View source for Civil Cooperation Bureau

{{short description|South African government-sponsored death squad during the apartheid era}}
{{Other uses|CCB (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use South African English|date=July 2012}}
{{Apartheid}}
The [[South Africa]]n '''Civil Cooperation Bureau''' ('''CCB''') ({{langx|af|Buro vir Burgerlike Samewerking}} ('''BSB''')) was a government-sponsored [[death squad]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Apartheid Killer to Be Paroled in South Africa |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/apartheid-killer-be-paroled-south-africa |website=Council on Foreign Relations |access-date=16 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Burns |first1=John F. |last2=Times |first2=Special To the New York |title=Cape Town Death-Squad Inquiry Opens |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/06/world/cape-town-death-squad-inquiry-opens.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=16 June 2023 |date=6 March 1990}}</ref> during the [[History of South Africa in the apartheid era|apartheid era]]. The CCB, operated under the authority of Defence Minister [[Magnus Malan|General Magnus Malan]]. The [[Truth and Reconciliation Committee]] pronounced the CCB guilty of numerous killings, and suspected more killings.<ref name="businessday.co.za">{{cite web |url=http://www.businessday.co.za/Articles/TarkArticle.aspx?ID=294669 |title=Author unknown. (1998). A self-confessed apartheid era assassin told the Pretoria High Court yesterday that he did not apply for amnesty for his deeds, with one exception, because he believed his seniors, who gave him the orders, were the ones who should be punished. Business Day. |access-date=9 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230093958/http://www.businessday.co.za/Articles/TarkArticle.aspx?ID=294669 |archive-date=30 December 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Peter Batchelor, Kees Kingma, Guy Lamb 2004">{{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bS2TZI-JN8UC|title=Demilitarisation and Peace-building in Southern Africa|author1=Peter Batchelor |author2=Kees Kingma |author3=Guy Lamb |year=2004|access-date=18 May 2008|isbn=0-7546-3315-2|publisher=Ashgate Publishing Ltd}}</ref><ref name="TarkArticle 1998">{{cite web|date=1998|title=Former Civil Co-operation Bureau agent Ferdi Barnard|url=http://www.businessday.co.za/Articles/TarkArticle.aspx?ID=369048|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230101405/http://www.businessday.co.za/Articles/TarkArticle.aspx?ID=369048|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=21 May 2007|website=Business Day}}</ref><ref name="SAPA. 1999">[http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/media/1999/9904/s990409d.htm SAPA. (1999). Joubert authorises car bomb that killed Piet Ntuli.]</ref>

==Forerunners and contemporaries==
When South African newspapers first revealed its existence in the late 1980s, the CCB appeared to be a unique and unorthodox security operation: its members wore civilian clothing; it operated within the borders of the country; it used private companies as fronts; and it mostly targeted civilians. However, as the South African [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] (TRC) discovered a decade later, the CCB's methods were neither new nor unique. Instead, they had evolved from precedents set in the 1960s and 70s by [[Eschel Rhoodie]]'s [[Department of Information (South Africa)|Department of Information]] (see [[Muldergate Scandal]]<ref>{{Citation |author=Sanders, J |title=Apartheid's friends
 |pages=34–55 |year=2006 |publisher=John Murray |place=London}}</ref>), the [[South African Bureau of State Security|Bureau of State Security]] ([[B.O.S.S.]])<ref>{{Citation
 |author=Sanders, J |title=Apartheid's friends |pages=94–119 |year=2006 |publisher=John Murray | place=London}}</ref> and [[Project Barnacle]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lamb|first=Guy|title=From Military to Civilian Life: The case of retired Special Forces Operators|publisher=Centre for Conflict Resolution|year=2003|page=44}}</ref> (a top-secret project to eliminate [[South-West Africa People's Organization|SWAPO]] detainees and other "dangerous" operators).<ref>{{cite news
 
 |title=Confession 'built case against Basson' 
 |work=Daily Dispatch 
 |date=7 December 2000 
 |url=http://www.dispatch.co.za/2000/12/07/southafrica/BASSON.HTM 
 |access-date=21 May 2007 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230095116/http://www.dispatch.co.za/2000/12/07/southafrica/BASSON.HTM 
 |archive-date=30 December 2007 
}}</ref>

From information given to the TRC by former agents seeking amnesty for crimes committed during the apartheid era, it became clear that there were many other covert operations similar to the CCB, which [[Nelson Mandela]] would label the ''[[Third force (South Africa)|Third Force]]''. These operations included [[Wouter Basson]]'s [[7 Medical Battalion Group]],<ref>{{Citation
 |last1=Gould 
 |first1=Chandr 
 |last2=Burger 
 |first2=Marlene 
 |title=The South African Chemical and Biological Warfare Programme 
 |volume=Trial Report: Twenty-Eight. 
 |publisher=Centre for Conflict Resolution 
 |year=2000 
 |url=http://ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za/archive/cbw/28.html 
 |access-date=21 May 2007 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230084737/http://ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za/archive/cbw/28.html 
 |archive-date=30 December 2007 
}}
</ref> the [[Askaris]], [[Witdoeke]], [http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/covert-operations Experimental Group Program] (also called "Clandestine Cooperation Bureau") and C1/C10 or [[Vlakplaas]].

Besides these, there were also political [[front organisations]] like the [[International Freedom Foundation]], [[Marthinus van Schalkwyk]]'s [[Jeugkrag]] (''Youth for South Africa''),<ref>{{Citation|last=Adri |first=Kotzé |title=Marthinus 'moet om amnestie vra, soos ANC-spioene' |newspaper=Beeld |date=30 August 1997 |url=http://152.111.1.251/argief/berigte/beeld/1997/08/30/2/2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223925/http://152.111.1.251/argief/berigte/beeld/1997/08/30/2/2.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> and [[Russel Crystal]]'s [[Taussig Familienstiftung|National Student Federation]]<ref>{{Citation
  | last =Ken
  | first =Silverstein
  | title =The Making of a Lobbyist
  | newspaper =Harper's Magazine
  | date =17 April 2006
  | url = http://www.harpers.org/archive/2006/04/sb-the-making-of-a-lobbyist
}}</ref> which would demonstrate that while the tactics of the South African government varied, the logic remained the same: Total onslaught demanded a total strategy.<ref>{{Citation
  | last = Engelbrecht
  | first = Leon
  | title = The life and times of PW Botha
  | newspaper =IOL
  | date =1 November 2006
  | url = http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=6&art_id=qw1162328583363B213
}}</ref>

==Establishment==
Inaugurated in 1986 with the approval of Minister of Defense [[Magnus Malan|General Magnus Malan]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Malan admits setting up CCB, ordering raids |url=http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/media/1997/9705/s970507k.htm |place=Cape Town |date=7 May 1997
| access-date= 21 May 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
|last=Gear |first=Sasha |title=Now that the War is Over. Ex-combatants Transition and the Question of Violence: A literature review |url=http://www.csvr.org.za/papers/papvtp9.htm |year=2000
|publisher=Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation.
|access-date= 24 May 2007
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061020142049/http://www.csvr.org.za/papers/papvtp9.htm |archive-date = 20 October 2006}}</ref> and Chief of SADF General [[Johannes Geldenhuys|Jannie Geldenhuys]], the CCB became fully functional by 1988. As a reformulation of [[Project Barnacle]], the nature of its operations were disguised, and it disassociated itself from all other Special Forces and DMI (Directorate of Military Intelligence) structures. The CCB formed the third arm of the Third Force, alongside Vlakplaas C1 and the Special Tasks projects.<ref>O'Brien, Kevin. "The Use of Assassination as a Tool of State Policy: South Africa's Counter-Revolutionary Strategy 1979–92 (Part II)." ''Terrorism and Political Violence'' 13.2 (2001): 131</ref>

In his 1997 submission to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission,<ref>{{Citation |title=Submission to The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Gen MA de Malan |page=28 |year=2003 }}</ref> General Malan described the CCB as follows:

{{blockquote|15.1 Let me now deal with the matter of the CCB. The CCB-organisation as a component of Special Forces was approved in principle by me. Special Forces was an integral and supportive part of the South African Defence Force. The role envisaged for the CCB was the infiltration and penetration of the enemy, the gathering of information and the disruption of the enemy. The CCB was approved as an organisation consisting of ten divisions, or as expressed in military jargon, regions. Eight of these divisions or regions were intended to refer to geographical areas. The area of one of these regions, Region Six, referred to the Republic of South Africa. The fact that the organisation in Region Six was activated, came to my knowledge for the first time in November 1989. The CCB provided the South African Defence Force with good covert capabilities.

15.2 During my term of office as Head of the South African Defence Force and as Minister of Defence instructions to members of the South African Defence Force were clear: destroy the terrorists, their bases and their capabilities. This was also government policy. As a professional soldier, I issued orders and later as Minister of Defence I authorised orders which led to the death of innocent civilians in cross-fire. I sincerely regret the civilian casualties, but unfortunately this is part of the ugly reality of war. However, I never issued an order or authorised an order for the assassination of anybody, nor was I ever approached for such authorisation by any member of the South African Defence Force. The killing of political opponents of the government, such as the slaying of [[David Webster (anthropologist)|Dr Webster]], never formed part of the brief of the South African Defence Force.}}

Reports about the CCB were first published in 1990 by the weekly [[Vrye Weekblad]], and more detailed information emerged later in the 1990s at a number of TRC amnesty hearings. General [[Joep Joubert]], in his testimony before the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|TRC]], revealed that the CCB was a long-term [[South African Special Forces Brigade|special forces]] project in the [[South African Defence Force]]. It had evolved from the 'offensive defence' philosophy prevalent in [[P.W. Botha]]'s security establishment.<ref>{{Citation
 |title=The Transformation of Military Intelligence and Special Forces. Towards an Accountable and Transparent Military Culture. 
 |url=http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/ASR/SADR12/Nhlanhla.html 
 |year=1993 
 |work=South African Defence Review 
 |volume=12 
 |access-date=16 May 2007 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224246/http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/ASR/SADR12/Nhlanhla.html 
 |archive-date=26 September 2007 
}}</ref>

Nominally a civilian organisation that could be plausibly disowned by the apartheid government, the CCB drew its operatives from the SADF itself or the [[South African Police]]. According to Joubert, many operatives did not know that they were members of an entity called the CCB.<ref name="TRCp80">Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume 2, pp. 137–8. Retrieved 4 May 2007</ref>

In the wake of the National Party government's [[Harms Commission]], whose proceedings were considered seriously flawed by analysts and the official opposition, the CCB was disbanded in August 1990.<ref>[http://hrw.org/reports/1991/southafrica1/5.htm Human Rights Watch. (1991). ''The Killings in South Africa: The Role of the Security Forces and the Response of the State'']. {{ISBN|0-929692-76-4}}. Accessed 16 May 2007</ref> Some members were transferred to other security organs.<ref>[http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/amntrans/2000/200929ct.htm Transcript of proceedings of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa (Day 18), 29 September 2000. Accessed  17 May 2007.]</ref> No prosecutions resulted.
[[File:The Assassins's Web.png|thumb|The Assassin's Web<ref>{{Cite journal|last=O'Brien|first=Kevin|date=2001|title=The Use of Assassination as a Tool of State Policy: South Africa's Counter-Revolutionary Strategy 1979–92 (Part II)|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550109609683|journal=Terrorism and Political Violence|volume=13|issue=2|page=115|doi=10.1080/09546550109609683|s2cid=219645790|url-access=subscription}}</ref>]]

==Structure==
The CCB consisted of four groups with different functions:<ref name="b">Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume 2, pp. 139. Retrieved 4 May 2007</ref> an executive, a management board, two staff functions, eight operational sections known as regions, and an ad hoc collection of contractors. The overall size of the CCB never exceeded 250–300 full-time personnel.<ref name=":0">O'Brien, Kevin A. ''The South African Intelligence Services: From Apartheid to Democracy, 1948–2005''. Routledge, 2010., pg. 134–135</ref>

===Executive===
There is much dispute about what senior military officers knew when.  However it is common cause that the CCB was a unit of [[special forces]] at first controlled by the [[General Officer Commanding]] Special Forces, Major-General [[Eddie Webb]]<ref name="Galago2">{{cite book|last1=Barlow|first1=E.|year=2007|title=Executive Outcomes. Against all odds|location=Alberton, South Africa|publisher=Galago}}</ref>{{Rp|53}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=Burger|first1=Marlene|title=Basson trial to reveal dark CCB secrets|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/basson-trial-to-reveal-dark-ccb-secrets-1.35991|access-date=2 February 2015|work=Sunday Independent|date=29 April 2000}}</ref> who reported to the Chief of the [[South African Defence Force|SADF]].

===Management board===
The CCB operated as a civilian entity, so it had a chairman of the board and a group of 'directors'. The [[General Officer Commanding|GOC]] Special Forces – Major General Joep Joubert (1985–89) followed by Major General Eddie Webb from the beginning of 1989 – was the chairman.  The rest of the board included Joe Verster (managing director), Dawid Fourie (deputy MD), WJ Basson, Theuns Kruger, and Lafras Luitingh.

===Staff functions===
Although there is consistent evidence that the CCB had two [[staff function]]s<ref name="Galago2"/>{{Rp|53}} it is not clear what the names of these groups were and whether these remained the same over the life of the CCB. Region 9, is sometimes referred to as [[Intelligence agency|Intelligence]] or [[Psychological Warfare]] and elsewhere as Logistics. Region 10 is known as Finance and Administration or simply Administration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za/archive/cbw/33.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050416103700/http://ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za/archive/cbw/33.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2005-04-16 |last1=Gould |first1=C |last2=Burger |first2=M. |date=n.d. |title=The South African Chemical and Biological Warfare Programme. Trial Report: Thirty-Three. |publisher=Centre for Conflict Resolution |place=University of Cape Town |access-date=17 May 2007 }}</ref>

===Operational sections===
Each region had an area manager and its own co-ordinator who reported to the managing director.
* '''Region 1: Botswana''' – regional manager up to 1988 was [[Commandant]] Charl Naudé and thereafter Dawid Fourie, while Christoffel Nel handled the [[Intelligence assessment|intelligence function]].
* '''Region 2: Mozambique and Swaziland''' – the manager was Commandant Corrie Meerholtz until the end of 1988. He was replaced by the operational co-ordinator, Captain Pieter Botes. while the intelligence function was performed by Peter Stanton, one of the few remaining ex-Rhodesians from the D40 and Barnacle eras.
* '''Region 3: Lesotho''' – Fourie was also the manager in region 3.
* '''Region 4: Angola, Zambia and Tanzania''' – Dawid Fourie was also responsible, taking it over in 1988 from Meerholtz. Christoffel Nel handled the intelligence function while Ian Strange was also involved in this region.
* '''Region 5: International/Europe''' – Johan Niemoller appears to have been coordinator.
* '''Region 6: South Africa''' – formed on 1 June 1988; Staal Burger was regional manager; operatives included 'Slang' Van Zyl, Chappies Maree and Calla Botha. The TRC later receives eight amnesty applications related to four operations: 1) the attempted killing of Abdullah Omar, 2) the planned killing of Gavin Evans, 3) bombing of the Early Learning Centre in Athlone [[Cape Town]] on 31 August 1989, 4) the harassment of Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]] in Cape Town in 1989.
* '''Region 7: Zimbabwe''' – Various CCB members co-ordinated this region including WJ Basson and Lafras Luitingh. Others involved in sub-management were Ferdi Barnard (for a brief period) and Alan Trowsdale.  Kevin Woods and three members of a CCB cell, Barry Bawden, Philip Conjwayo and Michael Smith conducted a Bulawayo bombing action.
* '''Region 8: South West Africa''' – headed by Roelf van Heerden.
▪Pseudo Unit: Operated by ex S.A.D.F. members. Members named: John McCloud (ex Rhodesian) (aka:Ausie), Willem Schalk Van Der Merwe, aka: (William Reid, William Bennet).

== Blue plans and red plans ==
Operatives were required to have a 'blue plan'.  This referred to a front operation (mostly a business) funded by the CCB. Slang Van Zyl, for instance, started a private investigation business while Chappies Maree ran an electronic goods export company called [[Lema (company)|Lema]]. Operatives were allowed to keep the proceeds of their activities.<ref name="doj.gov.za">[http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/decisions/2001/ac21232.htm Amnesty Committee. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa.  Application in terms of section 18 of the Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act, 34 of 1995. AC/2001/232.  Accessed 17 May 2007.]</ref> Proceeds from all blue plan activities vastly exceeded the funding CCB received from the state. A large private sector was created, which employed tens of thousands of people. Former security officers not in the CCB ran these companies alongside CCB officers.<ref name=":0" /> In the December 1993 Goldstone Commission, the task group found that ex CCB members were involved in various illegal activities including gun and drug smuggling

Red plans, on the other hand, detailed the activities they would undertake against the enemy. Operations could be of a criminal nature as long as they had prior approval from the CCB bureaucracy. These mostly began with a feasibility study. If the report showed merit it was verified, then reviewed by a panel of five: the operative, the manager or handler, the coordinator, the managing director and in the case of violent operations, the chairman. Where loss of life was anticipated the chairman was required to obtain approval from the Chief of the Army or the Chief of Staff.<ref name="doj.gov.za" />

The 'red plan' targeted victims and detailed action to be taken against them. The scenario, as described by Max Coleman in ''A Crime Against Humanity: Analysing the Repression of the Apartheid State'', was as follows:

{{blockquote|Step 1: A person or a target would be identified as an enemy of the State. A cell member would then be instructed to monitor the 'target'.

Step 2: A project – i.e. the elimination of a target would be registered with the co-ordinator. The co-ordinator would then have the project authorised by the regional manager and the managing director.

Step 3: The CCB member would then do a reconnaissance to study the target's movements with a view to eliminating him or her.

Step 4: The operative would propose the most practical method to the managing director. If the director felt this method was efficient, he would sign the proposal at what was called an 'in-house' meeting. There adjustments could be made to the plan before it was approved. The budget would be considered and finance would be made available for the project. The finance would come from the budget the Defence Force allocated to CCB activities. Indications are that money was always paid in cash.

Step 5: The co-ordinator would be requested to make available the necessary arms and ammunition such as limpet mines, poison and/or live ammunition or other logistical support such as transport, etc.

Step 6: The project would be carried out and the target would be eliminated. To do this the cell member could engage the assistance of what were termed 'unconscious members'. These were essentially underworld criminals who would, for money, kill as instructed. These 'unconscious' members were never told of the motive or the SADF connection – a false motive was usually supplied.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/covert-operations|title=Apartheid – A Crime Against Humanity: The Unfolding of Total Strategy 1948–1989: Covert Operations|last=Coleman|first=Max|website=South African History Online|access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref>}}

==Known and suspected operations==
To date there is no published record covering all operations conducted during the CCB's five-year existence. Some of the active operations conducted included the following:
* Alleged harassment of
** Afrikaner dissident and [[Vrye Weekblad]] editor [[Max du Preez]] by pointing an [[RPG7]] at him while forcing him to consume a large amount of ''mampoer'' or [[Moonshine#South Africa|moonshine]]<ref>[http://152.111.1.251/argief/berigte/dieburger/2005/11/26/BY/9/OranjeMax.html Author unknown. (2005). Die geskiedenis van Vrye Weekblad in 170 bladsye. Die Burger. Accessed 12 December 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230174045/http://152.111.1.251/argief/berigte/dieburger/2005/11/26/BY/9/OranjeMax.html |date=30 December 2007 }}</ref>
** actor and playwright [[Hannes Muller]] for his role in ''Somewhere on the Border'', a play banned by the authorities for its criticism of the [[South African Border War]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dieburger.com/Stories/Features/By/15.0.3112006236.aspx |title=Author unknown. (2007). Van bliksem tot grotman. Die Burger. Accessed 12 December 2007 |access-date=4 December 2007 |archive-date=7 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107180404/http://www.dieburger.com/Stories/Features/By/15.0.3112006236.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Alleged shooting of [[Danger Nyoni]] – 12 December 1986
* Attempted contamination of drinking water in a [[Namibia]]n refugee camp, by introducing [[cholera]] bacterium into it, in an effort to disrupt that country's independence from South Africa<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE5DF1339F931A25756C0A966958260&sec=health&spon=&pagewanted=print Associated Press. (1990). Paper Says Pretoria Put Germs in Namibian Water. The New York Times, 12 May. Accessed 17 May 2007.].</ref> – August 1989<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040917124147/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/cpc-pubs/war_next_time/burgess.pdf Burgess, S. & Purkitt, H. (undated). The secret program. South Africa's chemical and biological weapons. Accessed 22 May 2007.]</ref>
* Attempted assault on UN Special Representative, [[Martti Ahtisaari]], in Namibia – 1989. According to a hearing in September 2000 of the South African [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]], two CCB operatives (Kobus le Roux and Ferdinand Barnard) were tasked not to kill Ahtisaari, but to give him "a good hiding". To carry out the assault, Barnard had planned to use the grip handle of a metal saw as a knuckleduster. In the event, Ahtisaari did not attend the meeting at the Keetmanshoop Hotel, where Le Roux and Barnard lay in wait for him, and thus escaped injury.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://www.doj.gov.za./trc/amntrans/2000/200928ct.htm |title=Targeted by the Civil Cooperation Bureau  |access-date=24 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916171009/http://www.doj.gov.za./trc/amntrans/2000/200928ct.htm |archive-date=16 September 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Bombing of a [[Western Cape]] kindergarten – the Early Learning Centre – on the evening of 31 August 1989<ref>{{Citation
  | last = Ashley
  | first = Smith
  | title = I won't apologise, says CCB boss
  | newspaper = Cape Argus
  | date =16 March 2000
  | url = http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?sf=2668&set_id=&sf=2668&click_id=13&art_id=ct20000429182400577M645541&set_id=1
}}</ref>
* Harassment of Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]], by hanging a baboon foetus in the garden of his Cape Town home in 1989 in the hope that it would bewitch him<ref>[http://www.iol.za.org/index.php?sf=2901&set_id=&sf=2901&click_id=13&art_id=qw958148220578B250&set_id=1 Baboon foetus 'sent to bewitch Tutu’. Independent Newspapers Youthvote.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927184409/http://www.iol.za.org/index.php?sf=2901&set_id=&sf=2901&click_id=13&art_id=qw958148220578B250&set_id=1 |date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>
* Supplying materials to SAP members for the 1986 killing of [[KwaNdebele]] cabinet minister [[Piet Ntuli]]<ref name="SAPA. 1999"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Murders allegedly carried out by the CCB
!Name of victim
!Year
!Date
!Status
!TRC finding on responsibility
!Ref.
|-
|Tsitsi Chiliza
|1987
|11 May
|Suspected
|<small>CCB / members of Military Intelligence</small>
|<ref name=":1">[http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/TRC%20VOLUME%202.pdf {{Citation |title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume 2 |page=39 |year=2003 }}]</ref>
|-
|[[Anton Lubowski]]
|1989
|12 September
|Suspected
|<small>CCB conspiracy</small>
|<ref name="NamibianLubowski" /><ref>{{cite web|date=2008-07-30|title=Lubowski: Who pulled the trigger?|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2008-07-30-lubowski-who-pulled-the-trigger/|access-date=2021-11-30|website=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref>
|-
|Jacob 'Boy' Molekwane
|
|
|Suspected
|<small>Evidence of CCB involvement</small>
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Gibson Ncube]]{{Efn|Also known as Gibson Mondlane.}}
|1987
|
|style="background:gold;white-space:nowrap"|Confirmed
|<small>Henri van der Westhuizen granted amnesty</small>
|<ref name=":5">{{cite web|date=2001-07-11|title=TRC rules on Sachs life-attempt|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/trc-rules-on-sachs-life-attempt-20010710|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-30|website=News24|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130151425/https://www.news24.com/news24/trc-rules-on-sachs-life-attempt-20010710 |archive-date=30 November 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|Matsela Polokela{{efn|Sometimes spelled Matsela Pokolela.}}
|1986
|14 June
|Possible
|<small>No finding – Polokela was killed in a [[South African Special Forces|Special Forces]] operation, but one participant claimed to be a CCB member</small>
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Dulcie September]]
|1988
|29 March
|Suspected
|<small>No definitive finding – probably a CCB conspiracy with the hit contracted out</small>
|<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Peter Batchelor, Kees Kingma, Guy Lamb 2004" />
|-
|[[David Webster (anthropologist)|David Webster]]
|1989
|1 May
|style="background:gold;white-space:nowrap"|Confirmed
|<small>Ferdi Barnard convicted in criminal court</small>
|<ref>{{cite web|date=2019-04-02|title=Ferdi Barnard: Apartheid-era hitman released from prison|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/ferdi-barnard-apartheid-era-hitman-released-prison/|access-date=2021-11-30|website=The South African|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name="TarkArticle 1998" />
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
Attempted murders allegedly carried out by the CCB
!Name of victim
!Year
!Date
!Incident
!Status
!TRC finding on responsibility
!Ref.
|-
|Joan and Jeremy Brickhill
|1988
|13 October
|<small>Car bomb in [[Harare]]</small>
|
|
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co.uk/viewinfo.cfm?linkcategoryid=9&linkid=14&id=4498|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201649/http://www.thezimbabwean.co.uk/viewinfo.cfm?linkcategoryid=9&linkid=14&id=4498|url-status=dead|title=von Paleske, A. (undated). Woods was part of murky past. The Zimbabwean. Accessed 22 May 2007.|archivedate=30 September 2007}}</ref>
|-
|[[Michael Lapsley]]
|1990
|28 April
|<small>Letter bomb in [[Harare]]</small>
|
|
|<ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission Video Collection. Yale Law School Lilian Goldman Library. Accessed 17 May 2007.|url=http://www.law.yale.edu/trc/index.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602180849/http://www.law.yale.edu/trc/index.htm|archive-date=2 June 2007|access-date=21 May 2007}}</ref>
|-
|Godfrey Motsepe
|1988
|4 February
|<small>In [[Brussels]]</small>
|
|
|
|-
|[[January Masilela]]{{Efn|Also known as 'Che O'Gara,' his [[Umkhonto we Sizwe]] ''nom de guerre''.}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Dullah Omar]]
|1989
|
|
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web|date=2019-04-03|title=SACP slams release of apartheid-era death squad member Ferdi Barnard|url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/sacp-slams-release-of-apartheid-era-death-squad-member-ferdi-barnard-20540860|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-30|website=IOL|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403065111/https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/sacp-slams-release-of-apartheid-era-death-squad-member-ferdi-barnard-20540860 |archive-date=3 April 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|Anton Roskam{{Efn|Misspelled Anton Rosskam in TRC transcripts.}}
|
|
|<small>Received threatening letters, car was set alight</small>
|
|
|<ref name=":4">{{cite news|date=30 March 1998|title=OMAR WAS LUCKY BARNARD DIDN'T KILL HIM: PTA HIGH COURT TOLD|publisher=SAPA|url=http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/media/1998/9803/s980330d.htm|access-date=26 May 2007}}</ref>
|-
|[[Albie Sachs]]
|1988
|7 April
|<small>Car bomb in [[Maputo]] (targeting [[Indres Naidoo]])</small>
|style="background:gold;white-space:nowrap"|Confirmed
|<small>Henri van der Westhuizen granted amnesty</small>
|<ref>{{cite web|date=2000-10-09|title='Sachs not target in bomb that took his arm'|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sachs-not-target-in-bomb-that-took-his-arm-50348|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-30|website=IOL|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522170435/http://www.iol.co.za:80/news/politics/sachs-not-target-in-bomb-that-took-his-arm-50348 |archive-date=22 May 2016 }}</ref><ref name=":5" />
|}
{{notelist}}

==Operations planned but not executed==
According to TRC records,<ref name="e">Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume 2, p. 141. Retrieved 4 May 2007</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FindArticles.com {{!}} CBSi|url=http://findarticles.com/?noadc=1|access-date=2021-11-04|website=findarticles.com}}</ref><ref>[http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/media/1998/9803/s980317e.htm SAPA. (1998). Winnie and Tutu were on Ferdi Barnard's hit list: ex-wife]</ref> CCB operatives were tasked to seriously injure [[Martti Ahtisaari]], UN Special Representative in [[Namibia]],<ref>[http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/amntrans/2000/200928ct.htm Transcript of proceedings of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa (Day 17), 28 September 2000. Accessed 17 May 2007.]</ref> and to eliminate the following:
* [[Gavin Evans (South African journalist)|Gavin Evans]]
* [[Theo-Ben Gurirab]] (SWAPO)
* [[Hidipo Hamutenya]] (SWAPO)
* [[Pallo Jordan]] and [[Ronnie Kasrils]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/|title=Business Day|website=BusinessLIVE}}</ref>
* [[Gwen Lister]] (SWAPO)
* [[Winnie Mandela]]
* [[Kwenza Mhlaba]]
* [[Jay Naidoo]]
* [[Joe Slovo]]
* [[Stompie Sepei]]
* [[Oliver Tambo]]
* [[Daniel Tjongarero]] (SWAPO)
* [[Andimba Toivo ya Toivo]] (SWAPO)
* [[Roland White (activist)|Roland White]]

==Known associates==
While the CCB was a section of the SADF's Special Forces they were joined on many operations by individuals from other parts of the state's broad security apparatus,<ref name="South Africa 2000">[http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/amntrans/2000/201009jb.htm Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa. (2000). Transcript of proceedings: Amnesty Hearing of Henri van der Westhuizen. Application no: AM8079/97. (Day 1), October, 9. Accessed 17 May 2007.]</ref> sometimes making it difficult to ascertain whether a specific person was part of the CCB or not. Of the estimated one hundred covert members, evidence exists that the following individuals were deployed as administrators or operatives:<ref name="c">Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume 2, pp. 80, 82, 89, 110, 120, 136–8, 139, 140. Retrieved 4 May 2007</ref>

===Senior military decision-makers===
* [[Magnus Malan]] – General, Minister of Defence (1980–1991)
* [[Johannes Geldenhuys|Jannie Geldenhuys]] – General, and Chief of the SADF (1985–1990)<ref>{{Citation
  | last = Stiff
  | first =Peter
  | title = Warfare by other means. South Africa in the 1980s and 1990s.
  | publisher =Galago
  | year= 2001
  | location = Alberton, South Africa
  | page =315
  }}</ref>
* [[Joep Joubert]]  – held the rank of major general, Chairman of the management board (1985–89)
* [[Andreas Liebenberg|Kat Liebenberg]] – General, and Chief of the SADF (1991–1993)
* [[Eddie Webb]] – held the rank of major general, Chairman of the management board (1989–1990)
* [[Pieter Johan Verster]] – mostly known as 'Joe' Verster, aliases 'Gerhard',<ref>{{Citation
  | last = Stiff
  | first =Peter
  | title = Warfare by other means. South Africa in the 1980s and 1990s.
  | publisher =Galago
  | year= 2001
  | location = Alberton, South Africa
  | page =375
  }}</ref> 'Dave Martin', 'Jack van Staden' and 'Rick van Staden', held the rank of colonel, CCB Managing Director or general manager

===Operatives and associates===
* [[Donald Dolan Acheson]] – an Irish mercenary nicknamed 'The Cleaner'<ref>Stiff, P. (2001). Warfare by other means. South Africa in the 1980s and 1990s. Alberton, South Africa: Galago. pp 389.</ref>
* [[Eeben Barlow]] – also referred to incorrectly as "Eeban Barlow", intelligence operative, ex-member of [[South African 32 Battalion|32 Battalion]] and at one point commander of Region 5<ref>Author unknown. (2007). Eeben Barlow on the record. Molotov Cocktail, 1, 9–13.</ref>
* [[Ferdi Barnard]] – prominent Region 6 operative, convicted and jailed in 1998 for the murder of David Webster<ref>[http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/media/1998/9806/s980601a.htm SAPA. (1998). Former CCB agent Ferdi Barnard convicted of murder. Accessed 16 May 2007.]</ref>
* [[Wouter Jacobus Basson]] – alias Christo Britz, one time coordinator of the Zimbabwe unit, not to be confused with his cousin Dr. [[Wouter Basson]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za/archive/cbw/37.html|title=South African Chemical and Biological Warfare Programme|date=23 August 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040823150824/http://ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za/archive/cbw/37.html |archive-date=23 August 2004 }}</ref>
* [[Johannes Basson]]<ref>[http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/TRC%20VOLUME%202.pdf Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume 2, p. 142, accessed 4 May 2007]</ref>
* [[Barry Bawden]] – cousin of Kit and Gary, Region 4 operative and member of Zimbabwe-based CCB cell known as Juliet<ref name="CarteBlanche">{{cite web |url=http://www.carteblanche.co.za/Display/Display.asp?Id=3126 |title=Schwegler, O, & Watts, D. (2006) Kevin Woods. Exclusive interview. Carte Blanche. Broadcast date: 23 July. Accessed 3 December 2007. |access-date=10 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624032304/http://www.carteblanche.co.za/Display/Display.asp?Id=3126 |archive-date=24 June 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Guy Bawden]] – brother of Kit, Region 4 operative and member of Zimbabwe-based CCB cell known as Juliet<ref name="CarteBlanche"/>
* [[Kit Bawden]] – Region 4 operative and head of Zimbabwe-based CCB cell known as Juliet<ref name="CarteBlanche"/>
* [[Petrus Foster Botes]] – alias Bobby Greeff,<ref name="South Africa 2000"/> held the rank of captain
* [[Carl Casteling Botha]] –  nicknamed Calla, a one time forward for the Transvaal rugby team<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/u/sign-in/|title=DispatchLIVE|website=DispatchLIVE}}</ref>
* [[Gray Branfield]] – alias major Brian, and Mr. Z,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/SAfrica/Biological/index.html|title=NTI. South Africa profile. Biological overview. Accessed 22 May 2007.}}</ref> killed 2004 in [[Kut]], [[Iraq]] during a gunfight between Shi'ite radicals and Ukrainian forces<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0404d&L=hwy61-l&T=0&P=10611|title=Gavin du Venage, The Australian, Apartheid assassins meet match in Iraq, 27 April 2004, accessed 16 May 2007}}</ref>
* [[Ron Butterweck]] – a German (or Dutch?) mercenary/agent, active in Angola around 1985/86
* [[Phillip Conjwayo]] – Zimbabwean policeman, Region 4 operative and peripheral member of Zimbabwe-based CCB cell known as Juliet<ref name="CarteBlanche"/>
* [[José Daniels]] – CCB operator working for Petrus Botes, in the period just prior to the first democratic elections in Namibia, was instructed to dump four bottles containing cholera bacterium into the water supply of a camp near Windhoek<ref name="constitutionallaw.co.za">{{cite court
  |litigants=The State vs Wouter Basson
  |vol=Case CCT 30/03
  |reporter=
  |opinion=
  |pinpoint=
  |court=Constitutional Court of South Africa
  |date=10 March 2004
  |url= http://www.constitutionallaw.co.za/alert/cases/CCT3003.pdf}}</ref>
* [[Daniel du Toit Burger]] – also referred to as Daniël Ferdinand du Toit,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.namibian.com.na/Netstories/August99/lubowski.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050227110631/http://www.namibian.com.na/Netstories/August99/lubowski.htm|url-status=dead|title=Menges, W. (1999). SA cops cautious on Lubowski progress. The Namibian, 6 August. Accessed 22 May 2007.|archivedate=27 February 2005}}</ref> alias Staal (meaning steel in Afrikaans) Burger also the name of an Afrikaans radio comedy of the time, held the rank of colonel, erstwhile owner of the Breakers Hotel in Berea, [[Johannesburg]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://academic.sun.ac.za/journalism/sji/1996/akkers96.htm|title=Akkers & Aikonas (SJI 1996)|website=academic.sun.ac.za}}</ref> and minder of a state-funded brothel,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dispatch.co.za/2001/06/27/editoria/LP1.HTM|title = DispatchLIVE}}</ref> recruited into the CCB by Verster on 1 June 1988 after vacating his position as head of the SAP's Brixton Murder and Robbery Unit<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/decisions/2001/ac21232.htm | title=Justice/Home }}</ref>
* [[Trevor Mark Floyd]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20000513/ai_n14312969 |title=CBSi |publisher=FindArticles.com |date= |accessdate=2022-04-30}}</ref> – testified in the trial of [[Wouter Basson]] that he smeared poisonous ointment received from Basson<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za/archive/cbw/20a.html |title=South African Chemical and Biological Warfare Programme |website=ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040823150813/http://ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za/archive/cbw/20a.html |archive-date=23 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref> on the door handle of the car belonging to [[Peter Kalangula]]; Basson denied the allegation; Implicated in the same trial by [[Danie Phaal]], a Project Barnacle colleague, of murdering a fellow operator known only as Christopher in February 1983<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za/archive/cbw/20.html |title=Archived copy |website=ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040823150401/http://ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za/archive/cbw/20.html |archive-date=23 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Dawid Fourie]] – alias 'Heine Müller', held the rank of commandant and one time deputy head of the CCB<ref name="TRCv2s2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/Content_Display/TRC_Report/2chap2.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101193805/http://www.news24.com/Content_Display/TRC_Report/2chap2.htm|url-status=dead|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Vol 2, Sec 2 Accessed 3 December 2007.|archivedate=1 January 2008}}</ref>
* [[Edward James Gordon]] – nicknamed 'Peaches', informer, involved in the attempt on the life of Dullah Omar<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/misc/trc04.html |title=ANC Submission to the TRC – 4 |access-date=2007-05-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627064947/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/misc/trc04.html |archive-date=27 June 2007}}</ref>
* [Gordon Proudfoot] – Special Forces operative associate of Ferdi Barnard<ref>{{cite web|url=http://152.111.1.251/argief/berigte/rapport/1998/03/22/7/2.html |title=Rapport JOHANNESBURG VROEG Sondag 22 Maart 1998 Bl. 7: Goosens bitter oor hofbeslissing |access-date=2007-05-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224040/http://152.111.1.251/argief/berigte/rapport/1998/03/22/7/2.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>
* [[André Wilhelmus Groenewald]] – alias Kobus Pienaar<ref name="ReferenceB">http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/TRC%20VOLUME%202.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>
* [[Isgak Hardien]] – nicknamed Gakkie, an informer and gangster based in the Western Cape who earned R18,000 for placing a [[limpet mine]] on the premises of the Early Learning Centre<ref>http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=13&art_id=ct20000316093733290C150166 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
* [[Theodore Hermansen]]<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
* [[André Klopper]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccr.uct.ac.za/fileadmin/template/ccr/pdf/demob_sept.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=www.ccr.uct.ac.za |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227082934/http://www.ccr.uct.ac.za/fileadmin/template/ccr/pdf/demob_sept.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Koos – CCB medical coordinator, who received, on the instructions of [[Wouter Basson]], 16 bottles containing the [[cholera]] [[bacterium]] on 4 August 1989, and six more twelve days later from Dr. A. Immelman of [[Roodeplaat Research Laboratories]]<ref name="constitutionallaw.co.za"/>
* David Komansky, (not to be confused with the Merrill Lynch executive of the same name) a [[commodity broker|commodities broker]] from Johannesburg who received R29 million from the CCB to establish a business in Britain for procuring arms.<ref>{{Citation
  | last = Heidenheimer
  | first = Arnold J.
  | author2 = Michael Johnston
  | title = Political corruption: Concepts & Contexts
  | publisher = Transaction Publishers
  | year= 2002
  | location = Edison, New Jersey
  | page =407
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=49y50pzjAzAC&q=%22civil+cooperation+bureau%22&pg=PA407
  | isbn = 978-0-7658-0761-8  }}</ref>
* [[Theuns Kruger]] – alias 'Jaco Black', financial manager
* [[Kobus le Roux]] implicated with Ferdi Barnard in the plot to kill Ahtisaari<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* [[Jackie Lonte]] – recruited to deal with United Democratic Front supporters, founder of the 10,000 strong [[Cape Flats]] gang 'The Americans'
* [[Hans Louw]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dispatch.co.za/2003/01/13/southafrica/EMACHEL.HTM |title=Emachel |access-date=2008-10-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050426154135/http://www.dispatch.co.za/2003/01/13/southafrica/EMACHEL.HTM |archive-date=26 April 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanstudies.uct.ac.za/postamble/vol2-2/assassination.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-11-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001024821/http://www.africanstudies.uct.ac.za/postamble/vol2-2/assassination.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2011}}</ref>– claimed he belonged to a squad which [[1986 Mozambican Tupolev Tu-134 crash|plotted to kill]] president [[Samora Machel]]
* [[Lafras Luitingh]] – held the rank of major, one time coordinator of Zimbabwe unit<ref>{{cite news   | title = Former ccb man lied to harms commission about webster  | publisher =SAPA  | date=  18 March 1998  | url = http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/media/1998/9803/s980318d.htm  | access-date =3 December 2007  }}</ref>
* [[Leon André Maree]] – nickname 'Chappies' (also the name of a popular South African chewing gum)
* [[Cornelius Alwyn Johannes Meerholz]] – nicknamed Corrie, alias 'Kerneels Koekemoer', held the rank of commandant, after transferring to 5 Reconnaissance Regiment
* [[Tai Minnaar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/SAfrica/Biological/2428.html |title=NTI: Country Overviews: South Africa: Biological Capabilities |access-date=2007-05-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107203623/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/SAfrica/Biological/2428.html |archive-date=7 January 2007 }}</ref> – once held the rank of major-general in the SADF, founder member of the Bureau of State Security, had been a CIA operative in 1970s Cuba<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/04/20/lethal-legacy-bioweapons-for-sale/4f1c6c0c-3733-4804-ba17-8f0051fda91d/|last1=Warrick|first1=Joby|last2=Mintz|first2=John|title=Lethal Legacy: Bioweapons for Sale|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=20 April 2003|page=A01|accessdate=3 March 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210303165641/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/04/20/lethal-legacy-bioweapons-for-sale/4f1c6c0c-3733-4804-ba17-8f0051fda91d/|archivedate=3 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Mr J – alias 'Verkyker' held the rank of lieutenant – operated in Mozambique and Swaziland, once delivered a parcel to Windhoek on behalf of Pieter (most likely Petrus) Botes<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.businessday.co.za/Articles/TarkArticle.aspx?ID=244519 | title=Business Day }}</ref>
* Mr R – alias 'Frans Brink', medical doctor, member until the beginning of 1990<ref name="ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za">{{cite web |url=http://ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za/archive/cbw/37.html |title=South African Chemical and Biological Warfare Programme |website=ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040823150824/http://ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za/archive/cbw/37.html |archive-date=23 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Edwin Mudingi]], former [[Selous Scout]] member of the same cell as Hans Louw<ref>{{Citation
 | last1 = Commey   | first1 =Pusch
 | title = Mozambique/South Africa: Who killed Samora Machel?
 | volume = New African
 | date =April 2003
 | url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5391/is_200304/ai_n21328005/pg_4
 | access-date= 17 April 2008
 | publisher = [[FindArticles]]}}
</ref>
* [[Christoffel Nel]] – alias 'Derek Louw', held the rank of colonel, one time head of intelligence unit<ref name="NamibianLubowski">"[http://www.namibian.com.na/Netstories/November98/lubowski.html TRC clears Lubowski's name]". ''The Namibian.'' 1998. Accessed 21 May 2007. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050228143948/http://www.namibian.com.na/Netstories/November98/lubowski.html|date=28 February 2005}}</ref><ref name="TRCv2s2"/>
* [[Johan Niemoller Jr.]] – also referred to as Joseph Niemoller, until 1987 coordinator of (European and International) unit
* [[Nico Palm]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iss.co.za/PUBS/Books/PeaceProfitPlunder/Chap5.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-05-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710104822/http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/Books/PeaceProfitPlunder/Chap5.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2007 }}</ref> – foreign operative, involved in the CCB front company Geo International Trading as an explosives expert
* [[Danie Phaal]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/amntrans/2000/200927ct.htm | title=Justice/Home }}</ref> – or DJ Phaal,<ref name="constitutionallaw.co.za"/> CCB head of security, also known as Frank, James or Johan
* Jao Pinta – involved in the murder of Florence and [[Fabian Ribeiro]]<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web | url=http://www.businessday.co.za/Articles/TarkArticle.aspx?ID=280806 | title=Business Day }}</ref>
* Ruiz da Silva – involved in the murder of Florence and [[Fabian Ribeiro]]<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
* [[Eugene Riley]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sabcnews.co.za/politics/government/0,2172,14187,00.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928041526/http://www.sabcnews.co.za/politics/government/0,2172,14187,00.html |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> – also referred to as Eugene Reilly
* [[Noel Robey]] – involved in the murder of Florence and [[Fabian Ribeiro]]<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
* Michael Smith – ex-Rhodesian soldier, Region 4 operative and member of Zimbabwe-based CCB cell known as Juliet<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carteblanche.co.za/Display/Display.asp?Id=3126 |title=Carte Blanche |access-date=10 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624032304/http://www.carteblanche.co.za/Display/Display.asp?Id=3126 |archive-date=24 June 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Migiel Sven Smuts-Muller]] – ex-31 Battalion member<ref name="ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za"/>
* Peter Stanton – ex-[[Rhodesia]]n, intelligence operative<ref name="TRCv2s2"/>
* [[Pierre Theron]] – auditor of CCB books and keeper of share transfer certificates for related front companies<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unidir.org/pdf/articles/pdf-art1854.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-05-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702205455/http://www.unidir.org/pdf/articles/pdf-art1854.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2007 }}</ref>
* [[Ian Strange (South African agent)|Ian Strange]] – alias Rodney, involved in the Angola, Zambia and Tanzania region<ref name="TRCv2s2"/>
* [[Alan Trowsdale]]<ref name="TRCv2s2"/>
* [[Charles Wildschudt (formerly Neelse)]]<ref name="TRCv2s2"/>
* [[Stefaans van der Walt]] – alias Anton du Randt<ref name="ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za"/>
* [[Willie van Deventer]] – claimed membership of CCB, and to have been part of the Gaborone raid in which ANC member, Matsela Pokolela, was killed<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stanford.edu/class/history48q/Documents/EMBARGO/2chap2.htm |title=Volume TWO Chapter TWO |access-date=9 May 2007 |archive-date=25 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125004022/http://www.stanford.edu/class/history48q/Documents/EMBARGO/2chap2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Roelf van Heerden]] – alias 'Roelf van der Westhuizen', one time head of South West Africa operations<ref name="TRCv2s2"/>
* [[Ferdi van Wyk]]<ref name="JK2">[http://152.111.1.251/argief/berigte/beeld/1997/02/17/5/1.html Adri Kotzé, Beeld, Veldtog van BSB moes ANC `diskrediteer' `Wou ondergrondse strukture skep', 1997, accessed 16 May] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223838/http://152.111.1.251/argief/berigte/beeld/1997/02/17/5/1.html |date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> – Brigadier, also named as the Military Intelligence contact used by [[Marthinus van Schalkwyk]] in the covert funding of the front organisation [[Jeugkrag]]<ref name="JK1">{{cite web |url=http://www.mg.co.za/articledirect.aspx?articleid=178217&area=%2farchives%2farchives__print_edition%2f |title=Peta Thornycroft, Mail and Guardian, Shady past of FW's heir, 29 Aug 1997, accessed 16 May 2007 |access-date=16 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001015803/http://www.mg.co.za/articledirect.aspx?articleid=178217&area=%2farchives%2farchives__print_edition%2f |archive-date=1 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Abram van Zyl]] – aliases 'Thinus de Wet'<ref>{{Citation
  | title =Transcript of an Amnesty Hearing, Day 15
  | year =2000
  | place =Freeman Centre, Greenpoint, Cape Town
  | publisher =Truth and Reconciliation Commission
  | url =http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/amntrans/2000/200615ct.htm
  }}</ref> and 'Andries Rossouw', nickname 'Slang' (pronounced 'slung', means snake in [[Afrikaans]]), responsible for the Western Cape operations of Region Six, and for Ferdi Barnard; left the CCB in October 1989
* [[Leonard Veenendal]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stanford.edu/class/history48q/Documents/EMBARGO/2chap7.htm |title=Volume TWO Chapter SEVEN |access-date=9 May 2007 |archive-date=13 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113013455/http://www.stanford.edu/class/history48q/Documents/EMBARGO/2chap7.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Athol Visser<ref>{{cite book|title=Devil Incarnate: A Depraved Mercenary's Lifelong Swathe of Destruction: Amazon.co.uk: Thallon, Wayne: 9781845962067: Books |publisher= |date= |id={{ASIN|1845962060|country=uk}} }}</ref> – nickname 'Ivan the Terrible', a high-ranking CCB operative, posted to London in the 1980s to plan the elimination of key opponents of apartheid that allegedly included [[Sweden|Swedish]] prime minister [[Olof Palme assassination|Olof Palme]].
* [[Gary Strout]] – Region 4 operative and member of Zimbabwe-based CCB cell known as Juliet<ref name="CarteBlanche"/>
*[http://sabctrc.saha.org.za/victims/mafuya_godfrey.htm?tab=report Eugene Halliday]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://accounts.google.com/v3/signin/identifier?dsh=S1913253155%3A1686536106198254&continue=https%3A%2F%2Fplus.google.com%2F112689766446532642869%2Fposts%2FaV7Hv4VUGbq&ffgf=1&followup=https%3A%2F%2Fplus.google.com%2F112689766446532642869%2Fposts%2FaV7Hv4VUGbq&ifkv=Af_xneEEHyX0XLP87k8CZkl60l8WbpKhxwRQCUas8AM5QIPyFoEGA2LJQnMfivyv7bHs9PWRbN7W&osid=1&passive=1209600&flowName=WebLiteSignIn&flowEntry=ServiceLogin|title=Sign in – Google Accounts|website=accounts.google.com}}</ref> – alias "Wolf", was a member of the Clandestine Cooperation Bureau, linked to the [http://sabctrc.saha.org.za/victims/mafuya_godfrey.htm?tab=report assassination of Godfrey Mafuya]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sabctrc.saha.org.za/victims/mafuya_godfrey.htm?tab=report |title=Truth Commission – Special Report – Volume 3, Chapter 6 |publisher=Sabctrc.saha.org.za |date=1985-12-07 |accessdate=2022-04-30}}</ref> in Saulsville (1985). His involvement in European missions has never been confirmed

==Associates who died mysteriously==
* [[Edward James Gordon]] – killed 1991<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stanford.edu/class/history48q/Documents/EMBARGO/1chap12.htm |title=Regional Office Reports |access-date=10 May 2007 |archive-date=17 December 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041217195510/http://www.stanford.edu/class/history48q/Documents/EMBARGO/1chap12.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[André Klopper]] – murdered Thursday 11 May 1995 a week after amnesty ensured his release from jail; found next to a road in [[Alberton, South Africa|Elandsfontein]]; ex-SADF Special Forces members Mathys de Villiers (Kaalvoet Thysie) and Heckie Horn were tried for his murder and acquitted<ref>{{Citation
 |last=Taljaard 
 |first=Jan 
 |title=Kaalvoet's storming nights at the Bastille 
 |newspaper=Mail & Guardian 
 |date=15 June 1995 
 |url=http://www.mg.co.za/articledirect.aspx?articleid=203166&area=%2farchives%2farchives__print_edition%2f 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930205653/http://www.mg.co.za/articledirect.aspx?articleid=203166&area=%2Farchives%2Farchives__print_edition%2F 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-date=30 September 2007 
 
}}</ref>
* [[Jackie Lonte]] – murdered in the 1990s<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.co.za/article.aspx?ID=448683 | title=TimesLIVE }}</ref>
* [["Corrie" Alwyn Meerholtz]] – died in a car crash on 24 November 1989<ref name="Stiff1">Stiff, P. (2001). Warfare by other means. South Africa in the 1980s and 1990s. Alberton, South Africa: Galago. pp 413–4.</ref>
* [[Tai Minnaar]] – died in September 2002<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.forensic-intelligence.org/amerithrax.pdf |title = Peluang Bisnis Agen Asuransi Jiwa Terdahsyat Tahun Ini &#124; Agen Asuransi Jiwa}}</ref> after a chemical and biological weapons deal in which he was involved went wrong<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mg.co.za/articledirect.aspx?area=%2finsight%2finsight__national&articleid=20017 |title=Mail & Guardian Online |access-date=5 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930204942/http://www.mg.co.za/articledirect.aspx?area=%2finsight%2finsight__national&articleid=20017 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Eugene Riley]] – was killed in January 1994<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?include=docs%2Fpr%2F1997%2Fhani.html |title=South African Communist Party |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205041842/http://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?include=docs%2Fpr%2F1997%2Fhani.html |archive-date=5 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> after probing the killing of [[Chris Hani]]<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.recce.co.za/?module=ContentExpress&file=index&func=display&ceid=39&meid=38|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302233251/http://www.recce.co.za/index.php?module=ContentExpress&file=index&func=display&ceid=39&meid=38|url-status=dead|title=SASFA – South African Special Forces Association|archivedate=2 March 2008|website=www.recce.co.za}}</ref>) – Died under suspicious circumstances.<ref name="ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za"/>

==Truth and Reconciliation Commission==
Although the entire truth about the Civil Cooperation Bureau may never be known, South Africa's [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] (TRC) concluded that:<ref>{{Citation
 |title=The State outside South Africa between 1960 and 1990 
 |url=http://www.news24.com/Content_Display/TRC_Report/2chap2.htm 
 |year=1993 
 |work=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume 2, Chapter 2 
 |access-date=5 December 2007 
 |publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]] 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101193805/http://www.news24.com/Content_Display/TRC_Report/2chap2.htm 
 |archive-date=1 January 2008 
}}</ref>

<blockquote>...the CCB was a creation of the SADF and an integral part of South Africa's counter-insurgency system which, in the course of its operations, perpetrated gross violations of human rights, including killings, against both South African and non-South African citizens. The Commission finds that the activities of the CCB constituted a systematic pattern of abuse which entailed deliberate planning on the part of the leadership of the CCB and the SADF. The Commission finds these institutions and their members accountable for the aforesaid gross violations of human rights.</blockquote>

As per the policy of the TRC, its findings were set out, but no action was taken.

According to General Malan, the CCB's three objectives—comparable to those of the British [[Special Operations Executive]] (SOE)—were:
* to infiltrate and penetrate the enemy;
* to gather Information; and
* to disrupt the enemy.

In his testimony before the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]], Malan declared that he had never issued an order or authorised an order for the assassination of anybody, and that the killing of political opponents of the government never formed part of the brief of the [[South African Defence Force]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/hrvtrans/submit/malan.htm | title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission }}</ref>

== Negative outcomes ==
The front company Oceantec among others was used to embezzle $100 million US from private investors and a collateral trading house as part of a supposed sanctions busting operation between 1989 and 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2002-06-28-us-bankers-sue-sa-govt|title=Us Bankers Sue South African Government|date=27 June 2002 }}</ref>

CCB member Eben Barlow and Michael Mullen recruited other CCB members to start [[Executive Outcomes]], a private military contractor that provided combatants, training and equipment.

==See also==
{{Portal|South Africa}}
* [[Boipatong]] Massacre
* [[Dirk Coetzee]]
* [[Eugene de Kock]]
* [[Delta G Scientific Company]]
* [[Executive Outcomes]]
* [[Lema (company)]]
* [[National Intelligence Service (South Africa)|National Intelligence Service]]
* [[Project Coast]]
* [[Vlakplaas]]
* [[Protechnik]]
* [[Roodeplaat Research Laboratories]]
* [[State Security Council]]
* [[Craig Williamson]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Political history of South Africa}}
{{SAArmy Units}}
{{Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)}}

[[Category:Apartheid government]]
[[Category:Cold War military history of South Africa]]
[[Category:Organisations associated with apartheid]]
[[Category:Defunct South African intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in South Africa]]
[[Category:1990 disestablishments in South Africa]]
[[Category:South Africa and weapons of mass destruction]]