View source for Citigroup Center

{{Short description|Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York}}
{{about||similarly named buildings|Citigroup Center (disambiguation)}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{featured article}}
{{Infobox building
| name                = Citigroup Center<br />601 Lexington Avenue
| former_names        = Citicorp Center
| image               = Citigroup center.jpg
| image_size          = 250px
| location            = 153 East [[53rd Street (Manhattan)|53rd Street]], New York, NY 10022, U.S.
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| coordinates         = {{coord|40|45|31|N|73|58|13|W|region:US|display=inline,title}}
| map_type            =
| start_date          = April 1974
| topped_out_date     = October 6, 1976
| completion_date     = 1977
| opening             = {{start date and age|1977|10|12}}
| building_type       = Office
| architectural       = {{cvt|915|ft|m}}
| floor_count         = 59
| cost                = [[United States dollar|US$]]195&nbsp;million<br /><small>(equivalent to ${{inflation|US-GDP|195|1977}}&nbsp;million in {{inflation/year|US-GDP}})</small>
| elevator_count      = 38
| floor_area          = {{cvt|1,654,020|ft2|m2}}
| architect           = [[Hugh Stubbins]], [[Emery Roth & Sons]]
| developer           = [[Citicorp]]
| structural_engineer = [[William LeMessurier]], James Ruderman
| owner               = [[Boston Properties]]
| references          = <ref name=skyscraperCenter /><ref name="Emporis" />
{{Designation list
| embed               = yes
| designation1        = NYCL
| designation1_number = 2582<ref name="NYCL p. 1" />
| designation1_date   = December 6, 2016<ref name="NYCL p. 1" />
}}
}}

The '''Citigroup Center''' (formerly '''Citicorp Center''' and also known by its address, '''601 Lexington Avenue''') is an office skyscraper in the [[Midtown Manhattan]] neighborhood of [[New York City]], New York, U.S. Built in 1977 for [[Citibank]], it is {{convert|915|ft}} tall and has {{convert|1.3|e6ft2|m2}} of office space across 59 floors. The building was designed by architect [[Hugh Stubbins]], associate architect [[Emery Roth & Sons]], and structural engineer [[William LeMessurier]].

The Citigroup Center takes up much of a city block bounded clockwise from the west by [[Lexington Avenue]], [[54th Street (Manhattan)|54th Street]], [[Third Avenue]], and [[53rd Street (Manhattan)|53rd Street]].  Land acquisition took place from 1968 to 1973; St. Peter's Church sold its plot on the condition that a new church building be constructed at the base of the tower. The design was announced in July 1973, and the structure was completed in October 1977. Less than a year after completion, [[Citicorp Center engineering crisis|the structure had to be strengthened]] when it was discovered that, due to a design flaw, the building was vulnerable to collapse in high winds. The building was acquired by [[Boston Properties]] in 2001, and Citicorp Center was renamed 601 Lexington Avenue in the 2000s. The [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] designated the Citigroup Center as a city landmark in 2016. The building's public spaces underwent renovations in 1995 and 2017.

The tower's base includes four giant [[Stilts (architecture)|stilts]], which are placed mid-wall rather than at the building's corners. Its roof is sloped at a 45-degree angle. East of the tower is a six-story office annex. The northwest corner of the tower overhangs St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church at Lexington Avenue and 54th Street, a granite structure designed by Stubbins. Also at the base is a sunken plaza, a shopping concourse, and entrances to the church and the [[New York City Subway]]'s [[Lexington Avenue/51st Street station]]. The upper stories are supported by stacked load-bearing braces in the form of inverted [[Chevron (insignia)|chevrons]]. Upon the Citigroup Center's completion, it received mixed reviews, as well as architectural awards.

== Site ==
The Citigroup Center is at 601 Lexington Avenue in the [[Midtown Manhattan]] neighborhood of [[New York City]], New York, U.S.<ref name="aia5" /><ref name="NYCL p. 1" /> It takes up the majority of a [[city block]] bounded by [[Lexington Avenue]] to the west, [[54th Street (Manhattan)|54th Street]] to the north, [[Third Avenue]] to the east, and [[53rd Street (Manhattan)|53rd Street]] to the south.<ref name="ZoLa" /> The [[land lot]] covers {{convert|70,572|ft2}} with a [[frontage]] of {{convert|200|ft}} on Lexington Avenue and a west–east length of {{convert|325|ft}}.<ref name="ZoLa" /> The building shares the block with 880 Third Avenue, an 18-story structure at 53rd Street and Third Avenue.<ref name="NYCL p. 5" /> Other nearby buildings include [[599 Lexington Avenue]] to the south, [[100 East 53rd Street]] and the [[Seagram Building]] to the southwest, [[399 Park Avenue]] to the west, the [[Central Synagogue (Manhattan)|Central Synagogue]] to the northwest, and the [[Lipstick Building]] to the east.<ref name="ZoLa">{{Cite web |title=601 Lexington Avenue, 10022 |url=https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/1308/7501#15.9/40.758421/-73.967056 |access-date=March 20, 2020 |website=[[New York City Department of City Planning]] |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040611/https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/1308/7501#15.9/40.758421/-73.967056 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[New York City Subway]]'s [[Lexington Avenue/51st Street station]] is directly underneath the building.<ref>{{Cite NYC neighborhood map|Midtown Manhattan}}</ref>

Thirty-one parcels were acquired and cleared to make way for the development.<ref name="NYCL p. 5" /><ref name="Hellman p. 32" /> The 54th Street frontage was largely occupied by [[brownstone]] houses.<ref name="Hellman p. 34">{{harvnb|Hellman|1974|ps=.|p=34}}</ref> Some of the other lots contained commercial spaces, ranging from small shops to the upscale Cafe Chauveron.<ref name="Hellman p. 34" /><ref name="Stern (1995) p. 490">{{harvnb|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1995|ps=.|p=490}}</ref> The site also included the Medical Chambers on 54th Street, which was owned by a [[cooperative]] of doctors.<ref name="Hellman p. 34" /><ref name="nyt19710131">{{cite news |last=Whitehouse |first=Franklin |date=January 31, 1971 |title=Bank Assembling Site |page=R7 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|119118595}}}}</ref> St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church occupied the corner of Lexington Avenue and 54th Street;<ref name="NYCL p. 5" /><ref name="Hellman p. 31">{{harvnb|Hellman|1974|ps=.|p=31}}</ref> its sanctuary was rebuilt when the Citigroup Center was developed.<ref name="NYCL p. 12" /><ref name="Stern (1995) p. 490" />

=== Street furniture ===
[[File:Citicorp Center Oct 2020 07.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A pylon at the northeast corner of Lexington Avenue and 53rd Street. The pylon is square and painted gray. There are pedestrian traffic signals embedded into the sides of the pylon.|Custom pedestrian traffic signal pylon, northeast corner of Lexington Avenue and 53rd Street]]

Custom street furniture—including newsstands, flagpoles, and streetlight pylons—was designed for the sidewalks around the Citigroup Center.<ref name="NYCL p. 11">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=11}}</ref><ref name="Stern (1995) p. 496">{{harvnb|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1995|ps=.|p=496}}</ref> New Jersey–based company Designetics designed pylons with a cruciform cross-section and street lamps at the top. Seven lighting pylons are placed along the streets that surround the block. Three custom pylons—at the northwest, northeast, and southwest corners of the block{{efn|The northwest, northeast, and southwest corners of the block correspond respectively to the corners of Lexington Avenue and 54th Street; Third Avenue and 54th Street; and Lexington Avenue and 53rd Street.<ref name=ZoLa />}}—include pedestrian and vehicular traffic lights.<ref name="nyt19780618" /> The pylons were initially designed with a "glossy black finish" that contrasted with the tower's aluminum [[facade]];<ref name="NYCL p. 11" /><ref name="Stern (1995) p. 496" /><ref name="nyt19780618">{{Cite news |last=Horsley |first=Carter B. |date=June 18, 1978 |title=Pylons as a Way to Cut Clutter |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/06/18/archives/pylons-as-a-way-to-cut-clutter.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040614/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/06/18/archives/pylons-as-a-way-to-cut-clutter.html |url-status=live}}</ref> by 2016, they had been painted gray.<ref name="NYCL p. 11" /> ''[[The New Yorker]]'' described the pylons in 2017 as "sculptural towers worthy of Brancusi".<ref name="Monchaux">{{cite magazine |last=de Monchaux |first=Thomas |date=October 15, 2017 |title=Let's Not Destroy New York City's Brutalist Masterpieces |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/lets-not-destroy-new-york-city-brutalist-masterpieces |access-date=April 5, 2021 |magazine=The New Yorker |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225115140/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/lets-not-destroy-new-york-city-brutalist-masterpieces |url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Citibank|First National City Bank]] (later Citibank) was founded in 1812<ref>{{cite book |last=Bonner |first=William T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfIInwEACAAJ |title=New York the World's Metropolis |publisher=Commemorative Edition |year=1924 |pages=407–408 |access-date=April 3, 2021 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040638/https://books.google.com/books?id=XfIInwEACAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> and, for over a century, had its headquarters in the [[Financial District, Manhattan|Financial District]] of [[Lower Manhattan]].<ref name="NYCL p. 5">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=5}}</ref> The company was headquartered at 52 Wall Street<ref>{{cite book |last=Trescott |first=Paul |title=Financing American Enterprise: the Story of Commercial Banking |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-313-23576-4 |page=74 |oclc=8451784}}</ref> until 1908, when it moved to [[55 Wall Street]].<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|96796221}}|title=City Bank Moves to Its New Home: $70,000,000 Cash and $500,000,000 Securities Transferred Without the Slightest Hitch|date=December 20, 1908|page=3|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=van B. Cleveland |first1=Harold |url=https://archive.org/details/citibank181219700000clev |title=Citibank 1812–1970 |last2=Huertas |first2=Thomas F. |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1985 |page=[https://archive.org/details/citibank181219700000clev/page/54 54] |isbn=978-0-674-13175-0 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> After National City Bank and the Farmers' Loan and Trust Company merged in 1929,<ref>{{cite book |last=Hansen |first=Bradley A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qsXIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |title=Institutions, Entrepreneurs, and American Economic History: How the Farmers' Loan and Trust Company Shaped the Laws of Business from 1822 to 1929 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-230-61913-5 |page=5 |access-date=May 21, 2020 |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203917/https://books.google.com/books?id=qsXIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |url-status=live}}</ref> the new company, City Bank Farmers Trust, moved into a new structure at [[20 Exchange Place]], which was completed in 1931,<ref name="nyt19310225">{{Cite news |date=February 25, 1931 |title=City Bank Farmers Trust Company Visited By 3,851 an Hour to Inspect Its New Home |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1931/02/25/archives/city-bank-farmers-trust-company-visited-by-3851-an-hour-to-inspect.html |access-date=August 11, 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103085633/https://www.nytimes.com/1931/02/25/archives/city-bank-farmers-trust-company-visited-by-3851-an-hour-to-inspect.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and opened a Midtown office at 399 Park Avenue, one block west of the present Citigroup Center, in 1961.<ref>{{Cite book |editor1-link=Kenneth T. Jackson |editor1-last=Jackson |editor1-first=Kenneth T. |year=2010 |title=[[The Encyclopedia of New York City]] |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-11465-2 |page=1399<!--{{cite enc-nyc2}}-->}}</ref>

On the northwestern corner of the future Citigroup Center site was St. Peter's Lutheran Church, which had been founded in 1862 as a German-speaking congregation.<ref name="NYCL p. 5" />{{Efn|{{harvnb|Schmertz|1978|ps=|p=112}}, erroneously states that St. Peter's was founded at Lexington Avenue and 54th Street; the church was established several blocks south at 46th Street.<ref name="NYCL p. 5" /><ref name="Hellman p. 31" />}} The St. Peter's congregation occupied a building at Lexington Avenue and 46th Street from 1871 to 1902, when it was demolished for the [[construction of Grand Central Terminal]].<ref name="Hellman p. 31" /> This prompted the congregation to move to a Gothic building designed by John G. Michel and P. Brandner,<ref>{{cite magazine |date=May 30, 1903 |title=Lexington Av. Church |url=https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vollist=1&vol=ldpd_7031148_031&page=ldpd_7031148_031_00001237 |journal=The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide |volume=71 |pages=1079 |via=[[Columbia University|columbia.edu]] |number=1873 |access-date=April 3, 2021 |archive-date=March 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314111547/https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vollist=1&vol=ldpd_7031148_031&page=ldpd_7031148_031_00001237 |url-status=live}}</ref> which was completed in 1905.<ref name="NYCL p. 5" /><ref name="Hellman p. 31" /><ref>{{cite magazine |date=April 1, 1905 |title=Status of New Buildings |url=https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031148_035&page=ldpd_7031148_035_00000762&no=11 |journal=The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide |volume=75 |pages=684 |via=[[Columbia University|columbia.edu]] |number=1933 |access-date=April 3, 2021 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040634/https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031148_035&page=ldpd_7031148_035_00000762&no=11 |url-status=live}}</ref> The congregation, which at its peak had a membership of over one thousand, had decreased to below 300 by the 1960s, prompting the congregation to consider relocating to near the [[Headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations headquarters]].<ref name="Hellman p. 31" /><ref name="Stern (1995) p. 490" />

=== Planning ===

==== Site acquisition ====
[[File:NYC TotR Queens.jpg|thumb|Top of the Citigroup Center (left) as seen from [[Rockefeller Center]]|alt=The slanted top of 601 Lexington Avenue, in the left foreground, as seen from Rockefeller Center. Other nearby skyscrapers are visible in the right foreground, while the borough of Queens is visible in the distance.]]

Lots on the St. Peter's block were acquired secretively starting in 1968 and continued for five and a half years.<ref name="NYCL p. 5" /><ref name="Hellman p. 33">{{harvnb|Hellman|1974|ps=.|p=33}}</ref> The acquisition was headed by brokers Donald Schnabel and Charles McArthur of Julien J. Studley Inc.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 490" /><ref name="Hellman pp. 31-32" /> The brokers believed that a large, contiguous land lot would be worth more than the sum of each lot's individual worth, though the firm had not yet secured a client for which it was purchasing the lots.<ref name="Hellman pp. 31-32">{{harvnb|Hellman|1974|ps=.|pp=31–32}}</ref> St. Peter's Church's membership was increasing again by then, and members of the congregation were loath to part with their property.<ref name="Hellman p. 31" /> A Studley broker formed a company called Lexman, which then approached what had become First National City Bank to determine their interest in acquiring the St. Peter's block, one block east of their headquarters at the time.<ref name="NYCL p. 5" /><ref name="Hellman p. 32">{{harvnb|Hellman|1974|ps=.|p=32}}</ref> Lexman gradually acquired the other lots on the block.<ref name="Hellman p. 33" />

The brokerage firm again negotiated with St. Peter's congregation in late 1969 after some lots had been acquired.<ref name="NYCL p. 6" /> John White, president of consulting firm James D. Landauer Associates, proposed that the new structure on the site be a condominium development; i.e. the church would have a partial ownership stake in the new development.<ref name="NYCL p. 6">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=6}}</ref><ref name="Hellman pp. 34-35">{{harvnb|Hellman|1974|ps=.|pp=34–35}}</ref> In February 1970, the congregation signed a [[letter of intent]] to sell its building, as well as the [[air rights]] above the church,<ref name="NYCL p. 6" /><ref name="Hellman pp. 34-35" /> to First National City Bank.<ref name="nb197408">{{cite magazine |last=Louviere |first=Vernon |date=Aug 1974 |title=Panorama of the nation's business: A "Condominium Church" Amid the Skyscrapers |volume=62 |issue=8 |page=25 |id={{ProQuest|231679470}}|journal=Nation's Business}}</ref><ref name="Hellman p. 37">{{harvnb|Hellman|1974|ps=.|p=37}}</ref> In exchange, the congregation received $9&nbsp;million and was named as a condominium partner in the tower's development. The congregation saw a $4&nbsp;million net profit, as its new building cost $5&nbsp;million.<ref name="NYCL p. 6" /><ref name="nb197408" /><ref name="Hellman p. 35">{{harvnb|Hellman|1974|ps=.|p=35}}</ref> Members of the congregation formally approved the sale of their building in May 1971.<ref name="p119143123">{{cite news |last=Montgomery |first=Paul |date=24 May 1971 |title=Office Complex to House An Old East Side Church |work=The New York Times |page=33 |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|119143123}}}}</ref>

[[KlingStubbins|Hugh Stubbins & Associates]] was hired to develop plans for a large building on the city block, and St. Peter's Church hired [[Edward Larrabee Barnes]] as a design consultant by the beginning of 1971.<ref name="nyt19710131" /> The Stubbins firm, at the time, had relatively little experience designing high-rise buildings.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 490" /> ''[[The New York Times]]'' characterized the site as an "annex" to First National City Bank's main building at 399 Park Avenue.<ref name="nyt19710131" /><ref name="NYCL p. 6" /> The congregation of St. Peter's Church voted in May 1971 to approve the sale of its old building and construct a new structure on the same site,<ref name="nyt19771004">{{Cite news |last=Brozan |first=Nadine |date=October 4, 1977 |title=The Citicorp Center: A Complex Complex |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/10/04/archives/the-citicorp-center-a-complex-complex.html |access-date=April 3, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=September 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917063345/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/10/04/archives/the-citicorp-center-a-complex-complex.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Montgomery |first=Paul L. |date=May 24, 1971 |title=Office Complex to House An Old East Side Church: Office Complex to Hold Church From Which It Is Acquiring Site |page=33 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|119223293}}}}</ref> and they relocated in early 1973 to a temporary location at the [[Central Presbyterian Church (New York City)|Central Presbyterian Church]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Johnston |first=Laurie |date=March 5, 1973 |title=Church Moves in a Procession Up Park |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/03/05/archives/church-moves-in-a-procession-up-park-4million-profit.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040634/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/03/05/archives/church-moves-in-a-procession-up-park-4million-profit.html |url-status=live}}</ref> By July 1973, land acquisition was almost entirely complete,<ref>{{cite news |date=July 8, 1973 |title=Sommer and Bing & Bing Close Deal: News of the Realty Trade Assemblage Complete Corrections Executives Named |page=266 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|119850906}}}}</ref> although the last parcel was not acquired until November 1975, when the lot at 884 Third Avenue was purchased.<ref name="NYCL p. 6" /> The parcels cost $40&nbsp;million, making it the most expensive city block on earth at the time.<ref name="Stern (1995) pp. 490-492" /><ref name="Hellman p. 37" /> The only lot on the block that First National City Bank had not acquired was 880 Third Avenue, which had been completed in 1965, and which the brokers considered too new to be demolished.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 490" />

==== Design process and city approvals ====
In addition to what became the final design, Stubbins and his associates studied at least six alternate proposals for the tower, with varying rooftop designs.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 492" /> Early plans also called for installing stilts underneath each corner.<ref name="AR p. 69" /> These plans were scrapped because the northwestern stilt would extend into St. Peter's Lutheran Church, and the church wanted its sanctuary to be structurally separate from the tower.<ref name="wsj201606022" /><ref name="AR p. 69" /> Before the official plans for the building were announced, the architects had designed a roof sloped at a 45-degree corner, which was to contain west-facing terraces<ref name="NYCL p. 8" /><ref name="nyt19760919" /> for about 100 apartments,<ref name="wp19771015">{{cite news |last=Egan |first=Jack |date=October 15, 1977 |title=Citicorp Center Takes Its Place In Manhattan |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=E1 |issn=0190-8286 |id={{ProQuest|146641095}}}}</ref><ref name="Schmertz p. 108">{{harvnb|Schmertz|1978|ps=.|p=108}}</ref> but the [[New York City Department of City Planning]] would not approve a [[zoning]] change to permit that use.<ref name="NYCL p. 8" /><ref name="Schmertz p. 108" /><ref name="PA p. 55" /> The architects then rotated the roof southward<ref name="wsj201606022" /><ref name="nyt19760919" /> to accommodate flat-plate solar collectors.<ref name="NYCL p. 7" /><ref name="Loring-Meckler" />

Plans for the project, then known as Citicorp Center, were publicly disclosed on July 24, 1973.<ref name="nyt19730725" /><ref name="Hellman p. 37" /> The plans called for a {{Convert|910|ft|4=-tall|sp=us|adj=mid}} tower with stilts under the center of each side, rising {{convert|112|ft}} above street level. The project would also include an eight-story office annex, three stories of retail, a landscaped public plaza, and a new church building.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 492" /><ref name="nyt19730725" /><ref name="AJ-1973-10" />  St. Peter's old church building had been demolished by mid-1973,<ref name="nyt19730725" /> and First National City Bank had become known as Citibank, a subsidiary of Citicorp.<ref name="nb197408" />  St. Peter's pastor Ralph E. Peterson described the project as "a very bold venture in an urban environment".<ref>{{cite news |date=July 23, 1973 |title=Citibank Includes Church In New York Tower Plan |page=3 |work=The Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|133826603}}}}</ref> In part because of Peterson's insistence, the plans included a publicly accessible plaza with shopping available.<ref name="Schmertz p. 114" /> Early plans for the church also called for it to have a cube design;<ref name="nyt19771205" /> the church's final design, with a diagonal skylight, was announced in April 1974.<ref name="nyt19740408" /> The city government approved plans for Citicorp Center the same year.<ref name="NYCL p. 13" />

=== Construction ===
Groundbreaking ceremonies for the tower were hosted in April&nbsp;1974, but work began only twelve months later.<ref name="NYCL p. 7" /> The tower's construction was supervised by Vivian Longo, who, at the building's completion in 1977, was twenty-five years old.<ref name="newsday19780115" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gottlieb |first=Martin |date=September 19, 1977 |title=She Draws The Interest At Citicorp |pages=155 |work=New York Daily News |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75180918/she-draws-the-interest-at-citicorp/ |access-date=April 5, 2021 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040654/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75180918/she-draws-the-interest-at-citicorp/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Citicorp Center was one of the few large structures in Manhattan that were being erected in the mid-1970s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Oser |first=Alan S. |date=September 24, 1975 |title=About Real Estate: It's Ironworkers' Day at Citicorp Center |page=73 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|120655578}}}}</ref> At the peak of construction, three thousand people were employed, and 565 workers were on site simultaneously.<ref name="NYCL p. 7" /><ref name="nyt19760919" /> The steel framework had been completed to the eighteenth floor by the end of 1975.<ref name="NYCL p. 7" /> When the frame [[topped out]] on October 7, 1976, officials predicted Citicorp Center would be the only major structure in New York City to be completed in 1977.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 493" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 7, 1976 |title=Executives and Workmen Celebrate Topping Out Of the Citicorp Center |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/10/07/archives/executives-and-workmen-celebrate-topping-out-of-the-citicorp-center.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040632/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/10/07/archives/executives-and-workmen-celebrate-topping-out-of-the-citicorp-center.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The cornerstone for the new St. Peter's Church was laid on November 1, 1976.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 1, 1976 |title=Cornerstone Ceremonies |pages=330 |work=New York Daily News |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75118252/cornerstone-ceremonies/ |access-date=April 5, 2021 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040633/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75118252/cornerstone-ceremonies/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Citibank acquired two buildings at 148 and 152 East 53rd Street, immediately south of the new tower, the next month. The company did not intend to develop the sites of these buildings, but they contained [[Strip club|topless bars]], which Citibank officials perceived would decrease the value of the tower.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Andrews |first=Mark |date=December 14, 1976 |title=Bank Reaches for Topless Neighbors |pages=5 |work=New York Daily News |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75118484/bank-reaches-for-topless-neighbors/ |access-date=April 5, 2021 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040635/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75118484/bank-reaches-for-topless-neighbors/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaiser |first=Charles |date=December 14, 1976 |title=Citibank Buying Buildings to Keep Sex Shops Away From Its Offices |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/12/14/archives/citibank-buying-buildings-to-keep-sex-shops-away-from-its-offices.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040653/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/12/14/archives/citibank-buying-buildings-to-keep-sex-shops-away-from-its-offices.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The bank's vice president for real estate management, Arthur E. Driscoll, had studied vacancy rates at fourteen nearby "prime office buildings" while Citicorp Center was being developed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tomasson |first=Robert E. |date=April 13, 1975 |title=Big Banks in City Expanding |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/13/archives/big-banks-in-city-expanding-citys-3-largest-banks-are-expanding.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040637/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/13/archives/big-banks-in-city-expanding-citys-3-largest-banks-are-expanding.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The first tenants moved to the office building in April&nbsp;1977.<ref name="wp19771015" /> By that August, Citicorp Center was 96 percent rented,<ref name="nyt19770821" /> even though average rents were higher than in other buildings nearby.<ref name="nyt19760919" /><ref name="wp19771015" />

=== Early years ===

==== Opening ====
[[File:53rd St Lex Av td 08 - Citigroup Center.jpg|thumb|alt=The Citigroup Center as viewed from the ground at Lexington Avenue and 53rd Street|Viewed from Lexington Avenue]]

The office tower was dedicated on October 12, 1977.<ref name="NYCL p. 7" /><ref name="nyt19771012" /> Stubbins gave an opening speech in which he described the building as a "skyscraper for the people".<ref name="NYCL p. 7" /><ref name="csm19771101" /> Almost all the space within the retail complex at the building's base, known as the Market, had been rented,<ref name="nyt19771004" /> and over 300 retailers had applied to operate storefronts in the Market.<ref name="nyt19770821" /> The majority of the Market's space was rented by household furnishings retailer [[Habitat (retailer)|Conran's]], which occupied {{convert|40,000|ft2}},<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hammel |first=Lisa |date=October 4, 1977 |title=Conran, the First Kid on Citicorp's dock, Celebrates Opening of His First U.S. Store |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/10/04/archives/conran-the-first-kid-on-citicorps-block-celebrates-opening-of-his.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221051748/http://www.nytimes.com/1977/10/04/archives/conran-the-first-kid-on-citicorps-block-celebrates-opening-of-his.html |url-status=live}}</ref> but some of the other retailers included restaurants serving cuisine of various countries.<ref name="nyt19760604" /> Citibank planned to occupy {{convert|600,000|ft2}}, or 26 stories, moving its offices to the building from five other addresses in Midtown.<ref name="nyt19760919" /><ref name="wp19771015" /> The remaining stories were occupied by a variety of firms, including those in law and accounting, as well as the [[Consul (representative)|Consulate-General]] of Japan and technology company [[IBM]].<ref name="NYCL p. 13" />

At the time of Citicorp Center's dedication, the final design features of St. Peter's Church were being installed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vecsey |first=George |date=October 16, 1977 |title=Citicorp Towers Over. St. Peter's But the Church Is Not in Shadow |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/10/16/archives/citicorp-towers-over-st-peters-but-the-church-is-not-in-shadow.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206182626/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/10/16/archives/citicorp-towers-over-st-peters-but-the-church-is-not-in-shadow.html |url-status=live}}</ref> St. Peter's Church was dedicated on December 4, 1977,<ref name="NYCL p. 12" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wilson |first=John S. |date=December 2, 1977 |title=Jazz in Church From Vespers to Matins |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/02/archives/jazz-in-church-from-vespers-to-matins.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040639/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/02/archives/jazz-in-church-from-vespers-to-matins.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and the Nevelson Chapel was separately dedicated the same month.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kramer |first=Hilton |date=December 14, 1977 |title=Nevelsons Enhance Chapel |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/14/archives/nevelsons-enhance-chapel.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220042608/http://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/14/archives/nevelsons-enhance-chapel.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Initially, the tower's slanted roof created an ice problem during winter, as snow and ice would slide down the roof onto the sidewalk.<ref name=nyt19780122>{{Cite news |date=January 22, 1978 |title=Top of Citicorp Center Poses an Icy Problem |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/01/22/archives/top-of-citicorp-center-poses-an-icy-problem.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528074635/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/01/22/archives/top-of-citicorp-center-poses-an-icy-problem.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Furthermore, the shopping concourse was initially only lightly used and largely unknown to the public.<ref name="nyt19780126">{{Cite news |last=Huxtable |first=Ada Louise |author-link=Ada Louise Huxtable |date=January 26, 1978 |title=The Sabotaging of Public Space |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/01/26/archives/the-sabotaging-of-pubic-space-design-notebook.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625004252/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/01/26/archives/the-sabotaging-of-pubic-space-design-notebook.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The plaza on Lexington Avenue opened by July 1978.<ref name="NYCL p. 7" /> In the complex's early years, St. Peter's Church encountered fiscal deficits because of high utility costs, as well as inflation and lack of investment experience, even though the church earned money from renting out some of the other space it owned at Citicorp Center.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Austin |first=Charles |date=March 2, 1981 |title=Church at Citicorp Center Is Facing Fiscal Trouble |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/02/nyregion/church-at-citicorp-center-is-facing-fiscal-trouble.html |access-date=April 6, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125220913/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/02/nyregion/church-at-citicorp-center-is-facing-fiscal-trouble.html |url-status=live}}</ref> By 1980, Citicorp counted 25,000 daily visitors to the shopping concourse, but some of the stores had already closed down because of a lack of patronage.<ref name="NYCL p. 14" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=June 28, 1980 |title=Trials of a Skyscraper Mall; Many Tenants Are Dissatisfied With Citicorp |language=en-US |page=B1 |work=The New York Times |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1980/06/28/113948346.pdf |access-date=April 6, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040551/http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1980/06/28/113948346.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== 1978 engineering crisis ====
{{Main|Citicorp Center engineering crisis}}

Due to material changes during construction, the building as completed was vulnerable to collapse in high winds. LeMessurier's original design for the chevron load braces had used welded joints. To save money, Bethlehem Steel changed the plans in 1974 to use bolted joints, which was accepted by LeMessurier's office but not known to the engineer himself.<ref name="Morgenstern p. 46" /> Furthermore, LeMessurier originally only needed to calculate wind loads from perpendicular winds, as required under the building code; in typical buildings, loads from quartering winds at the corners would be less.<ref name="Morgenstern p. 46" /><ref name="McGinn 2018 p. 82" /> In June 1978, after an inquiry from engineering student Diane Hartley,<ref name="AIA Study">{{cite web |last=Vardaro |first=Michael |title=Case Study: The Citicorp Center Design |url=https://www.theaiatrust.com/whitepapers/ethics/study.php |access-date=November 29, 2020 |work=AIA Trust |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022615/https://www.theaiatrust.com/whitepapers/ethics/study.php |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Online Ethics 1995">{{cite web |title=William LeMessurier – The Fifty-Nine-Story Crisis: A Lesson in Professional Behavior |website=Online Ethics |date=May 29, 1995 |url=https://onlineethics.org/cases/engineers-and-scientists-behaving-well/william-lemessurier-fifty-nine-story-crisis-lesson |access-date=July 8, 2021 |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185513/https://onlineethics.org/cases/engineers-and-scientists-behaving-well/william-lemessurier-fifty-nine-story-crisis-lesson |url-status=live}}</ref> LeMessurier recalculated the wind loads on the building with quartering winds.<ref name="McGinn 2018 p. 82">{{cite book |last=McGinn |first=Robert |title=The Ethical Engineer: Contemporary Concepts and Cases |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-4008-8910-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sCA4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 |page=82 |access-date=May 6, 2021 |archive-date=May 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506174135/https://books.google.com/books?id=sCA4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 |url-status=live}}</ref> LeMessurier found that quartering winds would significantly increase the load at the bolted joints.<ref name="Morgenstern p. 46" /> After conducting tests on the building's structural safety,<ref name="Morgenstern pp. 46-47" /> he found that a wind capable of toppling Citicorp Center would have a 1-in-55 chance of occurring in an average year, or a 1-in-16 chance of happening if the [[tuned mass damper]] (TMD) on the roof was powered off.<ref name="slate 2014" />

LeMessurier proposed welding steel plates over the bolted joints, and Karl Koch Erecting was hired for the welding process.<ref name="Morgenstern p. 50" /> Starting in August 1978, construction crews installed the welded panels at night.<ref name="NYCL p. 9" /><ref name="Morgenstern p. 50" /> The fixes were completed that October, after which LeMessurier claimed that a wind strong enough to topple the building would have a 1-in-700 chance of occurring in any given year.<ref name="Morgenstern p. 53">{{harvnb|Morgenstern|1995|ps=.|p=53}}</ref> The work was not publicized at the time, as it took place during the [[1978 New York City newspaper strike]] and very few people were notified of the issue.<ref name="slate 2014" /><ref name="Morgenstern p. 50" /> Since no structural failure occurred, the extent of the engineering crisis was only publicly revealed in a lengthy article in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' in 1995.<ref name="NYCL p. 9" /><ref name="Morgenstern p. 45">{{harvnb|Morgenstern|1995|ps=.|p=45}}</ref> A [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] reassessment of the engineering crisis in 2019, using modern technology, indicated that the quartering wind loads were not as severe as LeMessurier and Hartley had thought.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Park|first1=Sejun|last2=Duthinh|first2=Dat|last3=Simiu|first3=Emil|last4=Yeo|first4=DongHun|date=May 2019|title=Wind Effects on a Tall Building with Square Cross-Section and Mid-Side Base Columns: Database-Assisted Design Approach|url=https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%2528ASCE%2529ST.1943-541X.0002328|journal=Journal of Structural Engineering|language=en|volume=145|issue=5|doi=10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002328|issn=0733-9445|pmc=7909585|pmid=33642672}}</ref>

==== 1980s and 1990s ====
[[File:CitigroupCenterNight.jpg|thumb|Night view of the Citigroup Center (at right) from Rockefeller Center|alt=Night view of Manhattan's skyline as seen from Rockefeller Center. The Citigroup Center's slanted roof is visible on the right side of the image.]]

As completed, Citicorp Center was divided into three separate [[condominium]]-style ownership stakes. One condominium was owned by the church, while the other two were 61.55 and 32.85 percent ownership stakes in the office stories.<ref name="NYCL pp. 13-14">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|pp=13–14}}</ref> In October 1987, Citicorp sold the 61.55 percent ownership stake (consisting of the 23rd through 59th floors), along with a one-third stake in its former 399 Park Avenue headquarters, to [[Dai-Ichi Mutual Life Insurance Company]] for $670&nbsp;million. Citicorp used the profits from the sale to reduce its losses, which in the first half of 1987 totaled $2.32 billion; it continued to own the remaining stories at Citicorp Center.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lowenstein |first=Roger |date=October 5, 1987 |title=Citicorp to Sell Part of Two Buildings For $670&nbsp;million to Japanese Insurer |page=1 |work=The Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|398051233}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Berg |first=Eric N. |date=October 3, 1987 |title=Citicorp Selling Part Offers Headquarter |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/03/business/citicorp-selling-part-offers-headquarter.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=September 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925104210/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/03/business/citicorp-selling-part-offers-headquarter.html |url-status=live}}</ref> At the time, Citicorp was developing [[One Court Square]] across the [[East River]] in the [[Long Island City]] neighborhood of [[Queens]].<ref name="NYCL p. 14" /><ref name="NYTimes-1CtSq-Giant-Aug1988">{{cite news |last1=DePalma |first1=Anthony |date=August 7, 1988 |title=A Giant to Dominate Low-Rise Queens |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/07/realestate/a-giant-to-dominate-low-rise-queens.html?pagewanted=all |access-date=July 27, 2016 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812104627/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/07/realestate/a-giant-to-dominate-low-rise-queens.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live}}</ref> The new building in Queens was one subway stop away from Citicorp Center and 399 Park Avenue, allowing Citicorp to split its offices between the buildings.<ref name="NYTimes-1CtSq-Giant-Aug1988" />

The Market shopping atrium fell into disrepair in the two decades following Citicorp Center's completion.<ref name="nyt19960616">{{Cite news |last=Deutsch |first=Claudia H. |date=June 16, 1996 |title=Commercial Property/The Shops at Citicorp Center;Giving Wings to a Camel Helps It Over the Hump |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/16/realestate/commercial-property-shops-citicorp-center-giving-wings-camel-helps-it-over-hump.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526164720/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/16/realestate/commercial-property-shops-citicorp-center-giving-wings-camel-helps-it-over-hump.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 1995, Citicorp commenced a $15&nbsp;million, eighteen-month renovation of the shopping concourse, which was designed by [[Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects]].<ref name="NYCL p. 14" /><ref name="nyt19950507" /> The brick pavers were replaced with [[terrazzo]], new signs were installed outside each storefront, and circulation features, such as the placement of escalators, were rearranged.<ref name="NYCL p. 14" /><ref name="nyt19960616" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reyes |first=Sonia |date=June 24, 1996 |title=Citicorp talks shop |pages=555 |work=New York Daily News |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75174617/citicorp-talks-shop/ |access-date=April 5, 2021 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040638/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75174617/citicorp-talks-shop/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The shopping concourse was renamed the Shops at Citicorp Center and bookstore [[Barnes & Noble]] was named as the anchor tenant, taking {{convert|40000|ft2}}.<ref name="nyt19950507" />

=== 21st century ===
By late 2000, Dai-Ichi's broker [[JLL (company)|Jones Lang LaSalle]] had placed the entirety of the office building (which had since become known as the Citigroup Center) for sale.<ref name="wsj20010124">{{cite news |last=Grant |first=Peter |date=January 24, 2001 |title=Plots & Ploys: Citigroup Center Sale |page=B12 |work=The Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|2074397918}}}}</ref><ref name="cny20001023">{{cite magazine |last=Croghan |first=Lore |date=October 23, 2000 |title=Citigroup Center goes on block |volume=16 |issue=43 |page=1 |id={{ProQuest|219151100}}|journal=Crain's New York Business}}</ref> Dai-Ichi and Citigroup—the latter of which had been formed in 1998 through a merger of Citicorp and [[the Travelers Companies]]<ref name="The New York Times 1998 v464">{{cite web | title=Citicorp's Merger Approved by Fed | website=The New York Times | date=September 24, 1998 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/24/business/citicorp-s-merger-approved-by-fed.html |issn=0362-4331 | access-date=February 8, 2024}}</ref>—arranged to jointly sell both condominium shares.<ref name="cny20001023" /> Richard and Eric D. Hadar, a father-and-son venture, bid $725&nbsp;million for Dai-Ichi's ownership stake in January 2001. For the purchase, Eric Hadar had arranged a $525&nbsp;million first mortgage from [[Deutsche Bank]] and a $150&nbsp;million mezzanine loan from the [[government of Singapore]].<ref name="wsj20010124" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=January 25, 2001 |title=Well-Known Skyscraper Sold to Little-Known Family |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/25/nyregion/well-known-skyscraper-sold-to-little-known-family.html |access-date=April 6, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025433/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/25/nyregion/well-known-skyscraper-sold-to-little-known-family.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The sale was delayed after Boston Properties offered to buy Dai-Ichi's stake.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=February 8, 2001 |title=Deal on Citigroup Tower Puts Buyer in the Real Estate Big Leagues |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/08/nyregion/deal-on-citigroup-tower-puts-buyer-in-the-real-estate-big-leagues.html |access-date=April 6, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820024832/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/08/nyregion/deal-on-citigroup-tower-puts-buyer-in-the-real-estate-big-leagues.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Eric Hadar's company, Allied Partners, along with Boston Properties, ultimately finalized their purchase of both condominium shares that April.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=April 25, 2001 |title=$725&nbsp;million Sale of Citigroup Tower Expected |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/25/nyregion/725-million-sale-of-citigroup-tower-expected.html |access-date=April 6, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527172643/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/25/nyregion/725-million-sale-of-citigroup-tower-expected.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Boston Properties, Inc. 2001">{{cite press release |title=Boston Properties Completes Acquisition of Citigroup Center |publisher=Boston Properties |date=April 25, 2001 |url=http://ir.bostonproperties.com/news-releases/news-release-details/boston-properties-completes-acquisition-citigroup-center |access-date=April 6, 2021 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040643/http://ir.bostonproperties.com/news-releases/news-release-details/boston-properties-completes-acquisition-citigroup-center |url-status=live}}</ref> The price was $755&nbsp;million, including closing costs and taxes, and Citigroup relocated to 399 Park Avenue.<ref name="NYCL p. 14" /><ref>{{cite magazine |date=April 26, 2001 |url=http://www.crenews.com/general_news/general/boston-properties-completes-citigroup-center-buy.html |title=Boston Properties Completes Citigroup Center Buy |journal=The Weekly |access-date=March 13, 2019 |archive-date=August 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805224336/http://www.crenews.com/general_news/general/boston-properties-completes-citigroup-center-buy.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> One of the stilts was structurally reinforced following the September 11 attacks,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> and protective [[Bollard (traffic)|bollard]]s were installed on the sidewalk.<ref name="p308508821">{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Ray A. |date=February 19, 2003 |title=Builders Try to Make More Secure Towers That Please the Eye |page=A6 |work=Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|308508821}}}}</ref>

Boston Properties bought Allied Partners' stake in the Citigroup Center in 2006 for $100&nbsp;million.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2006 |title=Boston Properties to buy out N.Y. skyscraper partner for $100M |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2006/05/08/daily48.html |access-date=April 6, 2021 |website=Boston Business Journal |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040647/https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2006/05/08/daily48.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 10, 2006 |title=Boston Properties to Buy Remaining Stake in Citigroup Center |url=https://crenews.com/2006/05/10/boston-properties-to-buy-remaining-stake-in-citigroup-center/ |access-date=April 6, 2021 |website=Commercial Real Estate Direct |language=en-US |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040710/https://crenews.com/2006/05/10/boston-properties-to-buy-remaining-stake-in-citigroup-center/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The same year, Boston Properties began rebranding the building as 601 Lexington Avenue.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rubinstein |first=Dana |date=December 12, 2008 |title='Citigroup Center' To Become Scintillating '601 Lexington Ave.' |url=https://observer.com/2008/12/citigroup-center-to-become-scintillating-601-lexington-ave/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 5, 2021 |website=Observer |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615214933/http://observer.com:80/2008/12/citigroup-center-to-become-scintillating-601-lexington-ave/ |archive-date=June 15, 2012}}</ref> A new Lexington Avenue lobby was constructed and the tower stories' entrance was relocated from 53rd Street to Lexington Avenue.<ref name="Architect Magazine" /><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/JLL+to+lease+re-named+601+Lexington.-a0202802906 |title=JLL to Lease Renamed 601 Lexington Avenue |publisher=Jones Lang Lasalle |date=June 24, 2009 |access-date=March 13, 2019 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040700/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/JLL+to+lease+re-named+601+Lexington.-a0202802906 |url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, a ramp was installed on 53rd Street and a reception area was added to the northern entrance of St. Peter's Church.<ref name="NYCL p. 14" /> The name change took effect in 2010.<ref name="NYCL p. 14" /><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://ir.bostonproperties.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=120176&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1358584&highlight=citigroup |title=Frank Stella at the Atrium Shops and Cafes at Lexington Avenue and 53rd Street, New York, NY (Formerly Citigroup Center) |date=November 23, 2009 |publisher=Boston Properties, Inc. |access-date=March 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006165541/http://ir.bostonproperties.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=120176&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1358584&highlight=citigroup |archive-date=October 6, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Observer 2008">{{cite web |last=Rubinstein |first=Dana |date=December 12, 2008 |title='Citigroup Center' To Become Scintillating '601 Lexington Ave.' |url=http://observer.com/2008/12/citigroup-center-to-become-scintillating-601-lexington-ave/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 6, 2021 |website=Observer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615214933/http://observer.com:80/2008/12/citigroup-center-to-become-scintillating-601-lexington-ave/ |archive-date=June 15, 2012}}</ref> Boston Properties was also considering selling naming rights to the building.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 22, 2010 |title=Boston Properties set to re-name Citigroup |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3601/is_44_54/ai_n27909046/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922132239/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3601/is_44_54/ai_n27909046/ |archive-date=September 22, 2010 |access-date=October 25, 2023 |website=BNET}}</ref> By 2013, Citigroup only occupied three stories at the Citigroup Center.<ref>{{cite news |date=January 29, 2013 |title=Citi Doesn't Live Here Anymore as Name Comes Off NYC Skyscraper |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/citi-doesn-39-t-live-here-anymore-as-name-comes-off-new-york-skyscraper-108121501044_1.html |access-date=April 6, 2021 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040629/https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/citi-doesn-39-t-live-here-anymore-as-name-comes-off-new-york-skyscraper-108121501044_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The next year, Boston Properties sold a 45 percent ownership stake in the Citigroup Center, along with proportional stakes in the [[Atlantic Wharf Office Building]] and [[100 Federal Street]] in Boston, to companies associated with [[Norges Bank Investment Management]]. These firms paid a combined $1.5 billion.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 17, 2014 |title=Boston Properties sells $1.5B package to Norway |url=https://rew-online.com/boston-properties-sells-1-5b-package-to-norway/ |access-date=April 6, 2021 |website=Real Estate Weekly |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040716/https://rew-online.com/boston-properties-sells-1-5b-package-to-norway/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Boston Properties, Inc. 2014">{{cite press release |title=Boston Properties Completes the Sale of a 45% Interest in Each of 601 Lexington Avenue, Atlantic Wharf Office Building and 100 Federal Street |publisher=Boston Properties |date=October 30, 2014 |url=http://ir.bostonproperties.com/news-releases/news-release-details/boston-properties-completes-sale-45-interest-each-601-lexington |access-date=April 6, 2021 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040716/http://ir.bostonproperties.com/news-releases/news-release-details/boston-properties-completes-sale-45-interest-each-601-lexington |url-status=live}}</ref>

In mid-2016, the [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] (LPC) proposed protecting twelve buildings in East Midtown, including the Citigroup Center, in advance of proposed changes to the area's zoning.<ref name="Hurowitz 2016">{{cite web |last=Hurowitz |first=Noah |title=12 Midtown East Buildings Are Up for Landmark Consideration, City Says |website=DNAinfo New York |date=May 10, 2016 |url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20160510/midtown-east/12-midtown-east-buildings-are-up-for-landmark-consideration-city-says |access-date=March 30, 2021 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108185138/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20160510/midtown-east/12-midtown-east-buildings-are-up-for-landmark-consideration-city-says/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> At the time, Boston Properties was contemplating renovations to the building; the company filed alteration plans for the plaza that July,<ref name="Wachs2017" /> and it was vacating the space in the office annex.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bautista |first=Christian Brazil |date=September 21, 2016 |title=Boston Properties to close 601 Lexington Avenue mall until 2018 |url=https://rew-online.com/601-lexington-avenue-atrium/ |access-date=April 6, 2021 |website=Real Estate Weekly |language=en-US |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040718/https://rew-online.com/601-lexington-avenue-atrium/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On December 6, 2016, the LPC designated the Citigroup Center as a city landmark.<ref name="NYCL p. 1">{{harvnb|ps=.|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|p=1}}</ref><ref name="Walker 20162">{{cite web |last=Walker |first=Ameena |date=December 7, 2016 |title=Former Citicorp Center is now NYC's youngest landmark building |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2016/12/7/13863568/midtown-east-citicorp-center-landmark |access-date=April 6, 2021 |website=Curbed NY |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112000245/https://ny.curbed.com/2016/12/7/13863568/midtown-east-citicorp-center-landmark |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Cohen 2016">{{cite web |last=Cohen |first=Michelle |date=December 7, 2016 |title=Former Citicorp Center is the city's newest landmarked building |url=https://www.6sqft.com/former-citicorp-center-is-the-citys-newest-landmarked-building/ |access-date=January 25, 2021 |website=6sqft |archive-date=March 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316090202/https://www.6sqft.com/former-citicorp-center-is-the-citys-newest-landmarked-building/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The designation made the Citigroup Center the city's youngest landmark at that time.<ref name="Walker 20162" /> The same month, Boston Properties announced plans to renovate the office annex, which would be rebranded 159 East 53rd Street.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 6, 2016 |title=Boston Properties embarks on big renovation of little building |url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20161207/REAL_ESTATE/161209893/boston-properties-embarks-on-big-renovation-of-little-building |access-date=April 6, 2021 |website=Crain's New York Business |language=en |archive-date=May 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507041206/https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20161207/REAL_ESTATE/161209893/boston-properties-embarks-on-big-renovation-of-little-building |url-status=live}}</ref> Shortly afterward, in March 2017, [[Gensler]] revealed its design for a refurbished entry plaza and a new atrium space.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gensler to Complete 200,000-Square-Foot Renovation of New York's Citicorp Center |url=https://www.archdaily.com/868042/gensler-to-complete-200000-square-foot-renovation-of-new-yorks-citicorp-center |journal=[[ArchDaily]] |last=Lynch |first=Patrick |date=March 28, 2017 |access-date=March 13, 2019 |archive-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225071426/https://www.archdaily.com/868042/gensler-to-complete-200000-square-foot-renovation-of-new-yorks-citicorp-center |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=March 15, 2017 |title=Citicorp building, AKA, 601 Lexington Avenue, due for Gensler revamp |url=https://www.archpaper.com/2017/03/citicorp-gensler/ |access-date=January 25, 2021 |website=The Architect's Newspaper |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030150204/https://www.archpaper.com/2017/03/citicorp-gensler/ |url-status=live}}</ref> That June, work on the plaza commenced; the original fountain, which had been part of the landmark designation, was demolished.<ref name="Wachs 2017" /> All of the space in the 159 East 53rd Street annex was leased to [[NYU Langone Health]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bockmann |first=Rich |date=February 15, 2018 |title=NYU Langone nearing 200K sf deal at former Citigroup Center |url=https://therealdeal.com/2018/02/15/nyu-langone-nearing-200k-sf-deal-at-former-citigroup-center/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 6, 2021 |website=The Real Deal New York |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215181056/https://therealdeal.com/2018/02/15/nyu-langone-nearing-200k-sf-deal-at-former-citigroup-center/ |archive-date=February 15, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rothstein |first=Matthew |date=February 15, 2018 |title=Report: NYU Langone Nears Deal For Big Lease At Former Citigroup Complex |url=https://www.bisnow.com/new-york/news/office/nyu-langone-citigroup-complex-lease-boston-properties-85078 |url-status=live |access-date=April 6, 2021 |website=Bisnow |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301101110/https://www.bisnow.com/new-york/news/office/nyu-langone-citigroup-complex-lease-boston-properties-85078 |archive-date=March 1, 2021}}</ref> Following the completion of the renovation, in late 2019, Anna Castellani signed a lease for a {{convert|10000|ft2|adj=on}} food hall at the base of the Citigroup Center.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 21, 2019 |title=DeKalb Market Creator Bringing Food Hall to Citigroup Building |url=https://therealdeal.com/2019/08/21/dekalb-market-hall-creator-bringing-new-food-hall-to-midtown/ |access-date=April 6, 2021 |website=The Real Deal New York |language=en-US |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120181043/https://therealdeal.com/2019/08/21/dekalb-market-hall-creator-bringing-new-food-hall-to-midtown/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Alexa 2017">{{cite web |last=Alexa |first=Alexandra |date=March 10, 2017 |title=DeKalb Market founder tapped to create new food hall in Midtown's Citigroup building |url=https://www.6sqft.com/dekalb-market-founder-tapped-to-create-new-food-hall-in-midtowns-citigroup-building/ |access-date=April 6, 2021 |website=6sqft |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511235640/https://www.6sqft.com/dekalb-market-founder-tapped-to-create-new-food-hall-in-midtowns-citigroup-building/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2019, London-based company etc.venues agreed to operate a {{convert|30000|ft2|adj=on}} conference center on the 14th floor.<ref name="Baird-Remba 2019">{{cite web |last=Baird-Remba |first=Rebecca |title=Etc.venues Plans Conference Center at 601 Lexington Avenue |website=Commercial Observer |date=October 4, 2019 |url=https://commercialobserver.com/2019/10/etcvenues-lease-601-lexington-avenue-conference-center/ |access-date=October 22, 2022}}</ref>

In 2021, Boston Properties converted the shopping concourse into a food hall named the Hugh.<ref name="Fabricant 2021 t948">{{cite web |last=Fabricant |first=Florence |date=September 7, 2021 |title=A New Food Hall for Midtown |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/07/dining/the-hugh-food-hall-midtown.html |access-date=February 8, 2024 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Hughes 2023 b644">{{cite web |last=Hughes |first=C. J. |date=May 11, 2023 |title=Office landlords look to food halls to entice back workers |url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/commercial-real-estate/new-york-office-landlords-look-food-halls-entice-back-workers |access-date=February 8, 2024 |website=Crain's New York Business}}</ref> Boston Properties and Norges Bank Investment Management refinanced the Citigroup Center that December with a $1 billion mortgage from four banks.<ref name="Burke 2021">{{cite web |last=Burke |first=Mack |title=Boston Properties Lands $1B Loan on 601 Lexington Avenue in Midtown |website=Commercial Observer |date=December 14, 2021 |url=https://commercialobserver.com/2021/12/boston-properties-601-lexington-avenue-cmbs-wells-fargo-morgan-stanley-deutsche-bank-citigroup-norges-bank-investment-management/ |access-date=July 13, 2022}}</ref><ref name=trd-2021-12-15>{{Cite web |date=December 15, 2021 |title=Boston Properties Nabs $1B Loan at 601 Lexington Ave. |first=Holden |last=Walter-Warner |url=https://therealdeal.com/2021/12/15/boston-properties-nabs-1b-loan-at-601-lex/ |access-date=July 13, 2022 |website=The Real Deal New York |language=en-US}}</ref> At the time, the building's office space was 96.3 percent occupied, and the tenants largely included financial firms and law offices.<ref name=trd-2022-04-21 /> With about {{convert|326000|ft2}} of space, the [[Blackstone Group]] was one of the building's largest tenants in 2022.<ref name="Crain's New York Business 2022">{{cite web |title=Available Manhattan office space remains sky high |website=Crain's New York Business |date=July 1, 2022 |url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/commercial-real-estate/available-manhattan-office-space-remains-sky-high |access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Hallum 2022">{{cite web |last=Hallum |first=Mark |title=Blackstone Expands by 200K SF at 601 Lexington Avenue |website=Commercial Observer |date=April 18, 2022 |url=https://commercialobserver.com/2022/04/blackstone-expands-by-200k-sf-at-601-lexington-avenue/ |access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Other large tenants by then included Citibank, [[Kirkland & Ellis]], and [[Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer]].<ref name=trd-2022-04-21>{{Cite web |date=April 21, 2022 |first=Orion |last=Jones |title=What Tenants Pay at Boston Properties' 601 Lexington Avenue |url=https://therealdeal.com/2022/04/21/billion-dollar-refi-reveals-what-tenants-pay-at-601-lexington-ave/ |access-date=July 13, 2022 |website=The Real Deal New York |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
[[File:CitigroupCenter2.jpg|thumb|alt=A set of three glass and steel buildings. From left to right are 399 Park Avenue, Citigroup Center, and the Seagram Building.|The Citigroup Center as seen from Park Avenue, between [[399 Park Avenue]] to the left and the [[Seagram Building]] to the right|left]]

The Citigroup Center consists of the office tower and its annex; there is also a structure for St. Peter's Church at the base of the office tower.<ref name="NYCL p. 2">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=2}}</ref> The tower was designed by architect [[Hugh Stubbins]], along with associate architects [[Emery Roth & Sons]], for the [[Citibank|First National City Bank]] (later Citibank).<ref name="aia5">{{cite aia5|pages=320}}</ref><ref name="AJ-1973-10">{{cite magazine |date=Oct 1973 |title=Manhattan's Fifth Tallest Building Is Designed for Energy Conservation |url=https://usmodernist.org/AJ/AJ-1973-10.pdf |journal=AIA Journal |volume=60 |pages=11, 61 |number=4 |access-date=April 5, 2021 |archive-date=July 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721152634/https://usmodernist.org/AJ/AJ-1973-10.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nyt19730725">{{Cite news |date=July 25, 1973 |title=Plan for Skyscraper On Lexington Ave. Detailed by Citibank |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/25/archives/plan-for-skyscraper-on-lexington-ave-detailed-by-citibank.html |access-date=April 3, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721145601/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/25/archives/plan-for-skyscraper-on-lexington-ave-detailed-by-citibank.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Of the other principals at Hugh A. Stubbins & Associates, architect Peter Woytuk was most involved in the design, while project manager W. Easley Hammer oversaw the construction.<ref name="NYCL p. 7">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=7}}</ref><ref name="Stern (1995) pp. 490-492">{{harvnb|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1995|ps=.|pp=490–492}}</ref> In addition, [[Edward Larrabee Barnes]] was the consulting architect,<ref name="Emporis" /><ref name="nyt19730725" /><ref name="Stern (1995) pp. 490-492" /> and [[LeMessurier Associates]] and [[James Ruderman]] were the structural engineers.<ref name="AJ-1973-10" /><ref name="AISC1978">{{cite web |date=1978 |title=Architectural Awards of Excellence |url=https://www.aisc.org/contentassets/ce38e97209574daeacee4a0273d2e10a/aae_1978.pdf |access-date=April 6, 2021 |publisher=American Institute of Steel Construction |page=17 |archive-date=July 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721145602/https://www.aisc.org/contentassets/ce38e97209574daeacee4a0273d2e10a/aae_1978.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The general contractor was the HRH Construction Corporation<ref name="NYCL p. 7" /><ref name="AISC1978" /> (which was acquired by the [[Starrett Corporation|Starrett Housing Corporation]] during the building's construction<ref>{{Cite news |last=Horsley |first=Carter B. |date=April 22, 1977 |title=H.R.H. to Become Starrett Subsidiary In Merger Accord |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/04/22/archives/hrh-to-become-starrett-subsidiary-in-merger-accord-hrh-to-be-a.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040607/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/04/22/archives/hrh-to-become-starrett-subsidiary-in-merger-accord-hrh-to-be-a.html |url-status=live}}</ref>), and the steel contractor was [[Bethlehem Steel]].<ref name="AISC1978" /><ref name="Morgenstern p. 46">{{harvnb|Morgenstern|1995|ps=.|p=46}}</ref> Numerous contractors supplied other material for the building.<ref name="PA p. 106">{{harvnb|Progressive Architecture|1978|ps=.|p=106}}</ref>

=== Form and facade ===
The Citigroup Center is 59 stories high, with its roof about {{convert|915|ft|m}} above ground level.<ref name=skyscraperCenter>{{cite web |url=http://skyscrapercenter.com/new-york-city/citigroup-center/ |title=Citigroup Center – The Skyscraper Center |work=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615204426/http://skyscrapercenter.com/new-york-city/citigroup-center |archive-date=June 15, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Emporis">{{Cite web |title=601 Lexington Avenue |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/114152/601-lexington-new-york-city-ny-usa |access-date=January 1, 2021 |publisher=Emporis |archive-date=September 29, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929143521/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=citigroupcenter-newyorkcity-ny-usa |url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name="NYCL p. 1" />{{efn|The height is alternatively cited as {{convert|914|ft}}.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 493" /><ref name="AR p. 66" />}} Excluding unused floor numbers accounting for the raised base, it contains 46 office stories.<ref name="sun19790624">{{cite news |last=Marlin |first=William |date=June 24, 1979 |title=Citicorp—2 years old and still astonishing |page=D17 |work=Baltimore Sun |id={{ProQuest|1027853954}}}}</ref><ref name="PA p. 55">{{harvnb|Progressive Architecture|1978|ps=.|p=55}}</ref> At the time of completion, Citicorp Center was the seventh-tallest building in the world.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 493">{{harvnb|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1995|ps=.|p=493}}</ref><ref name="AR p. 66">{{harvnb|Architectural Record|1976|ps=.|p=66}}</ref> In addition to the primary 59-story tower, there is an annex at 159 East 53rd Street with six<ref name="AR p. 66" /><ref name="Stern (1995) p. 492" /> or seven stories.<ref name="Žaknić Smith Rice Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat p.">{{cite book |last1=Žaknić |first1=Ivan |title=100 of the world's tallest buildings |last2=Smith |first2=Matthew |last3=Rice |first3=Dolores B. |author4=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat |date=1998 |publisher=Gingko Press |isbn=3-927258-60-1 |page=150 |oclc=40110184}}</ref> It extends east to Third Avenue and includes part of the building's shopping concourse.<ref name="AR p. 66" /><ref name="Stern (1995) p. 492">{{harvnb|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1995|ps=.|p=492}}</ref>

The tower and its annex have similarly-designed facades.<ref name="NYCL p. 8" /> The facade is made of anodized aluminum and reflective glass panels.<ref name="NYCL p. 8">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=8}}</ref><ref name="nyt19771029">{{Cite news |last=Parisi |first=Anthony J. |date=October 29, 1977 |title=Tower Uses Energy Efficiently |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/10/29/archives/tower-uses-energy-efficiently-citicorp-design-tied-to-costs.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221162630/http://www.nytimes.com/1977/10/29/archives/tower-uses-energy-efficiently-citicorp-design-tied-to-costs.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ENR p. 68">{{harvnb|Engineering News-Record|1976|ps=.|p=68}}</ref> Each facade segment measures {{convert|12|by|9|ft}} and consists of both glass panes and aluminum plates.<ref name="PA 1978-02">{{cite magazine |date=February 1978 |title=Technics: exterior wall panels |url=https://usmodernist.org/PA/PA-1978-02.pdf |journal=Progressive Architecture |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=85 |access-date=April 6, 2021 |archive-date=August 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803204917/https://usmodernist.org/PA/PA-1978-02.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> To conserve energy, each window is [[double-glazed]]; the inner pane is coated with [[chrome plating]].<ref name="nyt19771029" /><ref name="ENR p. 68" /> The windows on each floor are separated by flush aluminum [[spandrel]]s.<ref name="Schmertz p. 115">{{harvnb|Schmertz|1978|ps=.|p=115}}</ref> The spandrels were manufactured by Flour City Architectural Metals, a firm based in [[Glen Cove, New York]].<ref name="NYCL p. 8" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Horsley |first=Carter B. |date=March 16, 1980 |title=Citicorp's Skyscraper 'Weathering'; Tower is 'Weathering' |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1980/03/16/archives/citicorps-skyscraper-weathering-tower-is-weathering.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040606/https://www.nytimes.com/1980/03/16/archives/citicorps-skyscraper-weathering-tower-is-weathering.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The aluminum is silver-colored, like that on the [[500 Park Avenue|Pepsi-Cola Building]] and [[28 Liberty Street|One Chase Manhattan Plaza]], because Stubbins thought a dark color would not allow observers to "see the shade and shadow".<ref name="NYCL p. 8" /> The facade is fitted with {{convert|2|in}} of insulation,<ref name="NYCL p. 11" /><ref name="ENR p. 68" /> double the amount of insulation considered normal at the time of construction.<ref name="nyt19771029" /><ref name="ENR p. 68" /> The aluminum was polished to reflect heat from sunlight.<ref name="nyt19771029" />

==== Roof ====
The triangular roof of the Citigroup Center rises {{convert|160|ft}} above the top story and faces south, sloping at a 45-degree angle.<ref name="AR p. 66" /><ref name="Stern (1995) p. 492" /><ref name="Stichweh 2016">{{cite book |last=Stichweh |first=Dirk |title=New York Skyscrapers |publisher=[[Prestel Publishing]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-3-7913-8226-5 |page=113 |oclc=923852487}}</ref>{{efn|The roof height is alternatively given as {{convert|130|ft}}.<ref name=nyt19780122 />}} The roof was originally intended to face west and contain several terraces,<ref name="NYCL p. 8" /><ref name="nyt19760919">{{Cite news |last=Horsley |first=Carter B. |date=September 19, 1976 |title=A New Wrinkle On the City's Skyline |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/09/19/archives/a-new-wrinkle-on-the-citys-skyline-a-new-wrinkle-on-the-skyline.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709213855/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/09/19/archives/a-new-wrinkle-on-the-citys-skyline-a-new-wrinkle-on-the-skyline.html |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |access-date=April 5, 2021 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> but the architects rotated the roof southward to accommodate flat-plate solar collectors, which they believed would produce hot water that could dehumidify air and reduce the need for other energy for cooling.<ref name=Loring-Meckler>{{Citation |author1=Loring-Meckler Associates, Inc. |title=Solar Energy Dehumidification Experiment on the Citicorp Center Building |date=June 1977 |url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/31243/MIT-EL-77-005-03660453.pdf |journal=Massachusetts Inst. Of Tech. Report |publisher=National Science Foundation |bibcode=1977mit..rept...... |author2=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |access-date=August 5, 2017 |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305132928/http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/31243/MIT-EL-77-005-03660453.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Starting in February 1975, engineers from the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] conducted a twelve-month feasibility study for the installation of such a system.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 492" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Associated Press |date=February 5, 1975 |title=MIT To Run Solar Energy Design Project |page=55 |work=The Hartford Courant |id={{ProQuest|542764559}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=Mar 1975 |title=MIT Team Will Lead Major Solar Study |url=https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1975-03.pdf |journal=Architectural Record |volume=157 |pages=35 |access-date=April 5, 2021 |archive-date=August 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803204139/https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1975-03.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Afterward, the system was scrapped, either because of the smaller-than-expected savings,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carroll |first=Robert |date=February 4, 1976 |title=Skyscraper Drops Solar-Energy Plans |pages=33 |work=New York Daily News |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75120350/skyscraper-drops-solar-energy-plans/ |access-date=April 5, 2021 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040623/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75120350/skyscraper-drops-solar-energy-plans/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 14, 1976 |title=Citiscraper |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/14/archives/citiscraper.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040607/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/14/archives/citiscraper.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="newsday19780115">{{cite news |last=Wallach |first=Amei |date=January 15, 1978 |title=New space for people in a Midtown tower |page=15A |work=Newsday |id={{ProQuest|964527480}}}}</ref> the cost of the required refined mechanical systems,<ref name="ENR p. 68" /> supplier issues,<ref name="NYCL p. 11" /> or the insufficient energy produced by the system.<ref name="Berenholtz Reynolds 1988 p.">{{cite book |last1=Berenholtz |first1=Richard |title=Manhattan architecture |last2=Reynolds |first2=Donald M. |date=1988 |publisher=Prentice Hall Press |isbn=0-13-551987-X |publication-place=New York |page=194 |oclc=17732386}}</ref>

Even after the solar-collector plans were scrapped, the design was kept; Stubbins wrote that the roof "relieves the uniformity of flat-topped towers proliferating in the center of the city".<ref name="Stern (1995) pp. 492-493">{{harvnb|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1995|ps=.|pp=492–493}}</ref><ref name="Stubbins 1976 p.">{{cite book |last=Stubbins |first=Hugh |title=Architecture, the design experience |publisher=Wiley |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-471-83482-3 |publication-place=New York |page=19 |oclc=1974044}}</ref> This made Citicorp Center the first postmodern skyscraper in New York City with an entirely decorative roof.<ref name="Stichweh 2016" /><ref name="Nash 2005">{{cite book |last=Nash |first=Eric |title=Manhattan Skyscrapers |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-56898-652-4 |publication-place=New York |page=141 |oclc=407907000}}</ref> The roof was also fitted with solar panels in 1983, when [[Consolidated Edison]] and Citibank sponsored a four-year solar panel test.<ref name="NYCL p. 11" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Associated Press |date=September 23, 1983 |title=Solar Study Starts On Citicorp's Roof |page=B5 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|122163019}}}}</ref>

=== Plaza ===
[[File:51 53 Streets exit 2007 vc.jpg|thumb|View from the plaza|alt=A 2007 image of stairs leading from the building's sunken plaza to street level]]

A large plaza, {{convert|12|ft}} beneath street level, was designed by landscape architect [[Hideo Sasaki|Sasaki Associates]] and built along with Citicorp Center.<ref name="NYCL p. 10" /> The plaza's presence was encouraged by the [[1961 Zoning Resolution]],<ref name="NYCL p. 10">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=10}}</ref> which gave additional floor area to New York City developers as a zoning "bonus" for including open space outside their buildings.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kayden |first=Jerold S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpeNSAfYASoC&pg=PA9 |title=Privately Owned Public Space: The New York City Experience |author2=The Municipal Art Society of New York |publisher=Wiley |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-471-36257-9 |page=10}}</ref> While many developers took advantage of the "bonus", the [[New York City Planning Commission]] found in 1975 that many of these plazas ranged from "bleak, forlorn places" to those that were "forbidding and downright hostile".<ref>{{Cite book |last=City Planning Commission |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2407010 |title=New life for plazas |date=1975 |publisher=City of New York |location= |pages=5 |language=English |oclc=2407010 |access-date=April 5, 2021 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040614/https://www.worldcat.org/title/new-life-for-plazas/oclc/2407010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nyt19750417">{{Cite news |last=Fowler |first=Glenn |date=April 17, 1975 |title=City Planning Unit Moving to Create 'Hunan' Open Space at Skyscrapers |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/17/archives/city-planning-unit-moving-to-create-human-open-space-at-skyscrapers.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040616/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/17/archives/city-planning-unit-moving-to-create-human-open-space-at-skyscrapers.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In response, the City Planning Commission's Urban Design Group was formed in 1967 to determine how to improve plaza designs,<ref name="NYCL p. 10" /><ref name="Schmertz p. 114">{{harvnb|Schmertz|1978|ps=.|p=114}}</ref> influencing a design handbook that the City Planning Commission published in 1975.<ref name="NYCL p. 10" /><ref name="nyt19750417" /> The design of the Citigroup Center's plaza was finalized in 1973,<ref name="NYCL p. 10" /> and it included many of the same features described in the handbook, such as an outdoor plaza, a covered pedestrian area, and an [[Arcade (architecture)|arcade]] running for a city block.<ref name="NYCL p. 10" /><ref name="Schmertz pp. 114-115">{{harvnb|Schmertz|1978|ps=.|pp=114–115}}</ref>

The plaza has an area of {{convert|6000|ft2}}.<ref name="Wachs2017">{{cite web |last=Wachs |first=Audrey |date=April 29, 2017 |title=Landmarks cites nonexistent permits for iconic Citicorp Center plaza |url=https://www.archpaper.com/2017/04/landmarks-cites-nonexistent-permits-for-iconic-citicorp-center-plaza/ |access-date=April 6, 2021 |website=The Architect's Newspaper |archive-date=June 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623074253/https://archpaper.com/2017/04/landmarks-cites-nonexistent-permits-for-iconic-citicorp-center-plaza/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Under the zoning laws, its presence allowed the tower to be designed with a maximum [[floor area ratio]] of 18:1, higher than the 15:1 ratio specified for the area.<ref name="PA p. 55" /> The plaza is accessed by a diagonally-oriented stairway<ref name="NYCL p. 10" /> extending northeast from the corner of Lexington Avenue and 53rd Street.<ref name="Schmertz p. 116">{{harvnb|Schmertz|1978|ps=.|p=116}}</ref> On the south side of the plaza is an entrance to the Lexington Avenue/51st Street subway station.<ref name="Morrone 2009 p. 169">{{cite book |last=Morrone |first=Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EnM7nPb43DoC&pg=PA169 |title=Architectural Guidebook to New York City |publisher=Gibbs Smith |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4236-1116-5 |page=169 |access-date=December 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040616/https://books.google.com/books?id=EnM7nPb43DoC&pg=PA169 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite NYCS neighborhood map|Midtown}}</ref> The Citigroup Center's entrance replaces two previous subway entrances on the sidewalk.<ref name="NYCL p. 10" /> The north side of the plaza contains the entrance to St. Peter's Church.<ref name="NYCL pp. 10-11">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|pp=10–11}}</ref> During the plaza's construction, the developers collaborated with the numerous public agencies that had a stake in the project, including the [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]], which operated the subway station.<ref name="Schmertz p. 115" />

The plaza, interior shopping concourse, and sidewalks all initially contained brown brick floor pavers. There was, originally, also a fountain at the center of the plaza, which was designed to conceal noise from the environs, similar to the fountain at nearby [[Paley Park]].<ref name="NYCL pp. 10-11" /> That fountain was demolished in 2017.<ref name="Wachs 2017">{{cite web |last=Wachs |first=Audrey |date=June 22, 2017 |title=Landmarked Sasaki fountain at Citicorp demolished |url=https://www.archpaper.com/2017/06/landmarked-sasaki-fountain-citicorp-demolished/ |access-date=April 5, 2021 |website=The Architect's Newspaper |archive-date=February 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227122352/https://www.archpaper.com/2017/06/landmarked-sasaki-fountain-citicorp-demolished/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== St. Peter's Lutheran Church ====
{{Distinguish|St. Peter's Church (Manhattan)}}
{{multiple image
| align     = right
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 250
| image1    = St Peter's Lutheran Church Manhattan.jpg
| alt1      = St. Peter's Church as seen from the south. The church has an angular facade of brown Caledonia granite and a skylight on the roof. At right is the office tower itself.
| caption1  = St. Peter's Church as seen from the south
| image2    = St Peter's Lutheran Church (Manhattan) (3).JPG
| alt2      = One of the rooms inside St. Peter's Church, which has wooden pews, a sloped ceiling, and angled walls
| caption2  = Interior of St. Peter's Church
}}

At the northwest corner of Citigroup Center is St. Peter's Lutheran Church<ref name="NYCL p. 12" /> at 619 Lexington Avenue.<ref name="Time Out New York 2012 e805">{{cite web | title=St. Peter's Church | website=Time Out New York | date=April 13, 2012 | url=https://www.timeout.com/newyork/attractions/st-peters-church | access-date=January 1, 2024}}</ref> The exterior was designed by Stubbins and Hammer, while the interior was furnished by [[Massimo Vignelli|Vignelli Associates]].<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 496" /><ref name="nyt19771205">{{Cite news |last=Goldberger |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Goldberger |date=December 5, 1977 |title=No Taint of Materialism in Church Design at Bank Center |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/05/archives/no-taint-of-materialism-in-church-design-at-bank-center.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040617/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/05/archives/no-taint-of-materialism-in-church-design-at-bank-center.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NYCL p. 12">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=12}}</ref> The church's congregation permitted Citicorp to erect the office tower only if an edifice, structurally unconnected to the tower, were built at the same location as the congregation's old building. Andrew Alpern and [[Seymour Durst]] characterized the agreement as "ecumenically joining God and [[mammon]] to the benefit of both".<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 490" /><ref name="Alpern 2011 p.">{{cite book |last1=Alpern |first1=Andrew |title=Holdouts!: the buildings that got in the way |last2=Durst |first2=Seymour |publisher=Old York Foundation Distributed by David R. Godine, Publisher |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-56792-443-5 |page=116 |oclc=722452921}}</ref> In addition, at least 63 percent of the church was to have "nothing built above it".<ref name="NYCL p. 12" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Montgomery |first=Paul L. |date=May 24, 1971 |title=Office Complexto House An Old East Side Church |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/24/archives/office-complex-to-house-an-old-east-side-church-office-complex-to.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331072116/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/24/archives/office-complex-to-house-an-old-east-side-church-office-complex-to.html |url-status=live}}</ref> According to Stubbins, the lack of structural connections would give the church a "breathing space" of its own.<ref name="csm19771101">{{cite news |last=Stubbins |first=Hugh |date=November 1, 1977 |title=A skyscraper for people |page=27 |work=The Christian Science Monitor |id={{ProQuest|512069750}}}}</ref> The church was described by the architectural writer [[David W. Dunlap]] in 2004 as the city's "most architecturally successful postwar sanctuary".<ref name="NYCL p. 13" /><ref>{{cite fromatoz|page=241}}</ref>

The structure rises about {{convert|60|ft}} above ground<ref name="wsj201606022">{{Cite news |last=Kanno-Youngs |first=Zolan |date=June 2, 2016 |title=The Intersection of Church and Bank |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-intersection-of-church-and-bank-1464822081 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101170356/https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-intersection-of-church-and-bank-1464822081 |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |access-date=April 5, 2021 |work=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> and {{convert|85|ft}} above the Citigroup Center's plaza.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 496" /><ref name="nyt19771205" /><ref name="NYCL p. 12" /> It has a facade of brown Caledonia granite interspersed with ashlar.<ref name="wsj201606022" /><ref name="nyt19771205" /><ref name="NYCL p. 12" /> The roof is clad in copper that is coated with lead. The materials were meant to establish a distinct identity for the church while also associating it with the office tower.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 496" /><ref name="NYCL p. 12" /> At the top of the church building, a skylight bisects it from southwest to northeast, allowing passersby to look inside.<ref name="Žaknić Smith Rice Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat p." /><ref name="nyt19771205" /> A window at the corner of Lexington Avenue and 54th Street also overlooks the [[pipe organ]] inside.<ref name="NYCL p. 12" /> Stubbins had intended the structure's shape to resemble a pair of hands "held up in prayer with light coming between them".<ref name="nyt19740408">{{Cite news |last=Horsley |first=Carter B. |date=April 8, 1974 |title=An Office Tower on Columns Designed for Church Facility |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/04/08/archives/an-office-tower-on-columns-designed-for-church-facility-twice-as.html |access-date=April 3, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040617/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/04/08/archives/an-office-tower-on-columns-designed-for-church-facility-twice-as.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Arnaldo Pomodoro]] designed a bronze cross for the exterior, which was installed in 1982 and measures {{convert|8|ft}} tall by {{convert|6|ft}} wide.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Haberman |first1=Clyde |last2=Johnston |first2=Laurie |date=November 5, 1982 |title=A Cross for St. Peter's |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/11/05/nyregion/new-york-day-by-day-a-cross-for-st-peter-s.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524104251/http://www.nytimes.com/1982/11/05/nyregion/new-york-day-by-day-a-cross-for-st-peter-s.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The church's main sanctuary is adjacent to the lower plaza<ref name="NYCL pp. 10-11" /><ref name="Schmertz p. 112">{{harvnb|Schmertz|1978|ps=.|p=112}}</ref> and is about {{convert|5|ft}} beneath the plaza.<ref name="NYCL pp. 10-11" /> The sanctuary has movable pews that can seat up to 850 people.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 496" /> There was also a black-box theater, a library, kitchen, daycare center, clergy offices, dressing rooms, choir rooms, and lecture and community rooms.<ref name="nyt19740408" /> Upon the church's completion, there was a two-manual, two-pedal organ with 2,175 pipes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hughes |first=Allen |date=December 9, 1977 |title=Music: St. Peter's Pipe Organ |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/09/archives/music-st-peters-pipe-organ.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040618/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/09/archives/music-st-peters-pipe-organ.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Inside the church is the 24-seat [[Chapel of the Good Shepherd (Louise Nevelson)|Chapel of the Good Shepherd]] (also known as the Nevelson Chapel),<ref name="Cascone 2020">{{cite web |last=Cascone |first=Sarah |date=December 9, 2020 |title=A Little-Known New York Gem, Louise Nevelson's Chapel, Is Launching a $6&nbsp;million Fundraising Campaign to Refurbish Its Sculptural Interior |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/nevelson-chapel-renovations-1929775 |access-date=April 3, 2021 |website=Artnet News |archive-date=February 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226073203/https://news.artnet.com/art-world/nevelson-chapel-renovations-1929775 |url-status=live}}</ref> which was donated by parishioner Erol Beker<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 495">{{harvnb|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1995|ps=.|p=495}}</ref> and designed by sculptor [[Louise Nevelson]].<ref name="Schmertz p. 112" /><ref name="Nevelson Chapel 2018">{{cite web |date=April 30, 2018 |title=Louise Nevelson |url=https://www.nevelsonchapel.org/louise-nevelson |access-date=April 3, 2021 |website=Nevelson Chapel |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924055609/https://www.nevelsonchapel.org/louise-nevelson |url-status=live}}</ref> The basement theater was used by the [[York Theatre]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=York Theatre Company at St. Peter's Church |url=https://www.timeout.com/newyork/theater/york-theatre-company-at-st-peters-church |access-date=April 6, 2021 |website=Time Out New York |date=April 21, 2010 |language=en |archive-date=January 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127175010/https://www.timeout.com/newyork/theater/york-theatre-company-at-st-peters-church |url-status=live}}</ref> St. Peter's Church also hosts a [[jazz]] ministry created by the Rev. [[John Garcia Gensel]], who in 1965 became the Minister to the Jazz Community.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 25, 1965 |title=Pastor's Calling Takes Him to Jazz; Rev. John Gensel to Counsel Musicians Full Time |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/25/archives/pastors-calling-takes-him-to-jazz-rev-john-gensel-to-counsel.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040620/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/25/archives/pastors-calling-takes-him-to-jazz-rev-john-gensel-to-counsel.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hentoff |first=Nat |date=April 27, 2005 |title=This Pastor to the Jazz World Tended Bar to Tend His Flock |language=en-US |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB111455757986017645 |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=December 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223220506/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB111455757986017645 |url-status=live}}</ref> The jazz ministry has sponsored several programs over the years,<ref name="NYCL p. 12" /> such as free jazz performances at the base of the office tower.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wilson |first=John S. |date=June 11, 1978 |title=Free Jazz at Citicorp Center |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/06/11/archives/free-jazz-at-citicorp-center-dick-hyman-to-perform-salutes-to.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040622/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/06/11/archives/free-jazz-at-citicorp-center-dick-hyman-to-perform-salutes-to.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The church has hosted memorials and funerals for jazz musicians such as [[Miles Davis]], [[Dizzy Gillespie]], and [[Thelonious Monk]].<ref name="NYCL p. 12" /> In 2021, the church was seriously damaged after a broken [[water main]] flooded its space.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water Main Break Causes Serious Damage At Midtown Church |website=CBS News |date=January 5, 2021 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/st-peters-lutheran-church-water-leak-midtown-manhattan/ |access-date=October 22, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Saint Peter's Church in Manhattan suffers significant damage after water main break |website=ABC7 New York |date=January 5, 2021 |url=https://abc7ny.com/nyc-water-main-break-church-damaged-in-damages/9380431/ |access-date=October 22, 2022}}</ref>

=== Structural features ===
[[File:53rd St Lex Av td 10 - Citigroup Center.jpg|thumb|Base of the Citigroup Center. St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church is visible to the left below the skyscraper; the location of the church influenced the columns' locations.|alt=Base of the Citigroup Center as seen from Lexington Avenue and 53rd Street. St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church is visible to the left below the skyscraper.]]

The tower stories are of [[Tube (structure)#Trussed or braced|trussed-tube]] construction.<ref name="NYCL p. 9">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=LeMessurier |first=William J. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6044418 |title=Hugh Stubbins: architecture in the spirit of the times |date=1979 |publisher=Process Architecture |isbn=978-0-89860-011-7 |location=Tokyo |pages=148 |oclc=6044418 |access-date=April 5, 2021 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040624/https://www.worldcat.org/title/hugh-stubbins-architecture-in-the-spirit-of-the-times/oclc/6044418 |url-status=live}}</ref> Each of the tower stories measures {{convert|157|by|157|ft}},<ref name="AISC1978" /><ref name="ENR p. 69">{{harvnb|Engineering News-Record|1976|ps=.|p=69}}</ref> or {{convert|24600|ft2}} in total.<ref name="Stephens1977">{{cite magazine |last=Stephens |first=Suzanne |date=September 19, 1977 |title=The Architectural Artifact |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jeMCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA19 |journal=New York Magazine |volume=10 |pages=46–47 |access-date=April 5, 2021 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040624/https://books.google.com/books?id=jeMCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA19 |url-status=live}}</ref> Within the office stories, the elevator shafts and emergency stairs are embedded in a service core at the center of each story.<ref name="Schmertz p. 111">{{harvnb|Schmertz|1978|ps=.|p=111}}</ref> The core is about {{convert|68|by|68|ft}}, while the floor space around the core is just less than {{convert|45|ft}} wide.<ref name="ENR p. 69" /> Overall, the Citigroup Center is made of {{convert|24000|ST|LT t}} of steel, two-fifths of the amount used in the [[Empire State Building]].<ref name="NYCL p. 9" /><ref name="Morgenstern p. 47">{{harvnb|Morgenstern|1995|ps=.|p=47}}</ref>

==== Stilts ====
The tower is supported by four stilts<ref name="Berenholtz Reynolds 1988 p." /> measuring approximately {{convert|112|ft}} high with a cross section of {{convert|24|by|24|ft}}.<ref name="AJ-1973-10" /><ref name="Stern (1995) p. 492" /><ref name="Schmertz p. 116" />{{efn|A ''New York Times'' article says that the columns are {{convert|114|ft}} high with a cross section of {{convert|22|by|22|ft}}.<ref name="nyt19771012" />}} The stilts are underneath the centers of each [[elevation (architecture)|elevation]] of the facade, and the building's corners are [[cantilever]]ed {{convert|72|ft}} outward from the core.<ref name="Morgenstern p. 46" /><ref name="AR p. 66" /><ref name="Nash 2005" /> According to Stanley Goldstein of LeMessurier's New York City office, stilts at the centers of each elevation would be able to withstand forces from "quartering winds" from the corners, compared to stilts at the corners. Additionally, the stilts allowed the building to have a smaller [[Foundation (engineering)|foundation]] than in a conventional building of similar size.<ref name="ENR p. 69" />

Each of the individual stilts is composed of four vertical beams; the outer pairs of beams are much heavier than the inner pairs.<ref name="AR p. 69" /><ref name="ENR p. 70">{{harvnb|Engineering News-Record|1976|ps=.|p=70}}</ref> This design prevents the stilt from buckling.<ref name="ENR p. 70" /> Inside the stilts are emergency stairs and mechanical ducts.<ref name="NYCL p. 9" /><ref name="AR p. 69">{{harvnb|Architectural Record|1976|ps=.|p=69}}</ref> In 2002, following the [[September 11 attacks]] the previous year, one of the stilts was reinforced with blast-resistant shields of steel and copper as well as steel bracing.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=O'Driscoll |first=Patrick |date=September 25, 2002 |title=High-rises remain vulnerable after 9/11 |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2002-09-25-high-rises-1acov_x.htm |access-date=April 11, 2010 |archive-date=September 14, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914145611/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2002-09-25-high-rises-1acov_x.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last1=Glanz |first1=James |last2=Lipton |first2=Eric |date=August 15, 2002 |title=A Midtown Skyscraper Quietly Adds Armor |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/15/nyregion/a-midtown-skyscraper-quietly-adds-armor.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006121639/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/15/nyregion/a-midtown-skyscraper-quietly-adds-armor.html |url-status=live}}</ref> There is also an octagonal elevator core in the middle of the building,<ref name="NYCL p. 8" /><ref name="Nash 2005" /><ref name="ENR p. 70" /> which measures {{convert|63|by|72|ft}}<ref name="ENR p. 70" /> and carries half of the building's gravity-related structural loads.<ref name="AR p. 69" /> Beneath the lowest office story, the core contains only elevators, and the emergency staircases are within the stilts.<ref name="ENR p. 70" />

==== Chevrons ====
Above the stilts, within the walls, are stacked load-bearing braces in the form of inverted [[Chevron (insignia)|chevrons]].<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 493" /><ref name="slate 2014">{{cite magazine |last=Werner |first=Joel |date=April 17, 2014 |title=The Design Flaw That Almost Wiped Out an NYC Skyscraper |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_eye/2014/04/17/the_citicorp_tower_design_flaw_that_could_have_wiped_out_the_skyscraper.html |access-date=April 17, 2014 |journal=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |archive-date=April 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417205602/http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_eye/2014/04/17/the_citicorp_tower_design_flaw_that_could_have_wiped_out_the_skyscraper.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Each elevation of the facade has six chevrons, which are eight stories tall.<ref name="Morgenstern p. 46" /><ref name="Nash 2005" /><ref name="AR p. 68" /> The wind loads from each eight-story tier are transferred into the center of the frame, where {{Convert|60|in|4=-wide|sp=us|adj=mid}} "mast column transports" extend the tower's entire height.<ref name="ENR p. 69" /><ref name="AR p. 68" /> The mast columns are {{convert|30|in}} deep at their bases, tapering to {{convert|18|in}} above the 40th floor. The diagonal beams in each chevron are {{convert|14|in}} deep and connect to spandrel panels at the top of each eight-story tier, which are {{convert|36|in}} deep.<ref name="ENR p. 69" /> The tops of each eight-story tier (where the diagonal beams meet the building's corners) do not have vertical columns, thus preventing wind loads from accumulating at the tower's corners.<ref name="Žaknić Smith Rice Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat p." />

The ninth story, the lowest level above the stilts, contains a trussed frame similar to those use in [[cantilever bridge]]s, where the wind loads are transferred downward into the stilts.<ref name="AR p. 68">{{harvnb|Architectural Record|1976|ps=.|p=68}}</ref><ref name="ENR pp. 69-70">{{harvnb|Engineering News-Record|1976|ps=.|pp=69–70}}</ref> This story is used as mechanical space.<ref name="ENR pp. 69-70" />

The chevrons are not visible from the exterior but can be seen from the offices inside;<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 493" /><ref name="AR p. 70">{{harvnb|Architectural Record|1976|ps=.|p=70}}</ref> this contrasted with structures such as Chicago's [[John Hancock Center]] in which the diagonal beams could be seen from the outside.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 493" /><ref name="Schmertz p. 115" /><ref name="nyt19760919" /> After Citicorp Center's completion, W. Easley Hammer said he thought it was a mistake to conceal the chevrons,<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 493" /> while LeMessurier said that Stubbins had rejected his idea for exposed chevrons.<ref name="Morgenstern p. 46" /><ref name="NYCL p. 9" /> The chevrons were originally bolted to each other with over two hundred joints.<ref name="NYCL p. 9" /><ref name="Morgenstern pp. 46-47">{{harvnb|Morgenstern|1995|ps=.|pp=46–47}}</ref> Following the [[Citicorp Center engineering crisis]] of 1978, workers installed {{Convert|2|in|4=-thick|sp=us|adj=mid}} steel plates over each joint.<ref name="NYCL p. 9" /><ref name="Morgenstern p. 50">{{harvnb|Morgenstern|1995|ps=.|p=50}}</ref>

=== Interior ===
[[File:CityCorp Center Manh lobby plaza jeh.JPG|thumb|Public lobby|alt=Interior of the tower's public lobby, which contains trees, tables, and chairs]]

The tower contains approximately {{convert|1.3|e6ft2}} of rentable space.<ref name="skyscraperCenter" /> The office annex to the east contains about {{convert|270000|ft2}} of space.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 493" /> According to the Department of City Planning, the building has a [[gross floor area]] of {{convert|1,654,020|ft2}},<ref name="ZoLa" /> while, according to [[The Skyscraper Center]], the building has {{convert|1,578,883|ft2}}.<ref name=skyscraperCenter />

==== Base ====
The Citigroup Center's main entrance lobby is at the middle of the Lexington Avenue frontage, across a footbridge that also provides entrance to St. Peter's Church. The main entrance consists of a double-height glass box, with steel ribs, that is {{convert|70|ft}} long. The lobby was constructed as part of a 2010 renovation.<ref name="Architect Magazine">{{cite web |title=601 Lexington Ave |url=https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/601-lexington-ave |access-date=April 6, 2021 |website=Architect |date=June 29, 2012 |archive-date=November 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119213037/https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/601-lexington-ave |url-status=live}}</ref>

There is a three-story shopping concourse at the base of the stilts, originally called the Market.<ref name="Berenholtz Reynolds 1988 p." /><ref name="newsday19780115" /><ref name="nyt19760604">{{Cite news |last=Ferretti |first=Fred |date=June 4, 1976 |title=Lexington Avenue Mall Being Planned as a U.N. of Food |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/06/04/archives/lexington-avenue-mall-being-planned-as-a-un-of-food-a-onestop.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908031527/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/06/04/archives/lexington-avenue-mall-being-planned-as-a-un-of-food-a-onestop.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The lowest level, corresponding to the lower lobby, includes a plant-filled atrium measuring {{convert|85|ft}} high, with a skylight measuring {{convert|90|by|100|ft}}.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 495" /><ref name="PA p. 57">{{harvnb|Progressive Architecture|1978|ps=.|p=57}}</ref> The corner of Third Avenue and 54th Street contained an entrance to the lowest level of the shopping concourse, while on 54th Street was an entrance to the second level.<ref name="PA p. 57" /> The storefronts were designed to blend in with the plaza and street, with similar floor surfaces and transparent exterior walls.<ref name="nyt19770821">{{Cite news |date=August 21, 1977 |title=Realty News |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/08/21/archives/realty-news-citicorp-tower-96-percent-rented.html |access-date=April 3, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040621/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/08/21/archives/realty-news-citicorp-tower-96-percent-rented.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Overall, the stores were intended as a commitment to the city, a corporate symbol, and a tourist attraction, according to one of Citicorp's vice presidents, Arthur E. Driscoll.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 493" /><ref name="nyt19760604" /> From 1987 to 2008, the bank presented a [[model train]] exhibition in the space each December.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 10, 2008 |title=Citi model train display comes to end of the line |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-citigroup-train-idUSTRE4B93KO20081210 |access-date=March 31, 2021 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040643/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-citigroup-train-idUSTRE4B93KO20081210 |url-status=live}}</ref> The shopping concourse was renamed The Shops at Citicorp Center in 1995,<ref name="nyt19950507">{{Cite news |date=May 7, 1995 |title=Postings: $15&nbsp;million Makeover Set for Retail Plaza; Citicorp Center Gets a Redesign |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/07/realestate/postings-15-million-makeover-set-for-retail-plaza-citicorp-center-gets-redesign.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526142350/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/07/realestate/postings-15-million-makeover-set-for-retail-plaza-citicorp-center-gets-redesign.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and it was known as the Atrium by 2016.<ref name="NYCL p. 14">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=14}}</ref>

==== Mechanical features ====
In the office stories, the elevators and stairs are clustered in a central core.<ref name="Schmertz p. 114" /> The building contains 20 [[double-deck elevator]]s,<ref name="wsj19740402" /><ref name="PA p. 34" />  which [[Otis Worldwide]] constructed for $7&nbsp;million.<ref name="wsj19740402" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 2, 1974 |title=In Short |pages=187 |work=New York Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75140669/in-short/ |access-date=April 5, 2021 |via=newspapers.com |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040620/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75140669/in-short/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Although each of the upper or lower decks serves only odd or even floors, visitors can travel between odd and even floors using escalators.<ref name="Mackay2010">{{cite book |last=Mackay |first=D.A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-gvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137 |title=The Building of Manhattan |publisher=Dover Publications |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-486-47317-8 |series=Dover Architecture |page=137 |access-date=December 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040622/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-gvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Each of the elevators consists of two standard elevator cabs that operate simultaneously in one shaft.<ref name="wsj19740402">{{cite news |date=April 2, 1974 |title=Otis Elevator Gets Order Of $7&nbsp;million From Citicorp |page=38 |work=The Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|133924177}}}}</ref><ref name="PA p. 34">{{harvnb|Progressive Architecture|1978|ps=.|p=34}}</ref> The elevators cost 25 percent more than standard elevators but allowed for a 24 percent reduction in the floor area taken up by elevators,<ref name="csm19751104">{{cite news |last=Ron |first=Scherer |date=November 4, 1975 |title=The ups and downs of elevator technology: Design emphasis on efficiency, good service |page=19 |work=The Christian Science Monitor |id={{ProQuest|511862879}}}}</ref> as twenty-six single-deck elevator shafts would have been required otherwise.<ref name="Stephens1977" /> The Citigroup Center's double-deck elevators were likely the first to be installed in New York City since 1932, when the [[70 Pine Street|Cities Service Building]] was completed.<ref name="NYCL p. 11" /><ref name="Stern (1995) p. 492" /> In total, the Citigroup Center has 38 elevators.<ref name=skyscraperCenter />

At Citicorp Center's completion, a "supermail" system delivered each tenant's mail. Incoming mail was sorted in the basement and transferred via lifts to each floor, where the mail was transported manually to fixed bins.<ref name="PA 1978-07">{{cite magazine |date=July 1978 |title=Office buildings |url=https://usmodernist.org/PA/PA-1978-07.pdf |journal=Progressive Architecture |volume=59 |issue=7 |pages=90 |access-date=April 6, 2021 |archive-date=August 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803204201/https://usmodernist.org/PA/PA-1978-07.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The building also contained 2,500 sensors to monitor the mechanical systems, such as [[Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning|HVAC]], lighting, electrical, sprinkler, life-safety, security, and elevator systems.<ref name="PA p. 34" /> The sloped roof houses mechanical equipment.<ref name="ENR p. 68" />

The building was intended to be energy-efficient compared to its contemporaries.<ref name="AJ-1973-10" /><ref name="nyt19771029" /><ref name="PA p. 34" /> Its water supply consisted entirely of cold water;<ref name="ENR p. 68" /> heat from the building's mechanical systems was recirculated to warm the water and the office spaces.<ref name="nyt19771029" /> The office spaces were cooled with outside air wherever it was practical.<ref name="nyt19771029" /> The fluorescent light bars in the ceiling, manufactured by Joseph Loring & Associates, were fitted with glass shields to spread artificial light across a wider area.<ref name="nyt19771029" /><ref name="PA p. 34" /> Even though the rooftop solar collectors were not installed, the other features were intended to reduce energy use by up to 42 percent, compared with a regular office building of the same size.<ref name="nyt19771012">{{Cite news |last=Goldberger |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Goldberger |date=October 12, 1977 |title=Citicorp's Center Reflects Synthesis of Architecture |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/10/12/archives/long-island-opinion-citicorps-center-reflects-synthesis-of.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721153203/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/10/12/archives/long-island-opinion-citicorps-center-reflects-synthesis-of.html |url-status=live}}</ref> During the summer, the building used a conventional air-conditioning system, offsetting any energy saved by the heat-deflecting facade.<ref name="Stephens1977" />

Citicorp Center was the city's first skyscraper to feature a [[tuned mass damper]].<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 493" /><ref name="Žaknić Smith Rice Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat p." /><ref name="AR p. 70" /> Located within the rooftop mechanical space, the TMD is designed to counteract swaying motions due to wind and reduces wind-related movement by up to fifty percent.<ref name="NYCL p. 9" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Greer |first=William R. |date=October 24, 1982 |title=Rx for Swaying Skyscrapers |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/10/24/realestate/rx-for-swaying-skyscrapers.html |access-date=July 25, 2009 |archive-date=September 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901142030/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/10/24/realestate/rx-for-swaying-skyscrapers.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Brady |first=Sean |date=December 8, 2015 |title=Citicorp Center Tower: how failure was averted |url=http://www.engineersjournal.ie/2015/12/08/citicorp-centre-tower-failure-averted/ |journal=Engineers Journal |access-date=December 10, 2018 |archive-date=December 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010639/http://www.engineersjournal.ie/2015/12/08/citicorp-centre-tower-failure-averted/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The equipment weighs {{convert|400|ST|LT t}} and includes a concrete block measuring {{convert|30|by|30|by|6|ft}}.<ref name="AISC1978" /><ref name="Stern (1995) p. 493" /><ref name="nyt19760919" /> The block sits on an oil-coated steel plate and has two spring mechanisms, one each to counteract north–south and east–west movement.<ref name="AR p. 70" /> The equipment cost around $1.5&nbsp;million to install.<ref name=Connor2003 /> By comparison, it would have cost $5&nbsp;million<ref name="AR p. 70" /> to reduce the tower's movement by adding {{convert|2800|ST|LT t}} of additional steel.<ref name=Connor2003>{{cite book |last=Connor |first=Jerome J. |title=Introduction to Structural Motion Control |publisher=Prentice Hall Pearson Education |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-13-009138-3 |pages=223 |chapter=Chapter 4: Tuned Mass Damper Systems |chapter-url=https://engineering.purdue.edu/~ce573/Documents/Intro%20to%20Structural%20Motion%20Control_Chapter4.pdf |access-date=April 11, 2017 |archive-date=April 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412062225/https://engineering.purdue.edu/~ce573/Documents/Intro%20to%20Structural%20Motion%20Control_Chapter4.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Impact ==

=== Reception ===
[[File:Citigroup Center 05.JPG|thumb|Close-up of the base|alt=Close-up of the base, looking toward the roof. One of the columns, as well as the structural core, are visible in the image.]]

As one of three office buildings approved in Manhattan during 1974, Citicorp Center received much media attention during its construction.<ref name="NYCL p. 13">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016|ps=.|p=13}}</ref> After the design was announced, the architectural writer [[Ada Louise Huxtable]] criticized the design in ''The New York Times'', saying that the tower "has neither romanticism nor structural rationalism but, instead, appears to have been painstakingly invented with a tortured logic through a series of pragmatic and esthetic compromises".<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 493" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Huxtable |first=Ada Louise |author-link=Ada Louise Huxtable |date=January 6, 1974 |title=The New Urban Image? Look Down, Not Up |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/06/archives/the-new-urban-image-look-down-not-up.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040701/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/06/archives/the-new-urban-image-look-down-not-up.html |url-status=live}}</ref> As the building was being completed, Huxtable took a less harsh tone, saying that it contained a "clear desire for design quality" despite the drawbacks of the form and roof.<ref name="NYCL p. 13" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Huxtable |first=Ada Louise |author-link=Ada Louise Huxtable |date=June 5, 1977 |title=Architecture View |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/06/05/archives/architecture-view-an-acrobatic-act-of-architecture-architecture.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602083458/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/06/05/archives/architecture-view-an-acrobatic-act-of-architecture-architecture.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A writer for the ''[[New York Daily News]]'' described the building as being a typical New York City office structure that would only attract notice if it were built elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reel |first=William |date=December 16, 1977 |title=East side, West side, all over town |pages=165 |work=New York Daily News |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75211909/east-side-west-side-all-over-town/ |access-date=April 6, 2021 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040713/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75211909/east-side-west-side-all-over-town/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' magazine writer, Suzanne Stephens, stated that the building was simply a modified version of a 1950s skyscraper,<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 493" /><ref name="Stephens1977" /> considering the rooftop and base to be wasteful with space.<ref name="Stephens1977" />

After the building's completion, it had mixed reception. The architectural critic [[Paul Goldberger]] wrote for ''The New York Times'' that the roof was unusual and that the building had a reflective facade and a varied form, but that the overall design was not particularly innovative.<ref name="nyt19771012" /> Another architectural critic, Jack Egan, similarly wrote for ''[[The Washington Post]]'' that the building had distinctive design features but did not appeal to either nostalgia or novel innovation.<ref name="wp19771015" /> Huxtable regarded the plaza as an architectural success but observed in January 1978 that very few people used it.<ref name="nyt19780126" /> [[August Heckscher II]], a former New York City parks commissioner, described the interior as "an amenity in which we can all rejoice".<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 495" /><ref name="NYCL p. 14" /><ref name="nyt19771222">{{Cite news |last=Heckscher |first=August |date=December 22, 1977 |title=Design Notebook; |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/22/archives/westchester-opinion-design-notebook.html |access-date=April 6, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040702/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/22/archives/westchester-opinion-design-notebook.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Nevertheless, Heckscher believed the atrium's silver cladding and light fixtures to be unwelcoming and suggestive of the indoors,<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 495" /><ref name="nyt19771222" /> and Stephens said that the benefits of the atrium did not transcend class boundaries.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 495" /><ref>{{harvnb|Progressive Architecture|1978|ps=.|pp=54, 58}}</ref>

Other critics described Citicorp Center in a largely positive light. The historian and writer [[John Tauranac]] described the tower as the "most dramatic new skyscraper" in New York City since the completion of [[30 Rockefeller Plaza]] several decades prior.<ref name="NYCL p. 13" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tauranac |first=John |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4494970 |title=Essential New York: a guide to the history and architecture of Manhattan's important buildings, parks, and bridges |date=1979 |publisher=Holt, Rinehart, and Winston |isbn=978-0-03-042626-1 |location=New York |language=English |oclc=4494970 |access-date=April 5, 2021 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040730/https://www.worldcat.org/title/essential-new-york-a-guide-to-the-history-and-architecture-of-manhattans-important-buildings-parks-and-bridges/oclc/4494970 |url-status=live}}</ref> The architect and writer [[Robert A. M. Stern]] said Citicorp Center was the summation of the "unique architectural and urbanistic character that made Fifty-third Street at once an enclave within midtown and a microcosm of midtown itself".<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 490" /> The urbanist and sociologist [[William H. Whyte]] spoke positively of the structure for its juxtaposition of design elements, such as the exterior plaza and sidewalk.<ref name="NYCL p. 11" /> The building was also praised by publications outside the New York City area.<ref name="NYCL p. 13" /> ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]'' described the building as being simultaneously sophisticated and simple-looking,<ref name="sun19790624" /> while ''[[The Observer]]'' of London wrote that the building was a "unique contribution" to the skyline of Manhattan's East Side.<ref name="NYCL p. 13" />

=== Awards and use as icon ===
Upon Citicorp Center's completion, it received several architectural awards. In 1978, the [[City Club of New York]] gave the building a Bard Award, which recognized "excellence in architecture and urban design".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goldberger |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Goldberger |date=June 6, 1978 |title=Diversity Marks Architecture Awards |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/06/06/archives/new-jersey-pages-diversity-marks-architecture-awards-no-longer-a.html |access-date=April 6, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040705/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/06/06/archives/new-jersey-pages-diversity-marks-architecture-awards-no-longer-a.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The same year, the [[American Institute of Steel Construction]] gave its Architectural Award of Excellence to Citicorp for the building's design.<ref name="AISC1978" /><ref name="NYCL p. 13" /> The [[American Institute of Architects]] (AIA) gave Citicorp an Honor Award in 1979,<ref name="Emporis" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Goldberger |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Goldberger |date=April 29, 1979 |title=A.I.A. Prizes Go to the Grand and the Modest |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/04/29/archives/aia-prizes-go-to-the-grand-and-the-modest-aia-prizes-go-to-the.html |access-date=April 6, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040719/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/04/29/archives/aia-prizes-go-to-the-grand-and-the-modest-aia-prizes-go-to-the.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and Hugh Stubbins and Associates received the AIA's R.S. Reynolds Memorial Award in 1981 for using aluminum in Citicorp Center's design.<ref name="AR 1981-07">{{cite magazine |title=The 25th R.S. Reynolds Memorial Award was presented to Hugh Stubbins and Associates, Inc. |url=https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1981-07.pdf |journal=Architectural Record |volume=63 |issue=7 |pages=33 |date= |access-date=April 6, 2021 |archive-date=August 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803211510/https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1981-07.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 31, 1981 |title=Citicorp Center Honored for Its Use of Aluminum |page=I16 |work=Los Angeles Times |id={{ProQuest|152788273}}}}</ref> The AIA's 2007 survey ''[[America's Favorite Architecture|List of America's Favorite Architecture]]'' ranked the Citigroup Center among the top 150 buildings in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|website=FavoriteArchitecture.org|publisher=AIA|url=http://favoritearchitecture.org/afa150.php|title=List of America's Favorite Architecture|year=2007|access-date=September 27, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510113118/http://favoritearchitecture.org/afa150.php|archive-date=May 10, 2011}}</ref><ref name="nyt-2007-05-27">{{Cite news |last=Kugel |first=Seth |date=2007-05-27 |title=The List: 33 Architectural Favorites in New York |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/27/travel/27Bweekend.html |access-date=2023-01-20 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120163218/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/27/travel/27Bweekend.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The sloped roof of the building has been used for branding purposes. For instance, it is included on the label of [[Chock full o'Nuts]] coffee.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/19/nyregion/lost-towers-reflected-in-a-can.html |title=Lost Towers, Reflected in a Can |last=Barron |first=James |author-link=James Barron (journalist) |date=June 19, 2004 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=July 24, 2017 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=December 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010104/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/19/nyregion/lost-towers-reflected-in-a-can.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, the top left corner of the first "M" in [[Manhattan Mini Storage]]'s logo was sloped to resemble the Citigroup Center's roof.<ref name="Anderson 2012">{{cite web |last=Anderson |first=L.V. |date=September 11, 2012 |title=In These Company Logos, the Twin Towers Still Stand |url=https://slate.com/culture/2012/09/twin-towers-in-company-logos-why-some-businesses-have-kept-the-world-trade-center-buildings-after-11-years.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |website=Slate |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411040631/https://slate.com/culture/2012/09/twin-towers-in-company-logos-why-some-businesses-have-kept-the-world-trade-center-buildings-after-11-years.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Architecture|New York City}}
* [[List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in New York City]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in the United States]]
* [[List of tallest freestanding steel structures]]

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
* {{cite magazine |date=December 1978 |title=At the core of the Apple |url=https://usmodernist.org/PA/PA-1978-12.pdf |journal=Progressive Architecture |volume=59 |issue=12 |pages=54–58, 106 |ref={{harvid|Progressive Architecture|1978}}}}
* {{cite magazine |last= |first= |date=August 1978 |title=At New York's Citicorp Center, a structure of masterly invention underlies the urbane face of a skyscraper in the grand manner |url=https://www.lemessurier.com/sites/default/files/publications/_Citicorp%20ArchRecord%20Aug1976-forweb.pdf |journal=Architectural Record |volume=159 |issue=E3 |pages=66–71 |ref={{harvid|Architectural Record|1976}} |access-date=April 5, 2021 |archive-date=July 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724202812/https://www.lemessurier.com/sites/default/files/publications/_Citicorp%20ArchRecord%20Aug1976-forweb.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite magazine |last=Hellman |first=Peter |date=February 24, 1974 |title=How They Assembled the Most Expensive Block in New York's History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AKLMSS7yJCgC&pg=PA3 |journal=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |volume=31 |pages=31–37}}
* {{cite magazine |date=June 24, 1976 |title=Legs centered under each face carry diagonally braced tower |url=https://www.lemessurier.com/sites/default/files/publications/CiticorpLegsCentered%20ENR%20Jun1976.pdf |journal=Engineering News-Record |pages=68–70 |ref={{harvid|Engineering News-Record|1976}} |access-date=December 13, 2024 |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104062301/https://www.lemessurier.com/sites/default/files/publications/CiticorpLegsCentered%20ENR%20Jun1976.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Morgenstern |first=Joseph |date=May 25, 1995 |title=The Fifty-Nine-Story Crisis |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1995/05/29/the-fifty-nine-story-crisis |magazine=The New Yorker |pages=45–53}}
* {{cite report |url=https://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2582.pdf |title=Citicorp Center |last=Postal |first=Matthew A. |date=December 6, 2016 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |ref={{harvid|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2016}}}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Schmertz |first=Mildred F. |date=June 1978 |title=Citicorp Center: If You Don't Like the Crown Look At Its Base |url=https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1978-06.pdf |journal=Architectural Record |volume=163 |issue=7}}
* {{Cite New York 1960|pages=490–496}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Citigroup Center}}
* {{official website|https://www.bxp.com/properties/601-lexington-avenue}}

{{Midtown North, Manhattan}}
{{Midtown East, Manhattan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1977 establishments in New York City]]
[[Category:Bank buildings in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Citigroup buildings]]
[[Category:Emery Roth buildings]]
[[Category:Lexington Avenue]]
[[Category:Midtown Manhattan]]
[[Category:New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Office buildings completed in 1977]]
[[Category:Privately owned public spaces]]
[[Category:Skyscraper office buildings in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Third Avenue]]