View source for Chunkey

{{Short description|Native American game}}
[[File:Chunkeyplayer painting HRoe 2006.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Illustration of a chunkey player (left) based on an ancient [[Mississippian culture|Mississippian]] gorget design (upper-right). The disk (lower-right) which could be carried in hand is not to scale.  (Artist [[Herb Roe]])]]
'''Chunkey''' (also known as '''chunky''', '''chenco''',  '''tchung-kee''' or the '''hoop and stick game'''<ref name="sierracanyon.pvt.k12.ca.us">{{cite web | url = http://www.sierracanyon.pvt.k12.ca.us/school/chumash/games.html | title = Chumash Indians-Sports and Recreation | access-date = 2008-09-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070509033248/http://www.sierracanyon.pvt.k12.ca.us/school/chumash/games.html | archive-date = 2007-05-09 | url-status = dead }}</ref>)  is a [[game]] of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] origin. It was played by rolling disc-shaped stones across the ground and throwing spears at them in an attempt to land the spear as close to the stopped stone as possible. It originated around 600 CE in the [[Cahokia]] region of what is now the [[United States]] (near modern [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], [[Missouri]]). Chunkey was played in huge arenas as large as 47 acres (19 ha) that housed great audiences designed to bring people of the region together (i.e. Cahokians, farmers, immigrants, and even visitors).<ref name="Pauketat 2004">{{cite book |  last = Pauketat | first = Timothy R.|  title = [[Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians]]| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | year = 2004 |  isbn = 0-521-52066-5 |  author-link = Timothy Pauketat}}</ref> Cahokians spread chunkey and other aspects of their culture into the South and Great Plains. They likely used this sport and the threat of force to enforce a region-wide peace, termed the "Pax Cahokiana".<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Pauketat |first1=Timothy R. |author-link = Timothy Pauketat |title=America's First Pastime |url=https://archive.archaeology.org/0909/abstracts/pastime.html |magazine=Archaeology |volume=62 |issue=5 |date=September–October 2009  |publisher=Archaeological Institute of America }}</ref> It continued to be played after the fall of the [[Mississippian culture]] around 1500 CE. Variations were played throughout [[North America]]. Early ethnographer [[James Adair (historian)|James Adair]] translated the name to mean "running hard labor".<ref name="Pauketat 2004"/> [[Gambling]] was frequently connected with the game, with some players wagering everything they owned on the outcome of the game. Losers were even known to commit suicide.<ref name="Pauketat 2004"/><ref>''[https://archive.org/details/GR_10 History of the American Indians]'' by [[James Adair (historian)|James Adair]].</ref>

==Graphic representation==
[[File:chromesun digital chunkeyplayer 01.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Chunkey player design taken from an engraved [[shell gorget]], showing motifs]]
The [[Southeastern Ceremonial Complex#Birdman|falcon dancer/warrior/chunkey player]] was an important mythological figure from the [[Southeastern Ceremonial Complex]]. Many different representations of the theme have been found all over the American Southeast and Midwest. Throughout the many different centuries of its portrayal, certain distinct motifs are repeated:
*''stance'' – Many graphic representations of the chunkey player show the participant in the act of tossing the stone roller.<ref name="University of Texas Press">{{cite book |editor=F. Kent Reilly |editor2=James Garber |title=[[Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms]] |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |year=2004 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ancientobjectssa0000unse/page/56 56–106] |isbn=978-0-292-71347-5 }}</ref>
*''broken stick'' – The chunkey stick is usually shown as a stripped stick, almost always broken. In the mythological cycle, this may signify that the game is over, if not defeat itself. Chunkey sticks are usually not found in archaeological excavations, although a copper sheath found next to chunkey stones at Cahokias Mound 72 may be an exception.<ref name="University of Texas Press" />
*''pillbox hat'' – A cylindral shaped hat composed of unknown materials, only seen on chunkey players.
*''heart/bellows shaped apron'' – Archaeologists theorize that this may be the graphic representation of a human scalp attached to the belt of the figure. This motif seems to echo the beaded forelock, hair style (head shaved except for top-knot) and other attachments (shell, stone and copper ornaments) usually worn by mythological figures on their heads.<ref name="University of Texas Press" />
*''Mangum Flounce'' – An oddly shaped motif consisting of looping lines hanging above and below the belt of the chunkey player. Named for a [[Mississippian copper plate]] found at the [[Mangum Mound Site]] in [[Claiborne County, Mississippi]] which includes the motif.

Although the figure described as the falcon dancer/warrior/chunkey player is not always shown in the act of playing chunkey, the placing of many of the motifs helps identify them as the same figure. Some motifs usually associated with the figure, such as the scalp, severed heads, broken chunkey sticks, and the ethnohistoric record associating it with gambling, seem to indicate the seriousness of the game. The price of defeat in the mythological record may have been the forfeiture of one's life and head.<ref name="University of Texas Press" />

==Post-European contact==
[[File:Catlin Tchung-kee, a Mandan Game Played with a Ring and Pole 01.jpg|thumb|300px|left|"Tchung-kee, a Mandan Game Played with a Ring and Pole" by artist [[George Catlin]]]]
Many Native Americans continued playing the chunkey game long after European contact, including the [[Muscogee]] (Creeks), [[Chickasaw]], [[Choctaw]], and the [[Mandan]]s, as witnessed by the artist [[George Catlin]] in 1832,
{{cquote|''The game of Tchung-kee [is] a beautiful athletic exercise, which the Mandan seem to be almost unceasingly practicing whilst the weather is fair, and they have nothing else of moment to demand their attention. This game is decidedly their favourite amusement, and is played near to the village on a pavement of clay, which has been used for that purpose until it has become as smooth and hard as a floor. ... The play commences with two (one from each party), who start off upon a trot, abreast of each other, and one of them rolls in advance of them, on the pavement, a little ring of two or three inches in diameter, cut out of a stone; and each one follows it up with his 'tchung-kee' (a stick of six feet in length, with little bits of leather projecting from its sides of an inch or more in length), which he throws before him as he runs, sliding it along upon the ground after the ring, endeavouring to place it in such a position when it stops, that the ring may fall upon it, and receive one of the little projections of leather through it.''|20px|20px|''George Catlin, 1832''<ref>{{cite book |author-link=George Catlin|last=Catlin|first=George |title=Letters and Notes, vol. 1, no. 19|orig-year=1841|year=1973}}</ref>}}

In the early colonial era, it was still the most popular game among American Indians of the Southeast.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Charles M. Hudson (author)|first=Charles M.|last=Hudson |title=The Southeastern Indians|year=1976 |page=421}}</ref> Muscogee chunkey yards were a large carefully cleared and leveled area, surrounded by embankments on either side, with a pole in the center, and possibly two more at either end. The poles were used for playing another indigenous game – [[Indigenous North American stickball|stickball]].<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Charles M. Hudson (author)|first=Charles M.|last=Hudson |title=The Southeastern Indians|year=1976 |pages=220–222}}</ref> The stones, valuable objects in themselves, were owned by the town or clans, not by individuals, and would be carefully preserved.
* [[Cherokee]]s scored their game in terms of how close the stone was to certain marks on the chunkey stick.
* Chickasaws scored their game with a point for the person nearest the disc, two if it was touching the disc.
* Choctaws played their game on a yard {{convert|12|ft|m}} wide by {{convert|100|ft|m}} in length. Poles were made of [[hickory]] wood, with four notches on the front end, one in the middle, and two at the other end. The score depended on which set of notches was closest to the disc. The game ended when a player had reached twelve points.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Chunkey player figurine.jpg|Chunkey player [[Mississippian stone statuary|flint clay figurine]] from [[Cahokia]]
File:Stone discoidals Winterville HRoe 2010.jpg|Stone discoidals found at the [[Plaquemine Mississippian]] [[Winterville site]]
File:Stone discoidals SOMACC HRoe 2010.jpg|Discoidals found at [[Fort Ancient]] sites on display at the Southern Ohio Museum and Cultural Center in [[Portsmouth, Ohio]]
File:Mississippi Pipe bowl chunkey player EthnM.jpg|Effigy pipe from [[Fulton County, Georgia]]
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Hoop rolling]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* [[Charles M. Hudson (author)|Hudson, Charles M.]], " The Southeastern Indians",   [[University of Tennessee]] Press, 1976. {{ISBN|0-87049-248-9}}
* [[Timothy Pauketat|Pauketat, Timothy R.]]; Loren, Diana DiPaolo (Ed.) (December 1, 2004) ''North American Archaeology''. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. {{ISBN|0-631-23184-6}}.
*{{cite journal |last1=DeBoer |first1=Warren R. |title=Like a Rolling Stone: The Chunkey Game and Political Organization in Eastern North America |journal=Southeastern Archaeology |date=1993 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=83–92 |jstor=40712999 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Yancey-Bailey |first1=Miranda L. |last2=Koldehoff |first2=Brad |title=Rolling Icons: Engraved Cahokia-style Chunkey Stones |journal=Illinois Archaeology |date=2010 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=491–501 }}
*{{cite thesis |last1=Gregory |first1=Anne |title=Chunkey, Cahokia, and Indigenous Conflict Resolution |date=24 September 2020 |hdl=1794/25664 |hdl-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|89638697}} |last1=Kountz |first1=David |title=Mound-Builders' Pipe and Chunkey Stone |journal=The American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal |volume=13 |issue=6 |date=November 1891 |page=350 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanantiqua35peetgoog/page/n376/mode/1up }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Pauketat |first1=Timothy R. |title=America's First Pastime |journal=Archaeology Magazine |date=2009 |volume=62 |issue=5 |url=https://archive.archaeology.org/0909/abstracts/pastime.html }}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://americanart.si.edu/search/artist_bio.cfm?StartRow=1&ID=782&skip=1&CFID=17541424&CFTOKEN=665251c513bd46ce-07AC70B9-9818-DF64-4DC76B4F91A3D2D1|George Catlin at the Smithsonian]

{{Mississippian and related cultures}}
{{Pre-Columbian North America}}

[[Category:Mississippian culture]]
[[Category:Native American sports and games]]
[[Category:Ancient sports]]
[[Category:Throwing sports]]