiṣa'') recognise seven visible planets (including the Sun and Moon) and two additional invisible planets (''tamo'graha''); rahu and ketu.<ref name="dalalnavagr">{{cite book |first=Roshen |last=Dalal |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |pages=280}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Planetary Forces |url=https://nepalirudraksha.com/blogs/blog/strengthening-planetary-forces-with-rudraksha |website=Nepa Rudraksha}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Sanskrit Name !! English Name !! [[Nakshatra]]s!! [[Guṇa|Guna]] !!Represents !!Day
|-
| [[Surya]] ({{Langx|sa|सूर्य|label=none}}) || Sun || Krittika, Uttara Phalguni and Uttara Ashadha || [[Sattva]] || [[Soul]], king, highly placed persons, father, ego || Sunday
|-
| [[Chandra]] ({{Langx|sa|चंद्र|label=none}}) || Moon || Rohini, Hasta and Shravana || [[Sattva]] || Emotional Mind, queen, mother. || Monday
|-
| [[Mangala]] ({{Langx|sa|मंगल|label=none}}) || Mars || Mrigashira, Chitra and Dhanishta || [[Tamas (philosophy)|Tamas]] || energy, action, [[confidence]] || Tuesday
|-
| [[Budha]] ({{Langx|sa|बुध|label=none}}) || Mercury || Ashlesha, Jyeshta and Revati || [[Rajas]] ||[[Communication]] and analysis, mind || Wednesday
|-
| [[Brihaspati]] ({{Langx|sa|बृहस्पति|label=none}}) || Jupiter || Punarvasu, Vishakha and Purva Bhadrapada || [[Sattva]]||the great teacher, wealth, Expansion, progeny || Thursday
|-
| [[Shukra]] ({{Langx|sa|शुक्र|label=none}}) || Venus || Bharani, Purva Phalguni and Purva Ashadha || [[Rajas]]||[[Feminine]], [[pleasure]] and [[reproduction]], Luxury, Love, Spouse || Friday
|-
| [[Shani]] ({{Langx|sa|शनि|label=none}}) || Saturn || Pushya, Anuradha and Uttara Bhadrapada || [[Tamas (philosophy)|Tamas]] || learning ''the hard way''. Career and Longevity, Contraction || Saturday
|-
| [[Rahu]] ({{Langx|sa|राहु|label=none}}) || [[Lunar node|Ascending/North Lunar Node]] || Ardra, Swati and Shatabhisha || [[Tamas (philosophy)|Tamas]] || an [[Asura]] who does his best to plunge any area of one's life he controls into [[Chaos (cosmogony)|chaos]], works on the subconscious level || none
|-
| [[Ketu (mythology)|Ketu]] ({{Langx|sa|केतु|label=none}}) || [[Lunar node|Descending/South Lunar Node]]|| Ashwini, Magha and Mula || [[Tamas (philosophy)|Tamas]] ||[[supernatural]] influences, works on the subconscious level || none
|}

===Chinese astrology===
{{Main|Wufang Shangdi}}
{{See also|Names of the days of the week#East Asian tradition}}
[[Chinese astronomy]] and [[Chinese astrology|astrology]] recognise seven visible planets (including the Sun and Moon). Chinese astrology flourished during the [[Han dynasty]] (2nd century BC to 2nd century AD).<ref name=Ho>{{cite book | last=何|first=丙郁| author-mask =何丙郁| title = Chinese mathematical astrology : reaching out to the stars | date = 2003 | publisher = Routledge| isbn = 0415297591}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor=#cccccc
! English Name!! Associated [[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|element]] !! Chinese Characters!! Chinese [[pinyin]]!! Old astronomical names<ref>{{Cite web |title=五行與五星：古代中國眼中的行星 |url=https://case.ntu.edu.tw/blog/?p=36261 |website=Center for the Advancement of Science Education, [[National Taiwan University]]}}</ref>
|-
| Mars || [[Fire (wuxing)|Fire]] || 火星 || Huǒxīng || Yínghuò (熒惑)
|-
| Mercury || [[Water (wuxing)|Water]] || 水星 || Shuǐxīng || Chénxīng (辰星)
|-
| Jupiter || [[Wood (wuxing)|Wood]] || 木星 || Mùxīng || Suìxīng (歲星)
|-
| Venus || [[Metal (wuxing)|Metal]] or Gold || 金星 || Jīnxīng|| Tàibái (太白)
|-
| Saturn || [[Earth (wuxing)|Earth]] or Soil || 土星 || Tǔxīng || Zhènxīng (鎮星)
|}

==Naked-eye planets==
{{Main|Planetae}}
Mercury and Venus are visible only in twilight hours because their orbits are interior to that of Earth. Venus is the third-brightest object in the sky and the most prominent planet. Mercury is more difficult to see due to its proximity to the Sun. Lengthy [[twilight]] and an extremely low angle at maximum [[Elongation (astronomy)|elongation]]s make optical filters necessary to see Mercury from extreme polar locations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www2.wwnorton.com/college/astronomy/astro21/sandt/latitude.html |title=Sky Publishing – Latitude Is Everything<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2007-07-14 |archive-date=2017-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324061045/http://www.wwnorton.com/college/astronomy/astro21/sandt/latitude.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mars is at its brightest when it is in [[Astronomical opposition|opposition]], which occurs approximately every twenty-five months. Jupiter and Saturn are the largest of the five planets, but are farther from the Sun, and therefore receive less sunlight. Nonetheless, Jupiter is often the next brightest object in the sky after Venus. Saturn's luminosity is often enhanced by its rings, which reflect light to varying degrees, depending on their inclination to the [[ecliptic]]; however, the rings themselves are not visible to the [[naked eye]] from the Earth.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

==See also==
* [[Antikythera mechanism]]
* [[Behenian fixed star]]
* [[List of former planets]]
* {{section link|List of Mesopotamian deities#Major deities}}
* ''[[Monas Hieroglyphica]]'' of John Dee
* [[Olympian spirits]]
* [[Worship of heavenly bodies]]
* [[Wufang Shangdi]] (the Classical planets in Chinese mythology).
* [[Navagraha]] (the Classical planets in Hindu mythology).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web |first=Martin J. |last=Powell |url=http://www.nakedeyeplanets.com/ |title=The Naked Eye Planets in the Night Sky (and how to identify them) |website=Nakedeyeplanets.com |access-date=2023-10-01}}
*{{cite web |first=Martin J. |last=Powell |url=http://www.nakedeyeplanets.com/movements.htm |title=Wandering Stars: The Movements and Visibility Cycles of the Naked Eye Planets |website=Nakedeyeplanets.com |access-date=2023-10-01}}

==External links==
*[http://www.nineplanets.org/history.html Chronology of Solar System Discovery ]

{{Solar System|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Classical Planet}}
[[Category:Ancient astronomy]]
[[Category:Planets of the Solar System]]
[[Category:Solar System]]