View source for Clapham Junction rail crash

{{Short description|1988 rail crash in London}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox public transit accident
| name                = Clapham Junction rail crash
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| image               = Clapham Junction 1988 incident 2 geograph-3149688-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg
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| caption             = View of the crash site and clean up operations the day after the collision
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| date                = {{start date and age|1988|12|12|df=y}}
| time                = 08:10
| location            = near [[Clapham Junction railway station|Clapham Junction]], [[London]], England
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| country             = United Kingdom
| line                = [[South West Main Line]]
| operator            = [[Network SouthEast]]
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| type                = 
| cause               = Unprotected [[wrong-side failure]]
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| bus                 = 
| trains              = 3
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| deaths              = 35
| injuries            = 69 serious, 415 minor, 484 total
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| footnotes           = [[List of rail accidents in the United Kingdom|List of UK rail accidents by year]]
}}
The '''Clapham Junction rail crash''' occurred on the morning of 12 December 1988, when a crowded [[British Rail]] passenger train crashed into the rear of another train that had stopped at a signal just south of [[Clapham Junction railway station]] in [[London]], England, and subsequently sideswiped an empty train travelling in the opposite direction. A total of 35 people died in the collision, while 484 were injured.{{sfn|Hidden|1989|pp=iv, 1, 4}}

The collision was the result of a signal failure caused by a wiring fault. New wiring had been installed, but the old wiring had been left in place and not adequately secured. An independent inquiry chaired by [[Anthony Hidden]], [[Queen's Counsel|QC]] found that the signalling technician responsible had not been told that his working practices were wrong, and his work had not been inspected by an independent person. He had also performed the work during his 13th consecutive seven-day workweek. Hidden was critical of the health and safety culture within British Rail at the time, and his recommendations included ensuring that work was independently inspected and that a senior project manager be made responsible for all aspects of any major, safety-critical project such as re-signalling work.

British Rail was fined £250,000 for violations of health and safety law in connection with the incident.

==Collisions==
On 12 December 1988 the 07:18 from {{rws|Basingstoke}} to [[London Waterloo station|London Waterloo]], a crowded 12-car train made up of four-car [[British Rail Class 423|4VEP]] [[electric multiple unit]]s 3033, 3119 and 3005, was approaching {{rws|Clapham Junction}} when the driver saw the signal ahead of him change from green ("proceed") to red ("danger"). Unable to stop at the signal, he stopped his train at the next signal and then reported to the [[signal box]] by means of a line-side telephone. He was told there was nothing wrong with the signal. Shortly after 08:10,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/12/newsid_2547000/2547561.stm| title=On This Day, 12 December – 1988: 35 dead in Clapham rail collision| website=BBC}}</ref><ref name=NSES88/> the following train, the 06:30 from {{rws|Bournemouth}}, made up of [[British Rail Class 432|4REP]] unit 2003 and [[4TC]] units 8027 and 8015, collided with the Basingstoke train. A third train, carrying no passengers and comprising 4VEP units 3004 and 3425, was passing on the adjacent line in the other direction and collided with the wreckage immediately after the initial impact. The driver of a fourth train, coasting with no traction current, saw the other trains and managed to come to a stop behind the other two and the signal that should have protected them, which was showing a yellow "proceed with caution" aspect instead of a red "danger" aspect.<ref name=NSES88>{{cite web |url=https://www.nsers.org/jan-dec-88.html |title=January 1988 to December 1988 |publisher=Network South East Railway Society |first=John P |last=McCrickard |date=6 October 2016 |access-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180628154455/https://www.nsers.org/jan-dec-88.html |archive-date=28 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{sfn|Hidden|1989|pp=23–25}}

== Casualties ==
As a result of the collisions, 35 people died, and 69 were seriously injured. Another 415 sustained minor injuries.{{sfn|Hidden|1989|p=5}} Twenty-two of the people killed were from [[Dorset]] and the [[New Forest]], including the train driver John Rolls, who was from [[Bournemouth]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-12 |title="I will never forget" - remembering the Clapham rail disaster 25 years on |url=https://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/news/10872278.i-will-never-forget-remembering-the-clapham-rail-disaster-25-years-on/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Bournemouth Echo |language=en}}</ref>

==Emergency response==
The driver of the Basingstoke train was off his train and standing by the line-side telephone when his train was pushed forward several feet by the collision. He picked up the receiver and spoke to the signalman, informing him of the collision and asking him to call the emergency services. The signalman immediately switched all the signals he could to 'danger', and signalled to the adjacent signal boxes he had an obstruction on the line. He had no control over automatic signals, however, and was not able to stop the fourth train. He then called the Clapham Junction station manager and asked him to call the emergency services.{{sfn|Hidden|1989|p=27}} The crash had tripped the high-voltage feed to the traction current. The operator in the nearby Raynes Park electrical control room suspected there had been a derailment and re-configured the supply so that the nearby Windsor line trains could still run.{{sfn|Hidden|1989|p=28}}

Pupils and teachers from the adjacent [[Emanuel School]], who were first on the scene of the disaster,{{sfn|Hidden|1989|p=35}} were later commended for their service by Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]].<ref>{{cite web|work=Margaret Thatcher Foundation|title=House of Commons PQs|url=http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/107418|date=13 December 1988}}</ref>
Rescue was hampered because the railway was in a cutting, with a metal fence at the top and a wall at the bottom of a wooded slope.{{sfn|Hidden|1989|p=42}} The last casualty was taken to hospital at 13:04 and the last body was removed at 15:45.{{sfn|Hidden|1989|p=5}}

==Investigations==
An initial internal investigation showed that a wiring fault meant that the signal would not show a red danger aspect when the [[track circuit]] immediately in front of the signal was occupied.{{sfn|Hidden|1989|p=51}} Work associated with the ''Waterloo Area Resignalling Scheme'' meant new wiring had been installed,{{sfn|Hidden|1989|pp=147–151}} but the old wiring had been left connected at one end, and loose and uninsulated at the other.{{sfn|Hidden|1989|p=51}}

An independent inquiry was chaired by [[Anthony Hidden]], [[Queen's Counsel|QC]] for the [[Department for Transport]]. His eventual report included 93 recommendations, for changes to the working practices of both British Rail and the emergency services.{{sfn|Hidden|1989|p=167-175}}

A 1978 British Rail [[Southern Region of British Railways|Southern Region]] report had concluded that due to the age of the equipment the re-signalling was needed by 1986. However, approval was given in 1984 after a report of three [[wrong-side signal failure]]s.{{sfn|Vaughan|2000|p=78}} The re-signalling project had been planned assuming more people were available, but employees felt that the programme was inflexible and that they were under pressure to get the work done.{{sfn|Hidden|1989|p=165}} Installation and testing was carried out at weekend during voluntary overtime, the technician having worked a seven-day week for the previous 13 weeks.{{sfn|Hidden|1989|pp=148–149}} The re-wiring had been done a few weeks previously, but the fault had only developed the previous day when equipment had been moved and the loose and uninsulated wire had created a false feed to a [[relay]].

The signalling technician who had done the work had not cut back, insulated, nor tied back the loose wire and his work had not been supervised, nor inspected by an independent person as was required.{{sfn|Hidden|1989|pp=147–152}} In particular, a wire count that would have identified that a wire had not been removed was not carried out.{{sfn|Hidden|1989|p=62}} There had been inadequate training, assessment, supervision and testing and, with a lack of understanding of the risks of signalling failure, these were not monitored effectively.{{sfn|Hartley|2001|p=23}}
[[Image:Clapham Junction Memorial 2.JPG|thumb|upright|Memorial at the site of the crash, 2012]]

Critical of the health and safety culture within British Rail at the time,{{sfn|Hartley|2001|p=23}} Hidden recommended that unused signal wires needed to be cut back and insulated, and that a testing plan be in place, with the inspection and testing being done by an independent person. Signal technicians needed to attend refresher courses every five years, and testers needed to be trained and certified. Management was to ensure that no one was working high levels of overtime,{{sfn|Hidden|1989|pp=166–167}} and a senior project manager made responsible for all aspects of the project.{{sfn|Hidden|1989|loc=corrections}} Unprotected wrong side signal failures&nbsp;– where the failure permitted a train to go beyond where it was permitted&nbsp;– had to be reported to the Railway Inspectorate.{{sfn|Hidden|1989|pp=120, 169}} Cab radios, linking driver and signalman, were recommended,{{sfn|Hidden|1989|p=171}} as was the installation of address system on existing trains that were not expected to be withdrawn within five years.{{sfn|Hidden|1989|p=174}}

==Legacy==
Testing was mandated on British Rail signalling work{{sfn|Vaughan|2000|p=82}} and the hours of work of employees involved in safety-critical work was limited.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rgsonline.co.uk/Railway_Group_Standards/Traffic%20Operation%20and%20Management/Railway%20Group%20Standards/GHRT4004%20Iss%201.pdf|title=Changes in Working Hours – Safety Critical Work|date=August 1996|work=Railway Group Standards|page=6|access-date=12 October 2012|archive-date=12 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812203319/http://www.rgsonline.co.uk/Railway_Group_Standards/Traffic%20Operation%20and%20Management/Railway%20Group%20Standards/GHRT4004%20Iss%201.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although British Rail was fined £250,000 ({{inflation|UK|250000|1991|r=-3|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}{{inflation-fn|UK}}) for breaches of the [[Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974]],{{sfn|Hartley|2001|p=24}} there was no prosecution for manslaughter. In 1996 the collision was one of the events cited by the [[Law Commission (England and Wales)|Law Commission]] as reason for new laws on manslaughter, resulting in the [[Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/lc237_Legislating_the_Criminal_Code_Involuntary_Manslaughter.pdf| title=Legislating the Criminal Code: Involuntary Manslaughter| publisher=The Law Commission| date=4 March 1996| access-date=12 October 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828024649/http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/lc237_Legislating_the_Criminal_Code_Involuntary_Manslaughter.pdf| archive-date=28 August 2012| url-status=dead}}</ref>

A memorial marking the location of the crash site is at the top of the cutting above the railway on Spencer Park, [[Battersea]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2932156 | title=Clapham Junction train crash memorial | publisher=Robin Webster | work=geograph.org.uk | access-date=12 October 2012}}</ref>

The Basingstoke train stopped at the next signal after the faulty signal, in accordance with the rule book. Railway historian Adrian Vaughan suggests this may not be the best way of handling faulty signals. If the Basingstoke train had carried on to the signal following the next signal, the crash would not have happened because the Bournemouth train would have stopped at the signal where the crash occurred. As of 1999, the rule book had not been changed.{{sfn|Vaughan|2000|p=84}}

In 2017, a [[Rail Accident Investigation Branch]] report into a serious irregularity at {{rws|Cardiff Central}} on 29 December 2016 revealed that some of the lessons from the Clapham Junction crash appeared to have been forgotten. In that incident, a pair of redundant points had been left in an unsafe condition and undetectable by the signalling system. The alertness of a driver prevented a serious incident. Excessive working hours, cancellation of route-proving trains and lack of detailed planning were identified as contributory factors to the incident.<ref name=Cardiff>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/655196/R152017_171030_Cardiff_East_Junction.pdf |title=Serious irregularity at Cardiff East Junction 29 December 2016 |publisher=Rail Accident Investigation Branch |access-date=30 October 2017}}</ref> A year later, a report into a collision at London Waterloo highlighted similar circumstances, saying that "some of the lessons from the 1988 Clapham Junction accident are fading from the railway industry's [[collective memory]]".<ref>{{cite web |title=Collision at London Waterloo – 15 August 2017 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/756874/R192018_181119_Waterloo.pdf |publisher=Rail Accident Investigation Branch |access-date=19 November 2018 |date=November 2018|pages=46–50}}</ref>

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book | title = Exploring Sport and Leisure Disasters: a socio-legal perspective | last = Hartley | first = Hazel J | year = 2001 | publisher = Cavendish | isbn = 978-1-85941-650-1}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hidden |first1=Anthony |author1-link=Anthony Hidden |title=Investigation into the Clapham Junction Railway Accident |date=November 1989 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |location=London |isbn=978-0-10-108202-0 |url=http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/DoT_Hidden001.pdf |access-date=7 September 2012}}
*{{cite book | title = Tracks to Disaster | year = 2000 | last = Vaughan | first = Adrian | publisher = Ian Allan | isbn = 0-7110-2985-7}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Hall |first=Stanley |year=1999 |title=Hidden Dangers, Railway Safety in the Era of Privatisation |publisher=Ian Allan |isbn=0-7110-2679-3 }}
*{{cite book | title = Human Safety And Risk Management | year = 2006 | last = Glendon | first = A. Ian | author2 = Clarke, Sharon | author3 = McKenna, Eugene F. | publisher = CRC Press | isbn = 0-8493-3090-4 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/humansafetyriskm00glen_0 }}
*{{cite book | title = Managing Maintenance Error: A Practical Guide | last = Reason | first = James |author2=Hobbs, Alan | year = 2003 | publisher = Ashgate | isbn = 0-7546-1591-X}}
*{{cite book | title = The Blame Machine: Why Human Error Causes Accidents | year = 2004 | last = Whittingham | first = R. B. | publisher = Butterworth-Heinemann | isbn = 0-7506-5510-0}}
*{{cite book | title = The Clapham Train Accident: Causes, Context and the Corporate Memory Challenge | year = 2023 | last = Morse | first = Greg | publisher = Pen and Sword Books Ltd | isbn = 9781399073028}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Clapham Junction train collision}}
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/12/newsid_2547000/2547561.stm BBC News story] on the crash
*[http://danger-ahead.railfan.net/gallery/clapham.html Image of crash scene] on danger-ahead.railfan.net

{{1988 railway accidents}}
{{Railway accidents in the United Kingdom, 1900–1999|state=collapsed}}
{{London rail accidents}}

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[[Category:Railway accidents in 1988]]
[[Category:Railway accidents and incidents in London]]
[[Category:1988 disasters in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1988 in London]]
[[Category:History of the London Borough of Wandsworth]]
[[Category:Transport in the London Borough of Wandsworth]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving Network SouthEast]]
[[Category:December 1988 in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Train collisions in England]]