View source for Chipknip

{{Short description|Defunct Dutch stored-value payment card}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox electronic payment
|name= Chipknip
|generation=
|variant_1=<!-- up to | variant_5 = -->
|sales_location1=<!-- up to | sales_location5 = -->
|service_1=<!-- up to | service_12 = -->
|unlimited_use=
|automatic_recharge=
|credit_expiry=
|stored_value=
|minimum_credit=
|maximum_credit=500 of both currencies 
|currency=[[Dutch guilder|Guilder]], replaced by the [[Euro]] in 2001
|manager=
|operator={{Plainlist|
*[[Interpay]] (October 1995 – May 2005) 
* [[Currence]] and their licensees (May 2005 – December 2014)
}}
|technology_3=
|image=[[File:Chipknip logo.svg|250px]] [[File:Chipknip.jpg|250px]]
|technology_2=
|technology_1=
|discontinued=1 January 2015
|launched=26 October 1995
|location=The [[Netherlands]]
|othername_3=
|othername_2=
|othername_1=
|shortname=
|longname=
|native_name=
|logo=
|caption="Oplaadpunt" (English: Upload point) for the Chipknip and Chipper where money could be deposited onto the card or withdrawn back to the [[bank account]]. Chipper was initially an incompatible alternative, but became a differently branded Chipknip after 2001.
|homepage= {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216062937/http://www.chipknip.nl/Pages/default.aspx|date=16 February 2012|title=chipknip.nl}}
}}
'''Chipknip''' (a [[portmanteau]] of ''[[Smart card|chip card]]'' and ''knip'', Dutch for [[coin purse|purse]]) was a [[Stored-value card|stored-value payment card]] system used in the [[Netherlands]]. Based on the Belgian [[Proton (debit card)|Proton]] system, it was started by [[Interpay]] on 26 October 1995, as a [[Pilot experiment|pilot project]] in the city of [[Arnhem]] and a year later rolled out countrywide. Chipknip was taken over by [[Currence]] due to a [[restructuring]] on 17 May 2005, who managed it with their licensees until its discontinuation on 1 January 2015. The Chipknip was primarily used for small retail transactions, as the card could contain a maximum value of 500 euros. The money needed to be transferred from a card holders main bank account using a loading station which were generally located next to [[Automated teller machine|ATMs]].

In 1996, The [[Postbank N.V.|Postbank]] left the Chipknip project and started the Chipper project with other organisations such as [[PTT Telecom]] to compete with the Chipknip until 2001, when it merged into the Chipknip system.

Its peak was in 2010, when a total of 178 million transactions were made. Since its discontinuation, [[contactless payment]]s without pin code for small transactions using [[Maestro (debit card)|Maestro]] or [[V Pay]] have largely become the norm.

== Background ==
In the early years of the [[PIN (debit card)|PIN]] system, consumers were advised to pay small amounts with cash money and big amounts with PIN. Later, the cash was replaced by the Chipknip.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kleinnijenhuis|first=Jan|author-link=:nl:Jan Kleinnijenhuis|date=2007-07-09|title=Supermarkten weren contanten|url=https://www.trouw.nl/gs-bf6ce8b3|access-date=2021-12-22|website=[[Trouw]]|language=nl-NL}}</ref>

=== Proton ===
The [[Proton (bank card)|Proton]] system was designed by [[Banksys]] in 1994. It was licensed to banks in Switzerland, The Netherlands, Brazil, Australia, Sweden and Canada for their programs but used a different name for each of them. [[American Express]] got a worldwide license.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fancher|first=C.H.|date=February 1997|title=In your pocket: smartcards|journal=IEEE Spectrum|volume=34|issue=2|pages=47–53|doi=10.1109/6.570830|issn=1939-9340|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/570830|access-date=28 February 2022|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113192400/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/570830/|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Banksys invested around 1 billion [[Belgian franc|francs]] in the development of Proton, which had paid off.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=1998-08-01 |title=Proton wil wereldwijd de beste zijn |url=https://www.demorgen.be/gs-bf99248d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228151036/https://myprivacy.dpgmedia.be/consent?siteKey=6OfBU0sZ5RFXpOOK&callbackUrl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.demorgen.be%2fprivacy-wall%2faccept%3fredirectUri%3d%252fgs-bf99248d |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=2022-01-13 |website=De Morgen |language=nl-NL}}</ref> Interpay avoided a significant investment by licensing the Proton system developed by Banksys.<ref>Riad A. Ajami, p 450</ref> The Proton architecture is largely inspired by [[European Standard|EN]] 1546, but the Proton [[Proprietary protocol|protocol is proprietary]].<ref name=":8">Sherif, Mostafa</ref>

=== Legal ===
[[File:History of Dutch payment organisations.svg|thumb|right|Various mergers and a split-off have taken place in the Dutch payment industry]]
BeaNet was founded in December 1988.<ref>{{Cite news |title=BeaNet beschuldigd van monopolisering Banken richten bedrijf op voor elektronisch betalen |url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/1988/12/20/beanet-beschuldigd-van-monopolisering-banken-richten-bedrijf-op-voor-elektronisch-betalen-kb_000030013-a3605487 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112205928/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/1988/12/20/beanet-beschuldigd-van-monopolisering-banken-richten-bedrijf-op-voor-elektronisch-betalen-kb_000030013-a3605487 |archive-date=12 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=NRC |date=20 December 1988 |language=nl}}</ref> On 1 July 1993, a merger between {{Interlanguage link|Bankgirocentrale|nl|Bankgirocentrale}}, [[BeaNet]] and [[Eurocard (payment card)|Eurocard]] Nederland was announced,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fusie tussen BGC, BeaNet en Eurocard |url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/1993/07/02/fusie-tussen-bgc-beanet-en-eurocard-7188093-a1002078 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223165537/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/1993/07/02/fusie-tussen-bgc-beanet-en-eurocard-7188093-a1002078 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=2021-12-23 |website=[[NRC Handelsblad]] |date=2 July 1993 |language=nl}}</ref> which formed Interpay B.V. in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |last=van Steenis |first=Hein |title=De haken en ogen van smartcard-beveiliging |url=https://www.computable.nl/artikel/achtergrond/beheer/1353609/1444691/de-haken-en-ogen-van-smartcard-beveiliging.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223161638/https://www.computable.nl/artikel/achtergrond/beheer/1353609/1444691/de-haken-en-ogen-van-smartcard-beveiliging.html |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=2021-12-23 |website={{Interlanguage link|Computable (magazine)|nl|3=Computable}} |date=27 June 1996 |language=NL}}</ref>{{Plain image with caption|align=right|File:Currence legal structure.svg|Chipknip B.V. is a daughter company of the Currence Holding B.V. company}}
Every payment product of Currence is put in a separate [[besloten vennootschap]] company. They are all owners of the trademarks, copyrights and other properties. These companies are contract parties with license and certification holders and are responsible for providing a licenses to other companies.<ref name=":9" /><ref>Loos, Eugéne</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=de Rooy |first=R. E. |date=5 April 1996 |title=De chipknip: een (juridische) verkenning |url=http://tools.kluwer.nl/tool/productinfo/nederlands_juristenblad_pdf/202_1996/032_nummer_14 |url-status=live |journal={{Interlanguage link|Nederlands Juristenblad|nl|3=Nederlands Juristenblad}} |publisher=[[Wolters Kluwer]] |issue=14 |pages=509–513 |issn=0165-0483 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223110316/https://tools.kluwer.nl/tool/productinfo/nederlands_juristenblad_pdf/202_1996/032_nummer_14 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref>

== Characteristics ==
The Chipknip was a [[debit card]] that did not require a pin code for payments. For depositing money onto the card, it did require a pin code. A maximum of 500 guilders or euros could be deposited onto the card.

A Chipknip transactions takes around 2 to 3 seconds.<ref name=":8" />

In Phase I, the card manufacturer was CP8 Transac, a division of [[Groupe Bull]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |title=The International Smart Card Industry Guide 1997 / 98 |publisher=Smart Card News Ltd |citeseerx=10.1.1.201.6882}}</ref> In June 1996, the choice for the CC1000 chips by Bull Benelux was made.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1996-06-01 |title=Bull Benelux levert kaarten voor chipknip |url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/gs-be8e29a1 |access-date=2022-01-24 |website=de Volkskrant |language=nl-NL}}</ref> In Phase II, the national roll-out starting in 1996, the card was manufactured by CP8 [[Oberthur Technologies]] and [[Philips]]. From Phase III and onwards it was developed by CP8 Oberthur Technologies and [[De La Rue|De La Rue Card Technology]]. It was based on the Belgian system named [[Proton (bank card)|Proton]]. It was compatible with multiple suppliers of readers and terminals: {{Interlanguage link|CCV Group|nl|CCV Groep}}, Certec, DateInet, [[Getronics]], ICL, [[NCR Corporation|NCR]], QE and Taxameter. In Phase I and II, it used the ST16601 chip by [[SGS-Thomson]] which had 1 kilobyte [[EEPROM]]. In Phase III, it used the ST16F48 by the same company which had an 8 kilobyte [[EEPROM]].<ref name=":5" /> The ST16 series is based on the [[Motorola 6800 family|Motorola 6805]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=A Cautionary Note Regarding Evaluation of AES Candidates on Smart-Cards |url=https://csrc.nist.rip/encryption/aes/round1/conf2/papers/chari.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Second AES Candidate Conference |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111091657/https://csrc.nist.rip/encryption/aes/round1/conf2/papers/chari.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |via=[[NIST]]}}</ref> The ST16F48 uses an [[8-bit computing|8-bit micro-architecture]] and has serial access which is compatible with [[ISO 7816]]. The [[CMOS]]-based [[Semiconductor device fabrication|semiconductor is manufactured]] using the 1 [[Micrometre|micrometer]] process. The development for the chip is done using the ST16XYZ-EMU development system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ST16XYZ datasheet |url=https://datasheet.datasheetarchive.com/originals/distributors/Datasheets-112/DSAP0050764.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224124509/https://datasheet.datasheetarchive.com/originals/distributors/Datasheets-112/DSAP0050764.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2021 |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=Datasheet Archive}}</ref> The Chipknip network was based on the [[X.25]] protocol.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=van Kampen |first=Anouk |title=Even chippen, zo gepiept? Nog een half jaar en dan kan het niet meer |url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2014/06/30/even-chippen-zo-gepiept-nog-een-half-jaar-en-dan-kan-het-niet-meer-a1501155 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107200619/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2014/06/30/even-chippen-zo-gepiept-nog-een-half-jaar-en-dan-kan-het-niet-meer-a1501155 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=[[NRC Handelsblad]] |date=30 June 2014 |language=nl}}</ref> It made use of the [[Data Encryption Standard]] and the [[Triple DES]] with [[RSA (cryptosystem)|RSA]] using a [[secure access module]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Euro in the Electronic Purse |url=https://www.it.uc3m.es/~celeste/docencia/emaster/e-cash.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222162640/https://www.it.uc3m.es/~celeste/docencia/emaster/e-cash.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref> In 2011, Currence published about the rise of [[Skimming (fraud)|skimming]] with the Chipknip. Skimmers modified the device in such a way that information from the card could be read. Countermeasures were taken, such as front pieces in the ATM.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Skimmers richten zich op chipknip |url=https://nos.nl/l/241449 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228151052/https://nos.nl/artikel/241449-skimmers-richten-zich-op-chipknip |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=2021-12-23 |website=[[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting|NOS]] |date=18 May 2011 |language=nl}}</ref> In July of that year, Currence stated that the skimming was reduced to zero.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chipknipoplaadpunten beschermd tegen skimmen |url=https://www.bnr.nl/feeds/anp/10269554/chipknipoplaadpunten-beschermd-tegen-skimmen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109145334/https://www.bnr.nl/feeds/anp/10269554/chipknipoplaadpunten-beschermd-tegen-skimmen |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-09 |website=[[BNR Nieuwsradio]]}}</ref>

The Chipper chip was manufactured by [[IBM]] and [[Schlumberger]] (of which the smart card spin-off Axalto later merged with [[Gemalto]]). It used the STM 16SF48 with 16KB of ROM, 1088 bytes RAM and 8KB of EEPROM. It used [[Triple DES]] for security.<ref name=":1" />

== History ==
{{image frame
|content={{Graph:Chart
 |xAxisTitle=Year
 |width=250
 |height=150
 |yAxisTitle=Transactions in millions
 |xAxisAngle=-60
 |type=rect
 |x=1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013
 |y=0.2, 2.3, 1.8, 2.1, 2.4, 2.9, 11.9, 15.0, 18.0, 20.6, 23.0, 25.1, 25.5, 27.1, 27.4, 25.8, 21.8, 17.1
 |showValues=offset:4
 }}
|caption=Chipknip loading transactions<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.currence.nl/Downloads/Ck_3.Chipknipladingen_per_jaar.pdf |title=Chipknip ladingen per jaar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012114606/http://www.currence.nl/Downloads/Ck_3.Chipknipladingen_per_jaar.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|border=no
}}
{{image frame
|content={{Graph:Chart
 |xAxisTitle=Year
 |width=250
 |height=150
 |yAxisTitle=Amount per month per year in Euros
 |xAxisAngle=-60
 |type=rect
 |x=1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012
 |y=36.21,30.56,29.33,24.82,23.42,22.45,22.81,21.27,20.75,20.31,20.10,20.05,19.53,19.00,18.39,17.32,16.71
 |showValues=offset:4
 }}
|caption=Chipknip loading amount<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.currence.nl/Downloads/Ck_4.Chipknip_gem._laadbedr._per_jaar.pdf |title=Laadbedrag per jaar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012102811/http://www.currence.nl/Downloads/Ck_4.Chipknip_gem._laadbedr._per_jaar.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|border=no
}}
{{image frame
|content={{Graph:Chart
 |xAxisTitle=Year
 |yAxisTitle=Transactions in millions
 |width=250
 |height=150
 |xAxisAngle=-60
 |type=rect
 |x=1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013
 |y=0.8,6.2,8.8,13.3,16.8,21.8,81.1,109.2,127.3,146.9,164.4,174.8,176.1,177.0,178.3,171.7,148.2,121.0
 |showValues=offset:4
 }}
|caption=Chipknip payment transactions<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.currence.nl/Downloads/Ck_1.Chipknipbetalingen_per_jaar.pdf |title=Chipknipbetaaltransacties |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328082449/http://www.currence.nl/Downloads/Ck_1.Chipknipbetalingen_per_jaar.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|border=no
}}
{{image frame
|content={{Graph:Chart
 |xAxisTitle=Year
 |yAxisTitle=Payment amount monthly average
 |width=250
 |height=150
 |xAxisAngle=-60
 |type=rect
 |x=1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012
 |y=6.81,8.08,6.64,4.04,3.19,2.78,2.71,2.73,2.76,2.72,2.68,2.73,2.74,2.71,2.61,2.50,2.32
 |showValues=offset:4
 }}
|caption=Chipknip payment amount<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.currence.nl/Downloads/Ck_2.Chipknip_gem._bet._bedr._per_jaar.pdf |title=Gemiddeld Chipknipbetaalbedrag per maand per jaar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012115452/http://www.currence.nl/Downloads/Ck_2.Chipknip_gem._bet._bedr._per_jaar.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|border=no
}}

=== 1995-1996: Pilot in Arnhem ===
[[File:U_kunt_hier_pinnen_+_chippen_sign,_Winschoten_(2020)_02.jpg|thumb|left|Sign outside of a merchant, stating "U kunt hier pinnen + chippen", loosely translated as "You can use pin and chip here"]]
The Chipknip started as a [[Pilot experiment|pilot project]] by [[Interpay]] in the city of [[Arnhem]] on 26 October 1995.

[[Wim Duisenberg]], then president of [[De Nederlandsche Bank]] which is the [[central bank]] of The Netherlands called the Chipknip a "more or less revolutionary development". The city of Arnhem was chosen because it was most representative of The Netherlands as a whole in [[market research]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dinther|first=Mac van|date=30 October 1995|title=Arnhemse consumenten en middenstanders reageren vooralsnog aarzelend op introductie chipknip 'Nee hoor, bij mij alleen handje contantje'|work=[[de Volkskrant]]|url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/gs-b849ad5f|access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref> Professor {{Interlanguage link|George Hendrikse|nl|George Hendrikse}} and [[Henk de Vries]] noted that the representativeness may be questioned because the [[Postbank N.V.|Postbank]] was a major employer in Arnhem, which might have favored adoption.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=de Vries |first1=Henk J. |last2=Hendrikse |first2=George W. J. |date=2001 |title=The Dutch Banking Chipcard Game: Understanding a Battle between Two Standards |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40397494 |journal=International Studies of Management & Organization |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=106–125 |doi=10.1080/00208825.2001.11656810 |jstor=40397494 |hdl=1765/81 |s2cid=14902599 |issn=0020-8825 |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223175217/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40397494 |url-status=live |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

The payment limit was set at 35 [[Guilder]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digitale duiten|website=[[De Groene Amsterdammer]]|date=20 December 1995 |url=https://www.groene.nl/artikel/digitale-duiten|access-date=2021-12-23|language=nl|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223183553/https://www.groene.nl/artikel/digitale-duiten|url-status=live}}</ref>

M. Roos, the director of the {{Interlanguage link|Centraal Bureau Levensmiddelenhandel|nl|3=Centraal Bureau Levensmiddelenhandel}} said in NRC Handelsblad that the Chipknip was already outdated at its introduction and should not be used. Companies that were part of [[Vendex]] or [[Ahold]] did not join the pilot. Interpay director Stolwijk was surprised by this since they changed their opinion in a few days.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Detailhandel laat Chipknip links liggen|url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/1995/10/25/detailhandel-laat-chipknip-links-liggen-7285654-a773366|access-date=2021-12-23|website=[[NRC Handelsblad]]|date=25 October 1995 |language=nl|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223183434/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/1995/10/25/detailhandel-laat-chipknip-links-liggen-7285654-a773366|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 1996-2007: Countrywide usage ===

As of January 2000, there were 12.500.000 cards in circulation.

Intellect CEO Graeme Inchley said in August 1996 that 2500 devices were ordered at their company for initial deployment.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1996-08-27|title=Dial for cash and carry|pages=55|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/91037893/dial-for-cash-and-carry/|access-date=2021-12-23|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223175227/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/91037893/dial-for-cash-and-carry/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Banks advised using the Chipknip for payments up to 35 Guilders and PIN for payments up to 100 Guilders.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=1996-08-31|title=Sleutelhangers om de chipknip op slot te doen|url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/gs-bcb6d975|access-date=2022-01-09|website=de Volkskrant|language=nl-NL}}</ref>

In March 1996, Rabobank released their ''Smartfone'' to deposit money on the Chipknip from home, which cost 300 Guilders.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1996-03-20|title=Rabobank lanceert 'Smartfone' om thuis chipknip op te laden|url=https://www.trouw.nl/gs-b0f46f59|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Trouw|language=nl-NL}}</ref> In October 1996, Rabobank announced that they planned to make their Chipknip usable for internet payments. They ordered a million Chipknip readers from the company Datelnet from [['s-Hertogenbosch]] and planned to release it in the first months of 1997. Using the so-called ''Chipknipper'' the balance could be read, the card could be locked and money could be deposited using a phone line.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1996-10-10|title=Chipknip-strijd naar buitenland|url=https://www.trouw.nl/gs-b933f37e|access-date=2022-01-09|website=[[Trouw]]|language=nl-NL}}</ref> Once the card was locked, it could only be unlocked at a loading station.<ref name=":4" />

The countrywide deployment started at the end of the summer of 1996, a year earlier than originally planned.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1996-02-19|title=Banken troeven concurrent met chipknip af|url=https://www.trouw.nl/gs-ba565b19|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Trouw|language=nl-NL}}</ref>

NRC Handelsblad noted in November 1996 that The Netherlands was an early adopter of electronic payments and that it was mainly beneficial for the banks themselves.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Profiel: Geld|url=http://retro.nrc.nl/W2/Lab/Profiel/Geld/ebetalen.html|access-date=2022-01-01|website=[[NRC Handelsblad]]|archive-date=1 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101190047/http://retro.nrc.nl/W2/Lab/Profiel/Geld/ebetalen.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Royal Dutch Mint]] criticized the Chipknip for the aggressive marketing, forcing large transaction fees upon small and medium enterprises.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Muntmeester toont zich kritisch over chipkaarten|url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/1996/12/04/muntmeester-toont-zich-kritisch-over-chipkaarten-7334292-a175654|access-date=2022-01-01|website=NRC|date=4 December 1996 |language=nl|archive-date=1 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101200253/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/1996/12/04/muntmeester-toont-zich-kritisch-over-chipkaarten-7334292-a175654|url-status=live |last1=Wessels |first1=Paul }}</ref>

As of 1997, over 30.000 VeriFone Smart Card systems have been installed by the Rabobank for the Chipknip.<ref name=":5" />

The  {{Interlanguage link|Dutch Advertising Standards Authority|nl|3=Reclame Code Commissie}} stated in 1997 that the Rabobank falsely claimed in commercials that the Chipknip already had millions users.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1997-04-17|title=Bank beweerde ten onrechte dat er al 'miljoenen' gebruikers zijn|url=https://www.trouw.nl/gs-b6b59a97|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Trouw|language=nl-NL}}</ref>

As of January 2000, there were 12.500.000 cards in circulation.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

[[Rabobank]] marketed the Chipknip from 2001 at residents councils of retirement homes. A few years later, 350 retirement homes had implemented the Chipknip, also because Rabobank delivered a working ATM.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 January 2016|title=Alleen ouderen rouwen om einde chipknip|work=[[Algemeen Dagblad]]|url=https://www.ad.nl/economie/alleen-ouderen-rouwen-om-einde-chipknip~aa99e277/|access-date=28 February 2022|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222162643/https://www.ad.nl/economie/alleen-ouderen-rouwen-om-einde-chipknip~aa99e277/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2003, then leaving director of Interpay Willem Stolwijk said that the usage of Chipknip lags behind the expectations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Moes|first=Gijs|date=2003-10-04|title=Afscheid van 250 keer pinnen per seconde|url=https://www.trouw.nl/gs-b1b386b4|access-date=2021-12-23|website=[[Trouw]]|language=nl-NL}}</ref>

In 2003, a lawsuit was filed against the municipality of [[Nijmegen]] who only allowed Chipknip payments at their [[parking meter]]s. The verdict was ruled in favor of the lawyer who sued the municipality.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chipknip niet verplicht als parkeergeld|url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2003/10/10/chipknip-niet-verplicht-als-parkeergeld-7657296-a12354|access-date=2021-12-23|website=NRC|date=10 October 2003 |language=nl|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223190532/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2003/10/10/chipknip-niet-verplicht-als-parkeergeld-7657296-a12354|url-status=live}}</ref> German car-using customers avoided Nijmegen because they were unable to pay with anything except the Dutch Chipknip.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Overal parkeren met pinpas in Nijmegen|work=[[De Gelderlander]]|url=https://www.gelderlander.nl/nijmegen/overal-parkeren-met-pinpas-in-nijmegen~a2b9256f/|access-date=28 February 2022|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107120046/https://www.gelderlander.nl/nijmegen/overal-parkeren-met-pinpas-in-nijmegen~a2b9256f/|url-status=live}}</ref> A prepaid Chipcard was introduced by InterEGI (Interpay Elektronisch Geldinstelling B.V.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Consumer terms & conditions Prepaid Chipknip|url=http://www.interegi.nl/binaries/7.2499%20Consumer%20terms%20and%20conditions_tcm56-37517.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401081817/http://www.interegi.nl/binaries/7.2499%20Consumer%20terms%20and%20conditions_tcm56-37517.pdf|archive-date=1 April 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref>) for foreigners who do not had a Dutch bank account.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sanders|first=Tom|title=Europa wil meer 'slim geld'|url=https://webwereld.nl/nieuws/business/europa-wil-meer-slim-geld-3742324/|access-date=2022-01-09|website=[[Webwereld]]|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117185349/https://webwereld.nl/nieuws/business/europa-wil-meer-slim-geld-3742324/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2004, Rabobank introduced voice controlled Chipknip deposit devices in retirement homes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2004-11-15|title=Pratende oplaadpunten voor chipknip|website=[[NU.nl]]|language=nl|url=https://www.nu.nl/economie/441863/pratende-oplaadpunten-voor-chipknip.html|access-date=2022-01-07|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222164116/https://www.nu.nl/economie/441863/pratende-oplaadpunten-voor-chipknip.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 4 March 2004, Interpay founded the spun off named ''Brands & Licences Betalingsverkeer Nederland'', which would handle payment products so that Interpay could focus on transaction processing.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Interpay doet alleen betalingen|url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2004/03/04/interpay-doet-alleen-betalingen-7676543-a1040449|access-date=2022-01-24|website=NRC|date=4 March 2004 |language=nl|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124234725/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2004/03/04/interpay-doet-alleen-betalingen-7676543-a1040449|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 May 2005, Currence was founded<ref name="jaarbericht2005">{{cite web |title=Jaarbericht 2005 |url=https://www.currence.nl/wp-uploads/2015/01/Cu_CurrenceJVNL2005.pdf |publisher=[[Currence]] |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-date=23 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223083235/https://www.currence.nl/wp-uploads/2015/01/Cu_CurrenceJVNL2005.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> as a split-off from Interpay, who took over the Chipknip brand.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ludeker|first=door Iris|date=2005-05-20|title=Scepsis over concurrentie bij pinnen|url=https://www.trouw.nl/gs-b03bbed5|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Trouw|language=nl-NL}}</ref>

As of 2006, there were 200.000 places where the Chipknip could be used, but this number also included locations where the Chipknip was deliberately made unusable by the merchant.<ref name=":2" />

Chris Hensen from NRC Handelsblad considered the Chipknip "the [[Lada]] of the payment systems".<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|title=Na de moeizame start is het met de chipknip nooit meer goed gekomen|url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2014/12/31/na-de-moeizame-start-is-het-met-de-chipknip-nooit-1452060-a998180|access-date=2022-01-08|website=NRC|date=31 December 2014 |language=nl|archive-date=9 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109145630/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2014/12/31/na-de-moeizame-start-is-het-met-de-chipknip-nooit-1452060-a998180|url-status=live |last1=Hensen |first1=Chris }}</ref>

In 2006, Ilja Bruggeman from Platform Detailhandel Nederland did not blamed merchants for the low adoption of the Chipknip, because for them it would have been efficient, safe and cheap. He described the consumers as unwilling to make use of the system. Because they were unwilling, merchants did not installed it more widely, creating a [[Virtuous circle and vicious circle|vicious cycle]].<ref name=":2" />

In 2007, migration to EMV was started, which made the chip compatible with both Chipknip and PIN.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Betaalwijzer Juli 2007|journal=Betaalwijzer|publisher=[[Currence]]|issn=1570-9558|url=http://www.currence.nl/Downloads/PC_Betaalwijzer_2007_Juli.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105235043/http://www.currence.nl/Downloads/PC_Betaalwijzer_2007_Juli.pdf|archive-date=5 January 2011|access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref>

Most Dutch banks added the Chipknip chip to their standard payment cards, but the [[Postbank N.V.|Postbank]] used separate cards for Chipknip and PIN. According to a spokesperson, this made it easier for people to lend their Chipknip card to other people due to the low risk.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=Koperen plaatje op pas heeft maar weinig fans|url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2006/08/08/koperen-plaatje-op-pas-heeft-maar-weinig-fans-11173871-a475080|access-date=2022-01-07|website=NRC|date=8 August 2006 |language=nl|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107232148/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2006/08/08/koperen-plaatje-op-pas-heeft-maar-weinig-fans-11173871-a475080|url-status=live |last1=Ditzhuijzen |first1=Olga van }}</ref>

The Chipknip is mostly used on places where it is the only usably payment method, such as parking meters, candy vending machines or company cantines.<ref>Van Engelen, Wichert</ref>{{Quote box
| quote = "You are investing in something that is disappearing. It is hard to use, you keep having to deposit money onto the card and cannot easily check the current balance. The Chipknip was pushed through because it was easy and cheap for merchants, it did not start from a wish by the customer."
| source = -Steef Peters, professor [[Information system#As an academic discipline|Information Systems]] at the [[Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]], 2007<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schrijver|first=Frans|date=2007-02-07|title=Gebruik chipknip neemt toe ondanks praktische bezwaren|url=https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/gebruik-chipknip-neemt-toe-ondanks-praktische-bezwaren~bb8f75e8/|access-date=2022-01-16|website=[[Trouw]]|language=nl|archive-date=16 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116125455/https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/gebruik-chipknip-neemt-toe-ondanks-praktische-bezwaren~bb8f75e8/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 250px
| salign = right
}}

==== 1996-2001: Chipper ====
{{Plain image with caption|File:Chipper logo.svg|align=left|Logo of Chipper, the competitor of Chipknip between 1996 and 2001}}

On 20 April 1996, the Postbank formally left the Chipknip project. Sister company ING formally stayed in the Chipknip project, which was controversial.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1996-04-20|title=Chipknip overdenkt positie ING-bank|url=https://www.trouw.nl/gs-bafa426c|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Trouw|language=nl-NL}}</ref>

Chipper was founded by Postbank and ING Bank together with KPN Telecom.<ref>van Engelen, Richert</ref>

ING executive Marinus Minderhout worked on the development of the Chipper while he also was a commissioner at Interpay at the same time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ambtelijke tussenpaus is niet zonder affaires|url=https://fd.nl/frontpage/mensen/626317/ambtelijke-tussenpaus-is-niet-zonder-affaires|access-date=2022-01-07|website=[[Het Financieele Dagblad]]|language=nl|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107154024/https://fd.nl/frontpage/mensen/626317/ambtelijke-tussenpaus-is-niet-zonder-affaires|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1998, Postbank introduced the ''ThuisChipper'' (English: ''HomeChipper'') to deposit money from home to the Chipper card.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chipper gaat elektronisch bankieren vereenvoudigen|url=https://krant.telegraaf.nl/krant/actueel/pcthuis98/teksten/pcthuis.chipper.html|access-date=2022-01-01|website=[[De Telegraaf]]|archive-date=1 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101191956/https://krant.telegraaf.nl/krant/actueel/pcthuis98/teksten/pcthuis.chipper.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After discontinuing the Chipper in 2001, Postbank investigated if the ThuisChipper could be made compatible with the Chipknip, which was not the case.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2001-09-12|title=Postbank strijkt over het hart voor trouwe klant|url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/gs-b3179a8c|access-date=2022-01-01|website=de Volkskrant|language=nl-NL|archive-date=28 February 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220228151610/https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-achtergrond/postbank-strijkt-over-het-hart-voor-trouwe-klant~b3179a8c/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[Consumentenbond]], consumers could get their money back.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2001-12-14|title=Geld terug voor ThuisChipper |url=https://www.consumentenbond.nl/asp/nieuws/nieuwsbericht_consumentenbond.asp?node_id=32029&version_id=1|access-date=2022-01-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011228012037/https://www.consumentenbond.nl/asp/nieuws/nieuwsbericht_consumentenbond.asp?node_id=32029&version_id=1|archive-date=28 December 2001|website=[[Consumentenbond]]}}</ref>

It was promoted with the [[slogan]] "De toekomst heeft een Chipper op zak" (English: "The future has a Chipper in its pocket").<ref>{{Cite web|title=De toekomst heeft een Chipper op zak|date=28 August 1996 |page=10|url=https://leiden.courant.nu/issue/LD/1996-08-28/edition/0/page/10|access-date=2021-12-27|website=[[Leidsch Dagblad]]|language=nl|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227170432/https://leiden.courant.nu/issue/LD/1996-08-28/edition/0/page/10|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1997, it was already clear that the Chipper had failed. In [[Zeeland]], an experiment with the {{Interlanguage link|Zeelandkaart|nl|Zeelandkaart}} was conducted, but in the rest of the country the Chipknip was widely used.

In 2001, the Postbank discontinued the Chipper.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-03-06 |title=Chipper haalde nooit status van superpas |url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/home/chipper-haalde-nooit-status-van-superpas~b4734a6a/ |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=de Volkskrant |language=nl-NL}}</ref>

=== 2007-2014: Discontinuation ===
[[File:Klein_bedrag_pinnen_mag.svg|thumb|left|Due to the decreased costs of telecommunications for PIN transactions, Currence encouraged the use even for the small transactions that would previously have been done with Chipknip using the slogan "Klein bedrag? Pinnen mag" (English: Small amount? Pin allowed)<ref name=":9">{{cite web|url=https://www.currence.nl/wp-uploads/2015/01/Cu_CurrenceJVNL2007.pdf|title=Jaarverslag 2007|publisher=[[Currence]]|access-date=28 February 2022|archive-date=23 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223065800/https://www.currence.nl/wp-uploads/2015/01/Cu_CurrenceJVNL2007.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
In August 2007, the {{Interlanguage link|Nederlandse Vereniging van Banken|nl|Nederlandse Vereniging van Banken}} announced that they have stopped promoting the Chipknip.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-08-04|title=Chippen sterft stille dood|url=https://www.trouw.nl/gs-b96ec09f|access-date=2021-12-27|website=Trouw|language=nl-NL}}</ref> In September 2007, Currence announced that they would be [[Positioning (marketing)|repositioning]] the Chipknip system to the ''parvenca'' [[Market segmentation|market segment]] (portmanteau of [[parking]], [[Vending machine|vending]] and [[catering]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-09-20|title=Chipknip gaat verdwijnen uit winkels|url=https://www.nu.nl/economie/1242945/chipknip-gaat-verdwijnen-uit-winkels.html|access-date=2022-01-01|website=[[NU.nl]]|language=nl|archive-date=1 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101182334/https://www.nu.nl/economie/1242945/chipknip-gaat-verdwijnen-uit-winkels.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2007, [[Mastercard]] announced that they planned to release a successor to the Chipknip on the Dutch market, called the Paypass, which was later rebranded to [[MasterCard Contactless|Mastercard Contactless]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-12-11|title=Mastercard komt met opvolger chipknip|url=https://www.trouw.nl/gs-b6a8dbe2|access-date=2021-12-21|website=Trouw|language=nl-NL}}</ref>

Currence was the owner of the [[PIN (debit card)|PIN]] brand. They expected that with their marketing campaign ''het nieuwe pinnen'' (English: the new pinning) that merchants would drop support for the Chipknip.

In January 2011, Currence predicted that the usage of Chipknip would decrease, because merchants have to sign new contracts with their banks for EMV compatibility and chipknip is not bundled in the same contract anymore.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chippen verdwijnt uit winkels, verwacht Currence|url=https://www.agconnect.nl/artikel/chippen-verdwijnt-uit-winkels-verwacht-currence|access-date=2021-12-23|website={{Interlanguage link|AG Connect|nl|3=AG Connect}}|date=14 January 2011 |language=nl|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222164032/https://www.agconnect.nl/artikel/chippen-verdwijnt-uit-winkels-verwacht-currence|url-status=live}}</ref> Currence decided to discontinue the Chipknip service in March 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chipknip verdwijnt definitief|url=https://www.ad.nl/economie/chipknip-verdwijnt-definitief~aac717d5/|access-date=2022-01-01|website=[[Algemeen Dagblad]]|archive-date=1 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101145154/https://www.ad.nl/economie/chipknip-verdwijnt-definitief~aac717d5/|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of March 2013, Chipknip was responsible for 2% of the retail transactions. The costs to keep Chipknip operating would increase because it has it has to abide [[Harmonisation of law|European harmonisation]] regarding the [[Single Euro Payments Area]]. In April 2013, retail stopped accepting the Chipknip. The benefit of this is that customers no longer have to make a choice between Chipknip or Maestro and V Pay on the payment terminal.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chipknip verdwijnt als betaalmiddel|work=[[Currence]]|url=http://www.currence.nl/nl-NL/NieuwsArchief/Pages/Cu_20130327_Chipknip_verdwijnt_als_betaalmiddel.aspx|archive-date=16 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616030803/http://www.currence.nl/nl-NL/NieuwsArchief/Pages/Cu_20130327_Chipknip_verdwijnt_als_betaalmiddel.aspx|access-date=28 February 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2014, it was estimated that all 12 million Chipknip owners collectively had 70 to 80 million Euros stored on their cards. First, ING, ABN AMRO and Rabobank decided to withdraw money from the cards, but later Currence decided together with all other banks to do the same.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Banken storten chipknipsaldo automatisch terug|work=[[Algemeen Dagblad]]|url=https://www.ad.nl/economie/banken-storten-chipknipsaldo-automatisch-terug~a248c6de/|access-date=28 February 2022|archive-date=1 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101145149/https://www.ad.nl/economie/banken-storten-chipknipsaldo-automatisch-terug~a248c6de/|url-status=live}}</ref> Customers of [[ABN AMRO]] had 14 million euros of debit on the cards<ref>{{Cite news|last=Voermans|first=Ton|title=ABN Amro haalt zélf alle chipknips leeg|work=[[Algemeen Dagblad]]|url=https://www.ad.nl/economie/abn-amro-haalt-zelf-alle-chipknips-leeg~a260865a/|access-date=28 February 2022|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222162647/https://www.ad.nl/economie/abn-amro-haalt-zelf-alle-chipknips-leeg~a260865a/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rabobank]] customers had 27 million euros of money deposited on their Chipknip cards, 7 euros on average.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-11-06|title=Banken storten chipknipsaldo terug|url=https://radar.avrotros.nl/nieuws/item/banken-storten-chipknipsaldo-terug/|access-date=2022-01-01|website=Radar – het consumentenprogramma van AVROTROS|language=nl|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222162648/https://radar.avrotros.nl/nieuws/item/banken-storten-chipknipsaldo-terug/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Algemeen Dagblad]] noted that "only elderly people will mourn at the discontinuation of Chipknip", because it was still relatively commonly used in [[retirement home]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Alleen ouderen rouwen om einde chipknip|work=[[Algemeen Dagblad]]|url=https://www.ad.nl/economie/alleen-ouderen-rouwen-om-einde-chipknip~aa99e277/|access-date=28 February 2022|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222162643/https://www.ad.nl/economie/alleen-ouderen-rouwen-om-einde-chipknip~aa99e277/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The company Magna Carta Chipcard Solutions published a Chipknip transaction log that occurred on 31 December 2014, at 23:59 and stated that this was "with virtual certainty the last Chipknip transaction made before the end date that was specified by Currence".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Magna Carta Chipcard Solutions – Certificaat|url=https://images.erfgoedopdekaart.nl/financieel/media/8039/certificaat.jpg?height=0|access-date=28 February 2022|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113222304/https://images.erfgoedopdekaart.nl/financieel/media/8039/certificaat.jpg?height=0|url-status=live}}</ref>

Currence cited the decreasing usage as the reason for discontinuing it, but in reality the system was never used that much.<ref name=":3" />

According to Jan van der Kolk from the company Automaten Centrale, not all vending machines have been replaced on time, which caused problems if the machines did not also accept cash.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Outenaar|first=Eric Van Den|date=2014-11-13|title=Is het tijd voor de contactloze snoepautomaat?|url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/gs-bc097687|access-date=2022-01-01|website=de Volkskrant|language=nl-NL}}</ref> Because there was not yet a good digital replacement, devices that were made compatible with the Chipknip earlier were made compatible with cash money again although consumers had a preference for digital money.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bouma|first=Kaya|date=2014-12-30|title=Straks kunnen er weer eurootjes in de snoepautomaat|url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/gs-b21fd81a|access-date=2022-01-01|website=de Volkskrant|language=nl-NL}}</ref> When [[Leiden University]] discontinued the Chipknip, they made [[coffee vending machine]] consumptions free until a replacement was deployed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gratis koffie dankzij afschaffen chipknip |url=https://www.leidschdagblad.nl/cnt/dmf20180926_42349793 |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=[[Leidsch Dagblad]] |date=20 January 2015 |language=nl-BE}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[FeliCa]]
* [[Octopus card]]
*[[Visa Cash]]
*[[Mondex]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Book sources ===
{{refbegin|32em}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/290548221|title=International business: theory and practice|date=2006|publisher=[[M.E. Sharpe]]|others=Riad A. Ajami|isbn=978-0-7656-2154-2|edition=2nd|location=[[Armonk, New York]]|language=English|oclc=290548221|access-date=28 February 2022|archive-date=28 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228151051/https://www.worldcat.org/title/international-business-theory-and-practice/oclc/290548221|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|last=Engelen|first=Wichert van|url=https://blauw-bloed.nl/onewebmedia/Blauw%20bloed%20-%20Opkomst%20en%20ondergang%20van%20de%20Postbank.pdf|title=Blauw bloed: opkomst en ondergang van de Postbank|date=2009|publisher=[[FT Prentice Hall]]|isbn=978-90-430-1843-2|location=Amsterdam|oclc=434829427|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831055452/https://blauw-bloed.nl/onewebmedia/Blauw%20bloed%20-%20Opkomst%20en%20ondergang%20van%20de%20Postbank.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-31|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sherif|first=Mostafa Hashem|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1021125484|title=Protocols for secure electronic commerce|date=2017|publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-315-35640-2|oclc=1021125484|access-date=28 February 2022|archive-date=28 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228151053/https://www.worldcat.org/title/protocols-for-secure-electronic-commerce/oclc/1021125484|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/783063816|title=Renovatie van de rechtsstaat: vijf casus over de invloed van ICT op democratie en recht|date=2002|publisher={{Interlanguage link|Boom (publisher)|nl|3=Boom (uitgeverij)}}|others=M.A.P. Bovens|isbn=90-5454-191-1|location=Den Haag|oclc=783063816|access-date=28 February 2022|archive-date=28 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228151053/https://www.worldcat.org/title/renovatie-van-de-rechtsstaat-vijf-casus-over-de-invloed-van-ict-op-democratie-en-recht/oclc/783063816|url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==

* [https://www.compact.nl/pdf/C-2001-5-Egdom.pdf Het vertrouwen van de e-tailer], Compact Magazine ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220107211513/https://www.compact.nl/pdf/C-2001-5-Egdom.pdf Archived version])

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216062937/http://www.chipknip.nl/Pages/default.aspx|date=16 February 2012|title=Official website}}
* [https://mab-online.nl/article/21771/download/pdf/337790 Chipper en Chipknip – strategische interacties], Dutch summary of "The Dutch Banking Chipcard Game: Understanding a Battle between Two Standards"
* [https://financieelerfgoed.wordpress.com/2015/01/17/financieel-erfgoed-zet-de-laatste-nederlandse-transactie-op-naam/ Financieel Erfgoed zet de laatste Nederlandse transactie op naam!]
* [https://www.simonl.org/docs/readeremdnb.pdf Reader Elektronisch Geld – De Nederlandsche Bank]

{{Dutch financial services companies}}
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[[Category:Stored-value payment card]]
[[Category:Financial services in the Netherlands]]