View source for Classes of United States senators

{{Short description|Cohorts of Senate seats whose holders will be elected in a given year}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2016}}

{{United States Senate}}

The 100 seats in the [[United States Senate]] are divided into three classes for the purpose of determining which seats will be up for election in any two-year cycle, with only one class being up for election at a time. With senators being elected to [[Fixed-term election|fixed terms]] of six years, the classes allow about a third of the seats to be up for election in any [[United States presidential election|presidential]] or [[United States midterm election|midterm]] election year instead of having all 100 be up for election at the same time every six years. The seats are also divided in such a way that any given [[U.S. state|state]]'s two senators are in different classes so that each seat's term ends in different years. Class 1{{nbs}}and class 2 consist of 33 seats each, while class{{nbs}}3 consists of 34 seats. Elections for class{{nbs}}1 seats took place in 2024, and elections for classes{{nbs}}2 and 3 will take place in 2026 and 2028, respectively.

The three classes were established by [[Article One of the United States Constitution|Article{{nbs}}I]], Section 3, Clause{{nbs}}2 of the [[U.S. Constitution]]. The actual division was originally performed by the Senate of the [[1st United States Congress|1st Congress]] in May 1789 [[Sortition|by lot]].<ref name="Senate.gov"/> Whenever a new state subsequently joined the union, its two Senate seats were assigned to two different classes by a random draw, while keeping the three classes as close to the same number as possible.<ref name=SenateFAQ/>

The classes only apply to the regular fixed-term elections of the Senate. A [[special election]] to fill a vacancy, usually either due to the incumbent resigning or dying while in office, may happen in any given year regardless of the seat's class.<ref name="KXTV"/>

A senator's description as junior or senior senator is also not related to their class. Rather, a state's senior U.S. senator is the one with the greater [[Seniority in the United States Senate|seniority in the Senate]], which is mostly based on length of service.

==History==
===Constitutional footing===
The [[U.S. Constitution]] sets the fixed term of senators to six years and staggers their elections into three cycles, so that a third of the Senate was up for election every two years. This allows at least some Senate elections to be held during any [[United States presidential election|presidential]] or [[United States midterm election|midterm]] election year, as the [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] is elected to a fixed term of four years and members of the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] are elected to fixed terms of two years. The objective is to promote stability in the Senate, and encourage senators to deliberate measures over time, rather than risk a rapid turnover of the entire chamber every six years. At the same time, it provided for more frequent elections as opposed to waiting every six years, to prevent senators from permanently combining for "sinister purposes".<ref name="Senate.gov">{{cite web | url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Constitution_Senate.htm | title=The Senate and the United States Constitution | publisher=senate.gov | access-date=October 23, 2011}}</ref>

The three classes of the Senate are specified by Article{{nbs}}I, Section{{nbs}}3 of the U.S. Constitution:

{{Blockquote|Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year.}}

The allocation took place in May 1789, several weeks after [[1st United States Congress|the first Senate]] assembled. Only twenty senators from ten states were present; North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the U.S. Constitution, and New York, because of its late ratification, had not yet selected its senators.<ref name="Senate History">{{cite web |title=Senators Receive Class Assignments |url=https://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/senate-and-constitution/senators-receive-class-assignments.htm |website=Senate History |publisher=United States Senate |access-date=May 1, 2022}}</ref> To decide on how to implement the division into classes, on May 11 the Senate appointed a committee consisting of Senators [[Oliver Ellsworth|Ellsworth]], [[Charles Carroll of Carrollton|Carroll]], and [[William Few|Few]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.constitution.org/ac/01-1s.htm|access-date=August 4, 2016|title=Annals of Congress|publisher=Constitution Society}}</ref> In accordance with their recommendation, on May 14 the Senate divided the members into three classes:<ref name=Journal>{{cite web|title=Journal of the Senate of the United States of America |url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28sj00143%29%29 |work=Journal of the Senate of the United States of America, 1789–1793 |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=June 11, 2013 |date=May 14, 1789}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Thursday, May 14, 1789. The committee appointed to consider and report a mode of carrying into effect the provision in the second clause of the third section of the first article of the Constitution, reported:

Whereupon, Resolved, That the Senators be divided into three classes:
*The first to consist of [[John Langdon (politician)|Mr. Langdon]] [of New Hampshire], [[William Samuel Johnson|Mr. Johnson]] [Connecticut], [[Robert Morris (merchant)|Mr. Morris]] [Pennsylvania], [[John Henry (senator)|Mr. Henry]] [Maryland], [[Ralph Izard|Mr. Izard]] [South Carolina], and [[James Gunn (senator)|Mr. Gunn]] [Georgia];
*The second of [[Paine Wingate|Mr. Wingate]] [of New Hampshire], [[Caleb Strong|Mr. Strong]] [Massachusetts], [[William Paterson (judge)|Mr. Paterson]] [New Jersey], [[Richard Bassett (Delaware politician)|Mr. Bassett]] [Delaware], [[Richard Henry Lee|Mr. Lee]] [Virginia], [[Pierce Butler (American politician)|Mr. Butler]] [South Carolina], and [[William Few|Mr. Few]] [Georgia];
*And the third of [[Tristram Dalton|Mr. Dalton]] [of Massachusetts], [[Oliver Ellsworth|Mr. Ellsworth]] [Connecticut], [[Jonathan Elmer|Mr. Elmer]] [New Jersey], [[William Maclay (politician)|Mr. Maclay]] [Pennsylvania], [[George Read (signer)|Mr. Read]] [Delaware], [[Charles Carroll of Carrollton|Mr. Carroll]] [Maryland], and [[William Grayson|Mr. Grayson]] [Virginia].

That three papers of equal size, numbered 1, 2, and 3, be, by the Secretary, rolled up and put into a box, and drawn by Mr. Langdon, Mr. Wingate, and Mr. Dalton, in behalf of the respective classes in which each of them are placed; and that the classes shall vacate their seats in the Senate according to the order of numbers drawn for them, beginning with number one: And that, when Senators shall take their seats from States that have not yet appointed Senators, they shall be placed by lot in the foregoing classes, but in such manner as shall keep the classes as nearly equal as may be in numbers.}}

On the next day, May 15, the term expiration of each class was determined by [[sortition|drawing lots]].<ref name="Journal"/> Lot 1 was drawn by Dalton, 2{{nbs}}by Wingate, and 3{{nbs}}by Langdon.

Upon the expiration of a senator's term of any length, someone starts a new six-year term as senator (based on election by the state legislatures until the [[Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Seventeenth Amendment]] required direct [[Direct election|popular election]] of senators).

===Addition of new states to the Union===
When a new state is [[admission to the Union|admitted to the Union]], its two senators are placed into separate classes. Which two classes are determined by a scheme that keeps the three classes as close to the same size as possible, so that the largest class never differs by more than one senator from the smallest class.<ref name=SenateFAQ>{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/general/common/generic/NewCongress_faq.htm |title=Frequently Asked Questions about a New Congress |publisher=United States Senate |access-date=June 11, 2013}}</ref> A random draw determined which new senator enters which of the classes selected to be expanded.<ref name=SenateFAQ/> This means at least one of any new state's first pair of senators had a term of more than 2 and up to 6 years and the other had a term that was 2 or 4 years shorter.

New York, which held its [[1789 United States Senate elections in New York|first Senate elections]] in July 1789, was the first state to undergo this process after the original May 1789 draw by the Senate of the [[1st United States Congress|1st Congress]]. Among the new senators, [[Philip Schuyler]] drew the lot for class{{nbs}}1 (whose term would end in 1791) while [[Rufus King]] drew class{{nbs}}3 (whose term would end in 1795).<ref>{{cite news |last=Power |first=Nicholas |date=August 4, 1789 |title=New-York, July 29 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/114420016/ |work=Poughkeepsie Journal |location=Poughkeepsie, NY |page=2 |via=newspapers.com | url-access=subscription}}</ref> This made class{{nbs}}1 have 8 senators while classes 2{{nbs}}and 3 had 7 senators each. North Carolina was then assigned classes 2{{nbs}}and 3 after holding [[1789 United States Senate elections in North Carolina|its first Senate elections]] in November 1789, making all three classes have 8 seats each.

When the newest state, Hawaii, was admitted in 1959, [[1959 United States Senate elections in Hawaii|its first Senate elections]] had candidates run either for "seat A" or "B". The new senators, [[Hiram Fong]] and [[Oren E. Long]], in a process managed by the [[Secretary of the United States Senate|Secretary of the Senate]], drew lots to determine which of the two would join class{{nbs}}1 (whose term would end in five-and-a-half years), and which would join class{{nbs}}3 (whose term would end in three-and-a-half years).<ref name="Senate History"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/07/30/archives/gop-wins-governorship-in-hawaiis-first-state-vote-g-o-p-wins-race.html | work=[[The New York Times]] | first=Lawrence E. | last=Davies | title=G.O.P. Wins Governorship in Hawaii's First State Vote | date= July 30, 1959}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/08/25/archives/congress-hails-3-new-members-from-50th-state-galleries-of-both.html | work=[[The New York Times]] | first= C. P. | last=Trussell | title=Congress Hails Three New Members from 50th State | date=August 25, 1959}}</ref> If a [[51st state]] is admitted, it will receive senators in classes 1{{nbs}}and 2, at which point all three classes would have 34 senators.<ref name=SenateFAQ/>

Because each state is represented by 2 senators, regardless of population, each class varies in electorate and populace. Since the early 19th century, it so happens class{{nbs}}2 senators cumulatively co-represent 50–60% of the population; senators from each of the other 2 classes: 70–75% of the U.S. population. <ref name=GSkelley>{{cite news|last=Skelley|first=Geoffrey|title=Senate Class Population Imbalance | url=http://www.centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/articles/senate-class-population-imbalance/|access-date=May 30, 2014|newspaper=Sabato's Crystal Ball|date=May 29, 2014}}</ref> Because each state has 2 senators, the sum of these figures is 200%, not 100%. Several of the most populous states, such as California, Florida, New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, have their senators in classes 1{{nbs}}and 3, provoking this imbalance.

The only times when both of a state's Senate seats are up for election in the same year are either when a new state joins the union (as mentioned above), or when there is a [[special election]] to fill a vacant seat. Special elections have no bearing on when the term for that seat ends, and a senator elected in a special election will serve the remainder of the term, until the next regularly scheduled election, not affecting which class that seat falls within.<ref name="KXTV">{{cite news|last=Pittman|first=Travis|title=The US Senate is divided into classes: What that means | url=https://www.abc10.com/article/news/nation-world/the-us-senate-is-divided-into-classes-what-that-means/103-605093800|access-date=November 12, 2022|publisher=KXTV|website=ABC 10|date=October 16, 2018}}</ref>

==Class 1 {{anchor|class I}}==
[[File:US Senate Classes.svg|thumb|500px|Map shows the classes in each U.S. state:<br>
{{legend|#00FF00|Classes 1 and 2}}
{{legend|#FF00FF|Classes 1 and 3}}
{{legend|#00FFFF|Classes 2 and 3}}]]

{{hatnote|Applies to those states, in the figured map, which are not shaded cyan}}
Class 1 consists of the 33 Senate seats whose next election will be in [[2030 United States Senate elections|November 2030]] and whose terms end January 3, 2031.

This includes earlier senators with terms that ended in [[1790 United States Senate elections|1791]], [[1796 United States Senate elections|1797]], [[1802 United States Senate elections|1803]], [[1808 United States Senate elections|1809]], [[1814 United States Senate elections|1815]], [[1820 United States Senate elections|1821]], [[1826 United States Senate elections|1827]], [[1832 United States Senate elections|1833]], [[1838 United States Senate elections|1839]], [[1844 United States Senate elections|1845]], [[1850 United States Senate elections|1851]], [[1856 United States Senate elections|1857]], [[1862 United States Senate elections|1863]], [[1868 United States Senate elections|1869]], [[1874 United States Senate elections|1875]], [[1880 United States Senate elections|1881]], [[1886 United States Senate elections|1887]], [[1892 United States Senate elections|1893]], [[1898 United States Senate elections|1899]], [[1904 United States Senate elections|1905]], [[1910 United States Senate elections|1911]], [[1916 United States Senate elections|1917]], [[1922 United States Senate elections|1923]], [[1928 United States Senate elections|1929]], [[1934 United States Senate elections|1935]], [[1940 United States Senate elections|1941]], [[1946 United States Senate elections|1947]], [[1952 United States Senate elections|1953]], [[1958 United States Senate elections|1959]], [[1964 United States Senate elections|1965]], [[1970 United States Senate elections|1971]], [[1976 United States Senate elections|1977]], [[1982 United States Senate elections|1983]], [[1988 United States Senate elections|1989]], [[1994 United States Senate elections|1995]], [[2000 United States Senate elections|2001]], [[2006 United States Senate elections|2007]], [[2012 United States Senate elections|2013]], [[2018 United States Senate elections|2019]], and [[2024 United States Senate elections|2025]].

States with a Class 1 senator: [[List of United States senators from Arizona|Arizona]], [[List of United States senators from California|California]], [[List of United States senators from Connecticut|Connecticut]], [[List of United States senators from Delaware|Delaware]], [[List of United States senators from Florida|Florida]], [[List of United States senators from Hawaii|Hawaii]], [[List of United States senators from Indiana|Indiana]], [[List of United States senators from Maine|Maine]], [[List of United States senators from Maryland|Maryland]], [[List of United States senators from Massachusetts|Massachusetts]], [[List of United States senators from Michigan|Michigan]], [[List of United States senators from Minnesota|Minnesota]], [[List of United States senators from Mississippi|Mississippi]], [[List of United States senators from Missouri|Missouri]], [[List of United States senators from Montana|Montana]], [[List of United States senators from Nebraska|Nebraska]], [[List of United States senators from Nevada|Nevada]], [[List of United States senators from New Jersey|New Jersey]], [[List of United States senators from New Mexico|New Mexico]], [[List of United States senators from New York|New York]], [[List of United States senators from North Dakota|North Dakota]], [[List of United States senators from Ohio|Ohio]], [[List of United States senators from Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]], [[List of United States senators from Rhode Island|Rhode Island]], [[List of United States senators from Tennessee|Tennessee]], [[List of United States senators from Texas|Texas]], [[List of United States senators from Utah|Utah]], [[List of United States senators from Vermont|Vermont]], [[List of United States senators from Virginia|Virginia]], [[List of United States senators from Washington|Washington]], [[List of United States senators from West Virginia|West Virginia]], [[List of United States senators from Wisconsin|Wisconsin]], and [[List of United States senators from Wyoming|Wyoming]].

==Class 2 {{anchor|class II}}==
{{hatnote|Applies to those states, in the figured map, which are not shaded pink}}
Class 2 consists of the 33 Senate seats whose next election will be in [[2026 United States Senate elections|November 2026]] and whose terms end January 3, 2027.

This includes earlier senators whose terms ended in [[1792 United States Senate elections|1793]], [[1798 United States Senate elections|1799]], [[1804 United States Senate elections|1805]], [[1810 United States Senate elections|1811]], [[1816 United States Senate elections|1817]], [[1822 United States Senate elections|1823]], [[1828 United States Senate elections|1829]], [[1834 United States Senate elections|1835]], [[1840 United States Senate elections|1841]], [[1846 United States Senate elections|1847]], [[1852 United States Senate elections|1853]], [[1858 United States Senate elections|1859]], [[1864 United States Senate elections|1865]], [[1870 United States Senate elections|1871]], [[1876 United States Senate elections|1877]], [[1882 United States Senate elections|1883]], [[1888 United States Senate elections|1889]], [[1894 United States Senate elections|1895]], [[1900 United States Senate elections|1901]], [[1906 United States Senate elections|1907]], [[1912 United States Senate elections|1913]], [[1918 United States Senate elections|1919]], [[1924 United States Senate elections|1925]], [[1930 United States Senate elections|1931]], [[1936 United States Senate elections|1937]], [[1942 United States Senate elections|1943]], [[1948 United States Senate elections|1949]], [[1954 United States Senate elections|1955]], [[1960 United States Senate elections|1961]], [[1966 United States Senate elections|1967]], [[1972 United States Senate elections|1973]], [[1978 United States Senate elections|1979]], [[1984 United States Senate elections|1985]], [[1990 United States Senate elections|1991]], [[1996 United States Senate elections|1997]], [[2002 United States Senate elections|2003]], [[2008 United States Senate elections|2009]], [[2014 United States Senate elections|2015]], and [[2020 United States Senate elections|2021]].

States with a class 2 senator: [[List of United States senators from Alabama|Alabama]], [[List of United States senators from Alaska|Alaska]], [[List of United States senators from Arkansas|Arkansas]], [[List of United States senators from Colorado|Colorado]], [[List of United States senators from Delaware|Delaware]], [[List of United States senators from Georgia#Class 2|Georgia]], [[List of United States senators from Idaho|Idaho]], [[List of United States senators from Illinois|Illinois]], [[List of United States senators from Iowa|Iowa]], [[List of United States senators from Kansas|Kansas]], [[List of United States senators from Kentucky|Kentucky]], [[List of United States senators from Louisiana|Louisiana]], [[List of United States senators from Maine|Maine]], [[List of United States senators from Massachusetts|Massachusetts]], [[List of United States senators from Michigan|Michigan]], [[List of United States senators from Minnesota|Minnesota]], [[List of United States senators from Mississippi|Mississippi]], [[List of United States senators from Montana|Montana]], [[List of United States senators from Nebraska|Nebraska]], [[List of United States senators from New Hampshire|New Hampshire]], [[List of United States senators from New Jersey|New Jersey]], [[List of United States senators from New Mexico|New Mexico]], [[List of United States senators from North Carolina|North Carolina]], [[List of United States senators from Oklahoma|Oklahoma]], [[List of United States senators from Oregon|Oregon]], [[List of United States senators from Rhode Island|Rhode Island]], [[List of United States senators from South Carolina|South Carolina]], [[List of United States senators from South Dakota|South Dakota]], [[List of United States senators from Tennessee|Tennessee]], [[List of United States senators from Texas|Texas]], [[List of United States senators from Virginia|Virginia]], [[List of United States senators from West Virginia|West Virginia]], and [[List of United States senators from Wyoming|Wyoming]].
==Class 3 {{anchor|class III}}==
{{hatnote|Applies to those states, in the figured map, which are not shaded green}}
Class 3 consists of the 34 Senate seats whose next election will be in [[2028 United States Senate elections|November 2028]] and whose terms end January 3, 2029.

This includes earlier senators whose terms ended in [[1794 United States Senate elections|1795]], [[1800 United States Senate elections|1801]], [[1806 United States Senate elections|1807]], [[1812 United States Senate elections|1813]], [[1818 United States Senate elections|1819]], [[1824 United States Senate elections|1825]], [[1830 United States Senate elections|1831]], [[1836 United States Senate elections|1837]], [[1842 United States Senate elections|1843]], [[1848 United States Senate elections|1849]], [[1854 United States Senate elections|1855]], [[1860 United States Senate elections|1861]], [[1866 United States Senate elections|1867]], [[1872 United States Senate elections|1873]], [[1878 United States Senate elections|1879]], [[1884 United States Senate elections|1885]], [[1890 United States Senate elections|1891]], [[1896 United States Senate elections|1897]], [[1902 United States Senate elections|1903]], [[1908 United States Senate elections|1909]], [[1914 United States Senate elections|1915]], [[1920 United States Senate elections|1921]], [[1926 United States Senate elections|1927]], [[1932 United States Senate elections|1933]], [[1938 United States Senate elections|1939]], [[1944 United States Senate elections|1945]], [[1950 United States Senate elections|1951]], [[1956 United States Senate elections|1957]], [[1962 United States Senate elections|1963]], [[1968 United States Senate elections|1969]], [[1974 United States Senate elections|1975]], [[1980 United States Senate elections|1981]], [[1986 United States Senate elections|1987]], [[1992 United States Senate elections|1993]], [[1998 United States Senate elections|1999]], [[2004 United States Senate elections|2005]], [[2010 United States Senate elections|2011]], [[2016 United States Senate elections|2017]], and [[2022 United States Senate elections|2023]].

States with a class 3 senator: [[List of United States senators from Alabama|Alabama]], [[List of United States senators from Alaska|Alaska]], [[List of United States senators from Arizona|Arizona]], [[List of United States senators from Arkansas|Arkansas]], [[List of United States senators from California|California]], [[List of United States senators from Colorado|Colorado]], [[List of United States senators from Connecticut|Connecticut]], [[List of United States senators from Florida|Florida]], [[List of United States senators from Georgia#Class 3|Georgia]], [[List of United States senators from Hawaii|Hawaii]], [[List of United States senators from Idaho|Idaho]], [[List of United States senators from Illinois|Illinois]], [[List of United States senators from Indiana|Indiana]], [[List of United States senators from Iowa|Iowa]], [[List of United States senators from Kansas|Kansas]], [[List of United States senators from Kentucky|Kentucky]], [[List of United States senators from Louisiana|Louisiana]], [[List of United States senators from Maryland|Maryland]], [[List of United States senators from Missouri|Missouri]], [[List of United States senators from Nevada|Nevada]], [[List of United States senators from New Hampshire|New Hampshire]], [[List of United States senators from New York|New York]], [[List of United States senators from North Carolina|North Carolina]], [[List of United States senators from North Dakota|North Dakota]], [[List of United States senators from Ohio|Ohio]], [[List of United States senators from Oklahoma|Oklahoma]], [[List of United States senators from Oregon|Oregon]], [[List of United States senators from Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]], [[List of United States senators from South Carolina|South Carolina]], [[List of United States senators from South Dakota|South Dakota]], [[List of United States senators from Utah|Utah]], [[List of United States senators from Vermont|Vermont]], [[List of United States senators from Washington|Washington]], and [[List of United States senators from Wisconsin|Wisconsin]].
==Election cycle years==

''This table is re-sorted every two years so that the next scheduled election year appears at the top.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!width="150" | Class
!width="150" | Most recent<br>election year
!width="150" | Next scheduled<br>election year
|-
| Class 1
| [[2024 United States Senate elections|2024]]
| [[2030 United States Senate elections|2030]]
|-
| Class 2
| [[2020 United States Senate elections|2020]]
| [[2026 United States Senate elections|2026]]
|-
| Class 3
| [[2022 United States Senate elections|2022]]
| [[2028 United States Senate elections|2028]]
|-
|}

===Comparison with other United States general elections===
{{US elections}}

==List of current senators by class==

{{See also|List of current United States senators|119th United States Congress}}

The following table lists the senators by party by class.

{| style="width:900px"
|-
|
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0; text-align:center; width:100%"
|-
! style="width:200px" |
! style="width:200px" | Class 1
! style="width:200px" | Class 2
! style="width:200px" | Class 3
! style="width:100px" | Total
|-
! {{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic
| 17
| 13
| 15
! 45
|-
! {{Party shading/Republican}} | Republican
| 14
| 20
| 19
! 53 + VP
|-
! {{Party shading/Independent (US)}} | Independent
| 2 (caucus with Democrats)
| 0
| 0
! 2<!--
|-
! {{Party shading/Vacant}} | Vacant
| 0
| 0
| 0
! 0-->
|-
! Last election
| [[2024 United States Senate elections|2024]]
| [[2020 United States Senate elections|2020]]
| [[2022 United States Senate elections|2022]]
| 

|-
! Next election
| [[2030 United States Senate elections|2030]]
| [[2026 United States Senate elections|2026]]
| [[2028 United States Senate elections|2028]]
| 

|-
! Total
! 33
! 33
! 34
! 100
|}
|}

{{Multiple images
| total_width = 630
| caption_align = center
| header_align = center
| header = '''Senate composition by class, state & party'''
| image1 = Class 1 US Senators by State & Party.svg
| alt1 = Class 1 US Senators by State & Party
| caption1 = '''Class 1'''
| image2 = Class 2 US Senators by State & Party.svg
| alt2 = Class 2 US Senators by State & Party
| caption2 = '''Class 2'''
| image3 = Class 3 US Senators by State & Party.svg
| alt3 = Class 3 US Senators by State & Party
| caption3 = '''Class 3'''
| align = 
| direction = 
| footer_align = center
| footer =
<!--'''#A2A9B1 is the color of the wiki table's border'''-->
<div class="center">
{{legend2|#1122CC|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]|outline=#A2A9B1}}
{{Legend2|#99AAFF|Independent who caucuses with [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]]|outline=#A2A9B1}}<br>
{{legend2|#BB0000|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]|outline=#A2evenA9B1}}
<!--{{Legend2|#FF99AA|Independent who caucuses with [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]]|outline=#A2A9B1}}-->
<!--<br>{{Legend2|#00FF00|Independent|outline=#A2A9B1}}-->
<!--{{Legend2|#444444|Vacant|outline=#A2A9B1}}-->
{{Legend2|#BBBBBB|Not up for election|outline=#A2A9B1}}
</div>
}}

The following table lists the senators by state and by class, including the states' [[Cook Partisan Voting Index]] ratings, which indicate the party direction in which a state tends to lean and the extent of that lean.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-05 |title=2023 Cook PVI℠: District Map and List (118th Congress) |url=https://www.cookpolitical.com/cook-pvi/2023-partisan-voting-index/118-district-map-and-list |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Cook Political Report |language=en |quote=". . . instead of using a 50/50 mix of the two most recent presidential elections to assess partisanship as we had done in the past, we switched to a 75/25 weighting in favor of the more recent presidential cycle."}}</ref>
{| style="width:900px"
|-
|
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="margin:0; text-align:center; width:100%"
|+
|-
! style="width:200px" | State
! style="width:200px" | Class 1
! style="width:200px" | Class 2
! style="width:200px" | Class 3
! style="width:100px" | Cook PVI

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Alabama|Alabama]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Tommy|Tuberville}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Katie|Britt}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|114.9|R+15}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Alaska|Alaska]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Dan|Sullivan|Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Lisa|Murkowski}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|106.4|R+6}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Arizona|Arizona]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Ruben|Gallego}} (D)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Mark|Kelly}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|102.1|R+2}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Arkansas|Arkansas]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Tom|Cotton}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|John|Boozman}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|115.3|R+15}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from California|California]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Adam|Schiff}} (D)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Alex|Padilla}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sort|088.5|D+12}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Colorado|Colorado]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|John|Hickenlooper}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Michael|Bennet}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sort|094|D+6}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Connecticut|Connecticut]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Chris|Murphy}} (D)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Richard|Blumenthal}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sort|091.9|D+8}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Delaware|Delaware]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Lisa Blunt|Rochester}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Chris|Coons}} (D)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sort|092|D+8}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Florida|Florida]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Rick|Scott}} (R)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Ashley|Moody}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|105.4|R+5}}
|-

! [[List of United States senators from Georgia|Georgia]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Jon|Ossoff}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Raphael|Warnock}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |{{Sort|100.8|R+1}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Hawaii|Hawaii]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Mazie|Hirono}} (D)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Brian|Schatz}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sort|087.4|D+13}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Idaho|Idaho]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Jim|Risch}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Mike|Crapo}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|118.1|R+18}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Illinois|Illinois]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Dick|Durbin}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Tammy|Duckworth}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sort|093.6|D+6}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Indiana|Indiana]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Jim|Banks}} (R)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Todd|Young}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|109.3|R+9}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Iowa|Iowa]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Joni|Ernst}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Chuck|Grassley}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|106.1|R+6}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Kansas|Kansas]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Roger|Marshall}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Jerry|Moran}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|108|R+8}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Kentucky|Kentucky]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Mitch|McConnell}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Rand|Paul}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|115|R+15}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Louisiana|Louisiana]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Bill|Cassidy}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|John|Kennedy|John Kennedy (Louisiana politician)}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|110.8|R+11}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Maine|Maine]]
| {{Party shading/Independent (US)}} | {{Sortname|Angus|King}} (I)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Susan|Collins}} (R)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sort|096.2|D+4}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Maryland|Maryland]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Angela|Alsobrooks}} (D)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Chris|Van Hollen}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sort|084.7|D+15}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Massachusetts|Massachusetts]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Elizabeth|Warren}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Ed|Markey}} (D)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sort|086|D+14}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Michigan|Michigan]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Elissa|Slotkin}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Gary|Peters}} (D)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/None}} | {{Sort|100.2|EVEN}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Minnesota|Minnesota]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Amy|Klobuchar}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Tina|Smith}} (D)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sort|097.4|D+3}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Mississippi|Mississippi]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Roger|Wicker}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Cindy|Hyde-Smith}} (R)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|110.8|R+11}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Missouri|Missouri]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Josh|Hawley}} (R)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Eric|Schmitt}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|108.9|R+9}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Montana|Montana]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Tim|Sheehy}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Steve|Daines}} (R)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|109.8|R+10}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Nebraska|Nebraska]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Deb|Fischer}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Pete|Ricketts}} (R)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|110.3|R+10}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Nevada|Nevada]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Jacky|Rosen}} (D)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Catherine|Cortez Masto}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|100.9|R+1}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from New Hampshire|New Hampshire]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Jeanne|Shaheen}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Maggie|Hassan}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sort|098|D+2}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from New Jersey|New Jersey]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Andy|Kim|Andy Kim (politician)}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Cory|Booker}} (D)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sort|095.7|D+4}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from New Mexico|New Mexico]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Martin|Heinrich}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Ben Ray|Luján|}} (D)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sort|096.3|D+4}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from New York|New York]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Kirsten|Gillibrand}} (D)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Chuck|Schumer}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sort|092.3|D+8}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from North Carolina|North Carolina]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Thom|Tillis}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Ted|Budd}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|101.5|R+2}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from North Dakota|North Dakota]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Kevin|Cramer}} (R)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|John|Hoeven}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|118.3|R+18}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Ohio|Ohio]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Bernie|Moreno}} (R)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Jon|Husted}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|105.3|R+5}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Oklahoma|Oklahoma]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Markwayne|Mullin}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|James|Lankford}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|117.4|R+17}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Oregon|Oregon]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Jeff|Merkley}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Ron|Wyden}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sort|092.4|D+8}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Dave|McCormick}} (R)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|John|Fetterman}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|100.5|R+1}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Rhode Island|Rhode Island]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Sheldon|Whitehouse}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Jack|Reed|Jack Reed (Rhode Island politician)}} (D)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sort|092.1|D+8}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from South Carolina|South Carolina]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Lindsey|Graham}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Tim|Scott}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|108.2|R+8}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from South Dakota|South Dakota]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Mike|Rounds}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|John|Thune}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|114.6|R+15}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Tennessee|Tennessee]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Marsha|Blackburn}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Bill|Hagerty}} (R)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|114.2|R+14}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Texas|Texas]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Ted|Cruz}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|John|Cornyn}} (R)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|105.9|R+6}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Utah|Utah]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|John|Curtis}} (R)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Mike|Lee}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|111|R+11}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Vermont|Vermont]]
| {{Party shading/Independent (US)}} | {{Sortname|Bernie|Sanders}} (I)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Peter|Welch}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sort|083.1|D+17}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Virginia|Virginia]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Tim|Kaine}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Mark|Warner}} (D)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sort|096.5|D+4}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Washington|Washington]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Maria|Cantwell}} (D)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Patty|Murray}} (D)
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sort|090.4|D+10}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from West Virginia|West Virginia]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Jim|Justice}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Shelley Moore|Capito}} (R)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|121|R+21}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Wisconsin|Wisconsin]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Sortname|Tammy|Baldwin}} (D)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Ron|Johnson}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|100.7|R+1}}

|-
! [[List of United States senators from Wyoming|Wyoming]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|John|Barrasso}} (R)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sortname|Cynthia|Lummis}} (R)
| {{N/A}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | {{Sort|123.3|R+23}}
|}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.senate.gov/general/resources/pdf/senators_by_class.pdf United States Senate class page (old)]
*[https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/two_column_table/Class_I.htm Current class 1, (senate.gov)]
*[https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/two_column_table/Class_II.htm Current class 2, (senate.gov)]
*[https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/two_column_table/Class_III.htm Current class 3, (senate.gov)]
*[http://www.centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/articles/all-senators-are-equal-but-their-classes-arent/ A 2013 analysis of the partisan leanings of each class]

{{United States Congress}}

[[Category:United States senators|Classes]]
[[Category:Classification systems by subject|United States senators classes]]
[[Category:Classification of people]]