View source for Child marriage

{{Short description|Marriage with someone under the legal age}}
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'''Child marriage''' is a practice involving a [[marriage]] or [[domestic partnership]], formal or informal, that includes an individual under 18 and an adult or other child.<ref name="Definitions">* {{Cite journal |last1=Gastón |first1=Colleen Murray |last2=Misunas |first2=Christina |last3=Cappa |year=2019 |title=Child marriage among boys: a global overview of available data |journal=Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=219–228 |doi=10.1080/17450128.2019.1566584 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite web |date=March 2020 |title=Child marriage |url=https://www.unicef.org/protection/child-marriage |work=[[UNICEF]] |quote=Child marriage refers to any formal marriage or informal union between a child under the age of 18 and an adult or another child.}}
* {{cite web |title=Child Marriage |url=http://www.icrw.org/what-we-do/adolescents/child-marriage |work=icrw.org}}
* {{Cite news |title=Child Marriage – Rationale, Historical Views, And Consequences |url=http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/child-marriage-rationale-historical-views-and-consequences.html |access-date=2017-09-10 |work=WorldAtlas |language=en}}</ref>

Research has found that child marriages have many long-term negative consequences for child brides and grooms.<ref name="Parsons">{{Cite journal |last1=Parsons |first1=Jennifer |last2=Edmeades |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Aslihan |first3=Kes |last4=Petroni |first4=Suzanne |last5=Sexton |first5=Maggie |last6=Wodon |first6=Quentin |year=2015 |title=Economic Impacts of Child Marriage: A Review of the Literature |journal=The Review of Faith & International Affairs |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=12–22 |doi=10.1080/15570274.2015.1075757 |s2cid=146194521 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10.1080/15570274.2015.1075757}}</ref><ref name="Gastón">{{Cite journal |last1=Gastón |first1=Colleen Murray |last2=Misunas |first2=Christina |last3=Cappa |year=2019 |title=Child marriage among boys: a global overview of available data |journal=Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=219–228 |doi=10.1080/17450128.2019.1566584 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Girls who marry as children often lack access to education and future career opportunities.<ref name="Parsons" /> It is also common for them to have [[adverse health effects]] resulting from early pregnancy and [[childbirth]]. Effects on child grooms may include the economic pressure of providing for a household and various constraints in educational and career opportunities.<ref name="Gastón" /> Child marriage is part of the practice of child [[betrothal]], often including civil [[cohabitation]] and a court approval of the engagement.<ref name="cohabitation" /><ref name="cohabitteen" /> Some factors that encourage child marriages include poverty, [[bride price]], [[dowry|dowries]], [[Tradition|cultural traditions]], [[religious]] and [[social pressure]], regional customs, fear of the child remaining unmarried into adulthood, [[Literacy|illiteracy]], and the perceived inability of women to work.<ref name="Child Marriage">{{cite web |date=March 2020 |title=Child marriage |url=https://www.unicef.org/protection/child-marriage |work=[[UNICEF]]}}</ref><ref name="icrwchild">{{cite web|url=http://www.icrw.org/what-we-do/adolescents/child-marriage|title=Child Marriage|work=icrw.org}}</ref><ref name="africachild" /> 

Research indicates that [[comprehensive sex education]] can prevent child marriages.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002607/260770e.pdf|title=International technical guidance on sexuality education: an evidence-informed approach|publisher=UNESCO|year=2018|isbn=978-92-3-100259-5|location=Paris|page=13}}</ref> The rate of child marriages can also be reduced by strengthening [[rural communities]]' education systems. [[Rural Development Programme|Rural development programs]] that provide basic [[infrastructure]], including [[Health care|healthcare]], clean water, and [[sanitation]], may aid families financially.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fatima |first=Sana |date=2023-01-19 |title=Rural Development and Education: Critical Strategies for Ending Child Marriages |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4329240 |journal=Archives of the Social Sciences: A Journal of Collaborative Memory |language=en |location=Pakistan |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–15|ssrn=4329240 }}</ref> Child marriages have historically been common and continue to be widespread, particularly in [[Developing country|developing nations]] in Africa,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201308050251.html|title=Africa: Child Brides Die Young |work=[[AllAfrica]]}}</ref><ref name="unfpa.org">{{cite web|title=Marrying Too Young: End Child Marriage |url=http://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/MarryingTooYoung.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations Population Fund|UNFPA]]|page=23}}</ref> [[South Asia]],<ref>[http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/digest7e.pdf Early Marriage, Child Spouses] UNICEF, See section on Asia, page 4 (2001)</ref> [[Southeast Asia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.plan.org.au/News/2013/08/20/Child-Marriage-in-Southeast-Asia.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003043715/http://www.plan.org.au/News/2013/08/20/Child-Marriage-in-Southeast-Asia.aspx|archive-date=3 October 2013|title=Southeast Asia's big dilemma: what to do about child marriage?|publisher=Plan International Australia|date=20 August 2013|access-date=2016-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/87873/philippines-early-marriage-puts-girls-at-risk|title=IRIN Asia – PHILIPPINES: Early marriage puts girls at risk – Philippines – Gender Issues – Health & Nutrition – Human Rights|newspaper=Irinnews |agency=The New Humanitarian|date=26 January 2010}}</ref> [[West Asia]],<ref name="pbs2010" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/brinkley/article/Child-marriage-still-an-issue-in-Saudi-Arabia-3270366.php|title=Child marriage still an issue in Saudi Arabia|work=San Francisco Chronicle|date=14 March 2010}}</ref> [[Latin America]],<ref name="pbs2010">{{cite web|date=12 October 2007|title=Child Brides – Child Marriage: What We Know|url=https://www.pbs.org/now/shows/341/facts.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616015228/http://www.pbs.org/now/shows/341/facts.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2013|publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> and [[Oceania]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/digest7e.pdf |title=Early Marriage, Child Spouses |publisher=UNICEF |page=5}} (See section on Oceania.)</ref> However, developed nations also face a lack of protections for children. In the United States, for instance, [[Child marriage in the United States|child marriage is still legal in 37 states]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oladipo |first=Gloria |date=2023-07-12 |title=Michigan governor signs 'overdue' laws that aim to end child marriage |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jul/12/michigan-child-marriage-law-signed |access-date=2023-09-14 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Connecticut becomes the 9th state to outlaw child marriage |url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2023/06/26/connecticut-child-marriage |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=www.wbur.org |date=26 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Katherine Fung Senior |date=2024-04-09 |title=Map shows 12 states that allow child marriage after Virginia passes law |url=https://www.newsweek.com/child-marriage-ban-state-map-virginia-law-1888471 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-18 |title=NH outlaws child marriage, raising the legal age to 18 |url=https://www.nhpr.org/nh-news/2024-06-18/nh-outlaws-child-marriage-raising-the-legal-age-to-18 |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=New Hampshire Public Radio |language=en}}</ref> Although the [[age of majority]] (legal [[adulthood]]) and [[marriageable age|marriage age]] are typically 18 years old, these thresholds can differ in different [[Jurisdiction|jurisdictions]].<ref name="Gastón" /> In some regions, the legal age for marriage can be as young as 14, with cultural [[Tradition|traditions]] sometimes superseding legal [[Stipulation|stipulations]]. Additionally, jurisdictions may allow [[Loophole|loopholes]] for parental/guardian consent or [[teenage pregnancy]].<ref name="Nour child marriage" />

Child marriage is increasingly viewed as a form of [[child sexual abuse]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mikhail |first=Susanne Louis B. |date=March 1, 2002 |title=Child marriage and child prostitution: Two forms of sexual exploitation |journal=[[Gender & Development]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=43–49 |doi=10.1080/13552070215896 |issn=1355-2074 |s2cid=72419331}}</ref> It is an internationally recognized health and human rights violation disproportionately affecting girls, globally.<ref name="ArchivesofDiseaseinChildhood2010">{{Cite journal |last=Raj |first=Anita |author-link=Anita Raj (academic) |date=November 1, 2010 |title=When the mother is a child: the impact of child marriage on the health and human rights of girls |url=https://adc.bmj.com/content/95/11/931 |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |language=en |volume=95 |issue=11 |pages=931–935 |doi=10.1136/adc.2009.178707 |issn=0003-9888 |pmid=20930011 |s2cid=41625496}}</ref> It is described by experts as [[torture]]; [[cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment]]; and contrary to [[human rights]].<ref name="Definitions" /> The [[Committee on the Rights of the Child]] "reaffirms that the minimum age limit should be 18 years for marriage."<ref name="HRWSeptember20232">{{cite news |date=7 September 2023 |title=How Do US States Measure Up on Child Rights? |url=https://www.hrw.org/feature/2022/09/13/how-do-states-measure-up-child-rights |access-date=13 October 2024 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref>

Child marriage has been decreasing in prevalence in most of the world. [[UNICEF]] data from 2018 showed that about 21% of young women worldwide (aged 20 to 24) were married as children. This shows a 25% decrease from 10 years prior.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.unicef.org/resources/child-marriage-latest-trends-and-future-prospects/|title=Child Marriage: Latest trends and future prospects|date=5 July 2018|website=UNICEF DATA|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref> The countries with the highest known rates of child marriages were [[Niger]], [[Chad]], [[Mali]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Guinea]], the [[Central African Republic]], [[Mozambique]] and [[Nepal]], all of which had rates above 50% between 1998 and 2007.<ref name="unicef12a" /> According to studies conducted between 2003 and 2009, the marriage rate of girls under 15 years old was greater than 20% in Niger, Chad, Bangladesh, Mali, and Ethiopia.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/02/child_brides Child brides – For poorer, most of the time] ''The Economist'' (28 February 2011)</ref><ref>[http://www.fordfoundation.org/2011-annual/youth-sexuality-and-rights/map/#/married-by-15/Niger Child Marriage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924014524/http://www.fordfoundation.org/2011-annual/youth-sexuality-and-rights/map/#/married-by-15/Niger |date=24 September 2015}} Ford Foundation (2011)</ref> Each year, an estimated 12 million girls globally are married under the age of 18.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-childmarriage-reform-idUSKCN1MZ024|title=Child brides call on U.S. states to end 'legal rape'|date=25 October 2018|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-01-22|language=en}}</ref><!-- Opportunity to update content -->
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==History==
[[File:'Princess Emilia of Saxony', by Hans Krell (about 1530) Liverpool museums.jpg|thumb|In 1533, 17-year-old Princess [[Emilia of Saxony]] was wed to [[George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach|George the Pious, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach]], then aged 48 years. Early marriages have been common in historical times, including in Europe.]]
[[File:Presentation of the portrait of Maria Antonia of Austria (Marie Antoinette) to Louis Auguste, Dauphin of France in front of Louis XV and the court at Versailles.jpg|thumb|Presentation of [[Marie Antoinette]] to Dauphin [[Louis XVI|Louis Auguste]] at [[Versailles]], before their marriage – she was at age 15, he was 16 – on 16 May 1770]]
Prior to the [[Industrial Revolution]], women around the world were often married at an early age, usually soon after reaching [[puberty]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dukakis |first=Andrea |title=Child Marriage, Common In The Past, Persists Today |url=https://www.cpr.org/show-segment/child-marriage-common-in-the-past-persists-today/ |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=Colorado Public Radio |date=4 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref> These practices carried over well into the 19th century in societies with largely rural populations.<ref name="Brown3140">{{Cite book|first=Jonathan A.C. |last=Brown| author-link = Jonathan A.C. Brown | year=2015 | title=Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy|publisher=Oneworld Publications (Kindle edition)|pages=3140–3150 (Kindle locations)}}</ref> Men tended to marry later in societies where a married couple was expected to establish a household of their own. This encouraged men to remain unmarried until they accumulated sufficient wealth to support a new home and marry adolescent girls.<ref name="Crone2747">{{cite book|author=Patricia Crone|title=Pre-Industrial Societies: Anatomy of the Pre-Modern World|publisher=Oneworld (Kindle Edition)|year=2015|page=2747 (Kindle loc.)}}</ref>

In many ancient and [[medieval]] societies, it was common for girls to be betrothed at or even before the age of puberty.<ref name="laiou93">[[Angeliki Laiou]] (1993), ''Coercion to sex and marriage in ancient and medieval societies'', Washington, DC, pages 85–190</ref><ref>Ross Kraemer (1993), ''The Jewish Family in Antiquity'', Scholars Press (Atlanta), pages 82–110</ref> According to Mordechai A. Friedman, "arranging and contracting the marriage of a young girl were the undisputed prerogatives of her father in [[Ancient Israel]]." Most girls were married before the age of 15, often at the start of puberty.<ref name="friedman80">{{Cite journal |last=Gil |first=Moshe |date=1985 |editor-last=Friedman |editor-first=M. A. |title=Friedman's "Jewish Marriage in Palestine" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1453880?origin=crossref |journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=149–151 |doi=10.2307/1453880 |issn=0021-6682}}</ref> It has been claimed that in the Middle Ages, marriage took place around puberty throughout the [[Jewish]] world.<ref>Steven M. Lowenstein: ''The Jewish Cultural Tapestry: International Jewish Folk Traditions'', p. 108. Oxford, 2002.</ref>

[[Ruth Lamdan]] writes, "The numerous references to child marriage in the 16th-century [[Responsa in Judaism|Responsa]] literature and other sources shows that child marriage was so common, it was virtually the norm. In this context, it is important to remember that in [[halakha]], the term "minor" refers to a girl under twelve years and a day old. A girl aged twelve and a half was considered an adult in all respects."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=מלמד |first=רינה לוין |last2=Melamed |first2=Renée Levine |date=2001 |title=Review of A Separate People: Jewish Women in Palestine, Syria and Egypt in the Sixteenth Century |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23564381 |journal=Zion / ציון |volume=סו |issue=ד |pages=543–546 |issn=0044-4758}}</ref>

In [[Ancient Greece]], early marriage and teenage motherhood for girls existed.<ref>Nancy Demand (1994), ''Birth, Death, and Motherhood in Classical Greece'', Johns Hopkins University Press, pages 101–104</ref> Boys were also expected to marry in their teens. In the [[Roman Empire]], girls were married at the age of 12 and boys from the age of 14.<ref name=ncbi>{{cite journal |title=Early Teen Marriage and Future Poverty |pmc=3000061 |pmid=20879684|volume=47 |issue=3 |year=2010|pages=689–718 |last1=Dahl |first1=GB |journal=Demography |doi=10.1353/dem.0.0120}}</ref> In the [[Middle Ages]], under English [[Civil law (legal system)|civil laws]] derived from Roman laws, marriages before the age of 16 existed. In [[Imperial China]], child marriage was the norm.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saito |first1=O. |year=1996 |title=Historical demography: achievements and prospects |journal=Population Studies |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=537–553 |doi=10.1080/0032472031000149606 |pmid=11618380}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Z. |year=1997 |title=Demographic systems in historic China: some new findings from recent research |journal=Journal of the Australian Population Association |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=201–232 |doi=10.1007/BF03029340 |pmid=12322104 |bibcode=1997JAuPA..14..201Z |s2cid=8006287 }}</ref>

In contrast to other pre-modern societies—and for reasons that are subject to debate—[[Northwestern Europe|Northwest Europe]] was characterized by [[Western European marriage pattern|relatively late marriages]] for both men and women, with both sexes commonly delaying marriage until their mid-20s, although the very wealthy, especially aristocrats, married earlier, but they were a minority of the population.<ref>{{cite book |last=Levine |first=David |year=1977 |title=Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-445050-9 |page=152 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hajnal |first=John |year=1965 |chapter=European marriage pattern in historical perspective |editor-first=D. V. |editor-last=Glass |editor2-first=D.E.C. |editor2-last=Eversley |title=Population in History |url=https://archive.org/details/populationinhist0000glas |url-access=registration |publisher=Arnold |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/populationinhist0000glas/page/101 101–143]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Coontz |first=Stephanie |year=2005 |title=Marriage, a History: From Obedience to Intimacy, or How Love Conquered Marriage |location=New York, New York |publisher=Viking Press, Penguin Group |isbn=978-0-670-03407-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/marriagehistoryf00coon/page/125 125–129] |url=https://archive.org/details/marriagehistoryf00coon/page/125 }}</ref> The data available for England suggest this was the case by the 14th century. The pattern was reflected in [[English law|English Common Law]], which was the first in Western Europe to establish statutory [[rape laws]] and ages of consent for marriage. In 1275, sexual relations with girls under either 12 or 14 (depending on the interpretation of the sources) were criminalized; a second law with more severe punishments for those under the age of 10 was enacted in 1576. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the British colonial administration introduced marriage age restrictions for Hindu and Muslim girls in the Indian subcontinent.<ref name=Brown3140/>

A Scottish physician living in 18th century [[Syria]] reported that locals tried to contract marriages for their children at a young age, but the marriage was not consummated until the girl "had come of age". Evidence from 19th century Levant, (now Israel and Palestine) suggests that husbands often initiated sexual relations before their wives reached puberty, but that it was a disapproved occurrence, condemned socially and censured by [[sharia]] courts. Writing in the 1830s, [[Edward William Lane]] observed that few Egyptian girls remained single by the age of 16, but socioeconomic transformation, educational reform, and modernity brought significant changes. By 1920, less than 10% of Egyptian women married before the age of 20. In 1923, Egypt's parliament set the minimum age of marriage at 16 for women and 18 for men.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Jonathan A.C. |last=Brown| author-link = Jonathan A.C. Brown | year=2015 | title=Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy|publisher=Oneworld Publications (Kindle edition)|pages=3120–3160(Kindle location)}}</ref>

For the latter half of the 19th century, between 13 and 18% of native-born white female first marriages in the United States were of girls under the age of 18.<ref name=Fitch%Ruggles2000>{{Cite book|last1=Fitch|first1=Catherine |last2=Ruggles|first2=Steven| contribution=Historical trends in marriage formation: The United States 1850–1990|editor-last1=Waite|editor-first1=Linda J. |editor-last2=Bachrach|editor-first2=Christine|title=The Ties that Bind: Perspectives on Marriage and Cohabitation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEb-ic22xKwC|date=2000| publisher = Transaction Publishers|pages=59–88|isbn=9781412839365 |language=en}}</ref>

==Religious norms and laws==
Most religions practiced throughout history have established a minimum age for marriage.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} Christian [[canon law]] forbade the marriage of a girl before the onset of puberty.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Burn, Richard |author2=Tyrwhitt, Robert |author3=Phillimore, Robert | title = The Ecclesiastical Law |location= London |publisher= Sweet Stevens & Norton |volume= 4 | page = 54}}</ref> Within the [[Catholic Church]], before the [[1917 Code of Canon Law]], the minimum age for a dissoluble betrothal (''{{lang|la|[[sponsalia de futuro]]}}'') was seven years in the {{linktext|contractee}}s. The minimal age for a valid marriage was puberty, or nominally 14 for males, and 12 for females.<ref name="Rock1907">{{Catholic|inline=1|wstitle=Canonical Age|first=P. M. J.|last=Rock|volume=1}}</ref> The 1917 Code of Canon Law raised the minimal age for a valid marriage to 16 for males, and 14 for females.<ref name="Bachofen1920">{{cite encyclopedia|location=St. Louis, MO; London|publisher=B. Herder book|encyclopedia=A commentary on the new code of the canon law|last=Bachofen|first=Charles A.|title=A commentary on the new Code of the canon law. V.5. |series=New Code of canon law, A commentary on the |edition=2nd rev.|volume=5|year=1920|lccn=19004568|at=c. 1067|hdl=2027/wu.89088314570}}</ref> The [[1983 Code of Canon Law]] maintained the minimal age for a valid marriage at 16 for males and 14 for females.<ref name="CIC1983">{{cite encyclopedia|location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Canon Law Society of America |encyclopedia=Code of canon law: new English translation |version=IntraText |year=1999 |orig-year=©1998 |isbn=978-0-943616-79-7 |author=Catholic Church |title=Codex Iuris Canonici |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_INDEX.HTM |via=Vatican.va |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220062727/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_INDEX.HTM |archive-date=2008-02-20 }}</ref>{{rp|at=[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P3Y.HTM c. 1083 §1]}}{{efn|name=CIC|While canon 1083 of the [[1983 Code of Canon Law]] sets the minimum age for a valid marriage at 16 for males and 14 for females,<ref name="CIC1983"/>{{rp|at=[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P3Y.HTM c. 1083 §1]}} canon 97 defines a person younger than 18 years of age as a [[Minor (law)|minor]] and subject to parental authority.<ref name="CIC1983"/>{{rp|at=[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__PC.HTM cc. 97 §1, 98 §2]}} The authorization of the [[local ordinary]] must precede the celebration of the marriage of a minor if the marriage "cannot be recognized or celebrated according to the norm of civil law" or if the parents of a minor are "unaware or reasonably opposed".<ref name="CIC1983"/>{{rp|at=[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3W.HTM c. 1071 §1,2° and 6°]}} Each [[conference of bishops]] can "establish a higher age for the licit celebration of marriage".<ref name="CIC1983"/>{{rp|at=[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3Y.HTM c. 1083 §§1–2]}} Canon 1072 requires that pastors discourage "marriage before the age at which a person usually enters marriage according to the accepted practices of the region."<ref name="CIC1983"/>{{rp|at=[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P3W.HTM c. 1072]}} [[Edward N. Peters]] explains that canon 1083 "authorized episcopal conferences to recognize the concrete circumstances of marriage in their own territories and to raise the ages for licit marriages within a given nation" to more than the minimum age for a valid marriage.<ref name="Peters1996">{{cite journal |last=Peters |first=Edward N. |date=22 June 1996 |title=Too young to marry |journal=America |volume=174 |issue=20 |pages=14–16 |issn=0002-7049}} Reprinted in {{cite web |last=Peters|first=Edward|title=Too young to marry|publisher=canonlaw.info|url=http://www.canonlaw.info/a_tooyoung.htm |access-date=2015-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221153117/http://www.canonlaw.info/a_tooyoung.htm |archive-date=2006-02-21|url-status=live}}</ref> Other canons that regulate marriage in general also apply, for example persons "who lack the sufficient use of reason" or "who suffer from a grave defect of discretion of judgment concerning the essential matrimonial rights and duties mutually to be handed over and accepted" "are incapable of contracting marriage."<ref name="CIC1983"/>{{rp|at=[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P3Z.HTM c. 1095]}}}} English [[Canon law|ecclesiastical law]] forbade the marriage of a girl before the age of puberty.<ref>Richard Burn, Robert Tyrwhitt and Robert Phillimore, ''The Ecclesiastical Law'', Volume 4, Sweet Stevens & Norton (London), page 54.</ref>

[[Judaism|Jewish]] [[Halakha|halakhists]] and [[rabbi]]s prohibit a father from betrothing a daughter while she is still a minor.<ref name=friedman80/><ref name="Kiddushin 41a.8">{{cite web|url=https://www.sefaria.org.il/Kiddushin.41a.8?lang=en|title=Kiddushin 41a.8 – sefaria.org|access-date=2024-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sefaria.org/Shulchan_Arukh%2C_Even_HaEzer.43.1?lang=en|title=Shulchan Aruch, Even HaEzer 43.1-2 – sefaria.org|access-date=2024-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sefaria.org/Shulchan_Arukh%2C_Even_HaEzer.35.6?lang=en|title=Shulchan Aruch, Even HaEzer 35.6 – sefaria.org|access-date=2024-01-24}}</ref> A girl can be betrothed when she becomes a young woman ({{langx|he|נַעֲרָה|na'arah}}), which may defined as a girl aged 12-12½ or one who has begun puberty.<ref>{{cite web |title=Daf Shevui to Ketubot 36a:3 |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Daf_Shevui_to_Ketubot.36a.3?ven=Daf_Shevui&lang=bi |website=www.sefaria.org |access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Kiddushin 41a.8"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/952875/jewish/Ishut-Chapter-Two.htm|title=Ishut - Chapter Two - Chabad.org}}</ref> In exceptional cases, such as during exile and persecution, girls aged 4-13 years may be betrothed by their fathers.<ref name="MAJORITY – JewishEncyclopedia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10310-majority|title=MAJORITY – JewishEncyclopedia.com|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbUXAQAAMAAJ&q=ketannah | title = Beiträge zur jüdischen Altherthumskunde, Band 2 | last1=Lőw | first1=Leopold Lőw | pages=170, 175, 176 | year=1969 | publisher=Gregg | isbn = 9780576801270 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sefaria.org/Shulchan_Arukh%2C_Even_HaEzer.37.8?lang=en|title=Shulchan Aruch, Even HaEzer 37:8 – sefaria.org|access-date=2024-01-24}}</ref> [[Erusin|Betrothal by intercourse]] is forbidden and punishable by lashing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sefaria.org/Shulchan_Arukh%2C_Even_HaEzer.26.4?lang=en|title=Shulchan Aruch, Even HaEzer 26:4 – sefaria.org|access-date=2024-01-24}}</ref> The [[Talmud]] states that, "those who marry girls who are not yet capable of bearing children" will "delay the coming of the [[messiah]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ph.yhb.org.il/en/14-05-10/|title=The Age of Marriage for Women – Peninei Halakha|access-date=2024-01-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sefaria.org/Niddah.13b.5-7?lang=en|title=Niddah 13b.5-7 – sefaria.org|access-date=2024-01-24}}</ref> A wide age gap between spouses, in either direction, is advised against.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sefaria.org.il/Yevamot.44a?lang=en|title=Yevamot 44a – sefaria.org|access-date=2024-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sefaria.org.il/Yevamot.101b?lang=en
|title=Yevamot 101b – sefaria.org|access-date=2024-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sefaria.org.il/Avot_D'Rabbi_Natan.23.4?lang=en|title=Avot D'Rabbi Natan 23:4 – sefaria.org|access-date=2024-01-24}}</ref> Marrying one's young daughter to an old man was declared as reprehensible as forcing her into prostitution.<ref name="Sanhedrin 76a.23-25">{{cite web|url=https://www.sefaria.org/Sanhedrin.76a.23-25?lang=en
|title=Sanhedrin 76a 23-25 – sefaria.org|access-date=2024-01-24}}</ref> The ideal age at which a man should marry is 18. Before this age, he should spend his time studying and getting his life in order.<ref name="jewishencyclopedia.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ph.yhb.org.il/en/14-05-07/|title=The Age of Marriage for Men – Peninei Halakha|access-date=2024-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sefaria.org/Sotah.44a.6?lang=en|title=Sotah 44a.6 – sefaria.org|access-date=2024-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sefaria.org/Pirkei_Avot.5.21?lang=en|title=Pirkei Avot 5.21 – sefaria.org|access-date=2024-01-24}}</ref>

There is no minimum marriage age defined in traditional [[Islamic law]]; the legal discussion of this topic is centered primarily on women's physical maturity. Classical [[Fiqh|Sunni jurisprudence]] allows a father to contract a marriage for his underaged daughter. The appropriate age for consummating the marriage, which could occur several years after signing the marriage contract, was to be determined by the bride, groom, and the bride's guardian since medieval jurists held that the age of fitness for intercourse was too variable for legislation.<ref name=brown-islam>{{Cite book|first=Jonathan A.C. |last=Brown| author-link = Jonathan A.C. Brown | year=2015 | title=Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy|publisher=Oneworld Publications (Kindle edition)|pages=3090–3110 (Kindle locations)}}</ref> This was based in part on the precedent set by the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]], as described in the [[hadith]] collections considered to be authentic by Muslims. According to these sources, Muhammad married [[Aisha]], his third wife, when she was about six,{{efn|some sources suggest age at marriage as six and some as seven, see Denise Spellberg (1996), Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: The Legacy of 'A'isha Bint Abi Bakr, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0231079990}}, pp 39–40}} and consummated the marriage when she was about nine.{{efn|Most sources suggest age at consummation as nine, and one that it may have been age 10; See: [[Denise Spellberg]] (1996), ''Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: The Legacy of 'A'isha Bint Abi Bakr'', 
[[Columbia University Press]], {{ISBN|978-0231079990}}, pp. 39–40;<br /> The [[Ahmadiyya]] sect has published the opinion of Pakistani writer [[Muhammad Ali (writer)|Muhammad Ali]] that [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] is inauthentic; Ali argued that Aisha may have been a teenager.{{cite book|last1=Ali|first1=Muhammad|author1-link=Muhammad Ali (writer)|title=Muhammad the Prophet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=od6dAQKgK-YC&pg=PT150|year=1997|publisher=Ahamadiyya Anjuman Ishaat Islam|isbn=978-0913321072}}<br />However, Ahmadiyya sect views about Islam and its history are widely disputed by mainstream Islam. See: Siddiq & Ahmad (1995), ''Enforced Apostasy: Zaheeruddin v. State and the Official Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan, Law & Inequality'', 14: pp. 275–284.}}{{efn|See:
* L. Ahmed, ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3174138 Women and the Advent of Islam]'', Signs, Vol. 11, No. 4 (Summer, 1986), pp. 677–678;
* Cynthia Gorney, "Too Young to Wed – The secret world of child brides", ''National Geographic'', June 2011, quote: "'If there were any danger in early marriage, Allah would have forbidden it,' a Yemeni member of parliament named Mohammed Al-Hamzi told me in the capital city of Sanaa one day. 'Something that Allah himself did not forbid, we cannot forbid.' Al-Hamzi, a religious conservative, is vigorously opposed to the legislative efforts in Yemen to prohibit marriage for girls below a certain age (17, in a recent version), and so far those efforts have met with failure. Islam does not permit marital relations before a girl is physically ready, he said, but the Holy Koran contains no specific age restrictions and so these matters are properly the province of family and religious guidance, not national law. Besides, there is the matter of the '''Prophet Muhammad's beloved Ayesha—nine years old, according to the conventional account, when the marriage was consummated.'''"}} Some modern Muslim authors and Islamic scholars, such as [[Ali Gomaa]], who served as the [[Grand Mufti of Egypt]], doubt the traditionally accepted narrative and believe based on other evidence that Aisha was in her late teens at the time of her marriage.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Jonathan A.C. |last=Brown| author-link = Jonathan A.C. Brown | year=2015 | title=Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy|publisher=Oneworld Publications (Kindle edition)|pages=3200 (Kindle location)}}</ref> As a general rule, intercourse was prohibited for girls "not able to undergo it," on the grounds of potential physical harm. Disputes regarding physical maturity between the involved parties were to be resolved by a [[Qadi|judge]], potentially after examination by a female expert witness.<ref name=brown-islam/> The [[Ottoman family law|1917 Codification of Islamic Family Law]] in the [[Ottoman Empire]] distinguished between the age of competence for marriage, which was set at 18 for boys and 17 for girls, and the minimum age for marriage, set at 12 for boys and 9 for girls. Marriage below the age of competence was permissible only if proof of sexual maturity was accepted in court, while marriage under the minimum age was forbidden. During the 20th century, sharia-based legislation in most countries in the Middle East followed the Ottoman precedent in defining the age of competence, while raising the minimum age to 15–16 for boys and 13–16 for girls.<ref name=EI2-8-29/> In 2019, [[Saudi Arabia]] raised the age of marriage to 18.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/naija-fashion/369729-saudi-arabia-bans-under-18-marriage.html|title = Saudi Arabia bans under 18 marriage|date = 24 December 2019}}</ref>

In [[Hinduism]] the [[Vedas]], specifically the [[Rigveda]] and [[Atharvaveda]], have several verses that indicate girls were only to be married long after attaining puberty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nagi |first=B. S. |title=Child Marriage in India: A Study of Its Differential Patterns in Rajasthan |date=1 January 1993 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-460-2 |page=6 |language=en}}</ref> However, during the [[Vedic period]], there is indication that girls were married before attaining and also during puberty.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nagi|first=B. S.|title=Child Marriage in India: A Study of Its Differential Patterns in Rajasthan|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-460-2|page=6|language=en}}</ref> Some early [[Dharmaśāstra]], which are secondary texts (''Smritis'') to the Vedas (''Srutis''), also state that girls should be married after they have attained puberty,<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|publisher=Pearson Education India|year=2008|page=420}}</ref> while some Dharmaśāstra texts extend the marriageable age to before puberty.<ref>{{cite book| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC&pg=PA420| title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |first=Upinder |last=Singh |year=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India|page=420| isbn=9788131716779 }}</ref> It should be understood that Smritis are descriptions of recommended laws for the times and Vedas are the ultimate authority. Nonetheless, Smritis were often followed by society until they were revised or amended, similar to constitutions or other forms of law.

In the [[Manusmriti]],<ref>Donald Davis (2010), The Spirit of Hindu Law, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521877046}}, page 14</ref> a father is considered to have wronged his daughter if he fails to marry her before puberty and if the girl is not married in less than three years after reaching puberty, she can search for the husband herself.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xp35-8gTRDkC&pg=PA113|title=Megasthenes and Indian Religion: A Study in Motives and Types|author=Allan Dahlaquist|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|pages=113–114|isbn=9788120813236|date=31 December 1996}}</ref> However, in modern India, the minimum age of marriage is 21 years for males and 18 years for females as per both the [[Hindu Marriage Act]] and the [[Special Marriage Act]]. The [[Hindu Marriage Act]] is applicable and valid for all Hindus including Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs who altogether form more than 83% of Indian population.

By the beginning of the 21st century, most countries had enacted laws establishing the general [[Marriageable age|minimum age for marriage]] at 18 years. However, in many of these countries, some exceptions allowed marriage before this age with the consent of the parents and/or by court decision. In some countries, a religious marriage is still recognized by the state authorities, while in others, a registered civil marriage is mandatory.

==Problems (gendered effects)==
Child marriage has lasting consequences on girls, from their health (mental and physical), education, and social development perspectives.<ref name="Parsons"/> These consequences last well beyond adolescence.<ref name=hrwconsq/> One of the most common causes of death for girls aged 15 to 19 in developing countries was pregnancy and childbirth.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2013/12/01/247843225/5-things-you-may-not-know-about-child-marriage 5 Things you may not know about Child Marriage] NPR, Washington DC</ref> In [[Niger]], estimated to have the world's highest rate of child marriage, approximately three out of four girls marry before their 18th birthday.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/niger/|title=Niger |work= Girls Not Brides|access-date=2016-07-09 |last1=Brides |first1=Girls Not }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icrw.org/child-marriage-facts-and-figures|title=Child Marriage Facts and Figures – ICRW – PASSION. PROOF. POWER.|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=28 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828070027/https://www.icrw.org/child-marriage-facts-and-figures/|url-status=dead}}</ref> 

Boys are sometimes married as children, almost always to a female minor. [[UNICEF]] states that "girls [are] disproportionately affected by the practice. Globally, the prevalence of child marriage among boys is just one-sixth that among girls."<ref name="Child Marriage"/> Research on the effects of child marriage on underage boys is scant, which researchers state is likely because child marriage involving boys is less common and boys do not face the adverse health effects as a result of early pregnancy and childbirth.<ref name="Gastón"/> The effects of child marriage on boys include being ill-prepared for certain responsibilities such as providing for the family, early fatherhood, and a lack of access to education and career opportunities.<ref name="Gastón"/> {{As of|2014|9}}, 156 million living men were married as underage boys.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/09/18/the-sad-hidden-plight-of-child-grooms.html|title=The Sad Hidden Plight of Child Grooms|first=Nina|last=Strochlic|date=18 September 2014|access-date=2016-07-09|newspaper=The Daily Beast}}</ref>

In its first in-depth analysis of child grooms, UNICEF revealed that an estimated 115 million boys and men around the world were married as children. Of these, 1 in 5, or 23 million, boys were married before the age of 15. According to the data, the Central African Republic has the highest prevalence of child marriage among males (28%), followed by Nicaragua (19%) and Madagascar (13%). The estimates bring the total number of child brides and child grooms to 765 million. Girls remain disproportionately affected, with 1 in 5 young women aged 20 to 24 years old married before their 18th birthday, compared to 1 in 30 young men.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/115-million-boys-and-men-around-world-married-children-unicef|title=115 million boys and men around the world married as children – UNICEF|website=www.unicef.org}}</ref>

==Causes==
According to the [[United Nations Population Fund]], factors that promote and reinforce child marriage include poverty and economic survival strategies; [[gender inequality]]; sealing land or property deals or settling disputes; control over sexuality and protecting family honor; tradition and culture; and insecurity, particularly during war, famine or epidemics.<ref name="too young">{{cite web|title=Marrying Too Young: End Child Marriage|url=http://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/MarryingTooYoung.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations Population Fund|UNFPA]]}}</ref> Other factors include family ties in which marriage is a means of consolidating powerful relations between families.<ref name="too young"/>

===Dowry and bride price===
[[File:Thai Bride Price 2008.jpg|thumb|left|A traditional, formal presentation of the bride price at a Thai engagement ceremony]]
Providing a girl with a [[dowry]] at her marriage is an ancient practice that continues in some parts of the world, especially in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Parents bestow property on the marriage of a daughter as a dowry, which is often an economic challenge for many families. The difficulty in saving for dowry was common, particularly in times of economic hardship, or persecution, or unpredictable seizure of property and savings. These difficulties pressed families to betroth their girls, irrespective of their age, as soon as they had the resources to pay the dowry. Thus, Goitein notes that European Jews would marry their girls early, once they had collected the expected amount of dowry.<ref name=goitein78>S.D. Goitein (1978), A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World, Vol. 3, University of California Press</ref>

A [[bride price]] is the amount paid by the groom to the parents of a bride for them to consent to him marrying their daughter. In some countries, the younger the bride, the higher the bride price.<ref>{{cite news | last = Bearak | first = Barry | title = The bride price | work = [[The New York Times]] | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/09/magazine/09BRI.html | date = 9 July 2006 }}</ref><ref name="nourreport" /> This practice can create an economic incentive where girls are sought and married early by her family to the highest bidder. Child marriages of girls can function as a way out of desperate economic conditions or simply as a source of income for the parents.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Tremayne | first = Soraya | title = Modernity and early marriage in Iran: a view from within | journal = [[Journal of Middle East Women's Studies]] | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 65–94 | doi = 10.1215/15525864-2006-1003 | jstor = 40326888 | date = Winter 2006 | s2cid = 54509784 | url = https://muse.jhu.edu/article/194426 }} [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_middle_east_womens_studies/v002/2.1tremayne.pdf Pdf.]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Boyden | first1 = Jo | last2 = Pankhurst | first2 = Alula | last3 = Tafere | first3 = Yisak | title = Child protection and harmful traditional practices: female early marriage and genital modification in Ethiopia | journal = Development in Practice| volume = 22 | issue = 4 | pages = 510–522 | doi = 10.1080/09614524.2012.672957 | date = June 2012 | s2cid = 144583426 | url = https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ad065460-bef4-4578-8fd4-b22d62ac599e }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Chowdhury | first = F.D. | title = The socio-cultural context of child marriage in a Bangladeshi village | journal = [[International Journal of Social Welfare]] | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 244–253 | doi = 10.1111/j.1369-6866.2004.00318.x | date = July 2004 }}</ref> Bride price is another cause of child marriage and [[child trafficking]].<ref name=icrwchild/><ref name=africachild>{{cite web|url=http://www.forwarduk.org.uk/key-issues/child-marriage |title=Eradicating child marriage in Africa |publisher=FORWARD UK |access-date= 2015-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Warner | first = Elizabeth | title = Behind the wedding veil: Child marriage as a form of trafficking in girls | journal = Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 233–247 |year = 2004 | url = http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/jgspl/vol12/iss2/1/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tandi/401-420/tandi415.html |title=The trafficking of children in the Asia–Pacific |publisher=Aic.gov.au |access-date=2015-02-18 |archive-date=27 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027094118/http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tandi/401-420/tandi415.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Bride kidnapping===
[[File:RaidbyKURDS.jpg|thumb|Depiction of [[bride kidnapping]]]]
{{Main|Bride kidnapping}}
[[Bride kidnapping]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/bridenapping-ndash-a-growing-hidden-crime-2367811.html|title='Bridenapping': a growing hidden crime|date=9 October 2011|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref> also known as marriage by abduction or marriage by capture, is a practice in which a male abducts<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/out-of-eden-walk/articles/2017-06-captured-hearts/|title=Captured Hearts|website=nationalgeographic.org|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref> the female he wishes to marry. Bride kidnapping has been practiced around the world and throughout history. It continues to occur in countries in [[Central Asia]], the [[Caucasus]] region, parts of [[Africa]], among people as diverse as the [[Hmong people|Hmong]] in Southeast Asia, the [[Tzeltal people|Tzeltal]] in Mexico, and the [[Romani people|Romani]] in Europe.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} Bride kidnapping is a widespread issue in Ethiopia. A 2003 study found the custom's prevalence rate was estimated at 69 percent nationally, <ref>{{cite web|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/unicef-supports-fight-end-marriage-abduction-ethiopia|title=UNICEF supports fight to end marriage by abduction in Ethiopia|publisher=reliefweb.int|date=9 November 2004|access-date=29 August 2013}}</ref> with reports of girls as young as 11 being taken for marriage.<ref name="et1">{{Cite web |date=February 23, 2007 |title=Ethiopia: Surviving forced marriage |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/feature/2007/02/23/ethiopia-surviving-forced-marriage |access-date=October 25, 2024 |website=The New Humanitarian}}</ref> In response, Ethiopia has enacted laws to outlaw this practice and established a minimum marriage age of 18.<ref name="et2">{{Cite web |last=Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information |first=Bureau of Public Affairs |date=2008-03-11 |title=Ethiopia |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100481.htm |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=2001-2009.state.gov |language=en}}</ref> However, the effectiveness of these measures in reducing bride kidnapping remains unclear.<ref name="et1" /><ref name="et2" />

In most nations, bride kidnapping is considered a crime rather than a valid [[types of marriages|form of marriage]]. Some types of it may also be seen as falling along the continuum between [[forced marriage]] and [[arranged marriage]]. However, even when the practice is against the law, judicial enforcement remains lax in some areas. Bride kidnapping occurs in various parts of the world, but it is most common in the Caucasus and Central Asia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-37256574|title=Police swoop on fake 'bride kidnapping'|date=2 September 2016|access-date=2019-08-26|language=en-GB}}</ref> Bride kidnapping is often a form of child marriage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kyrgyzstan-women-bride-kidnapping-idUSKBN1AH5GI|title=One in five girls and women kidnapped for marriage in Kyrgyzstan:...|date=1 August 2017|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-08-26|language=en}}
</ref> It may be connected to the practice of bride price, and the inability or unwillingness to pay it.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/30/world/asia/abduction-often-violent-a-kyrgyz-wedding-rite.html|title=Abduction, Often Violent, a Kyrgyz Wedding Rite|last=Smith|first=Craig S.|date=30 April 2005|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-08-26|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}
</ref>

===Persecution, forced migration, and slavery===
Social upheavals such as wars, major military campaigns, [[forced religious conversion]], taking natives as [[prisoners of war]] and converting them into slaves, arrest and [[forced migration]]s of people often made a suitable groom a rare commodity. Bride's families would seek out any available bachelors and marry them to their daughters before events beyond their control moved the boy away. Persecution and displacement of [[Romani people|Roma]] and [[Jews|Jewish]] people in Europe, colonial campaigns to get slaves from various ethnic groups in West Africa across the Atlantic for [[Plantation (settlement or colony)|plantations]], and Islamic campaigns to get Hindu slaves from India across Afghanistan's [[Hindu Kush]] as property and for work were some of the historical events that increased the practice of child marriage before the 19th century.<ref name=goitein78/><ref>Andre Wink (1997), Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, vol. 2, The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th Centuries (Leiden)</ref><ref>Assaf Likhovski (2006), Law and Identity in Mandate Palestine, {{ISBN|978-0-8078-3017-8}}; University of North Carolina Press, pages 93–103</ref>

Among [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi Jewish]] communities, child marriages became frequent from the 10th to 13th centuries, especially in Muslim Spain.<ref name=Lieberman/> This practice intensified after the Jewish community was expelled from Spain, and resettled in the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Child marriages among the Eastern [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic Jews]] continued through the 18th century in Islamic majority regions.<ref name=Lieberman>Julia Rebollo Lieberman (2011), Sephardi Family Life in the Early Modern Diaspora, pages 8–10; Brandeis University Press; {{ISBN|978-1-58465-957-0}}</ref><ref>Ruth Lamdan, Child Marriages in Jewish Society in Eastern Mediterranean during the 16th Century, Mediterranean Historical Review, 2 (June 1996); Vol 11, pages 37–59</ref><ref>Joseph Hacker, in Moreshet Sheparad: The Sephardi Legacy, Vol 2, (Editor: Haim Beinart), Magnes Press, 1992; pages 109–133</ref>

===Fear, poverty, social pressures, and a sense of protection===
[[File:Dame (Alice) Ellen Terry ('Choosing') by George Frederic Watts.jpg|thumb|English stage actress [[Ellen Terry]] was married at age 16 to 46-year-old [[George Frederic Watts]], a marriage her parents thought would be advantageous; later she said she was uncomfortable being a child bride. Terry died at the age of 81, in 1928.]]

A sense of social insecurity is a cause of child marriages across the world. For example, in Nepal, parents fear [[social stigma]] if adult daughters (past 18 years) stay at home. Others fear crimes such as rape, which not only would be traumatic but may lead to less acceptance of the girl if she becomes a victim of such a crime.<ref>Thapa, S. (1996). ITS PREVALENCE AND CORRELATES. Contributions to Nepalese Studies, 23(2), pages 361–375</ref> For example, girls may not be seen as eligible for marriage if they are not virgins.<ref name=":1" /> In other cultures, the fear is that an unmarried girl may engage in illicit relationships,<ref name=saudi2009>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2009-04-30-saudi-arabia_N.htm|title=8-year-old Saudi girl divorces 50-year-old husband |work=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> or elope, causing a permanent social blemish to her siblings, or that the impoverished family may be unable to find bachelors for grown-up girls in their socioeconomic group. Such fears and social pressures have been proposed as causes that lead to child marriages. Insofar as child marriage is a social norm in practicing communities, the elimination of child marriage must come through a changing of those social norms. The mindset of the communities, and what is believed to be the proper outcome for a child bride, must be shifted to bring about a change in the prevalence of child marriage.<ref>[[Cristina Bicchieri|Bicchieri C]], Lindemans, Jiang. A social norms perspective on child marriage: The general framework. UNICEF, 2014</ref>

Families in extreme poverty may perceive daughters as an economic burden.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/gwi/rls/rem/2010/144989.htm|title=Targeting Girls in the Name of Tradition: Child Marriage|work=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> If they cannot afford to raise a child, seeking a [[Child marriage in the United States|child marriage]] for a girl can be seen as a way of ensuring her economic security and thus benefiting her as well as her parents.<ref name="Nour child marriage"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zia |first=Asad |date=2013-01-01 |title=42% of underage married girls from Pakistan |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/487659/child-marriages-42-of-underage-married-girls-from-pakistan |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|title = International Law as an Instrument to Combat Child Marriage|last = Gaffney-Rhys|first = Ruth|year = 2011|journal = The International Journal of Human Rights|doi = 10.1080/13642980903315398|volume=15|issue = 3|pages=359–373|s2cid = 143307822}}</ref> In reviews of Jewish community history, scholars<ref>Lamdān, R. (2000). A Separate People: Jewish Women in Palestine, Syria, and Egypt in the Sixteenth Century (Vol. 26). Brill; see pages 28–31</ref><ref>A. Grossman, 'Child marriage in Jewish society in the Middle Ages until the thirteenth century' (in Hebrew), Peamim 45 (1990), 108–126</ref><ref>Abrahams, Israel (2005). Jewish life in the Middle Ages. Routledge; see pages 183–189</ref> claim poverty, shortage of grooms, and uncertain social and economic conditions were a cause of frequent child marriages.

[[File:Drawings by young Syrian refugee girls in a community centre in southern Lebanon promote the prevention of child marriage. (14496389777).jpg|left|thumb|Drawings by young Syrian refugee girls in a community center in southern [[Lebanon]] promote the prevention of child marriage.]]
An additional factor causing child marriage is the parental belief that early marriage offers protection. Parents feel that marriage provides their daughter with a sense of protection from sexual promiscuity and safe from sexually transmitted infections.<ref name="Nour child marriage">{{cite journal|last1=Nour|first1=NM|title=Child Marriage: a silent health and human rights issue|journal=Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology|year=2009|volume=2|issue=1|pages=51–56|pmid=19399295|pmc=2672998}}</ref><ref name="nourreport"/> However, in reality, young girls tend to marry older men, placing them at an increased risk of contracting a sexually transmitted infection.

Protection through marriage may play a specific role in conflict settings. Families may have their young daughters marry members of an armed group or military in hopes that they will be better protected. Girls may also be taken by armed groups and forced into marriages.<ref name=":4" />

In many communities, there is social pressure to marry off girls at a young age. This practice is often justified by cultural norms and the belief that it provides social and economic stability.

===Climate disasters===
In 2023, a study led by Ohio State researchers, Fiona Doherty, Smitha Rao, and Angelise Radney found that the increase in environmental disasters tied to climate change were contributing factor to a rise in child marriage in at least 20 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-02 |title=Cambio climático: por qué las inundaciones y el clima extremo están causando un aumento de matrimonios infantiles forzados en el mundo |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/articles/cx7j247lg40o |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=BBC News Mundo |language=es}}</ref>

===Religion, culture and civil law===
Although the general marriageable age is 18 in the majority of countries, most jurisdictions allow for exceptions for underage youth with parental and/or judicial consent.<ref name="too young"/> Such laws are neither limited to developing countries, nor a state's religion. In some countries, a religious marriage by itself has legal validity, while in others it does not, as [[civil marriage]] is obligatory. For Catholics incorporated into the [[Latin Church]], the [[1983 Code of Canon Law]] sets the minimum age for a valid marriage at 16 for males and 14 for females.<ref name="CIC1983"/>{{rp|at=[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P3Y.HTM c. 1083 §1]}}{{efn|name=CIC}} In 2015, Spain raised its minimum marriageable age to 18 (16 with court consent) from the previous 14.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://time.com/3970710/spain-marriage-age-of-consent-europe/|title=Spain marriage age of consent Europe|publisher=time-com|date=24 July 2015}}</ref> In Mexico, marriage under 18 is allowed with parental consent, from age 14 for girls and age 16 for boys.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://embamex.sre.gob.mx/canada_eng/index.php/marriage-in-mexico |title=Marriage requirements in Mexico |publisher=Embamex.sre.gob.mx |access-date=2015-02-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218215805/http://embamex.sre.gob.mx/canada_eng/index.php/marriage-in-mexico |archive-date=2015-02-18 }}</ref> In Ukraine, in 2012, the Family Code was amended to equalize the marriageable age for girls and boys to 18, with courts being allowed to grant permission to marry from 16 years of age if it is established that the marriage is in the best interest of the youth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Child Marriage in Ukraine (Summary) |url=https://eeca.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/unfpa%20ukraine%20summary.pdf |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=UNFPA}}</ref>

Many states in the US permit child marriages [[Marriageable age#Americas|with the court's permission]]. Since 2015, the minimum marriageable age throughout Canada is 16. In Canada, the [[age of majority]] is set by province/territory at 18 or 19, so minors under this age have additional restrictions (i.e. parental and court consent). Under the Criminal Code, Art. 293.2 Marriage under the age of 16 years reads: "Everyone who celebrates, aids or participates in a marriage rite or ceremony knowing that one of the persons being married is under the age of 16 years is guilty of an indictable offense and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years."<ref name="laws-lois.justice.gc.ca">{{cite web|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/page-160.html#docCont|title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Criminal Code|publisher=Legislative Services Branch|website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref> The Civil Marriage Act also states: "2.2 No person who is under the age of 16 years may contract marriage."<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-31.5/page-1.html|title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Civil Marriage Act|publisher=Legislative Services Branch|website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca|access-date=2018-03-03|date=18 June 2015}}</ref> In the UK, marriage is allowed for 16–17 years old with parental consent in [[England and Wales]] as well as in [[Northern Ireland]], and even without parental consent in [[Scotland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/marriages-civil-partnerships/overview |title=Marriages and civil partnerships in the UK |publisher=GOV.UK |date=16 December 2014 |access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref> However, a marriage of a person under 16 is [[void marriage|void]] under the [[Matrimonial Causes Act 1973]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1973/18 |title=Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 |publisher=Legislation.gov.uk |access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref> The [[United Nations Population Fund]] stated the following:<ref name="too young"/>

{{blockquote|In 2010, 158 countries reported that 18 years was the minimum legal age for marriage for women without parental consent or approval by a pertinent authority. However, in 146 countries, state or customary law allows girls younger than 18 to marry with the consent of parents or other authorities; in 52 countries, girls under age 15 can marry with parental consent. In contrast, 18 is the legal age for marriage without consent among males in 180 countries. Additionally, in 105 countries, boys can marry with the consent of a parent or a pertinent authority, and in 23 countries, boys under age 15 can marry with parental consent.}}

A lower legally allowed marriage age does not necessarily cause high rates of child marriages. However, there is a correlation between restrictions placed by laws and the average age of first marriage. In the United States, per [[1960 United States census|1960 census]] data, 3.5% of girls married before the age of 16, while an additional 11.9% married between 16 and 18. States with lower marriage age limits saw higher percentages of child marriages.<ref name=ncbi/> This correlation between the higher age of marriage in civil law and the observed frequency of child marriages breaks down in countries with Islam as the state religion. In Islamic nations, many countries do not allow child marriage of girls under their civil code of laws, but the state-recognized Sharia religious laws and courts in all these nations have the power to override the civil code, and often do. [[UNICEF]] reports that the top eight nations in the world with the highest observed child marriage rates are Niger (75%), Chad (72%), Mali (71%), Bangladesh (64%), Guinea (63%), Central African Republic (61%), Mozambique (56%), and Nepal (51%).<ref name=unicef12a>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/sowc09/docs/SOWC09-CountryExample-Mali.pdf|title=Child Marriage is a Death Sentence for Many Young Girls|publisher=UNICEF|year=2012|access-date=11 August 2013|archive-date=13 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113035429/https://www.unicef.org/sowc09/docs/SOWC09-CountryExample-Mali.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Marriageable age in religious sources===
====Judaism====
Ancient [[Rabbi]]s set the age of marriage for every [[Israelite]] at 18 years old; males are expected to be married by 20 years old in [[teenage marriage]] and females can stay unmarried but must be celibate.<ref name="jewishencyclopedia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10435-marriage-laws|title=MARRIAGE LAWS |website=jewishencyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-06-10}}</ref>

In [[Rabbinic Judaism]], males cannot consent to marriage until they reach the age of 13 years and a day and have undergone puberty. They are considered [[Minor (law)|minors]] until the age of twenty. The same rules apply to females, except their age is 12 years and a day. If females show no signs of puberty and males show no signs of puberty or do show impotence, they automatically become adults by age 35 and can marry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10861-minority|title=MAJORITY |website=Jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10888-mi-un|title=MI'UN |website=Jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref>

A large age gap between spouses, in either direction, is advised against as unwise.<ref>''[[Yebamot]]'' 44a</ref> A younger woman marrying a significantly older man however is especially problematic: marrying one's young daughter to an old man was declared as reprehensible as forcing her into prostitution.<ref name="Sanhedrin 76a.23-25"/>

A ''ketannah'' (literally meaning "little [one]") was any girl between the age of 3 years and 12 years plus one day;<ref name="JewEncMaj">{{Jewish Encyclopedia |article=Majority |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=M&artid=91}}</ref> she was subject to her father's authority, and he could arrange a marriage for her without her agreement.<ref name="JewEncMaj" /> However, after reaching the age of maturity, she would have to agree to the marriage to be considered married.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/legal-religious-status-of-married-woman |title=CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR LEGAL MARRIAGE |author=Tirzah Meacham |access-date=2020-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10435-marriage-laws |title=MARRIAGE LAWS |author1=Solomon Schechter |author2=Julius H. Greenstone |access-date=2020-06-10}}</ref>

====Christianity====
The minimum ages of consent for marriage in the Catholic Church are 14 for girls and 16 for boys. Being underage constitutes a [[diriment impediment]]. That is, a marriage involving an underage bride or groom is canonically invalid. A [[Conference of Bishops]] may adopt a higher age for marriage, but in that case, the higher age only creates a prohibitive impediment, that is, a marriage involving a bride or groom above the Church's minimum age but below that set by the Conference is ''[[valid but illicit]]''. Permission to marry against a civil authority's directive requires the permission of the [[Ordinary (Catholic Church)|Ordinary]], which, in the case of sensible and equal laws regarding marriage age, is not usually granted. The permission by the Ordinary is also required in case of a marriage of a minor when their parents are unaware of his marriage or if their parents reasonably oppose the marriage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/eng/documents/cic_lib4-cann998-1165_en.html#CHAPTER%20III |title=Code of Canon Law – IntraText |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=2021-01-20}}</ref>

====Islam====
In classical [[Sharia|Islamic law]], suitability for marital relations is conditional on physical maturity (''bulugh'') and mental maturity (''rushd''). Classical jurists did not stipulate a minimum marriageable age because they did not believe that maturity is reached by everyone at a specific age.<ref name="Watt">{{harvnb|Watt|1960}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Spellberg|1996|p=40}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Nour child marriage"/><ref>{{harvnb|Barlas|2002|pp=125–126}}</ref> Büchler and Schlater observe that "marriageable age according to classical Islamic law coincides with the occurrence of puberty. The notion of puberty refers to signs of physical maturity such as the emission of semen or the onset of menstruation". Traditional schools of Islamic jurisprudence ([[madhaahib]]) define the age of full legal capacity to enter marriage as follows:<ref name=buchler-schlater>{{cite journal |url=http://www.zora.uzh.ch/78204/1/Beitrag_Buechler_Schlatter_final.pdf |title=Marriage Age in Islamic and Contemporary Muslim Family Laws: A Comparative Survey |last1=Büchler |first1=Andrea |last2=Schlatter |first2=Christina |journal=Electronic Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law |volume=1 |issn=1664-5707 |year=2013 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" 60%;
|-
! !! Male age !! Female age !! Notes
|-
| [[Shafi'i]]||align=center|15||align=center|15||
|-
| [[Hanbali]]||align=center|15||align=center|15||
|-
| [[Maliki]]||align=center|17||align=center|17||
|-
| [[Hanafi]]||align=center|12–18||align=center|9–17||Marriageable age is whenever the person reaches puberty, which may vary from person to person. Listed ages are when Hanafis presume puberty occurs in males and females.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.zora.uzh.ch/78204/1/Beitrag_Buechler_Schlatter_final.pdf |title=Marriage Age in Islamic and Contemporary Muslim Family Laws: A Comparative Survey |last1=Büchler |first1=Andrea |last2=Schlatter |first2=Christina |journal=Electronic Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law |volume=1 |issn=1664-5707 |year=2013|quote=Marriageable age according to classical Islamic law coincides with the occurrence of puberty. The notion of puberty refers to signs of physical maturity such as the emission of semen or the onset of menstruation. In the absence of such signs, the Hanafi school assumes that puberty will occur no later than at eighteen years for males and seventeen years for females}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ja'fari jurisprudence|Jafari]]||align=center|15||align=center|9||[[Shia]]
|}

According to Büchler and Schlater, while marriageable age is not the same as the legal majority under civil law, these age limits may correspond.<ref name=buchler-schlater/>

The 1917 codification of Islamic family law in the [[Ottoman Empire]] distinguished between the age of competence for marriage, which was set at 18 for boys and 17 for girls, and the minimum age for marriage, which followed the traditional Hanafi ages of the legal majority of 12 for boys and 9 for girls. Marriage below the age of competence was permissible only if proof of sexual maturity was accepted in court, while marriage under the minimum age was forbidden. During the 20th century, most countries in the Middle East followed the Ottoman precedent in defining the age of competence, while raising the minimum age to 15 or 16 for boys and 13–16 for girls. Marriage below the age of competence is subject to approval by a judge and the legal guardian of the adolescent. Egypt diverged from this pattern by setting the age limits of 18 for boys and 16 for girls, without a distinction between competence for marriage and minimum age.<ref name=EI2-8-29>{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Schacht, J.|author2= Layish, A.|author3= Shaham, R.|author4= Ansari, Ghaus|author5= Otto, J.M.|author6= Pompe, S.|author7= Knappert, J. |author8=Boyd, Jean| year=1995 | title=Nikāḥ|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition=2nd|publisher=Brill |editor1=P. Bearman|editor2= Th. Bianquis|editor3= C.E. Bosworth|editor4= E. van Donzel|editor5= W.P. Heinrichs|volume=8|page=29}}</ref> In 2020, Saudi Arabia officially banned all marriages under the age of 18.<ref name=":8">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/gcc/saudi-arabia-moves-to-ban-child-marriage-with-a-new-ruling-1.955310|title=Saudi Arabia moves to ban child marriage with a new ruling|website=The National|date=24 December 2019|language=en|access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref> The push to ban child marriage was initially opposed by senior clergy, who argued that a woman reaches adulthood at puberty.<ref name=thenational>{{cite news|title=Saudi push to end child marriages|newspaper=The National|author=Wael Mahdi|date=1 July 2009|url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/saudi-push-to-end-child-marriages-1.541430}}</ref> However, by 2019 the [[Saudi Shura Council]] had outlawed marriages under the age of 15 and required court approval for those under 18.<ref name=":7">{{cite web|url=https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/1540156/saudi-arabia-introduces-new-regulations-early-marriage|title=Saudi Arabia Introduces New Regulations for Early Marriage|last=Al Khataf|first=Iman|website=Asharq Al-aswat}}</ref>

===Politics and financial relationships===
[[File:Lodewijk XIV-Marriage.jpg|thumb|Child marriage in 1697 of [[Marie Adélaïde of Savoy]], age 12 to Louis, heir apparent of France age 15. The marriage created a political alliance.]]
Child marriages may depend upon socio-economic status. The aristocracy in some cultures, as in the European [[feudal]] era tended to use child marriage as a method to secure political ties. Families were able to cement political and/or financial ties by having their children marry.<ref>Shulamith Shaha (1983), ''The Fourth Estate: A History of Women in the Middle Ages'', {{ISBN|0-415-30851-8}}, Routledge, pages 131–149</ref> The betrothal is considered a binding contract between the families and the children. The breaking of a betrothal can have serious consequences both for the families and for the betrothed individuals themselves.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

==Effects on global regions==
A UNFPA report stated: "For the period 2000–2011, just over one third (an estimated 34 percent) of women aged 20 to 24 years in developing regions were married or in union before their eighteenth birthday. In 2010 this was equivalent to almost 67 million women. About 12 percent of them were married or in union before age 15."<ref name="too young"/> The prevalence of child marriage varies substantially among countries.<ref name="too young"/> Around the world, girls from rural areas are twice as likely to marry as children as those from urban areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.unicef.org/resources/a-profile-of-child-marriage-in-africa/|title=A Profile of Child Marriage in Africa|date=23 November 2015|website=UNICEF DATA}}</ref>

===Africa===
[[File:RUN.webm|thumb|''RUN'', a short documentary film focusing on [[child marriage in Nigeria]]]]
[[File:Girl_Summit_-_22nd_July_in_London_(14498368279).jpg|thumb|Poster against child and forced marriage]]

According to [[UNICEF]], [[Africa]] has the highest incidence rates of child marriage, with over 50% of girls marrying under the age of eighteen in five nations.<ref name=unicef12a/> Girls in West and [[Central Africa]] have the highest risk of marrying in childhood. Niger has one of the highest rates of early marriage in sub-Saharan Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Giwa |first=Audee T. |last2=Hamza |first2=Sha'awanatu |date=2021-12-15 |title=Interrogating the Spectre of Child Marriage in the Selected Works of Zaynab Alkali and Abubakar Gimba |url=https://www.ejlls.com/paper/interrogating-the-spectre-of-child-marriage-in-the-selected-works-of-zaynab-alkali-and-abubakar-gimba |journal=Ebonyi Journal of Language and Literary Studies |volume=4 |issue=1}}</ref> Among Nigerien women between the ages of twenty and twenty-four, 76% reported marrying before the age of eighteen, and 28% reported marrying before the age of fifteen.<ref name=autogenerated4/> This UNICEF report is based on data that is derived from a small sample survey between 1995 and 2004, and the current rate is unknown given the lack of infrastructure and in some cases, regional violence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Early_Marriage_12.lo.pdf|title=Child Marriage|publisher=UNICEF|year=2005|volume=Table 1|access-date=12 August 2013|archive-date=28 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828013412/http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Early_Marriage_12.lo.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

UNICEF stated in 2018 that although the number of child marriages has declined on a worldwide scale, the problem remains most severe in Africa, despite the fact that Ethiopia cut child marriage rates by one third.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 March 2018 |title=Child marriages declining, says Unicef |language=en-GB |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-43297085 |access-date=2018-03-06}}</ref>

African countries have enacted marriageable age laws to limit marriage to a [[minimum age]] of 16 to 18, depending on the jurisdiction. In Ethiopia, Chad and Niger, the legal marriage age is 15, but local customs and religious courts have the power to allow marriages below 12 years of age.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/82419/|title=IRIN Africa – NIGER: Early marriage – from rural custom to urban business – Niger – Children – Economy – Education – Gender Issues – Human Rights|newspaper=Irinnews |agency=The New Humanitarian|date=16 January 2009}}</ref> Child marriages of girls in West Africa, Central Africa and Northeast Africa are widespread.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://esaro.unfpa.org/public/cache/offonce/pid/12340;jsessionid=335EEB85D3DDF28D04E3D82F7753FC83.jahia01|title=Africa – Child marriage|author=Lbarnes|work=unfpa.org|access-date=2013-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014172929/http://esaro.unfpa.org/public/cache/offonce/pid/12340;jsessionid=335EEB85D3DDF28D04E3D82F7753FC83.jahia01|archive-date=2013-10-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> Additionally, poverty, religion, tradition, and conflict make the rate of child marriage in Sub-Saharan Africa very high in some regions.<ref name="nourreport">{{citation |last=Nour |first=Nawal M. |title=Health Consequences of Child Marriage in Africa |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=1644–1649 |year=2006 |url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/11/06-0510_article | issn = 1080-6059 |pmid=17283612 |doi=10.3201/eid1211.060510 |pmc=3372345}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plan-uk.org/early-and-forced-marriage/ |title=Ending Forced Child Marriage |access-date=2025-01-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108051310/https://plan-uk.org/resources/documents/Breaking-Vows-Early-and-Forced-Marriage-and-Girls-Education/ |archive-date=2011-11-08 }}</ref>

In many traditional systems, a man pays a [[bride price]] to the girl's family to marry her (comparable to the customs of dowry and [[dower]]). In many parts of Africa, this payment, in cash, cattle, or other valuables, decreases as a girl gets older. Even before a girl reaches puberty, it is common for a married girl to leave her parents to be with her husband. Many marriages are related to poverty, with parents needing the bride price of a daughter to feed, clothe, educate, and house the rest of the family. In Mali, the female-to-male ratio of marriage before age 18 is 72:1; in Kenya, 21:1.<ref name="nourreport" />

The various reports indicate that in many Sub-Saharan countries, there is a high incidence of marriage among girls younger than 15. Many governments have tended to overlook the particular problems resulting from child marriage, including [[obstetric fistula]]e, [[premature birth]]s, [[stillbirth]], [[sexually transmitted diseases]] (including [[cervical cancer]]), and [[malaria]].<ref name="nourreport" />

In parts of Ethiopia and Nigeria, many girls are married before the age of 15, some as young as 7.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-16 |title=FEATURE {{!}} 'Living as orphan': The story of Nigerian girls running away from child marriage |url=https://theinformant247.com/feature-living-as-orphan-the-story-of-nigerian-girls-running-away-from-early-marriage/ |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=The Informant247 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2005/presskit/factsheets/facts_child_marriage.htm|title=Child marriage – UNFPA – United Nations Population Fund|work=unfpa.org}}</ref> In parts of Mali, 39% of girls are married before the age of 15. In Niger and Chad, over 70% of girls are married before the age of 18.<ref name="nourreport" /> Over fifty million women in Africa were married before the age of 18.<ref name="i538">{{cite web | last=Hassfurter | first=Karoline | title=Child marriage in Eastern and Southern Africa: A statistical overview and reflections on ending the practice | website=UNICEF DATA | date=2022-06-16 | url=https://data.unicef.org/resources/child-marriage-in-eastern-and-southern-africa-a-statistical-overview-and-reflections-on-ending-the-practice/ | access-date=2024-10-27}}</ref>

====The Gambia====
In 2016, during a feast ending the [[Muslim]] holy month of [[Ramadan]], [[the Gambia|Gambia]]n President [[Yahya Jammeh]] announced that child and forced marriages were banned.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/cb97e2220e2d4ced8046032c8387606f/gambias-leader-says-ban-child-marriage-today |title=Gambia's leader says ban on child marriage 'as from today' |agency=Associated Press |access-date=2016-07-11 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220123839/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/cb97e2220e2d4ced8046032c8387606f/gambias-leader-says-ban-child-marriage-today |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated5">{{cite web |date=16 December 2015 |title=Gambia and Tanzania outlaw child marriage – BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36746174 |access-date=2016-07-11 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

====Kenya====
In [[Kenya]], 23% of girls are married before age 18, including 4% by age 15.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/kenya/|title=Child marriage around the world: KENYA|work=[[Girls Not Brides]] |last1=Brides |first1=Girls Not }}</ref>

==== Malawi ====
In 2015, [[Malawi]] passed a law banning child marriage, which raises the minimum age for marriage to 18.<ref>{{cite news |last=Batha |first=Emma |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malawi-childmarriage-law-idUSKBN0LK1Z020150217 |title=Malawi bans child marriage, lifts minimum age to 18 |work=Reuters|date=9 February 2009 |access-date=2015-02-18 |archive-date=18 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018234916/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/17/us-malawi-childmarriage-law-idUSKBN0LK1Z020150217 |url-status=live }}</ref> This major accomplishment came following years of effort by the Girls Empowerment Network campaign, which ultimately led to tribal and traditional leaders banning the cultural practice of child marriage.<ref>{{cite web |title=United Nations General Assembly. Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights: Preventing and eliminating child, early and forced marriage |url=https://www.unodc.org/res/e4j/data/_university_uni_/preventing_and_eliminating_child_early_and_forced_marriage_html/english.pdf}}</ref>

====Morocco====
In [[Morocco]], child marriage is a common practice. Over 41,000 marriages every year involve child brides.<ref name=almo2012>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/culture/2012/12/outlawing-child-marriage-in-morocco.html|title=Outlawing Child Marriage in Morocco – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East|work=Al-Monitor|date=27 December 2012}}</ref> Before 2003, child marriages did not require a court's or state's approval. In 2003, Morocco passed the family law (''Moudawana'') that raised the minimum age of marriage for girls from 14 to 18, with the exception that underage girls may marry with the permission of the government-recognized official/court and girl's guardian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://magharebia.com/fr/articles/awi/reportage/2009/10/09/reportage-01|title=Les marocains évaluent les progrès de la Moudawana Siham Ali, Magharebia à Rabat (October 9, 2009)|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref><ref>[http://www.crin.org/resources/infodetail.asp?ID=23980 Morocco: Underage marriages increase] CRIN, Rabat (28 January 2011)</ref> Over the 10 years preceding 2008, requests for child marriages have been predominantly approved by Morocco's Ministry for Social Development, and have increased (c. 29% of all marriages).<ref name=almo2012/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/CultureAndMedia/?id=1.0.2375314024|title=Morocco: Child marriages continue despite law to curb practice – Adnkronos Culture And Media|work=adnkronos.com|access-date=28 September 2013|archive-date=22 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822123838/http://www1.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/CultureAndMedia/?id=1.0.2375314024|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some child marriages in Morocco are a result of Article 475 of the Moroccan penal code, a law that allows rapists to avoid punishment if they marry their underage victims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/morocco_62113.html|title=In Morocco, the rape and death of an adolescent girl prompts calls for changes to the penal code|date=28 March 2012|work=UNICEF|access-date=28 September 2013|archive-date=28 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828035630/https://www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/morocco_62113.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://arabia.msn.com/news/middle-east/1357449/morocco-eyes-law-on-rape-and-child-marriage/|title=Morocco eyes law on rape and child marriage |publisher=[[MSN]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002161705/http://arabia.msn.com/news/middle-east/1357449/morocco-eyes-law-on-rape-and-child-marriage/|archive-date=2013-10-02}}</ref> Article 475 was amended in January 2014 after much campaigning, and rapists can legally no longer avoid sentencing by marrying their victims.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25855025 | publisher=BBC News | title=Morocco amends controversial rape marriage law | date=23 January 2014}}</ref>

====Mozambique====
In 2019, [[Mozambique|Mozambique's]] national assembly passed a law prohibiting child marriage. This law came after national movements condemning Mozambique's high rate of child marriage, with 50% of girls marrying under the age of 18.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/07/19/mozambique-passes-law-end-child-marriage|title=Mozambique Passes Law to End Child Marriage|date=19 July 2019|publisher=Human Rights Watch|language=en|access-date=2019-07-28}}</ref>

====Nigeria====
As of 2006, 15–20% of school dropouts in Nigeria were the result of child marriage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nguyen, Minh Cong and Quentin Wodon. 2012. "Child Marriage and Education: A Major Challenge". |url=http://www.ungei.org/files/Child_Marriage_Edu_Note.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818222110/http://www.ungei.org/files/Child_Marriage_Edu_Note.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2019 |access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> In 2013, Nigeria attempted to change Section 29, Subsection 4 of its laws and thereby prohibit child marriages. Christianity and Islam are each practiced by roughly half of its population, and the country continues with personal laws from its [[Colonial Nigeria|British colonial-era]] laws, in which child marriages are forbidden for its Christians and allowed for its Muslims.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigeria: Senate Denies Child Marriage Wrongdoing, Says Law May Be Revisited |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201307240287.html |work=[[AllAfrica]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=More on child brides: After a political fight, Nigeria will continue allowing them |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/07/24/more-on-child-brides-after-a-political-fight-nigeria-will-continue-allowing-them/}}</ref> In Nigeria, child marriage is a divisive topic and widely practiced. In northern states, which are predominantly Muslim, over 50% of the girls marry before the age of 15.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 September 2013 |title=Nigeria – Child Not Bride |work=[[AllAfrica]] |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201309040944.html}}</ref>

==== South Africa ====
In [[South Africa]], the law provides for respecting the marriage practices of traditional marriages, whereby a person might be married as young as 12 for females and 14 for males.<ref name="nourreport" /> Early marriage is cited as "a barrier to continuing education for girls (and boys)". This includes ''absuma'' ([[arranged marriage]]s set up [[cousin marriage|between cousins]] at birth in a local Islamic ethnic group), [[bride kidnapping]], and elopement decided on by the children.<ref>{{cite web |title=Learning from Children, Families and Communities to Increase Girls' Participation in Primary School |url=http://www.positivedeviance.org/projects/ethopedu/Ethiopia_girls_ed.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217053046/http://www.positivedeviance.org/projects/ethopedu/Ethiopia_girls_ed.pdf |archive-date=2008-12-17 |work=Save the Children USA report}}</ref>

==== Tanzania====
In 2016, the [[High Court of Tanzania|Tanzanian High Court]] – in a case filed by the ''Msichana Initiative'', a lobbying group that advocates for girls' right to education – ruled in favor of protecting girls from the harms of early marriage.<ref name="autogenerated5" /><ref name="Tanzania">{{cite web |date=8 July 2016 |title=Dispatches: Tanzanian High Court Rules Against Child Marriage &#124; Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/07/08/dispatches-tanzanian-high-court-rules-against-child-marriage |access-date=2016-07-11 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> It is now illegal for anyone younger than 18 to marry in Tanzania.<ref name="Tanzania" />

==== Zimbabwe ====
A 2015 Human Rights Watch report stated that in [[Zimbabwe]], one-third of women aged between 20 and 49 years old had married before reaching the age of 18.<ref>{{cite web|title = Zimbabwe's top court outlaws child marriage {{!}} News {{!}} DW.COM {{!}} 20.01.2016|url = http://www.dw.com/en/zimbabwes-top-court-outlaws-child-marriage/a-18994890|publisher = Deutsche Welle|access-date = 2016-01-23|first = Deutsche Welle|last = (www.dw.com)}}</ref> In January 2016, two women who had been married as children brought a court case requesting a change in the legal age of marriage to the Constitutional Court,<ref>{{cite web|title = Zimbabwe's Constitutional Court Outlaws Child Marriages|url = https://www.voanews.com/a/zimbabwe-constitutional-court-oulaws-child-marriages/3154549.html|website = VOA|access-date = 2016-01-23|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160224001425/http://www.voanews.com/content/zimbabwe-constitutional-court-oulaws-child-marriages/3154549.html|archive-date = 2016-02-24|url-status = live}}</ref> with the result that the court declared that 18 is to be the minimum age for a legal marriage for both men and women (previously the legal age had been 16 for women and 18 for men). The law took effect immediately and was hailed by several human rights, women's rights, medical, and legal groups as a landmark ruling for the country.<ref>{{cite web|title = Landmark ruling hailed {{!}} The Herald|url = http://www.herald.co.zw/landmark-ruling-hailed/|website = herald.co.zw|access-date = 2016-01-23}}</ref>

===Americas===
====Latin America====
Child marriage is common in [[Latin America]] and the [[Caribbean]] island nations. About 29% of girls were married before age 18 (as of 2007).<ref name="pbs2010" /> The [[Dominican Republic]], [[Honduras]], [[Brazil]], [[Guatemala]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Haiti]], and [[Ecuador]] report some of the highest rates in the [[Americas]],<ref name="unfpa.org" /> while [[Bolivia]] and [[Guyana]] have shown the sharpest decline in child marriage rates as of 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Marrying Too Young: End Child Marriage|url=http://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/MarryingTooYoung.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations Population Fund|UNFPA]]|page=24}}</ref> Brazil is ranked fourth in the world in terms of absolute numbers of girls married or cohabitating by age 15.<ref name="blogs.cfr.org">{{cite web|title = Women Around the World » Child Marriage in Latin America|url = http://blogs.cfr.org/women-around-the-world/2015/08/04/child-marriage-in-latin-america/|website = Council on Foreign Relations – Women Around the World|access-date = 2015-12-10|language = en-US|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151211000316/http://blogs.cfr.org/women-around-the-world/2015/08/04/child-marriage-in-latin-america/|archive-date = 2015-12-11|url-status = dead}}</ref>

Poverty and lack of laws mandating minimum age for marriage have been cited as reasons for child marriage in Latin America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/digest7e.pdf|title=Early Marriages – Child Spouses|publisher=UNICEF|year=2010|pages=5–9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plan-uk.org/resources/documents/Breaking-Vows-Early-and-Forced-Marriage-and-Girls-Education|title=Breaking Vows: Early and Forced Marriage and Girls' Education|first1=Juliette|last1=Myers|first2=Rowan|last2=Harvey|publisher=Plan UK|location=London|page=24|access-date=14 September 2013|archive-date=22 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922121241/https://plan-uk.org/resources/documents/Breaking-Vows-Early-and-Forced-Marriage-and-Girls-Education|url-status=dead}}</ref> In an effort to combat the widespread belief among poor, rural, and indigenous communities that child marriage is a route out of poverty, some NGOs are working with communities in Latin America to shift norms and create safe spaces for adolescent girls.<ref name="blogs.cfr.org" />

In Guatemala, early marriage is most common among indigenous Mayan communities.<ref>{{cite web |title=What's Next in the Fight to End Child Marriage in Guatemala? |url=https://riseuptogether.org/whats-next-in-the-fight-to-end-child-marriage-in-guatemala/#:~:text=According%20to%20Unicef%2C%2030%20percent,boys%20and%2014%20for%20girls |website=Rise Up |access-date=23 May 2022 |date=10 October 2017}}</ref> In southeastern Colombia, historically the indigenous [[Paez people|Nasa]] sometimes married at early ages to dissuade colonizers from coercively taking girls.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Llano Quintero|first=Alejandra|title=HemBRujaS: Muchas voces de una lucha en la que faltan hombres|publisher=Planeta|year=2019|isbn=9789584283924|editor-last=Palacios|editor-first=Claudia|location=Bogotá|page=507|chapter=Feminismo indígena es volver al origen de nuestra cultura – entrevista por Claudia Palacios}}</ref> In 2024, Colombia's congress voted to change the minimum age from 14 (with parental consent) to 18.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Alvarado |first1=Abel |last2=Torres |first2=Mauricio |date=2024-11-15 |title='They're girls, not wives': Colombia votes to outlaw child marriage |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/11/14/americas/colombia-child-marriage-law-intl-latam/index.html |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, 300,000 girls under the age of 18 were sold into marriage in the Mexican state of [[Guerrero]] alone.<ref name="auto6">{{cite web | url=https://www.newsendip.com/mexico-senate-reform-end-child-marriages/ | title=Mexican Senate approves constitutional reform to end child marriages | date=15 February 2024 }}</ref> In 2024, the Mexican Senate voted unanimously to abolish the practices of child marriage in indigenous communities in Mexico, considering children's rights to be more important than tradition and customs.<ref name="auto6"/>

====Canada====
Since 2015, the minimum marriageable age throughout [[Canada]] is 16. In Canada, the [[age of majority]] is set by province/territory at 18 or 19, so minors under this age have additional restrictions (i.e. parental and court consent). Under the Criminal Code, Art. 293.2 Marriage under the age of 16 years reads: "Everyone who celebrates, aids or participates in a marriage rite or ceremony knowing that one of the persons being married is '''under the age of 16 years''' is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years."<ref name="laws-lois.justice.gc.ca"/> The Civil Marriage Act also states: "2.2 No person who is '''under the age of 16 years''' may contract marriage."<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

According to a study from [[McGill University]], from 2000 to 2018, 3,600 marriage certificates were issued to children (mostly girls) under 18 in Canada.<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-01-12|title=Child marriage is legal and persists across Canada|url=https://reporter.mcgill.ca/child-marriage-is-legal-and-persists-across-canada/|access-date=2021-05-21|website=McGill Reporter|language=en-US}}</ref>

====United States====
{{main|Child marriage in the United States|Age of marriage in the United States}}
Child marriage, as defined by [[Committee on the Rights of the Child]] and UNICEF, is observed in the United States.<ref name=HRWSeptember2023>{{cite news|title=How Do US States Measure Up on Child Rights?|work=[[Human Rights Watch]]|url=https://www.hrw.org/feature/2022/09/13/how-do-states-measure-up-child-rights|date=7 September 2023|access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref> The UNICEF definition of child marriage includes couples who are formally married, or who live together as a sexually active couple in an informal union, with at least one member – usually the girl – being less than 18 years old.<ref name="Child Marriage"/> The latter practice is more common in the United States, and it is officially called [[cohabitation]]. According to a 2010 report by the United States' [[National Center for Health Statistics]], 2.1% of all girls in the 15–17 age group were either in a child marriage or in an informal union. In the age group of 15–19, 7.6% of all girls in the United States were formally married or in an informal union. The child marriage rates were higher for certain ethnic groups and states. In Hispanic groups, for example, 6.6% of all girls in the 15–17 age group were formally married or in an informal union, and 13% of the 15–19 age group were.<ref name=cohabitation>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_23/sr23_028.pdf|title=Marriage and Cohabitation in the United States: A Statistical Portrait Based on Cycle 6 (2002) of the National Survey of Family Growth|publisher=US Department of Health and Human Services}}</ref> Over 350,000 babies are born to teenage mothers every year in the United States, and over 50,000 of these are second babies to teen mothers.<ref name=cdcteen>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/features/vitalsigns/teenpregnancy/|title=Breaking the Cycle of Teen Pregnancy CDC, US Government (April 2013)|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref>

Laws regarding child marriage vary in the different states of the United States. Generally, children 16 and over may marry with parental consent, with the age of 18 being the minimum in all but two states to marry without parental consent. However, all states but 13 have exceptions for child marriage within their laws,<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> and although those under 16 generally require a court order in addition to parental consent,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tahirih.org/pubs/understanding-state-statutes-on-minimum-marriage-age-and-exceptions/|title=Understanding State Statutes on Minimum Marriage Age and Exceptions « Tahirih Justice Center|website=tahirih.org}}</ref> when those exceptions are taken into account, four states have no minimum age requirement.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Child marriage traps girls in an inescapable legal hell. But it is still legal in 46 US states. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/child-marriage-us-traps-girls-still-legal-in-46-states-2021-4 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> It is the only [[Member states of the United Nations|UN member state]] [[U.S. ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child|that has not yet ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child]].<ref name=HRWSeptember2023/>

Until 2008, the [[Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints]] practiced child marriage through the concept of "[[Celestial marriage|spiritual marriage]]" as soon as it was possible for girls to bear children, as part of its [[polygamy]] practice, but laws have raised the age of legal marriage in response to criticism of the practice.<ref>{{Citation |last=D'Onofrio |first=Eve |title=Child Brides, Inegalitarianism, and the Fundamentalist Polygamous Family in the United States |journal=International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=373–394 |year=2005 |postscript=. |doi=10.1093/lawfam/ebi028}}</ref> In 2007, church leader [[Warren Jeffs]] was convicted of being an accomplice to [[statutory rape]] of a [[Minor (law)|minor]] due to arranging a marriage between a 14-year-old girl and a 19-year-old man.<ref>Dobner, Jennifer. [https://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/wireStory?id=3645951 Polygamist Leader Convicted in Utah]. Associated Press. ABC News. 2007-09-25.</ref> In March 2008, officials of the state of Texas believed that children at the [[YFZ Ranch|Yearning For Zion Ranch]] were being married to adults and were being abused.<ref name="Blumenthal">Blumenthal, Ralph. "[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/23/us/23raid.html?_r=1&ref=us&oref=slogin Court Says Texas Illegally Seized Sect's Children]". ''The New York Times''. 2008-05-23. Retrieved 2008-05-24.</ref> The state of Texas removed all 468 children from the ranch and placed them into temporary state custody.<ref name="Blumenthal" /> After the Austin's 3rd Court of Appeals and the [[Supreme Court of Texas]] ruled that Texas acted improperly in removing them from the YFZ Ranch, the children were returned to their parents or relatives.<ref>{{Citation |last=Winslow |first=Ben |title=All FLDS children returned to parents |date=5 June 2008 |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700231922/All-FLDS-childrenreturned-to-parents.html|work=Deseret News |location=San Angelo, Texas}}{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In 2008, the Church changed its policy in the United States to no longer marry individuals younger than the local legal age.<ref>{{cite news |last=Anthony |first=Paul A. |date=2 June 2008 |title=Sect renounces underage marriage as children return |newspaper=Standard Times – San Angelo |publisher=Scripps Newspaper Group |url=http://www.gosanangelo.com/news/2008/jun/02/flds-children-heading-home-today/?print=1 |url-status=dead |access-date=2013-07-09 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130710024402/http://www.gosanangelo.com/news/2008/jun/02/flds-children-heading-home-today/?print=1 |archive-date=10 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Winslow |first1=Ben |title=FLDS official: No more underage marriages, reunifications begin with the children |date=2 June 2008 |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700231225/FLDS-official-No-more-underage-marriages-reunifications-begin-with-the-children.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012064054/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700231225/FLDS-official-No-more-underage-marriages-reunifications-begin-with-the-children.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 October 2013 |newspaper=[[Deseret News]] |access-date=2013-09-10 |last2=O'Donoghue |first2=Amy Joi}}</ref>

{{As of|2024|June}}, child marriage is legal in [[List of states and territories of the United States|37 states]].<ref name=HRWSeptember2023/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-08 |title=Washington Gov. Jay Inslee signs bill to ban child marriages |url=https://www.koin.com/news/washington/washington-child-marriage-ban-03082024/ |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=KOIN.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Katherine Fung Senior |date=2024-04-09 |title=Map shows 12 states that allow child marriage after Virginia passes law |url=https://www.newsweek.com/child-marriage-ban-state-map-virginia-law-1888471 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New Hampshire law raises marriage age |url=http://wcax.com/2024/06/14/new-hampshire-law-raises-marriage-age/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=WCAX |date=June 14, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Thirteen states have banned underage marriages, with no exception: Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Rhode Island, New York, Massachusetts, Vermont, Connecticut, Michigan, Washington and New Hampshire.

In 2018, Delaware became the first state to ban child marriage without exceptions,<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news |last=Thomsen |first=Jacqueline |date=10 May 2018 |title=Delaware becomes first state to ban child marriage |newspaper=The Hill |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/387212-delaware-becomes-first-state-to-ban-child-marriage/}}</ref> followed by New Jersey the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-22 |title=New Jersey governor signs law banning underage marriage |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-f4ab94a0b9444a01b803750491220983 |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> Pennsylvania<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-11 |title=Pennsylvania just became the third state to ban child marriage – CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pennsylvania-child-marriage-ban-third-state/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> and Minnesota<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rep. Kaohly Vang Her – Governor Walz signs bill to end child marriages |url=https://www.house.mn.gov/members/profile/news/15532/29817 |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=www.house.mn.gov |language=en}}</ref> ended child marriage in 2020, followed by Rhode Island<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-08 |title=Rhode Island Is the Fifth US State to Officially Ban Child Marriage |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/rhode-island-bans-child-marriage/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Global Citizen |language=en}}</ref> and New York<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pietsch |first=Bryan |date=July 23, 2021 |title=New York becomes sixth state in U.S. to ban child marriages |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/07/23/child-marriage-ban-new-york/ |access-date=July 11, 2023}}</ref> in 2021, Massachusetts<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibraj |first=Alba |date=August 4, 2022 |title=Massachusetts Becomes 7th State to Ban Child Marriage |url=https://www.unicefusa.org/stories/massachusetts-becomes-7th-state-end-child-marriage |access-date=October 29, 2023 |website=UNICEF USA}}</ref> in 2022, Vermont,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-21 |title=Vermont governor signs bill raising marriage age to 18 |url=https://apnews.com/article/marriage-age-18-vermont-child-f79af8798cd4f5adfa96fdb15f297275 |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> Connecticut,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-02 |title=Connecticut bans child marriage |url=https://www.courant.com/2023/06/02/connecticut-bans-child-marriage/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Hartford Courant |language=en-US}}</ref> and Michigan<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2023 |title=Gov. Whitmer Signs Final Bill in Package Protecting Children, Officially Banning Child Marriage in Michigan |url=https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/press-releases/2023/09/27/whitmer-signs-final-bill-in-package-protecting-children-officially-banning-child-marriage |access-date=October 29, 2023 |website=Governor Gretchen Whitmer}}</ref> in 2023 and Washington,<ref name="auto7">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-08 |title=Washington Gov. Jay Inslee signs bill to ban child marriages |url=https://www.koin.com/news/washington/washington-child-marriage-ban-03082024/ |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=KOIN.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Virginia<ref name=":9" /> and New Hampshire<ref name=":10" /> in 2024.

Between 2000 and 2018, some 300,000 minors were legally married in the United States.<ref name="Unchained at Last">{{Cite web|title=United States' Child Marriage Problem: Study Findings (April 2021)|url=https://www.unchainedatlast.org/united-states-child-marriage-problem-study-findings-april-2021/|url-status=live|access-date=January 19, 2022|publisher=[[Unchained at Last]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412152603/https://www.unchainedatlast.org/united-states-child-marriage-problem-study-findings-april-2021/ |archive-date=April 12, 2021 }}</ref><ref name=HRWSeptember2023/> Some as young as 10.<ref name=HRWSeptember2023/> Most child marriages in the US are girls marrying adult men.<ref name=HRWSeptember2023/> In fact, many of these marriages occurred at an age or with a spousal age difference that would typically be considered sexual violence.<ref name=HRWSeptember2023/>

===Asia===
More than half of all child marriages occur in the South Asian countries of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal.<ref name=":2" /> There was a decrease in the rates of child marriage across the [[Indian subcontinent]] from 1991 to 2007, but the decrease was observed among young adolescent girls and not girls in their late teens. Some scholars<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Changes in Prevalence of Girl Child Marriage in South Asia|last = Raj|first = Anita|year = 2012|journal = JAMA|doi = 10.1001/jama.2012.3497|pmid = 22665097|volume=307|issue = 19|pages = 2027–9|pmc=4386922}}</ref> believe this age-specific reduction was linked to girls increasingly attending school until about age 15 and then marrying.

====Western Asia====
A 2013 report claims 53% of all married women in [[Afghanistan]] were married before age 18, and 21% of all were married before age 15.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/related_material/Afghanistan_brochure_0913_09032013.pdf|title=Afghanistan – Ending Child Marriage and Domestic Violence|publisher= Human Rights Watch|date=September 2013|pages=3–10}}</ref> Afghanistan's official minimum age of marriage for girls is 15 with her father's permission. In all 34 provinces of Afghanistan, the customary practice of ''[[Baad (practice)|ba'ad]]'' is another reason for child marriages; this custom involves village elders, or ''jirga'', settling disputes between families or unpaid debts or ruling punishment for a crime by forcing the guilty family to give their 5- to 12-year-old girls as wives. Sometimes a girl is forced into child marriage for a crime her uncle or distant relative is alleged to have committed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=44950|title=United Nations News Centre|date=20 May 2013|work=UN News Service Section}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=49dc4b201c|title=Refworld – Afghan Girls Suffer for Sins of Male Relatives|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|work=Refworld}}</ref> Andrew Bushell claims the rate of marriage of 8- to 13-year-old girls exceeds 50% in Afghan refugee camps along the Pakistan border.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://americamagazine.org/issue/364/article/child-marriage-afghanistan-and-pakistan|title=Child Marriage in Afghanistan and Pakistan|work=America Magazine|date=11 March 2002}}</ref>

{{anchor|Saudi Arabia}}The widespread prevalence of child marriage in the [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]] has been documented by human rights groups.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.aawsat.com/2009/01/article55256323/saudi-human-rights-commission-tackles-child-marriages |title=Saudi Human Rights Commission Tackles Child Marriages |date=13 January 2009 |access-date=2015-10-19 |publisher=Asharq Al Awsat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807031314/http://english.aawsat.com/2009/01/article55256323/saudi-human-rights-commission-tackles-child-marriages |archive-date=7 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Saudi clerics have justified the marriage of girls as young as 9, with sanction from the judiciary.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/17/saudi.child.marriage/ | publisher=CNN| title=Top Saudi cleric: OK for young girls to wed | date=17 January 2009}}</ref> No laws define a minimum age of consent in Saudi Arabia, though drafts for possible laws have been created since 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/07/25/159321.html|title=Saudi Arabia to set minimum marriage age following surge in such weddings|publisher=Al Arabiya|access-date=2018-03-03|date=25 July 2011}}</ref> Members of the Saudi Shoura Council in 2019 approved fresh regulations for minor marriages that will outlaw the marrying of 15-year-olds and force the need for court approval for those under 18. Chairman of the Human Rights Committee at the Shoura Council, Dr. Hadi Al-Yami, said that the introduced controls were based on in-depth studies presented to the body. He pointed out that the regulation, vetted by the Islamic Affairs Committee at the Shoura Council, has raised the age of marriage to 18 and prohibited it for those under 15.<ref name=":7" /> Saudi Arabia has officially updated the law, banning all marriages under the age of 18.<ref name=":8" />

Research by the [[United Nations Population Fund]] indicates that 28.2% of [[Marriage in Turkey|marriages in Turkey]] – almost one in three – involve girls under 18.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unfpa.org/webdav/site/eeca/shared/documents/publications/Turkey%20English.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001082934/http://unfpa.org/webdav/site/eeca/shared/documents/publications/Turkey%20English.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-10-01|title=Turkey – Child Marriage|publisher=[[United Nations Population Fund]]|access-date=2013-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Turkish-women-strive-for-gender-equality-323694|title= Turkish women strive for gender equality|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=20 August 2013}}</ref>

Child marriage was also found to be prevalent among Syrian and Palestinian-Syrian refugees in Lebanon, in addition to other forms of sexual and gender-based violence. Marriage was seen as a potential way to protect family honor and protect a girl from rape, given how common rape was during the conflict.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Syrian and Palestinian Syrian Refugees in Lebanon: The Plight of Women and Children|last = Charles|first = Lorraine|year = 2013|journal = Journal of International Women's Studies|volume = 14|issue = 5|pages = 96–111|url = http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol14/iss5/7}}</ref> Incidents of child marriages increased in Syria and among Syrian refugees over the course of the conflict. The proportion of Syrian refugee girls living in [[Jordan]] who were married increased from 13% in 2011 to 32% in 2014.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = The Syrian Refugee Crisis: Regional and Human Security Implications|last = Berti|first = Benedetta|year = 2015|journal = Strategic Assessment}}</ref> Journalists Magnus Wennman and Carina Bergfeldt documented the practice, and some of its results.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2016/03/31/syrian-child-brides/|title=He was 28, I was 13: The stories of Syrian child brides|first=Elizabeth|last=Pierson|website=[[Mashable]]|date=31 March 2016|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref>

====Southeast Asia====
[[Hill tribe]] girls are often married young. For the [[Karen people]], it is possible that two couples can arrange their children's marriage before the children are born.<ref>Marshall, H. I., (1922) ''The Karen of Burma''. Bangkok: White Lotus (Reprinted, 1997).</ref>

==== Indonesia ====
In a move to curb child marriage in [[Indonesia]], the minimum marriage age for girls in Indonesia was raised to 19 in 2019, equalizing it to that of males. Previously, under the 1974 marriage law, the marriage age for girls was 16, and there was no minimum with judicial consent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/17/asia/indonesia-marriage-age-raise-intl-scli/index.html|title=Indonesia raises minimum age for marriage to curb child brides|first=Amy|last=Woodyatt|date=17 September 2019|website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-women-marriage-idUSKBN1W212M|title=Indonesia raises minimum age for brides to end child marriage|date=17 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-09-17|language=en}}</ref>

There has been an increase in underage marriage which has been attributed to a rise in [[social networking]] sites like Facebook. It has been reported that in areas like Gunung Kidul, [[Yogyakarta]], couples become acquainted through Facebook and continue their relationships until girls become pregnant.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/08/04/facebook-blamed-sharp-increase-underage-marriage-g-kidul.html |title=Facebook blamed for sharp increase in underage marriage in G. Kidul |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |date=4 August 2011 |access-date=2015-02-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108093744/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/08/04/facebook-blamed-sharp-increase-underage-marriage-g-kidul.html |archive-date=2015-01-08 }}</ref> Under Indonesian law, underage marriage is prosecuted as sexual abuse, though unregistered marriages between young girls and older men are common in rural areas.<ref name=thejakartaglobe>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/archive/cleric-with-child-bride-should-be-jailed-six-years-court-told/402657/|title=Cleric With Child Bride Should Be Jailed Six Years, Court Told|work=Jakarta Globe|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003635/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/archive/cleric-with-child-bride-should-be-jailed-six-years-court-told/402657/|archive-date=2013-12-03}}</ref> In one case that caused a nationwide outcry, a wealthy Muslim cleric married a 12-year-old girl. He was prosecuted for sexually abusing a minor and sentenced to four years in jail.<ref name=thejakartaglobe/><ref>{{cite news|title=Indonesia Cleric Jailed for Marrying 12-Year-Old|date=24 November 2010|agency=The Associated Press|work=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/indonesia-cleric-jailed-for-marrying-12-year-old/}}</ref>

Among the [[Aceh]] of [[Sumatra]], girls formerly married before puberty. The husbands, though usually older, were still unfit for sexual union.<ref name='nature man'>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2-RUs_rbH8C&pg=PA90 |first=Elie |last=Metchnikoff |title=The Nature of Man: Studies in Optimistic Philosophy |publisher=Putnam |location=New York|year=1903|page=90|isbn=9780405095788 }}</ref>

==== Malaysia ====

The current laws involving child marriage are very complex in Malaysia, primarily due to conflicts between the beliefs of the government and those disposed by the religious teachings of Islam.

A 41-year-old [[Malaysia|Malaysian]] man married an 11-year-old girl in Golok, a border town in southern [[Thailand]], in June 2018, according to information made public in Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-30 |title=41-year-old Malaysian weds 11-year-old girl in Thailand – Nation {{!}} The Star Online |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/06/30/41yearold-malaysian-weds-girl-30-years-younger-in-thailand/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630133131/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/06/30/41yearold-malaysian-weds-girl-30-years-younger-in-thailand/ |archive-date=30 June 2018 }}</ref> The man was the [[imam]] of a [[surau]] in a hamlet near [[Gua Musang District|Gua Musang, Kelantan]], and he already had two wives and six children. The girl's parents defended their choice to consent to the marriage.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2018 |title='I'm just 11 and you're 41, but I'll wait for you' |url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/06/30/im-just-11-and-youre-41-but-ill-wait-for-you/ |access-date=2018-07-19 |website=Free Malaysia Today}}</ref>

In response to this incident, Deputy Prime Minister Datuk Seri [[Wan Azizah Wan Ismail]] said that the marriage remained valid under [[Islam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2018/07/10/govt-powerless-nullify-child-marriage-it-valid-under-islamic-laws|title=Govt powerless to nullify child marriage as it is valid under Islamic laws|last=Phung|first=Adrian|date=10 July 2018|website=The Sun Daily|access-date=2018-07-19}}</ref> She also said in a press statement that "the Malaysian government 'unequivocally' opposes child marriages and is already taking steps to raise the minimum age of marriage to 18".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-man-married-11-year-old-girl-oppose-child-marriage-10538734|title=Malaysia 'unequivocally' opposes child marriages: DPM Wan Azizah on case of man who married 11-year-old|last=Chew|first=Amy|date=17 July 2018|publisher=Channel NewsAsia|access-date=2018-07-19|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719113835/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-man-married-11-year-old-girl-oppose-child-marriage-10538734|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, Datuk [[Mujahid Yusof Rawa]], proposed a blanket ban on marriages involving minors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sinarharian.com.my/nasional/sekat-kahwin-bawah-umur-mujahid-1.860163|title=Sekat kahwin bawah umur: Mujahid|last=Muah|first=Nurulfatiha|date=25 July 2018|website=Sinar Online|access-date=2018-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestartv.com/v/mujahid-syariah-court-will-have-temporary-sop-on-child-marriage|title=Mujahid: Syariah court will have temporary SOP on child marriage|date=25 July 2018|publisher=Star TV|access-date=2018-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/07/392091/mujahid-wants-review-laws-which-allow-child-marriages|title=Mujahid wants review of laws which allow child marriages|last=Khairulrijal|first=Rahmat|date=18 July 2018|website=The New Straits Times|access-date=2018-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/434735|title=Mujahid: Underage marriage must be stopped|last=Loone|first=Susan|date=18 July 2018|website=Malaysia Kini|access-date=2018-07-18}}</ref> In response, [[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]] Vice President Datuk Mohd Amar Nik Abdullah said that imposing a blanket ban on child marriage contradicts Islamic religious teachings and could not be accepted.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/07/25/kelantan-pas-imposing-a-blanket-ban-on-child-marriage-contravenes-religious-teachings/|title=Kelantan PAS: Imposing child marriage blanket ban contravenes religious teachings|last=Habibu|first=Sira|date=25 July 2018|website=The Star Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725121754/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/07/25/kelantan-pas-imposing-a-blanket-ban-on-child-marriage-contravenes-religious-teachings/|archive-date=2018-07-25|url-status=dead|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref> He also said it would be better to enforce existing laws to protect children from being forced into early marriages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/07/26/pas-says-no-to-ban-on-child-marriage-vp-from-a-religious-perspective-it-is-not-wrong-to-marry-young/|title=PAS says no to ban on child marriage|date=26 July 2018|website=The Star Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726011722/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/07/26/pas-says-no-to-ban-on-child-marriage-vp-from-a-religious-perspective-it-is-not-wrong-to-marry-young/|archive-date=2018-07-26|url-status=dead|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref>

In July 2018, another case of a child bride was reported in Malaysia, involving a 19-year-old man from [[Terengganu]] and a 13-year-old girl from [[Kelantan]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Abdullah |first=Sharifah Mahsinah |date=22 July 2018 |title=[Exclusive] Another child bride case |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/exclusive/2018/07/393036/exclusive-another-child-bride-case |access-date=2018-07-25 |website=The New Straits Times}}</ref>

In August 2018, [[Selangor]] announced plans for an amendment to the Islamic Family Law (State of Selangor) Enactment 2003 which would raise the minimum age of marriage for [[Muslim]] women from 16 to 18 years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 August 2018 |title=Selangor to raise minimum age for marriage for Muslim women |language=en-US |work=Free Malaysia Today |url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/08/01/selangor-to-raise-minimum-age-for-marriage-for-muslim-women/ |access-date=2018-08-02}}</ref>

Another child marriage case was covered by the media in September 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/09/412355/yet-another-one-15-year-old-girl-marries-father-two-tumpat|title=Yet another one: 15-year-old girl marries father of two in Tumpat|last=Abdullah|first=Sharifah Mahsinah|date=18 September 2018|website=The New Straits Times|access-date=2018-09-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 September 2018 |title=Teenage girl marries 44-year-old man in Kelantan |language=en-US |work=Free Malaysia Today |url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/09/18/teenage-girl-marries-44-year-old-man-in-kelantan/ |access-date=2018-09-18}}</ref>

Malaysia planned to tighten the requirements for child marriages in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.malaymail.com/s/1693756/dpm-child-marriage-amendments-only-next-year|title=DPM: Child marriage amendments only next year |work=[[Malay Mail]]|access-date=2018-11-15|language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, any marriage with minors would have to go through a stringent approval process involving Shariah Court Department, the Home Ministry, State Religious Council, and Customary Courts.

==== Philippines ====
In December 2021, President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] signed a law criminalizing child marriage, including its facilitation and solemnization, and [[cohabitation]] of an adult with a child outside wedlock.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Parrocha |first1=Azer |title=Duterte signs law criminalizing child marriage |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1164695 |access-date=7 January 2022 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106192427/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1164695 |archive-date=6 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Slisco |first1=Aila |title=Philippines bans child marriage while 44 U.S. states allow it |url=https://www.newsweek.com/philippines-bans-child-marriage-while-44-us-states-allow-it-1666658 |access-date=7 January 2022 |work=Newsweek |date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107104344/https://www.newsweek.com/philippines-bans-child-marriage-while-44-us-states-allow-it-1666658 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Before the law change, the legal age for marriage was 18 for most Filipinos; however, [[Muslim Filipino]] boys were able to marry from age 15, and Muslim girls from puberty.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stephens |first1=Matthew |title=Islamic Law in the Philippines: Between Appeasement and Neglect |journal=Islam, Syari'ah and Governance Background Paper Series |year=2011 |page=8 |url=https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/1547795/Stephens_web2.pdf |access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref>

According to UNICEF, 15% of Filipino girls were married before age 18, and 2% were married by age 15,<ref name="ph-inquirer">{{cite news |last1=Corrales |first1=Nestor |title=New law bans child marriage: 'Major victory' vs abuse of girls |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1537254/new-law-bans-child-marriage-major-victory-vs-abuse-of-girls |access-date=7 January 2022 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107101541/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1537254/new-law-bans-child-marriage-major-victory-vs-abuse-of-girls |archive-date=7 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> mostly in the Muslim-dominated [[Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]] region.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nortajuddin |first1=Athira |title=Child Brides in Philippines' Bangsamoro |url=https://theaseanpost.com/article/child-brides-philippines-bangsamoro |access-date=7 January 2022 |work=The ASEAN Post |date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116000855/https://theaseanpost.com/article/child-brides-philippines-bangsamoro |archive-date=16 January 2021 |quote=Although there are limited data in relation to child marriages in the region, the practice is reported to occur in BARMM, especially common among Moro and Indigenous communities}}</ref>

====Bangladesh====
Child marriage rates in [[Bangladesh]] are amongst the highest in the world.<ref name=unicef12a/> Every 2 out of 3 marriages involve child marriages. According to statistics from 2005, 49% of women then between 25 and 29 were married by the age of 15 in Bangladesh.<ref name=autogenerated4 /> According to a 2008 study, for each additional year a girl in rural Bangladesh is not married she will attend school an additional 0.22 years on average.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url = http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3200264/ambrus_earlymarriage.pdf?sequence=2|title = Early Marriage, Age of Menarche, and Female Schooling Attainment in Bangladesh|last1 = Field|first1 = Erica|year = 2008|journal = Journal of Political Economy|doi = 10.1086/593333|last2 = Ambrus|first2 = Attila|volume=116|issue = 5|pages=881–930|s2cid = 215805592}}</ref> The later girls were married, the more likely they were to utilize preventive health care.<ref name=":0" /> Married girls in the region were found to have less influence on family planning, higher rates of maternal mortality, and lower status in their husband's family than girls who married later.<ref name=":0" /> Another study found that women who married at age 18 or older were less likely to experience IPV (intimate partner violence) than those married before age 18. It also found that girls married before age 15 were at an even higher risk for IPV.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yount|first1=Kathryn M.|last2=Crandall|first2=AliceAnn|last3=Cheong|first3=Yuk Fai|last4=Osypuk|first4=Theresa L.|last5=Bates|first5=Lisa M.|last6=Naved|first6=Ruchira T.|last7=Schuler|first7=Sidney Ruth|date=1 December 2016|title=Child Marriage and Intimate Partner Violence in Rural Bangladesh: A Longitudinal Multilevel Analysis|journal=Demography|language=en|volume=53|issue=6|pages=1821–1852|doi=10.1007/s13524-016-0520-8|pmid=27812927|issn=1533-7790|pmc=5568420}}</ref>

====India====
{{Main|Child marriage in India}}
[[File:Marriage of H.H Sri Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV and Rana Prathap Kumari of Kathiawar.jpg|thumb|In 1900, Rana Prathap Kumari, aged 12, married [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV]], aged 16. Two years later, he was recognized as the [[Maharaja of Mysore]] under [[British India]].]]
According to UNICEF's "State of the World's Children-2009" report, 47% of India's women aged 20–24 married before the legal age of 18, with 56% marrying before age 18 in rural areas.<ref name="unicef.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/sowc09/docs/SOWC09_Table_9.pdf |title=Child Protection |access-date=18 January 2009 |archive-date=19 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619111412/http://www.unicef.org/sowc09/docs/SOWC09_Table_9.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The report also showed that 40% of the world's child marriages occur in India.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/18/stories/2009011855981100.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090127015155/http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/18/stories/2009011855981100.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=27 January 2009 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=40 p.c. child marriages in India: UNICEF | date=18 January 2009}}</ref> As with Africa, this UNICEF report is based on data that is derived from a small sample survey in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Early_Marriage_12.lo.pdf|title=Child Marriage|publisher=UNICEF|volume=Table 1|access-date=12 August 2013|archive-date=28 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828013412/http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Early_Marriage_12.lo.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The latest available UNICEF report for India uses 2004–2005 household survey data, on a small sample, and other scholars<ref name=":2">{{cite journal | last1 = Raj | first1 = A. | last2 = Saggurti | first2 = N. | last3 = Balaiah | first3 = D. | last4 = Silverman | first4 = J. G. | year = 2009 | title = Prevalence of child marriage and its effect on fertility and fertility-control outcomes of young women in India: a cross-sectional, observational study | journal = The Lancet | volume = 373 | issue = 9678| pages = 1883–1889 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60246-4 | pmid=19278721 | pmc=2759702}}</ref> report lower incidence rates for India. According to Raj et al., the 2005 small sample household survey data suggests 22% of girls ever married aged 16–18, 20% of girls in India married between 13 and 16, and 2.6% married before age 13. According to 2011 nationwide census of India, the average age of marriage for women in India is 21.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/upload/women_men_2012_31oct12.pdf|title=Women and men in India 2012|publisher=CSO/Census India 2011, Government of India|page=xxi, Highlights item 5|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012024158/http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/upload/women_men_2012_31oct12.pdf|archive-date=2013-10-12}}</ref> The child marriage rates in India, according to a 2009 representative survey, dropped to 7%.<ref name=toi2012>K. Sinha [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nearly-50-fall-in-brides-married-below-18/articleshow/11829410.cms Nearly 50% fall in brides married below 18] The Times of India (10 February 2012)</ref> In its 2001 demographic report, the Census of India stated zero married girls below age 10, 1.4 million married girls out of 59.2 million girls in the age 10–14, and 11.3 million married girls out of 46.3 million girls in the age 15–19 (which includes 18–19 age group).<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">[http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/C-Series/c_series_tables_2001.aspx Table C-2 Marital Status by Age and Sex] Subtable C0402, India Total Females Married by Age Group, 2001 Census of India, Government of India (2009)</ref> For 2011, the Census of India reports child marriage rates dropping further to 3.7% of females aged less than 18 being married.<ref name=chap22011>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Report/9Chap%202%20-%202011.pdf|title=Percentage of Female by age at effective marriage and by residence India and bigger States, 2011, chapter 2: Population Composition, Table Statement 12, India totals for ''< 18'', 2011 Census of India, Government of India (2013), page 26}}</ref>

The [[Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929]] was passed during the tenure of British rule on [[British India|Colonial India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929 19 of 1929 {{!}} Ministry of Women & Child Development{{!}}IN{{!}}uopzb |url=https://wcd.nic.in/child-marriage-restraint-act-1929-19-1929#:~:text=An%20Act%20to%20restrain%20the%20solemnisation%20of%20child%20marriage.&text=(1)%20This%20Act%20may%20be,India%20without%20and%20beyond%20India |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=wcd.nic.in}}</ref> It forbade the marriage of a male younger than 21 or a female younger than 18 for Hindus, Buddhists, Christians, and most people of India. However, this law did not and currently does not apply to India's 165 million Muslim population, and only applies to India's Hindu, Christian, Jain, Sikh, and other religious minorities. This link of law and religion was formalized by the British colonial rule with the Muslim personal laws codified in the Indian Muslim Personal Law ([[Sharia]]t) Application Act of 1937. The age at which India's Muslim girls can legally marry, according to this [[Muslim Personal Law#Muslim law|Muslim Personal Law]], is 9, and can be lower if her guardian (''wali'') decides she is sexually mature.<ref>Htun, M., & Weldon, L., {{cite web|url=http://www.gigronline.org/PDF/WBfam.pdf|title=Sex equality in family law: historical legacies, feminist activism, and religious power in 70 countries|publisher=World Development Report, (Purdue University, 2012)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006202313/http://gigronline.org/PDF/WBfam.pdf|archive-date=2013-10-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Wakf-Board-bristles-at-women-panels-advice-on-child-marriages/articleshow/20825619.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702154934/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-29/hyderabad/40270978_1_wakf-board-child-marriages-aimplb|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-07-02|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Wakf Board bristles at women panel's advice on child marriages|date=29 June 2013 }}</ref> Over the last 25 years, All India Muslim Personal Law Board and other Muslim civil organizations have actively opposed India-wide laws and enforcement action against child marriages; they have argued that Indian Muslim families have a religious right to marry a girl aged 15 or even 12.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2238321.stm | publisher=BBC News | first=Charles | last=Haviland | title=Battle over India's marriage age | date=5 September 2002}}</ref> Several states of India claim specially high child marriage rates in their Muslim and tribal communities.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101102142907/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/29/stories/2010102965680300.htm Call to avoid ambiguity on minimum age of marriage] The Hindu (29 October 2010)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/child-marriage-indian-union-muslim-league-kerala-underage-marriages/1/287096.html|title=Legalising underage marriage is Indian Union Muslim League's new ploy to gain political mileage in Kerala : NATION|work=India Today|date=30 November 1999 }}</ref> India, with a population of over 1.2 billion, has the world's highest total number of child marriages. It is a significant social issue. As of 2016, the situation has been legally rectified by [[The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006]].

According to the "National Plan of Action for Children 2005", published by Indian government's Department of Women and Child Development, set a goal to eliminate child marriage completely by 2010. In 2006, The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 was passed to prohibit solemnization of child marriages. This law states that men must be at least 21 years of age and women must be at least 18 years of age to marry.

Some Muslim organizations planned to challenge the new law in the Supreme Court of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/muslim-marital-age-muslim-women-indian-union-muslim-league-cpi-m-criticises/1/311284.html|title=Muslim marital age: CPI(M) criticises, Congress cautious|date=23 September 2013 |access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> In latter years, various high courts in India – including the [[Gujarat High Court]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/prohibition-of-child-marriage-act-to-prevail-over-personal-laws-hc/|title=Prohibition of Child Marriage Act to prevail over personal laws: HC|date=25 September 2015|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> the [[Karnataka High Court]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Child-Marriage-Act-overrides-Muslim-Personal-Law-Karnataka-high-court/articleshow/18700656.cms|title=Child Marriage Act overrides Muslim Personal Law: Karnataka high court|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 February 2013 |access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> and the [[Madras High Court]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-madras-hc-says-anti-child-marriage-act-prevails-over-muslim-personal-law-2073796|title=Madras HC says anti-child marriage act prevails over Muslim Personal Law |date=1 April 2015|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> – have ruled that the act prevails over any personal law (including Muslim personal law).

====Nepal====
{{main|Child marriage in Nepal}}
[[UNICEF]] reported that 28.8% of marriages in Nepal were child marriages as of 2011.<ref name=":5" /> A UNICEF discussion paper determined that 79.6 percent of Muslim girls in Nepal, 69.7 percent of girls living in hilly regions irrespective of religion, and 55.7 percent of girls living in other rural areas, are all married before the age of 15. Girls born into the highest wealth quintile marry about two years later than those from the other quintiles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Child_Marriage.pdf|title=Child Marriages in Southern Asia (see Solutions to Ending Child Marriage in Southern Asia: Nepal, Australian AID – ICRW |year=2009|website=reliefweb.int}}</ref>

====Pakistan====
{{Main|Child marriage in Pakistan}}
According to a [[UNICEF]] report from 2018, around 18% of the girls in Pakistan were married before the age of 18<ref name="unicef18">[https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Child-marriage-database_Mar2021.xlsx Child Marriage Database]. UNICEF. 30 July 2021.</ref><ref>[https://atlas.girlsnotbrides.org/map/pakistan Atlas: Pakistan]. Girls Not Brides. 31 July 2021</ref> and 4% of the girls were married before the age of 15.<ref name="unicef18"/> In the past two 2013 reports suggest that over 50% of all marriages in [[Pakistan]] involve girls less than 18 years old.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nasrullah | first1 = M | year = 2013 | title = Bielefeld University, Germany, Girl Child Marriage and Its Effect on Fertility in Pakistan: Findings from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, 2006–2007 | journal = Matern Child Health J | volume = 18| issue = 3| pages = 534–43| doi = 10.1007/s10995-013-1269-y | pmid = 23580067 | s2cid = 26184621 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/597697/social-customs-nearly-half-of-pakistani-women-are-married-before-the-age-of-18/|title=Social customs: 'Nearly half of Pakistani women are married before the age of 18' – The Express Tribune|date=31 August 2013|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref>

The exact number of child marriages in Pakistan below the age of 13 is unknown, but rising according to the United Nations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/33985/pakistan-child-marriages-on-the-rise-across-rural-sindh|title=IRIN Asia – PAKISTAN: Child marriages on the rise across rural Sindh – Pakistan – Children – Human Rights|newspaper=Irinnews |agency=The New Humanitarian|date=31 March 2006}}</ref>

Another custom in Pakistan, called ''[[Swara (custom)|swara]]'' or ''[[Vani (custom)|vani]]'', involves village elders solving family disputes or settling unpaid debts by marrying off girls. The average marriage age of ''swara'' girls is between 5 and 9.<ref name=star2013>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/08/26/pakistans_child_brides_suffering_for_others_crimes.html|title=Pakistan's child brides: suffering for others' crimes|date=26 August 2013|work=Toronto Star}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/10/2012101792934276587.html|title=Child brides blot tribal Pakistan|author=Mehreen Zahra-Malik|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Similarly, the custom of [[watta satta]] has been cited<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plan.fi/File/416b7ead-4c65-4ab5-a26c-0eb4cb80c560/Stealing+Innocence+-+Child+Marriage+in+Pakistan+(Plan+2011).pdf|title=Stealing innocence: child marriage in Pakistan|first=Samuel|last=Lane|work=Abo Akademi University|location=Finland|year=2012|access-date=2013-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012035244/http://www.plan.fi/File/416b7ead-4c65-4ab5-a26c-0eb4cb80c560/Stealing+Innocence+-+Child+Marriage+in+Pakistan+(Plan+2011).pdf|archive-date=2013-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> as a cause of child marriages in Pakistan.

According to [[Population Council]], 35% of all females in Pakistan become mothers before they reach the age of 18, and 67% have experienced pregnancy – 69% of these have given birth – before they reach the age of 19.<ref>[http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/ayp0102.pdf Adolescents and Youth in Pakistan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312003405/http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/ayp0102.pdf |date=12 March 2014 }} Zeba Sathar, Cynthia Lloyd, et al., Population Council, with support from UNICEF; pp. 96–101</ref> Less than 4% of married girls below the age of 19 had some say in choosing her spouse; over 80% were married to a near or distant relative. Child marriage and early motherhood is common in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/ayp0102.pdf|title=Adolescents and Youth in Pakistan|first1=Zeba|last1=Sathar|first2=Cynthia|last2=Lloyd|work=Population Council, with support from UNICEF|volume=Table 5.8 and 5.15|pages=188–193|display-authors=etal|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312003405/http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/ayp0102.pdf|archive-date=2014-03-12}}</ref>

====Iran====
In [[Iran]], as in other developing societies, the phenomenon of child marriage, or early child marriage, is widespread.<ref>Ahmady, Kameel Et al 2017: An Echo of Silence (A Comprehensive Research Study on Early Child Marriage (ECM) in Iran). Nova Publishing, USA.</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |title=A Tale of Two Child Marriages |language=en |url=https://iranwire.com/en/society/103764-a-tale-of-two-child-marriages/ |access-date=2023-02-07}}</ref><ref name="auto5">{{Cite journal|title=The trend of girl child marriage in Iran based on national census data – PMC|year=2020 |pmc=7887999 |last1=Azimi |first1=K. |journal=Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters |volume=28 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/26410397.2020.1820655 |pmid=33032487 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |title=The Role of Temporary Marriage (TM) in Promoting Early Child Marriage (ECM) in Iran |date=2021 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4469-3_3 |work=Temporary and Child Marriages in Iran and Afghanistan: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Issues |pages=47–66 |editor-last=Hosseini |editor-first=S. Behnaz |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-33-4469-3_3 |isbn=978-981-334-469-3 |s2cid=234317299 |access-date=2023-02-07|url-access=subscription }}</ref> According to the official statistics of Iran in 2013, as many as 187,000 marriages of children under the legal age were registered with the country's Civil Registration Organization.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |date=2018-03-29 |title=Feminization of Poverty- The Cause and Consequence of Early Childhood Marriages in Iran |url=http://swiftjournals.org/sjssh/abstract/2018/march/Kameel2.php |journal=Swift Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=01–10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |date=2018 |title=Feminization of Poverty- The Cause and Consequence of Early Childhood Marriages in Iran |journal=The Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities |s2cid=56407086 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |title=Feminization of Poverty - The Cause and Consequence of Early Childhood Marriages in Iran |url=http://www.swiftjournals.org/sjssh/pdf/2018/march/Kameel2.pdf |issn=2986-9811}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-25 |title=Iran's Parliament Rejects Motion To Raise legal age of marriage |url=https://iran-hrm.com/2018/12/25/irans-parliament-rejects-motion-to-raise-legal-age-of-marriage/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> The vice president of prevention of social harms of the government's welfare organization stated that, in 2016, 17% of girls’ marriages in Iran took place before they reached the age of 18.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-04 |title=17 درصد دختران قبل از 18 سالگی ازدواج می‌کنند |url=https://www.isna.ir/news/95031508655/17-درصد-دختران-قبل-از-18-سالگی-ازدواج-می-کنند |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=ایسنا |language=fa}}</ref> The border provinces of [[Razavi Khorasan province|Khorasan Razavi]], [[East Azerbaijan province|East Azerbaijan]], and [[Sistan and Baluchestan province|Sistan and Baluchistan]] are the three provinces where the highest number of child marriages occur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=irna./news |url=https://www.irna.ir/news/82775889/%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%AD-%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%83%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AE-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=www.irna.ir|date=26 December 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Child and forced marriage, including in humanitarian settings |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/women/child-and-forced-marriage-including-humanitarian-settings |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref><ref>احمدی کامیل. '''زنانه شدن فقر:''' علت‌ها و پیامدهای ازدواجهای موسوم به «کودک همسری» در ایران، فصلنامه مطالعات روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دوره 5، شماره 2، تابستان 1399، صفحات 177 – 163.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |date=2021-06-22 |title=An Echo of Silence: A Comprehensive Research on Early Child Marriage in Iran |url=http://www.aftj.ir/article_160339.html |journal=Journal of Applied Family Therapy |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=508–527 |doi=10.22034/aftj.2022.338197.1533 |issn=2717-2430}}</ref>

Though the legal age of marriage in [[Iran]] is 13 years for girls and 15 for boys, there are cases of girls below the age of 10 being married.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/child-bride-practice-rising-iran-parliament-seeks-lower-girls-legal-marriage-age-9-760263|title=Child Bride Practice Rising in Iran, Parliament Seeks To Lower Girl's Legal Marriage Age To 9|first=Vivian|last=Tsai|date=30 August 2012|website=International Business Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsai |first=Vivian |date=2012-08-30 |title=Child Bride Practice Rising In Iran, Parliament Seeks To Lower Girl's Legal Marriage Age To 9 |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/child-bride-practice-rising-iran-parliament-seeks-lower-girls-legal-marriage-age-9-760263 |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=International Business Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=Iranian girls ruined by child marriage – DW – 09/11/2017 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/child-marriage-in-iran-forces-girls-into-a-life-of-oppression/a-40450099 |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/> The same source pointed out that "child marriages are more common in socially backward rural areas often afflicted with high levels of illiteracy and drug addiction".<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-30 |title=The Life of an Iranian Child Bride: An Animation by Marjan Farsad |url=https://iranhumanrights.org/2021/08/the-life-of-an-iranian-child-bride-an-animation-by-marjan-farsad/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=Center for Human Rights in Iran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Efevbera |first1=Yvette |last2=Bhabha |first2=Jacqueline |date=2020-10-15 |title=Defining and deconstructing girl child marriage and applications to global public health |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=1547 |doi=10.1186/s12889-020-09545-0 |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=7560271 |pmid=33054856 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="auto5"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=رپرتاژ - ازدواج کودکان |url=https://www.manototv.com/episode/2684 |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=Manoto TV |language=fa |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223131128/https://www.manototv.com/episode/2684 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Ahmady, Kameel. The Role of Temporary Marriage (TM) in Promoting Early Child Marriage (ECM) in Iran, Swift Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, February 2021, pp 47–66.</ref> In October 2019, a prosecutor annulled the marriage of an 11-year-old girl to her adult cousin in rural Iran, and said he was indicting the mullah (officiant) and the girl's parents for an illegal underage marriage.<ref name="jpostOct19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/WATCH-Iranian-man-marries-11-year-old-girl-605352|title=WATCH: Iranian man marries 11-year-old girl|date=22 October 2019 }}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{Cite journal |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |date=2021-10-08 |title=CHANGING THE ATTITUDE OF YOUNG PEOPLE TOWARDS MARRIAGE WITH A FOCUS ON LAW AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS SUCH AS RELIGION AND CUSTOM |url=http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/6826 |journal=Psychology and Education Journal |language=en |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=5233–5244 |issn=1553-6939}}</ref> According to the Iranian Students News Agency, nearly 6,000 children are married each year in Iran.<ref name="jpostOct19" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-08 |title=وجود ۱۵ هزار بیوه زیر ۱۵ سال در کشور |url=https://www.isna.ir/news/96121709566/وجود-۱۵-هزار-بیوه-زیر-۱۵-سال-در-کشور |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=ایسنا |language=fa}}</ref>

The [[Committee on the Rights of the Child|UN Committee on the Rights of the Child]] (CRC) examining child marriage in Iran has warned of a rising number of young girls forced into marriage in Iran.<ref name="newsweek.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/un-condemns-iran-increase-child-brides-young-10-423435|title=U.N. condemns Iran for increase in child brides as young as 10 years old|website=[[Newsweek]]|date=5 February 2016|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref><ref name="auto3"/> The Committee deplored the fact that the State party allows sexual intercourse involving girls as young as 9 [[Lunar calendar|lunar years]] and that other forms of sexual abuse of even younger children is not criminalized.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/mideast/2016/02/04/un-decries-child-marriages-in-iran-whose-laws-permit-sexual-intercourse-with-girls-as-young-as-9|title=UN decries child marriages in Iran whose laws permit sexual intercourse with girls as young as 9|website=[[Daily Sabah]]|date=4 February 2016|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="سیاستی برای خاتمه ختنه زنان در ایران وجود ندارد" – DW – ۱۳۹۷/۸/۲۱ |url=https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/iran/a-46260381 |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=dw.com |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=fa}}</ref>
CRC said that Tehran must "repeal all provisions that authorize, condone or lead to child sexual abuse" and called for the age of sexual consent to be increased from nine years old to 16.<ref name="auto2"/> The Society For Protecting The Rights of The Child said that 43,459 girls aged under 15 married in 2009. In 2010, 716 girls under the age of 10 married, up from 449 in the year prior.<ref name="newsweek.com" /><ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Despite Outrage, No End In Sight For Child Marriage In Iran |url=https://en.radiofarda.com/a/many-iran-religious-leaders-support-child-marriage/29735413.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=RFE/RL |date=28 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> On 8 March 2018 a member of the [[Tehran City Council]], [[Shahrbanoo Amani]] said that there were 15,000 widows under the age of 15 in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isna.ir/news/96121709566/وجود-۱۵-هزار-بیوه-زیر-۱۵-سال-در-کشور|title=وجود ۱۵ هزار بیوه زیر ۱۵ سال در کشور|date=8 March 2018|website=ایسنا}}</ref><ref name="auto4"/><ref>{{Cite AV media |title=طنین سکوت (پژوهشی جامع بر باب ازدواج کودکان در ایران) | date=5 January 2023 |type=Learning |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQp2ZIZINjI |publisher=kameel Ahmady |language=fa |access-date=2023-02-07 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

The Iranian Government has been criticized by the international community over its high rate of child marriage.<ref name="auto1"/>

In August 2019, Iran demonstrated its sensitivity towards its birth rates by arresting [[Kameel Ahmady]], an expert in the area of child marriage, and sentencing him to a nine-year and three-month imprisonment for alleged "subversive research." Ahmady's research focuses on harmful traditional practices such as early child marriage, female genital mutilation (FGM), sexuality and the [[LGBT|LGBTQ]]+ community, [[child labour]] and ethnic issues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.practices-of-violence.net/female-genital-mutilation-in-iran/|title=Female Genital Mutilation in Iran|access-date=7 February 2023|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129183216/https://www.practices-of-violence.net/female-genital-mutilation-in-iran/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-14 |title=Kameel Ahmady: British FGM academic 'jailed in Iran' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-55300694 |access-date=2023-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=British-Iranian FGM, child marriage researcher arrested in Iran on unknown charges |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/british-iranian-fgm-researcher-arrested-iran-unknown-charges?amp=1 |access-date=2023-02-07 |newspaper=The New Arab |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=World needs to shout about scholars silenced by the state – Dr Alice König |language=en-GB |work=The Scotsman |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/opinion/columnists/world-needs-shout-about-scholars-silenced-state-dr-alice-konig-1404878 |access-date=2023-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dehghan |first=Saeed Kamali |date=2015-06-04 |title=Female genital mutilation practised in Iran, study reveals |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/04/female-genital-mutilation-iran-fgm |access-date=2023-02-07 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> His group fieldwork research on child marriage, carried out in 2017 and published under the title An Echo of Silence: A Comprehensive Research Study on Early Child Marriage (ECM) in Iran, brought him to the attention of the authorities because they believed he was campaigning to raise the legal age of marriage for girls.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Susanti |first1=Christina Esti |last2=Ahmady |first2=Kameel |date=2015-11-07 |title=Prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Iran |url=http://swiftjournals.org/sjssh/abstract/2015/november/Kameel.php |journal=Swift Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=28–42}}</ref><ref>Ahmady, Kameel. THE NEXUS BETWEEN TEMPORARY MARRIAGE AND EARLY CHILD MARRIAGE IN IRAN, Paper presented at the 14th Eurasian Conference on Language and Social Sciences Hosted by University of Gjakova‘Fehmi Agani, KOSOVO, pp. 376–391, Jan 2022.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4RZtAEACAAJ&q=kameel+ahmady |title=An Echo of Silence: A Comprehensive Research Study on Early Child Marriage (ECM) in Iran |date=2018 |publisher=Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated |isbn=978-1-5361-2365-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An Echo of Silence: A Comprehensive Research Study on Early Child Marriage (ECM) in Iran – Nova Science Publishers |url=https://novapublishers.com/shop/an-echo-of-silence-a-comprehensive-research-study-on-early-child-marriage-ecm-in-iran/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Ahmady, Kameel Et al 2021: An Echo of Silence (A Comprehensive Research Study on Early Child Marriage (ECM) in Iran). Avayebuf, Denmark.</ref>

==== Yemen ====
Child marriage is a common practice in Yemen, both in urban and rural areas.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2011-12-07 |title="How Come You Allow Little Girls to Get Married?" |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2011/12/07/how-come-you-allow-little-girls-get-married/child-marriage-yemen |journal=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> As of 2023, an estimated 3.8 million Yemeni girls (about 30%) are married before the age of 18, with approximately 1.3 million girls (about 7%) married before the age of 15.<ref name=":yemen0">{{Cite web |title=Child Marriage in Yemen |url=https://childmarriagedata.org/country-profiles/yemen/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Child Marriage Data Portal |language=en}}</ref>

According to [[Human Rights Watch]] (HRW), in 1999 the minimum marriage age 15 for women was abolished; the onset of puberty, interpreted by conservatives to be at age nine, was set as a requirement for consummation of marriage.<ref name=HRWYemenReport2001>{{Citation| title= World Report 2001|chapter= Yemen: Human Rights Developments | publisher= Human Rights Watch | year=2001 | chapter-url= https://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/mideast/yemen.html | access-date=2010-04-08}}</ref> In April 2008, [[Nujood Ali]], a 10-year-old girl, successfully obtained a divorce after being raped under these conditions. Her case prompted calls to raise the legal age for marriage to 18.<ref name=Daragahi2008>{{Citation| last= Daragahi| first= Borzou | title= Yemeni bride, 10, says I won't | work= Los Angeles Times | date= 11 June 2008 | url= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-jun-11-fg-childbride11-story.html | access-date=2010-02-16}}</ref> Later in 2008, the Supreme Council for Motherhood and Childhood proposed to define the minimum age for marriage at 18 years, the law passed in April 2009 with the age voted for as 17, however due to maneuvers by opposing parliamentarians the law was dropped the next day.<ref name="Assamiee&Al-Sakkaf2010">{{Citation | author= Mahmoud Assamiee and Nadia Al | title= Relative breakthrough in Yemen's early marriage dilemma | work= Yemen Times | date= 25 March 2010 | url= http://www.yementimes.com/defaultdet.aspx?SUB_ID=33771 | access-date=2010-04-08 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110608055754/http://www.yementimes.com/defaultdet.aspx?SUB_ID=33771 | archive-date= 8 June 2011 }}</ref>

Since 2014 the [[Yemeni civil war (2014–present)|Yemeni civil war]] has led to severe disruption of economic, social and political systems. Extreme poverty drives many families in Yemen to marry off their daughters for financial relief, receiving a dowry in exchange, or sometimes to ensure the safety of girls in an unstable environment.<ref name=":yemen1">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-24 |title=Yemen's Daughters: The Battle Against Child Marriage Amidst War - ECDHR |url=https://www.ecdhr.org/yemens-daughters-the-battle-against-child-marriage-amidst-war/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=www.ecdhr.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Limited access to education leaves young girls with limited options, as child marriage rates are significantly higher among uneducated girls (39.5%) compared to those with secondary education (22.3%).<ref name=":yemen0" /> [[Houthi_movement|Houthi]] laws and policies have also forced the closure of several civil and human rights organisations and also further restricted access to education,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-06 |title=Houthis Violating Women's and Girls' Rights in Yemen {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/02/06/houthis-violating-womens-and-girls-rights-yemen |access-date=2024-10-26 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2023 |title=Gender Segregation at Sanaa University: A Worrying Trend for Yemen |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2023/09/gender-segregation-at-sanaa-university-a-worrying-trend-for-yemen?lang=en |access-date=October 25, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=September 1, 2022 |title=They are suffocating us': Amnesty condemns Houthis' stifling male guardianship rules |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/amnesty-condemns-houthi-guardianship-rules-women |access-date=October 25, 2024 |website=[[The New Arab]]}}</ref> indirectly increasing child marriage rates.

===Europe===

====General====
Each European country has its own laws; in both the [[European Union]] and the [[Council of Europe]] the marriageable age falls within the jurisdiction of individual member states. The [[Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence|Istanbul convention]], the first legally binding instrument in Europe in the field of violence against women and domestic violence,<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2014 |title=The Convention of Belém do Pará and the Istanbul Convention: A response to violence against women worldwide |url=https://www.oas.org/es/mesecvi/docs/CSW-SideEvent2014-Flyer-EN.pdf |access-date=3 November 2023 |website=[[Organization of American States]]}}</ref> only requires countries which ratify it to prohibit [[forced marriage]] (Article 37) and to ensure that forced marriages can be easily voided without further victimization (Article 32), but does not make any reference to a minimum age of marriage.

====European Union====
In the European Union, the general age of marriage ''as a right'' is 18 in all member states. When all exceptions are taken into account (such as judicial or parental consent), the minimum age is 16 in most countries. In 7 countries marriage under 18 is completely prohibited. By contrast, in 6 countries there is no set minimum age, although all these countries require the authorization of a public authority (such as a judge or social worker) for the marriage to take place.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan=2 | State
! colspan=2 | Minimum age
! rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
!| Minimum age when all exceptions are taken into account
!| General age
|-
| {{flag|Austria}}
| 16
| 18
| 16 with parental consent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.austria.org/marriage-in-austria/|title=Marriage in Austria|website=Austria|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=11 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111041737/http://www.austria.org/marriage-in-austria/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Belgium}}
| data-sort-value="0"|none
| 18
| Younger than 18 and only after judicial consent (with no strict minimum age). With parental consent, serious reasons are required for a minor to obtain judicial consent for a marriage; without parental consent, serious reasons are required and the unwillingness of the parents has to constitute an abuse.<ref>Articles 144, 145, and 148 of the Civil Code of Belgium.</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Bulgaria}}
| 16
| 18
| The new 2009 Family Code fixes the age at 18, but allows for an exception for 16 years olds, stating that "Upon exception, in case that important reasons impose this, matrimony may be concluded by a person at the age of 16 with permission by the regional judge". It further states that both persons wanting to marry, as well as the parents/guardians of the minor, must be consulted by the judge. (Chapter 2, Article 6)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kenarova.com/law/Family%20Code.pdf |title=Family Code : General Provisions |publisher=Kenarova.com |access-date=2015-11-20}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Croatia}}
| 16
| 18
| 16 with judicial consent.
|-
| {{flag|Cyprus}}
| 16
| 18
| 16 with parental consent, if there are serious reasons for the marriage.<ref name="coe.int">{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/familypolicy/Source/4_1_i%20Legislation%20on%20marriage.pdf |title=Council of Europe Family Policy Database : 4. Social Policy and Family Law : Marriage, Divorce and Parenthood |publisher=Coe.int |access-date=2015-11-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010091437/http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/familypolicy/Source/4_1_i%20Legislation%20on%20marriage.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.youthpolicy.org/pdfs/factsheets/Cyprus.pdf |title=Youth Policy Fact Sheet : Cyprus |publisher=Youthpolicy.org |access-date=2015-11-20 |archive-date=24 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100043/http://www.youthpolicy.org/pdfs/factsheets/Cyprus.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Czech Republic}}
| 16
| 18
| Article 672 of Act No. 89/2012 Coll. the Civil Code (which came into force in 2014) states that the court may, in exceptional cases, allow a marriage of a 16-year-old, if there are serious reasons for it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2012-89|title=Občanský zákoník (nový) – č. 89/2012 Sb. – Aktuální znění|work=Zákony pro lidi|access-date=2015-07-28}}</ref> 
|-
| {{flag|Denmark}}
| 18
| 18
|Since 2017, marriage is no longer allowed under 18.<ref name=Denmark2019/>
|-
| {{flag|Estonia}}
| 18
| 18
| Since 2022, marriage under 18 is prohibited.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESTONIA Comprehensive national review report |url=https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/2024-09/b30_report_estonia_en.pdf |website=www.unwomen.org}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Finland}}
| 18
| 18
| Under 18 marriages with judicial authorization were banned in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ts.fi/uutiset/4487764|title=Lapsiavioliitot kielletään Suomessa – Oikeusministeri: "Lapsien tulee saada olla lapsia täysi-ikäisyyteen asti"|first=Niko|last=Vahtera|publisher=[[Turun Sanomat]]|date=20 February 2019|access-date=9 April 2019|language=fi}}</ref>

|-
| {{flag|France}}
| data-sort-value="0"|none
| 18
| Under 18 needs judicial authorization.<ref>{{Citation|title=Code civil – Article 145|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070721&idArticle=LEGIARTI000006421971&dateTexte=20171110|access-date=2019-07-08}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Germany}}
| data-sort-value="17.9"|18/unclear
| 18
| The minimum age was set at 18 in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&start=//*%5B@attr_id='bgbl117s2429.pdf'%5D#__bgbl__//*%5B@attr_id='bgbl117s2429.pdf'%5D__1502380300881|title=Bundesgesetzblatt|website=bgbl.de|access-date=2017-08-10}}</ref> In 2023, the German [[Federal Constitutional Court]] ruled this law in parts unconstitutional.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2023-03-29 |date=2023-02-01 |title=BVerfG, Beschluss des Ersten Senats vom 1. Februar 2023 - 1 BvL 7/18 |url=https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Entscheidungen/DE/2023/02/ls20230201_1bvl000718.html |website=bundesverfassungsgericht.de}}<!-- auto-translated from German by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=2023-03-31 |title=Gesetz zur Bekämpfung von Kinderehen mangels Regelungen zu den Folgen und zu Fortführungsmöglichkeiten nach inländischem Recht unwirksamer Auslandskinderehen mit dem Grundgesetz unvereinbar |type=Pressemitteilung Nr. 36/2023 vom 29. März 2023 |url=https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/DE/2023/bvg23-036.html}}<!-- auto-translated from German by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
|-
| {{flag|Greece}}
| data-sort-value="0"|none
| 18
| |Under 18 requires court permission, which may be given if there are serious reasons for such a marriage<ref name="coe.int"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://greece.angloinfo.com/family/marriage-partnerships/|title=Getting Married in Greece|access-date=28 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717165849/http://greece.angloinfo.com/family/marriage-partnerships/|archive-date=17 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Hungary}}
| 16
| 18
| 16 with authorization from the guardianship authority<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.impowr.org/content/current-legal-framework-marriage-or-child-marriage-hungary |title=Current Legal Framework: Marriage or Child Marriage in Hungary |publisher=impowr.org |access-date=2015-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024830/http://www.impowr.org/content/current-legal-framework-marriage-or-child-marriage-hungary |archive-date=2015-11-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Ireland}}
| 18
| 18
| Since 2019, marriage under 18 is banned.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/birth_family_relationships/getting_married/legal_prerequisites_for_marriage.html|title=Legal requirements for marriage|last=Citizensinformation.ie|website=citizensinformation.ie|language=en|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Italy}}
| 16
| 18
| 16 with court consent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://r2e.gn.apc.org/country-node/443/country-minimum|title=National law and policies on minimum ages – Italy – Right to Education|website=r2e.gn.apc.org|access-date=3 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110225502/http://r2e.gn.apc.org/country-node/443/country-minimum|archive-date=10 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Latvia}}
| 16
| 18
| 16 with court consent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://r2e.gn.apc.org/country-node/362/country-minimum|title=National law and policies on minimum ages – Latvia – Right to Education|website=r2e.gn.apc.org|access-date=3 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110225457/http://r2e.gn.apc.org/country-node/362/country-minimum|archive-date=10 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Lithuania}}
| data-sort-value="1"|none girls/15 boys
| 18
| 15 with court permission. Girls can marry below 15 with court permission if they are pregnant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:yvIqWHiISFgJ:www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/CsaLithuania.pdf+lithuania+age+of+consent+interpol&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi0C0o0KxrchPH7-cgnwLw8l9STSGqek6FgmlZbX1FW219q-nhlrRA4pHiMnbOZlQD4Ci-z8_TPuz3JGI5j3QeqE73RMNsoRtKjdtK-qJ9OxiQh8kGTRKil4Aoc80DOVrh4BX0X&sig=AHIEtbRwMRy1vEGSvVjsc2QmIUNUFc_l2A |title=Powered by Google Docs |access-date=2013-01-14}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Luxembourg}}
| data-sort-value="0"|none
| 18
| Under 18 need judicial permission. New laws of 2014 fixed the marriageable at 18 for both sexes; prior to these regulations the age was 16 for females and 18 for males. The new laws still allow both sexes to obtain judicial consent to get married under 18.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guichet.public.lu/citoyens/fr/actualites/2014/06/19-mariage-gay/index.html|title=Mariage et adoption s'ouvrent aux couples de personnes du même sexe|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024116/http://www.guichet.public.lu/citoyens/fr/actualites/2014/06/19-mariage-gay/index.html|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Malta}}
| 16
| 18
| 16 with parental consent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.justiceservices.gov.mt/DownloadDocument.aspx?app=lom&itemid=8749&l=1 |title=Marriage Act, Section 3 "Restrictions on Marriage" |access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Netherlands}}
| 18
| 18
|Exceptions were removed by a change in the law in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0037085/2015-12-05|title=wetten.nl – Regeling – Wet tegengaan huwelijksdwang – BWBR0037085|website=wetten.overheid.nl|language=nl|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Poland}}
| data-sort-value="16.1"|16 girls/18 boys
| 18
| 16 for girls with court consent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://r2e.gn.apc.org/country-node/489/country-minimum|title=National law and policies on minimum ages – Poland – Right to Education|website=r2e.gn.apc.org|access-date=3 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110225409/http://r2e.gn.apc.org/country-node/489/country-minimum|archive-date=10 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Portugal}}
| 16
| 18
| 16 with parental consent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.angloinfo.com/how-to/portugal/family/marriage-partnerships|title=Getting Married in Portugal – Portugal – Angloinfo|access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Romania}}
| 16
| 18
| 16, if there are valid reasons, with both judicial and parental permission, as well as medical approval.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legeaz.net/noul-cod-civil/art-272-varsta-matrimoniala-conditiile-de-fond-pentru-incheierea-casatoriei-incheierea-casatoriei |title=Art. 272 Noul cod civil Vârsta matrimonială Condiţiile de fond pentru încheierea căsătoriei Încheierea căsătoriei &#124; Noul Cod Civil actualizat 2015 – Legea 287/2009 |publisher=Legeaz.net |date=29 October 2011 |access-date=2015-11-20}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Slovakia}}
| 16
| 18
| 16 with court consent, with a serious reason such as pregnancy.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
|-
| {{flag|Slovenia}}
| data-sort-value="0"|none
| 18
| Under 18 may be approved by the Social Work Centre if there are "well founded reasons" arising upon the investigation of the situation of the minor. (Art 23, 24 of the Law on Marriage and Family Relations).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mddsz.gov.si/fileadmin/mddsz.gov.si/pageuploads/dokumenti__pdf/zakonodaja/law_on_marriage_and_family_relations.pdf |title=Law on marriage and family relations |access-date=2017-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417042710/http://www.mddsz.gov.si/fileadmin/mddsz.gov.si/pageuploads/dokumenti__pdf/zakonodaja/law_on_marriage_and_family_relations.pdf |archive-date=2018-04-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Spain}}
| 16
| 18
| 16 with court consent.
|-
| {{flag|Sweden}}
| 18
| 18
| Not possible to marry under the age of 18 for Swedish citizens since 1 July 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/Stockholm/En/manniska-och-samhalle/vigsel/Pages/default.aspx|title=Marriage|last=Marriage|website=lansstyrelsen.se|access-date=2017-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024111611/http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/Stockholm/En/manniska-och-samhalle/vigsel/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=2017-10-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> Authorities take a different approach to individuals who were already married when they arrived in Sweden, as during the [[European migrant crisis]], the [[Swedish Migration Agency]] identified 132 married children, of which 65 were in [[Malmö]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sydsvenskan.se/2016-06-21/132-gifta-barn-i-sverige-65-i-malmo|title=132 gifta barn i Sverige – 65 i Malmö|work=Sydsvenskan|access-date=2018-02-13|language=sv-SE}}</ref>
|}

====Scandinavia====
In April 2016, [[Reuters]] reported "Child brides sometimes tolerated in Nordic asylum centers despite bans". For example, at least 70 girls under 18 were living as married couples in Sweden; in Norway, "some" under 16 lived "with their partners". In Denmark, it was determined there were "dozens of cases of girls living with older men", prompting Minister Inger Stojberg to state she would "stop housing child brides in asylum centers".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Doyle|first1=Alister|title=Child brides sometimes tolerated in Nordic asylum centers despite bans|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-brides-idUSKCN0XI1MZ?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews&rpc=69|access-date=2016-04-22|work=Reuters|location=Oslo|date=21 April 2016|quote=10 of those aged under 16 – the minimum local age for sex or marriage – were married and four had children, the Norwegian Directorate of Immigration (UDI) said. Of the 10 "some live in adult asylum centers, some in their own rooms and some with their partners", it said in emailed replies to Reuters questions ... Minister [[Inger Støjberg]] said that she would "stop housing child brides in asylum centers" after a review found dozens of cases of girls living with older men. ... authorities said that at least 70 girls under 18 were married in asylum centers run by municipalities including Stockholm and Malmo.}}</ref>

Marriage under 18 was completely banned in [[Sweden]] in 2014, in [[Denmark]] in 2017,<ref name=Denmark2019>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.dk/samling/20161/lovforslag/l94/index.htm|title=SIDSTE STJERNEITEM|website=Folketinget|date=9 January 2017 }}</ref> and in [[Finland]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ts.fi/uutiset/4487764|title=Lapsiavioliitot kielletään Suomessa – Oikeusministeri: "Lapsien tulee saada olla lapsia täysi-ikäisyyteen asti"|date=20 September 2019|website=[[Turun Sanomat]]|language=fi|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref>

====Balkans/Eastern Europe====
In these areas, child and forced marriages are associated with the [[Romani people|Roma]] community and with some rural populations. However, such marriages are illegal in most of the countries from that area. In recent years, many of those countries have taken steps in order to curb these practices, including equalizing the marriageable age of both sexes (e.g. Romania in 2007, Ukraine in 2012). Therefore, most of those 'marriages' are informal unions (without legal recognition) and often arranged from very young ages. Such practices are common in Serbia,<ref>[https://www.unicef.org/serbia/en/child-marriage-among-roma-population-serbia "Child marriages in the Roma population in Serbia"], UNICEF, 2017.</ref> Bulgaria and Romania<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/4972768/Romanian-gypsy-children-become-engaged-aged-six-and-four.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/4972768/Romanian-gypsy-children-become-engaged-aged-six-and-four.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Romanian gypsy children become engaged aged six and four|date=11 March 2009|access-date=2018-03-03|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/early-marriage-deters-lesser-roma-girls-from-school-in-bulgaria-02-22-2016|title=Bulgarian Roma Girls Still Quitting School Young|access-date=2018-03-03|date=22 February 2016}}</ref> (in these countries the marriageable age is 18, and can only be lowered to 16 in special circumstances with judicial approval<ref>[https://advokatiubeogradu.rs/zakoni/PORODICNI-ZAKON-REPUBLIKE-SRBIJE.pdf Porodični zakon Republike Srbije] "The Family Law of The Republic of Serbia: Article 23" (in Serbian), 2005.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FAMILY CODE |url=https://kenarova.com/law/Family%20Code.pdf |access-date=3 November 2023 |website=kenarova.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://legeaz.net/noul-cod-civil/art-272-varsta-matrimoniala-conditiile-de-fond-pentru-incheierea-casatoriei-incheierea-casatoriei|title=Art. 272 Noul cod civil Vârsta matrimonială Condiţiile de fond pentru încheierea căsătoriei Încheierea căsătoriei|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref>). A 2003 case involving the daughter of an informal 'gypsy king' of the area has made international news.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3159818.stm|title=Gypsy child couple separated|date=2 October 2003|access-date=2018-03-03|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

====Belgium====
''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported in April 2016 that "17 child brides" arrived in Belgium in 2015 and a further 7 so far in 2016. The same report added that "Between 2010 and 2013, the police registered at least 56 complaints about a forced marriage."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ishaan|first1=Ishaan|title=Refugee child bride went on a hunger strike after Belgium separated her from husband|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/04/01/refugee-child-bride-went-on-a-hunger-strike-after-belgium-separated-her-from-husband/|access-date=2016-04-22|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=1 April 2016|quote=Official figures indicate some 17 child brides arrived among the refugee influx last year and another seven this year ... Belgium has had wider concerns over the prevalence of forced child marriages among some of the country's communities. Between 2010 and 2013, the police registered at least 56 complaints about a forced marriage.}}</ref>

==== Germany ====
In 2016 there were 1475 underage foreigners in Germany registered as married, of which 1100 were girls. [[Syrians in Germany|Syrians]] represented 664, [[Afghans in Germany|Afghans]] 157 and [[Iraqis in Germany|Iraqis]] 100. In July 2016, 361 foreign children under 14 were registered as married.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/kinderehen-1475-minderjaehrige-in-deutschland-sind-verheiratet-a-1111624.html|title=Kinderehen: 1475 Minderjährige in Deutschland sind verheiratet|date=9 September 2016|work=Der Spiegel|access-date=2018-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125230033/http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/kinderehen-1475-minderjaehrige-in-deutschland-sind-verheiratet-a-1111624.html|archive-date=2016-11-25}}</ref>

====Netherlands====
The Dutch government's National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings and Sexual Violence against Children wrote that "between September 2015 and January 2016 around 60 child brides entered the Netherlands".<ref>{{cite web|title=National Rapporteur concerned about Syrian child brides and Roma children|url=https://www.dutchrapporteur.nl/current/news/archief/new-report-national-rapporteur-concerned-about-syrian-child-brides-and-roma-children.aspx?cp=64&cs=69412|publisher=National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings and Sexual Violence against Children|access-date=2016-04-22|quote=child marriages occur in the Netherlands, drawing attention to the Syrian child brides who travel from Syria, often with an adult male. Between September 2015 and January 2016 around 60 child brides entered the Netherlands.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509024840/https://www.dutchrapporteur.nl/current/news/archief/new-report-national-rapporteur-concerned-about-syrian-child-brides-and-roma-children.aspx?cp=64&cs=69412|archive-date=2016-05-09|url-status=dead}}</ref> At least one was 14 years old.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2016/04/key-advisor-warns-on-child-brides-calls-for-more-action/|title=Key advisor warns on Syrian child brides, calls for more action – DutchNews.nl|date=15 April 2016|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nltimes.nl/2016/04/14/some-60-syrian-child-brides-as-young-as-14-entered-netherlands/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160823032923/http://www.nltimes.nl/2016/04/14/some-60-syrian-child-brides-as-young-as-14-entered-netherlands/|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 August 2016|title=Some 60 Syrian child brides, as young as 14, entered Netherlands|date=14 April 2016|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> ''The Washington Post'' reported that asylum centers in the Netherlands were "housing 20 child brides between ages 13 and 15" in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ishaan|first1=Ishaan|title=Refugee child bride went on a hunger strike after Belgium separated her from husband|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/04/01/refugee-child-bride-went-on-a-hunger-strike-after-belgium-separated-her-from-husband/|access-date=2016-04-22|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=1 April 2016|quote=Last year, asylum centers next door in the Netherlands were reportedly housing 20 child brides between ages 13 and 15.}}</ref>

====Russia====
The common marriageable age established by the [[Family Code of Russia]] is 18 years old. Marriages of persons at age from 16 to 18 years are allowed only with good reasons and by local municipal authority permission. Marriage before 16 years old may be allowed by [[federal subject of Russia]] law as an exception just in special circumstances.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://base.garant.ru/10105807/3/ |title=Ст. 13 Семейного кодекса РФ |date=30 December 2015 |publisher=[[Garant]] |access-date=2016-11-09 |language=ru }}</ref>

By 2016, a minimum age for marriage in special circumstances had been established at 14 years (in [[Adygea]],<ref name="ag">{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/804932443 |title=Закон Республики Адыгея от 30 ноября 1998 г. N 101 "О порядке и условиях вступления в брак граждан Российской Федерации в возрасте от четырнадцати до шестнадцати лет, постоянно либо преимущественно проживающих на территории Республики Адыгея" |date=2 April 2012 |work=Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации |publisher={{interlanguage link|Kodeks|ru|Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)}} |access-date=2016-12-16 |language=ru }}</ref> [[Kaluga Oblast]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/972205041 |title=Закон Калужской области от 06 июня 1997 года №10-ОЗ "О порядке и условиях вступления в брак на территории Калужской области лиц, не достигших возраста шестнадцати лет" |date=29 May 1997 |work=Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации |publisher={{interlanguage link|Kodeks|ru|Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)}} |access-date=2016-12-16 |language=ru }}</ref> [[Magadan Oblast]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/412309526 |title=Закон Магаданской области от 04 мая 2001 года №182-ОЗ "О порядке и условиях получения разрешения на вступление в брак на территории Магаданской области лиц, не достигших возраста шестнадцати лет" (с изменениями на: 10.03.2016) |date=10 March 2016 |work=Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации |publisher={{interlanguage link|Kodeks|ru|Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)}} |access-date=2016-12-16 |language=ru }}</ref> [[Moscow Oblast]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/819047310 |title=Закон Московской области от 30 апреля 2008 года №61/2008–ОЗ "О порядке и условиях вступления в брак на территории Московской области лиц, не достигших возраста шестнадцати лет" (с изменениями на 15 июля 2015 года) |date=15 July 2015 |work=Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации |publisher={{interlanguage link|Kodeks|ru|Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)}} |access-date=2016-12-16 |language=ru }}</ref> [[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/465505566 |title=Постановление Правительства Нижегородской области от 23 октября 2013 года №765 "Об утверждении Положения о порядке принятия решений о разрешении на вступление в брак гражданам, не достигшим возраста шестнадцати лет, в Нижегородской области" |date=23 October 2013 |work=Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации |publisher={{interlanguage link|Kodeks|ru|Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)}} |access-date=2016-12-16 |language=ru }}</ref> [[Novgorod Oblast]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/424034453 |title=Закон Новгородской области от 02 февраля 2009 года №465-ОЗ "О порядке и условиях вступления в брак на территории Новгородской области лиц, не достигших возраста шестнадцати лет" (с изменениями на: 25.04.2014) |date=25 April 2014 |work=Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации |publisher={{interlanguage link|Kodeks|ru|Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)}} |access-date=2016-12-16 |language=ru }}</ref> [[Oryol Oblast]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/453100152 |title=Закон Орловской области от 04 марта 2011 года №1177-ОЗ "О порядке и условиях выдачи разрешения на вступление в брак лицам, не достигшим возраста шестнадцати лет, в Орловской области" |date=4 March 2011 |work=Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации |publisher={{interlanguage link|Kodeks|ru|Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)}} |access-date=2016-12-16 |language=ru }}</ref> [[Sakhalin Oblast]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/802032194 |title=Закон Сахалинской области от 11 июля 2005 года №46-ЗО "О порядке и условиях вступления в брак граждан, проживающих на территории Сахалинской области, не достигших возраста шестнадцати лет" (ред. от 29.06.2015) |date=29 June 2015 |work=Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации |publisher={{interlanguage link|Kodeks|ru|Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)}} |access-date=2016-12-16 |language=ru }}</ref> [[Tambov Oblast]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/948000488 |title=Закон Тамбовской области от 24 июня 1997 года №120-З "О порядке и условиях вступления в брак на территории Тамбовской области лиц, не достигших возраста шестнадцати лет" (с изменениями на 5 мая 2014 года) |date=5 May 2014 |work=Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации |publisher={{interlanguage link|Kodeks|ru|Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)}} |access-date=2016-12-16 |language=ru }}</ref> [[Tatarstan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/429039678 |title=Закон Республики Татарстан от 13 января 2009 года №4-ЗРТ "Семейный кодекс Республики Татарстан" (с изменениями на 07.05.2016) |date=7 May 2016 |work=Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации |publisher={{interlanguage link|Kodeks|ru|Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)}} |access-date=2016-12-16 |language=ru }}</ref> [[Vologda Oblast]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/453133717 |title=Закон Вологодской области от 14 августа 1996 года №95-ОЗ "О снижении брачного возраста" (с изменениями на: 27.11.2000) |date=27 November 2000 |work=Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации |publisher={{interlanguage link|Kodeks|ru|Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)}} |access-date=2016-12-16 |language=ru }}</ref>) or to 15 years (in [[Murmansk Oblast]]<ref name="mur">{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/913501229 |title=Закон Мурманской области от 18 ноября 1996 года №42-01-ЗМО "Об условиях и порядке вступления в брак лиц, не достигших возраста шестнадцати лет" |date=18 November 1996 |work=Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации |publisher={{interlanguage link|Kodeks|ru|Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)}} |access-date=2016-12-16 |language=ru }}</ref> and [[Ryazan Oblast]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/423906474 |title=Закон Рязанской области от 30 декабря 2014 года №105-ОЗ "О порядке и условиях выдачи разрешения на вступление в брак лицам, не достигшим возраста шестнадцати лет" |date=30 December 2014 |work=Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации |publisher={{interlanguage link|Kodeks|ru|Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)}} |access-date=2016-12-16 |language=ru }}</ref>). Others subjects of Russia also can have marriageable age laws.

Abatement of marriageable age is an ultimate measure acceptable in cases of life threat, pregnancy, and childbirth.<ref name="ag"/><ref name="mur"/>

====United Kingdom====
Since May 1, 2022, the marriageable age in both England and Wales is 18 with no exemptions (16 with consent of both parents or guardians, plus also a magistrate approval required within Northern Ireland only),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.itv.com/news/2022-04-27/minimum-marriage-age-to-be-raised-from-16-to-18-in-england-and-wales | title=Minimum marriage age to be raised from 16 to 18 in England and Wales | date=28 April 2022 }}</ref><ref name=uklaw>{{cite web|title=Marriage Act 1949|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo6/12-13-14/76|website=legislation.gov.uk|access-date=6 March 2018|language=en|at=sections 2, 3 and 78 as amended by the Family Law Reform Act 1987}}</ref> although in [[Scotland]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Caloum|first1=Leslie|title=How has Scotland's law on marriage evolved over the centuries?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-26019306|access-date=2015-02-15|publisher=BBC News|date=4 February 2014}}</ref> no parental consent is required over 16.<ref>{{cite web|title=Did You Know? – How to Get Married in Scotland|url=http://www.rampantscotland.com/know/blknow_marriage_howto.htm|access-date=2015-02-15}}</ref> Scotland and Andorra are the only European jurisdictions where 16-year-olds can marry as ''a right'' (i.e. without parental or court approval); see {{section link|Marriageable age|Europe}}.

According to a 2004 report in ''[[The Guardian]]'', girls as young as 12 have been smuggled into the UK to be the brides of men in the [[Islam in the United Kingdom|Muslim community]]. Girls trying to escape this child marriage can face death because this [[Honor killing|breaks the honor code]] of her husband and both families.<ref name="12 years guardian">{{cite web|last1=Hill|first1=Amelia|title=Revealed: the child brides who are forced to marry in Britain|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/feb/22/ukcrime.gender|website=The Guardian|date=22 February 2004 |access-date=2015-02-15}}</ref>

As with the United States, underage cohabitation is observed in the [[United Kingdom]]. According to a 2005 study, 4.1% of all girls in the 15–19 age group in the UK were cohabiting (living in an informal union), while 8.9% of all girls in that age group admitted to having been in a cohabitation relation (child marriage per UNICEF definition<ref name="Child Marriage"/>), before the age of 18. Over 4% of all underage girls in the UK were teenage mothers.<ref name=cohabitteen>Sharon K. Houseknecht and Susan K. Lewis, "Explaining Teen Childbearing and Cohabitation: Community Embeddedness and Primary Ties", ''Family Relations'', Vol. 54, No. 5, Families and Communities (Dec., 2005), pp. 607–620</ref>

In July 2014, the United Kingdom hosted its first global Girl Summit; the goal of the Summit was to increase efforts to end child, early, and [[forced marriage]], as well as [[female genital mutilation]] within a generation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/girl-summit-aims-end-child-marriage-223504733.html#lkd4Kdu |title='Girl Summit' Aims To End Child Marriage |publisher=Yahoo! News |date=22 July 2014 |access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref>

==Consequences==
[[File:2007 - 2012, Adolescent birth rate per 1000 women world map.svg|upright=1.35|thumb|Birth rates per 1,000 women aged 15–19 years, worldwide]]

Child marriage has consequences that last well beyond adolescence.<ref name=hrwconsq>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/06/14/q-child-marriage-and-violations-girls-rights|title=Q & A: Child Marriage and Violations of Girls' Rights|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=14 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>Bunting, Annie. 2005. Stages of development: marriage of girls and teens as an international human rights issue. Social and Legal Studies 14(2):17–38</ref> Women married as children struggle with the impact of pregnancy at a young age on the body, often with little spacing between children.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url = http://adc.bmj.com/content/early/2010/10/07/adc.2009.178707.short|title = When the Mother Is a Child: The Impact of Child Marriage on the Health and Human Rights of Girls|last = Raj|first = Anita|year = 2010|journal = Archives of Disease in Childhood|doi = 10.1136/adc.2009.178707|pmid = 20930011|volume=95|issue = 11|pages=931–935|s2cid = 41625496|url-access = subscription}}</ref> Early marriages followed by teen pregnancy also significantly increase birth complications and [[social isolation]]. In poor countries, early pregnancy limits or can even eliminate a woman's education options, affecting her economic independence. Girls in child marriages are more likely to suffer from [[domestic violence]], [[child sexual abuse]], and [[marital rape]].<ref name=hrwconsq/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/features/ihavearightto/four_b/casestudy_art16.shtml |title=I have a right to &#124; BBC World Service |publisher=BBC |access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref>

===Health===
Child marriage threatens the health and life of girls.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/04/09/yemen.child.bride.death/|title=Yemeni child bride dies of internal bleeding|publisher=CNN}}</ref> Complications from pregnancy and childbirth are the main cause of death among adolescent girls below age 19 in developing countries. Girls aged 15 to 19 are twice as likely to die in childbirth as fully-grown women in their 20s, and girls under the age of 15 are five to seven times more likely to die during childbirth.<ref name="nourreport" /> These consequences are due largely to girls' physical immaturity wherefore the pelvis and birth canal are not fully developed. Teen pregnancy, particularly below age 15, increases risk of developing an [[obstetric fistula]], since their smaller pelvises make them prone to obstructed labor.<ref name="nourreport" /> Girls who give birth before the age of 15 have an 88% risk of developing a fistula,<ref name="nourreport" /> and those between 15 and 18 have a 25% chance. Fistulas can cause urine or fecal incontinence that causes lifelong complications with infection and pain.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cook | first1 = Rebecca J. | last2 = Dickens | first2 = Bernard M. | last3 = Syed | first3 = S. | year = 2004 | title = Obstetric fistula: the challenge to human rights | journal = International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics | volume = 87 | issue = 1| pages = 72–77 | doi=10.1016/j.ijgo.2004.07.005| pmid = 15464787 | s2cid = 42899619 }}</ref> Unless surgically repaired, obstetric fistulas can cause years of permanent disability and shame to mothers, and can result in being shunned by the community.<ref name="Nour child marriage"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nour |first1=Nawal |title=Health Consequences of Child Marriage in Africa |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |year=2006 |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=1644–1649 |doi=10.3201/eid1211.060510|pmid=17283612 |pmc=3372345 }}</ref> Married girls also have a higher risk of [[sexually transmitted infection]]s, [[cervical cancer]], and [[malaria]] than non-married peers or girls who marry in their 20s.<ref name="nourreport" />

Child marriage also threatens the lives of offspring. Mothers under the age of 18 years have 35 to 55% increased risk of delivering pre-term or having a low birth weight baby than a mother who is 19 or 20 years old. In addition, infant mortality rates are 60% higher when the mother is under 18 years old. Infants born to child mothers tend to have weaker immune systems and face a heightened risk of malnutrition.<ref name="Nour child marriage"/>

Prevalence of child marriage may also be associated with higher rates of population growth, more cases of children left orphaned, and the accelerated spread of disease which for many translates into prolonged poverty.<ref name=":0" />

===Illiteracy and poverty===
Child marriage often ends a girl's education, particularly in impoverished countries where child marriages are common.<ref>International Center for Research in Women (2005), Too young to wed: education & action toward ending child marriage. Washington DC</ref> In addition, uneducated girls are more at risk for child marriage. Girls who have only a primary education are twice as likely to marry before age 18 than those with a secondary or higher education, and girls with no education are three times more likely to marry before age 18 than those with a secondary education.<ref name="too young"/> Early marriage impedes a young girl's ability to continue with her education as most drop out of school following marriage<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|title = What Works to Prevent Child Marriage: A Review of the Evidence|last1 = Lee-Rife|first1 = Susan|year = 2012|journal = Studies in Family Planning|doi = 10.1111/j.1728-4465.2012.00327.x|pmid = 23239248|last2 = Malhotra|first2 = Anju|last3 = Warner|first3 = Ann|last4 = McGonagle Glinski|first4 = Allison |volume=43 |issue = 4|pages=287–303}}</ref> to focus their attention on domestic duties and having or raising children.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rai |first1=Rajesh Kumar |last2=Singh |first2=Prashant Kumar |last3=Singh |first3=Lucky |last4=Kumar |first4=Chandan |title=Individual Characteristics and Use of Maternal and Child Health Services by Adolescent Mothers in Niger |journal=Maternal and Child Health Journal |date=April 2014 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=592–603 |doi=10.1007/s10995-013-1276-z |pmid=23737107|s2cid=10581145 }}</ref> Girls may be taken out of school years before they are married due to family or community beliefs that allocating resources for girls' education is unnecessary given that her primary roles will be that of wife and mother.<ref name=":4" /> Without education, girls and adult women have fewer opportunities to earn an income and financially provide for themselves and their children. This makes girls more vulnerable to persistent poverty if their spouses die, abandon them, or divorce them.<ref name=hrwconsq/> Given that girls in child marriages are often significantly younger than their husbands, they become widowed earlier in life and may face associated economic and social challenges for a greater portion of their life than women who marry later.<ref name=":4" />

===Domestic violence===
Married teenage girls with low levels of education suffer greater risk of social isolation and [[domestic violence]] than more educated women who marry as adults.<ref name="nourreport" /><ref>Haberland, Nicole, Eric L. Chong, and Hillary J. Bracken. 2006. A world apart: the disadvantage and social isolation of married adolescent girls. Brief based on background paper prepared for the WHO/UNFPA/Population Council Technical Consultation on Married Adolescents. New York: The Population Council</ref> Following marriage, girls frequently relocate to their husband's home and take on the domestic role of being a wife, which often involves relocating to another village or area. This transition may result in a young girl dropping out of school, moving away from her family and friends, and a loss of the social support that she once had.<ref name="Nour child marriage"/> A husband's family may also have higher expectations for the girl's submissiveness to her husband and his family because of her youth.<ref name=":1" /> This sense of isolation from a support system can have severe mental health implications including depression.

Large age gaps between the child and her spouse make her more vulnerable to domestic violence and [[marital rape]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/childmarriage|title=Child Marriage|website=www.cfr.org}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Girls who marry as children face severe and life-threatening marital violence at higher rates.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Association between adolescent marriage and marital violence among young adult women in India|last1 = Raj|first1 = Anita|year = 2010|journal = International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics|doi = 10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.01.022|pmid = 20347089|last2 = Saggurti|first2 = Niranjan|last3 = Lawrence|first3 = Danielle|last4 = Balaiah|first4 = Donta|last5 = Silverman|first5 = Jay G.|volume=110|issue = 1|pages=35–39|pmc = 3260080}}</ref> Husbands in child marriages are often more than ten years older than their wives. This can increase the power and control a husband has over his wife and contribute to prevalence of spousal violence.<ref name=":4" /> Early marriage places young girls in a vulnerable situation of being completely dependent on her husband. Domestic and sexual violence from their husbands has lifelong, devastating mental health consequences for young girls because they are at a formative stage of psychological development.<ref name="hrwconsq" /> These mental health consequences of spousal violence can include depression and suicidal thoughts.<ref name=":1" /> Child brides, particularly in situations such as [[vani (custom)|vani]], also face social isolation, emotional abuse and discrimination in the homes of their husbands and in-laws.

===Women's rights===
The United Nations, through a series of conventions has declared child marriage a violation of human rights. The [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women|Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination of Women]] (CEDAW), the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), and the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] form the international standard against child marriage.<ref name="too young"/> Child marriages impact violates a range of women's interconnected rights such as equality on grounds of sex and age, to receive the highest attainable standard of health, to be free from slavery, access to education, freedom of movement, freedom from violence, reproductive rights, and the right to consensual marriage.<ref name=hrwconsq/><ref>{{cite web|title=Child Marriage And the Law|publisher=[[UNICEF]]|url=http://www.unicef.org/french/files/Child_Marriage_and_the_Law.pdf|access-date=28 April 2015|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703221007/https://www.unicef.org/french/files/Child_Marriage_and_the_Law.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Clark | first1 = Shelley | last2 = Bruce | first2 = Judith | last3 = Dude | first3 = Annie | year = 2006 | title = Protecting young women from HIV/AIDS: the case against child and adolescent marriage | journal = International Family Planning Perspectives | volume = 32 | issue = 2| pages = 79–88 | doi=10.1363/3207906| pmid = 16837388 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The consequence of these violations impact woman, her children, and the broader society.{{how|date=March 2014}}

=== Development ===
High rates of child marriage negatively impact countries' economic development because of early marriages' impact on girls' education and labor market participation.<ref name=":3" /> Some researchers and activists note that high rates of child marriage prevent significant progress toward each of the eight [[Millennium Development Goals]] and global efforts to reduce poverty due to its effects on educational attainment, economic and political participation, and health.<ref name=":3" />

A [[UNICEF]] Nepal issued report noted that child marriage impacts Nepal's development due to loss of productivity, poverty, and health effects. Using Nepal Multi-Indicator Survey data, its researchers estimate that all girls delaying marriage until age 20 and after would increase cash flow among Nepali women in an amount equal to 3.87% of the country's GDP.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|url = http://girlsnotbrides.theideabureau.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/UNICEF-Nepal-Cost-of-Inaction_WPo1_2014.pdf|title = Cost of Inaction: Child and Adolescent Marriage in Nepal|last = Rabi|first = Amjad|year = 2014|journal = UNICEF Nepal Working Paper Series|access-date = 8 May 2015|archive-date = 4 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123759/http://girlsnotbrides.theideabureau.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/UNICEF-Nepal-Cost-of-Inaction_WPo1_2014.pdf|url-status = dead}}</ref> Their estimates considered decreased education and employment among girls in child marriages in addition to low rates of education and high rates of poverty among children from child marriages.

== Prevention ==

Child marriage is always [[forced marriage]], according to the [[OHCHR]], because children cannot give full informed consent to marriage. Many organizations offer ways to help prevent child marriage and forced marriage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/women/child-and-forced-marriage-including-humanitarian-settings |title=Child and forced marriage, including in humanitarian settings |website=United Nations OHCHR }}</ref>

=== For children ===

Child marriage is illegal in many places; however, children who have been forced into marriage have not broken the law. There are organizations that offer help, such as housing and legal aid, to children who are trying to escape or prevent a marriage.

==== In the United States ====
{{See also|Child marriage in the United States}}

A child who has been forced into a marriage has not broken any laws in the United States and is not at fault. The US government is opposed to child marriage, and offers legal help and social services to children who have been forced to marry. Children in the United States who need to prevent or leave a forced marriage can call the [[National Domestic Violence Hotline]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/forced-marriage |title=Forced Marriage |website=U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services |date=3 June 2022 }}</ref>

Within the United States, each [[U.S. state|state]] and [[U.S. Territories|territory]] and the [[Washington, D.C.|federal district]] set the [[marriage age in the United States|marriage age]] in its jurisdiction. {{As of|2024|March}}, in four states there is no statutory minimum age when all exemptions are taken into account. These states are [[California]], [[Mississippi]], [[New Mexico]], and [[Oklahoma]].

{{As of|2024|June}}, 13 states have banned underage marriages, with no exception: [[Delaware]] (2018),<ref name="CNNDelaware2">{{Cite news |date=May 12, 2018 |title=Delaware becomes first US state to fully ban child marriage |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/12/us/delaware-child-marriage-ban/index.html |access-date=September 17, 2018}}</ref> [[New Jersey]] (2018),<ref>{{cite news |date=June 22, 2018 |title=New Jersey governor signs law banning underage marriage |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/f4ab94a0b9444a01b803750491220983}}</ref> [[Pennsylvania]] (2020),<ref name="CBSNews">{{Cite news |last=McNamara |first=Audrey |date=May 9, 2020 |title=Pennsylvania Just Became The Third State To Ban Child Marriage |newspaper= |publisher=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pennsylvania-third-state-to-ban-child-marriage/ |access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> [[Minnesota]] (2020),<ref name="MinnesotaLegislature">{{Cite news |url=https://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/members/profile/news/15532/29817|title=Governor Walz signs bill to end child marriages| date=May 14, 2020|access-date=June 9, 2020}}</ref> [[Rhode Island]] (2021),<ref name="globalcitizen.org">{{Cite web|title=Rhode Island Is the Fifth US State to Officially Ban Child Marriage|url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/rhode-island-bans-child-marriage/|access-date=June 24, 2021|website=Global Citizen|date=June 8, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> [[New York (state)|New York]] (2021),<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite news |last1=Pietsch |first1=Bryan |title=New York becomes sixth state in U.S. to ban child marriages |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/07/23/child-marriage-ban-new-york/ |access-date=July 27, 2021 |work=washingtonpost.com}}</ref> [[Massachusetts]] (2022),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coffey |first=Alexandra Boyer |date=2022-07-28 |title=Massachusetts just ended child marriage! |url=https://www.unchainedatlast.org/massachusetts-just-ended-child-marriage/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |publisher=[[Unchained At Last]] |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Vermont]] (2023),<ref name="Vermont governor signs bill raising marriage age to 18-2023">{{Cite news |date=April 21, 2023 |title=Vermont governor signs bill raising marriage age to 18 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/marriage-age-18-vermont-child-f79af8798cd4f5adfa96fdb15f297275 |access-date=June 10, 2023}}</ref> [[Connecticut]] (2023),<ref name="Cross-2023">{{Cite news |last=Cross |first=Alison |date=June 2, 2023 |title=Connecticut bans child marriage |work=[[Hartford Courant]] |url=https://www.courant.com/2023/06/02/connecticut-bans-child-marriage/ |access-date=June 10, 2023}}</ref> [[Michigan]] (2023),<ref name="New Michigan law raises marriage age to 18 in effort to end child marriage-2023">{{cite web | url=https://mycbs4.com/news/nation-world/new-michigan-law-raises-marriage-age-to-18-in-effort-to-end-child-marriage-nonprofit-unchained-at-last-michigan-senate-governor-gretch-whitmer-protecting-youth | title=New Michigan law raises marriage age to 18 in effort to end child marriage | date=July 12, 2023 }}</ref> [[Washington (state)|Washington]] (2024),<ref name="auto7"/> [[Virginia]] (2024)<ref name=":9"/> and [[New Hampshire]] (2024).<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Hampshire law raises marriage age |url=http://wcax.com/2024/06/14/new-hampshire-law-raises-marriage-age/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=WCAX |date=14 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> [[American Samoa]] and [[U.S. Virgin Islands]], both United States territories, have also ended child marriage in that time, as has Washington, D.C..<ref name="RadioNZ3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/366260/governor-moliga-signs-into-law-bill-to-increase-marriage-age-for-girls|title=Governor Moliga signs into law bill to increase marriage age for girls|date=September 12, 2018|work=Radio New Zealand|access-date=September 19, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vi.gov/governor-bryan-takes-action-on-31-bills/|title=Governor Bryan Takes Action on 31 Bills|website=Government of the United States Virgin Islands|date=January 22, 2020 |access-date=March 3, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DC Legislation Information Management System |url=https://lims.dccouncil.gov/legislation/B25-0955 |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=lims.dccouncil.gov |language=en}}</ref> Several other U.S. states have similar legislation pending.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.unchainedatlast.org/child-marriage-progress/|title=Child Marriage – Progress |publisher=[[Unchained at Last]]}}</ref>

==== In Europe ====

In the [[United Kingdom]], when anything is done to make someone marry before they turn 18 the government of the UK considers this to be a forced marriage, which is unlawful. The Forced Marriage Unit offers help to children facing it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/forced-marriage |title=Guidance: Forced marriage |website=Gov.uk |date=7 March 2023 }}</ref>

In the [[Netherlands]], the minimum age to marry is 18. Forcing someone to marry is unlawful, even if the marriage took place outside the Netherlands. Children who have been forced to marry may contact National Expertise Centre on Forced Marriage and Abandonment for help.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us {{!}} Landelijk Knooppunt Huwelijksdwang en Achterlating |url=https://www.huwelijksdwangenachterlating.nl/about-us |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=www.huwelijksdwangenachterlating.nl |language=nl}}</ref>

==== In Africa ====
In June 2024, the [[Sierra Leone]] Parliament passed the Prohibition of Child Marriage Bill 2024, which makes marrying or [[cohabitation|cohabitating]] with anyone under 18 years old illegal, with a punishment of 15 years in prison or a large fine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/filla/sierra-leones-first-lady-and-other-women-dance-to-celebrate-child-marriage-ban/60pzwtg|title=Sierra Leone's First Lady and other women dance to celebrate child marriage ban|first=Andreas|last=Kamasah|date=27 June 2024|website=Pulse Ghana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/06/28/sierra-leone-acts-ban-child-marriage|title=Sierra Leone Acts to Ban Child Marriage &#124; Human Rights Watch|date=28 June 2024}}</ref> The bill was signed into law in July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/sierra-leone-outlaws-child-marriage-witnesses-weddings-can-face-jail-time/|title=Sierra Leone outlaws child marriage. Even witnesses to such weddings can face jail time. - CBS News|date=3 July 2024|website=www.cbsnews.com}}</ref>

===International initiatives===

In December 2011 a resolution adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (A/RES/66/170) designated 11 October as the ''[[International Day of the Girl Child]]''.<ref name="who.int">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=%20A/RES/66/170/ |title=United Nations Official Document |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref> On 11 October 2012 the first ''[[International Day of the Girl Child]]'' was held, the theme of which was ending child marriage.<ref name="who.int"/>

In 2013 the first [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] resolution against child, early, and forced marriages was adopted; it recognizes child marriage as a human rights violation and pledges to eliminate the practice as part of the UN's post-2015 global development agenda.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/16/india-child-marriage-un-resolution-sponsor_n_4108408.html | work=HuffPost | first=Hunter | last=Stuart | title=Country with the Most Child Brides Won't Agree To End Forced Child Marriage | date=16 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://reproductiverights.org/en/feature/un-takes-major-action-to-end-child-marriage |title=UN Takes Major Action to End Child Marriage &#124; Center for Reproductive Rights |date=17 October 2013 |publisher=Reproductiverights.org |access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Girls Not Brides |url=http://www.girlsnotbrides.org/states-adopt-first-ever-resolution-on-child-marriage-at-human-rights-council/ |title=States adopt first-ever resolution on child, early and forced marriage at Human Rights Council |publisher=Girls Not Brides |date=27 September 2013 |access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref>

In 2014 the UN's [[Commission on the Status of Women]] issued a document in which they agreed, among other things, to eliminate child marriage.<ref>{{cite news|author=Liz Ford |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/mar/23/campaigners-welcome-agreement-un-gender-csw-talks |title=Campaigners welcome 'milestone' agreement at UN gender equality talks &#124; Global development |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref>

The [[World Health Organization]] recommends increased educational attainment among girls, increased enforcement structures for existing minimum marriage age laws, and informing parents in practicing communities of the risks associated as primary methods to prevent child marriages.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chandra- Mouli | first1 = Venkatraman | last2 = Virginia Camacho | first2 = Alma | last3 = Michaud | first3 = Pierre-Andre | year = 2013 | title = WHO Guidelines on Preventing Early Pregnancy and Poor Reproductive Outcomes Among Adolescents in Developing Countries | journal = Journal of Adolescent Health | volume = 52 | issue = 5| pages = 517–22 | doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.03.002| pmid = 23608717 }}</ref>

Programs to prevent child marriage have taken several different approaches. Various initiatives have aimed to empower young girls, educate parents on the associated risks, change community perceptions, support girls' education, and provide economic opportunities for girls and their families through means other than marriage. A survey of a variety of prevention programs found that initiatives were most effect when they combined efforts to address financial constraints, education, and limited employment of women.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentredirects|title=Documents & Reports – Temporary Redirects|website=World Bank}}</ref>

Girls in families participating in an [[unconditional cash transfer]] program in Malawi aimed at incentivizing girls' education married and had children later than their peers who had not participated in the program. The program's effects on rates of child marriage were greater for unconditional cast transfer programs than those with conditions. Evaluators believe this demonstrated that the economic needs of the family heavily influenced the appeal of child marriage in this community. Therefore, reducing financial pressures on the family decreased the economic motivations to marry daughters off at a young age.<ref name=":6" />

The [[Haryana]] state government in India operated a program in which poor families were given a financial incentive if they kept their daughters in school and unmarried until age 18. Girls in families who were eligible for the program were less likely to be married before age 18 than their peers.<ref name=":6" />

A similar program was operated in 2004 by the [[Population Council]] and the regional government in Ethiopia's rural [[Amhara Region]]. Families received cash if their daughters remained in school and unmarried during the two years of the program. They also instituted mentorship programs, livelihood training, community conversations about girls' education and child marriage, and gave school supplies for girls. After the two-year program, girls in families eligible for the program were three times more likely to be in school and one tenth as likely to be married compared to their peers.<ref name=":6" />

The Global Campaign for the Prevention of Child Marriage (GCPCM) was launched in March 2019. Its primary goal is raising awareness and addressing child marriage in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cpnn-world.org/new/?p=15882 |title=The Global Campaign for the Prevention of Child Marriage |website=cpnn-world.org |date=26 May 2019 |access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wntv.uk/the-global-campaign-for-the-prevention-of-child-marriage/ |title=The Global campaign for the prevention of child marriage |publisher=World News TV, UK |date=24 May 2019 |access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref> 
 
Other programs have addressed child marriage less directly through a variety of programming related to girls' empowerment, education, sexual and reproductive health, financial literacy, life skills, communication skills, and community mobilization.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icrw.org/publications/more-power-to-her-how-empowering-girls-can-end-child-marriage/|title=More power to her: how empowering girls can end child marriage|website=ICRW {{!}} PASSION. PROOF. POWER.|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref>

In 2018, [[UN Women]] announced that [[Jaha Dukureh]] would serve as Goodwill Ambassador in Africa to help organize to prevent child marriage.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mlambo-Ngcuka|first=Phumzile|title=See Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka's activity on LinkedIn|author-link=Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka|url=https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:6366400305088733184|publisher=LinkedIn|access-date=2018-02-07|url-access=registration}}</ref>

==== Tipping point analysis ====
Researchers at the [[International Center for Research on Women]] found that in some communities rates of child marriage increase significantly when girls are a particular age. This "tipping point", or age at which rates of marriage increase dramatically, may occur years before the median age of marriage. Therefore, the researchers argue prevention programs should focus their programming on girls who are pre-tipping point age rather than only on girls who are married before they reach the median age for marriage.<ref>Jain, Saranga, and Kathleen Kurz. 2007. [http://wpfpak.org/pdfs/GBV-RH/ProgramResources/2007-new-insights-preventing-child-marriage.pdf ''New Insights on Preventing Child Marriage'']. International Center for Research on Women. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208151004/http://wpfpak.org/pdfs/GBV-RH/ProgramResources/2007-new-insights-preventing-child-marriage.pdf |date=8 December 2015 }}</ref>

{{anchor|prevalence}}

==Prevalence data==

{| class="wikitable sortable" text-align:left;"
|+ Prevalence data by country 
|-
! Country
! % Females married < 18
! Year of assessment
! Article
! Class="unsortable" | Ref
|-
| {{AFG}}
| 28%
| 2017
| [[Child marriage in Afghanistan]]
|<ref name="unicef18"/><ref name="Medica Mondiale">{{cite journal|last=Bahgam|first=S|author2=Mukhatari|title=Study on Child Marriage in Afghanistan|journal=Medica Mondiale|year=2004|pages=1–20|url=http://www.medicamondiale.org/fileadmin/content/07_Infothek/Afghanistan/Afghanistan_Child_marriage_medica_mondiale_study_2004_e.pdf|access-date=2019-11-07|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506222217/http://www.medicamondiale.org/fileadmin/content/07_Infothek/Afghanistan/Afghanistan_Child_marriage_medica_mondiale_study_2004_e.pdf|archive-date=2012-05-06}}</ref>
|-
| {{AGO}}
| 30%
| 2017
| [[Child marriage in Angola]]
| <ref>{{citation|url=https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/angola/|title=Angola |work=[[Girls Not Brides]] |last1=Brides |first1=Girls Not }}</ref>
|-
| {{BGD}}
| 59%
| 2018
| [[Child marriage in Bangladesh]]
| <ref name="ReferenceC">[https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/where-does-it-happen/atlas/ Atlas] Girls Not Brides. Retrieved 12 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| |{{flag|Burkina Faso}}
| 52%
| 2018
|[[Child marriage in Burkina Faso]]
| <ref name="ReferenceC"/>
|-
| |{{flag|Central African Republic}}
| 68%
| 2018
|[[Child marriage in the Central African Republic]]
| <ref name="ReferenceC"/>
|-
| {{CHA}}
| 67%
| 2017
| 
| <ref>{{cite news|title = Chad |url = https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/chad/|access-date = 2019-11-07|website= Girls not brides | last1=Brides | first1=Girls Not }}</ref>
|-
| {{DRC}}
| 37%
| 2017
| [[Child marriage in Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
| <ref>{{cite news|title = Democratic Republic of the Congo |url = https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/|access-date = 2019-11-07|website= Girls not brides | last1=Brides | first1=Girls Not }}</ref>
|-
| {{CMR}}
| 31%
| 2017
| [[Child marriage in Cameroon]]
|<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/cameroon/|title=Cameroon |work=[[Girls Not Brides]] |last1=Brides |first1=Girls Not }}</ref>
|-
| {{COG}}
| 33%
| 2017
| [[Child marriage in Republic of the Congo]]
| <ref>{{citation|url=https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/congo/|title=Congo |work=[[Girls Not Brides]] |last1=Brides |first1=Girls Not }}</ref>
|-
| |{{flag|Eritrea}}
| 41%
| 2018
|
|<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
|-
| {{ETH}}
| 40%
| 2017
| [[Child marriage in Ethiopia]]
| <ref>{{citation|url=https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/ethiopia/|title=Ethiopia |work=[[Girls Not Brides]] |last1=Brides |first1=Girls Not }}</ref>
|-
| {{IND}}
| 27%
| 2015–16
| [[Child marriage in India]]
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-gender-child-marriage/indias-child-marriage-numbers-drop-sharply-driving-down-global-rate-unicef-idUSKBN1GI03F|title=India's child marriage numbers drop sharply, driving down global rate: UNICEF|last=Srivastava|first=Roli|date=6 March 2018|access-date=2019-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/child-marriages-widespread-in-bihar-rajasthan-and-bengal-unicef-report-1454035-2019-02-12|title=Child marriage widespread in Bihar, Rajasthan and Bengal: Unicef report|date=12 February 2019|work=India Today|access-date=2019-02-27}}</ref>
|-
| {{CIV}}
| 27%
| 2017
| [[Child marriage in Ivory Coast]]
|<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/cote-divoire/|title=Cote D'Ivoire |work=[[Girls Not Brides]] |last1=Brides |first1=Girls Not }}</ref>
|-
| |{{flag|Nepal}}
| 40%
| 2018
|
|<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
|-
| |{{flag|Niger}}
| 76%
| 2018
|
| <ref name="ReferenceC"/>
|-
| {{NGR}}
| 43%
| 2017
| [[Child marriage in Nigeria]]
| <ref>{{citation|url=https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/nigeria/|title=Nigeria |work=[[Girls Not Brides]] |last1=Brides |first1=Girls Not }}</ref>
|-
| |{{flag|Malawi}}
| 42%
| 2018
|
|<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
|-
| |{{flag|Madagascar}}
| 41%
| 2018
|
|<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
|-
| {{MLI}}
| 52%
| 2017
| [[Child marriage in Mali]]
|<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/mali/|title=Mali |work=[[Girls Not Brides]] |last1=Brides |first1=Girls Not }}</ref>
|-
| |{{flag|Mauritania}}
| 37%
| 2018
|
|<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
|-
| |{{flag|Mozambique}}
| 48%
| 2018
|
|<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
|-
| {{PAK}}
| 18%
| 2018
| [[Child marriage in Pakistan]]
| <ref name="unicef18"/>
|-
| {{SEN}}
| 31%
| 2017
| 
|<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/senegal/|title=Senegal |work=[[Girls Not Brides]] |last1=Brides |first1=Girls Not }}</ref>
|-
| |{{flag|Sierra Leone}}
| 39%
| 2018
|
|<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
|-
| {{SOM}}
| 36%
| 2020
| [[Child marriage in Somalia]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somali-health-and-demographic-survey-2020|website=reliefweb.int|date=30 April 2020|author=Govt. Somalia, [[United Nations Population Fund|UNFPA]] |title=The Somali Health and Demographic Survey 2020}}</ref>
|-
| {{SSD}}
| 52%
| 2017
| [[Child marriage in South Sudan]]
|<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/south-sudan/|title=South Sudan |work=[[Girls Not Brides]] |last1=Brides |first1=Girls Not }}</ref>
 |-
| |{{flag|Uganda}}
| 40%
| 2018
|
|<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
|-
| {{ZWE}}
| 32%
| 2017
| [[Child marriage in Zimbabwe]]
|<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/zimbabwe/|title=Zimbabwe |work=[[Girls Not Brides]] |last1=Brides |first1=Girls Not }}</ref>
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Country
! % males married <18<ref name = "UNICEF">{{cite web|title = Data Warehouse – UNICEF DATA|url = https://data.unicef.org/resources/data_explorer/unicef_f/?ag=UNICEF&df=GLOBAL_DATAFLOW&ver=1.0&dq=.PT_F_20-24_MRD_U15+PT_M_20-24_MRD_U18+PT_F_20-24_MRD_U18..&startPeriod=2016&endPeriod=2019|access-date = 2019-11-06|publisher = [[United Nations Children's Fund]]|website = unicef.org}}</ref>
! Year assessed
|-
| {{ALB}}
| 1.2
| 2018
|-
| {{ANG}}
| 6
| 2016
|-
| {{ARM}}
| 0.4
| 2016
|-
| {{BEN}}
| 4.8
| 2018
|-
| {{BLZ}}
| 22.2
| 2016
|-
| {{BOL}}
| 5.2
| 2016
|-
| {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}
| 3.5
| 2016
|-
| {{flag|Burundi}}
| 1.4
| 2017
|-
| {{ETH}}
| 5
| 2016
|-
| {{HAI}}
| 1.6
| 2017
|-
| {{IND}}
| 4.2
| 2016
|-
| {{LAO}}
| 10.8
| 2017
|-
| {{NEP}}
| 10.3
| 2016
|-
| {{NGR}}
| 3
| 2017
|-
| {{SEN}}
| 0.6
| 2017
|-
| {{flag|Sierra Leone}}
| 6.5
| 2017
|-
| {{flag|Timor-Leste}}
| 1.2
| 2016
|-
| {{TAN}}
| 3.9
| 2016
|-
| {{UGA}}
| 5.5
| 2016
|}

==See also==
* [[Arranged marriage]]
* [[Baad (practice)]]
* [[Because I Am a Girl]]
* [[Child sexuality]]
* [[Forced marriage]]
* [[Jewish views on marriage]]
* [[Jirga]]
* [[Karo kari]]
* [[List of child brides]]
* [[List of child bridegrooms]]
* [[Marriageable age]]
* [[Marriage in Islam]]
* [[wikt:minor-attracted person]]
* [[Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery]]
* [[Teenage marriage]]
* [[Teenage pregnancy]]
* [[Vani (custom)]]
* [[Watta satta]]
* [[Westermarck effect]]
* [[Women related laws in Pakistan]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last1=Barlas |first1=Asma |title=Believing women in Islam : unreading patriarchal interpretations of the Qur'ān |date=2002 |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin, TX |isbn=9781477315927}}
* {{cite book |last1=Spellberg |first1=Denise A. |title=Politics, gender, and the Islamic past : the Legacy of ʻAʼisha bint Abi Bakr |date=1996 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-07999-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Watt |first1=William Montgomery |author1-link=William Montgomery Watt |title=ʿĀʾis̲h̲a Bint Abī Bakr |url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/aisha-bint-abi-bakr-SIM_0440 |year=1960 |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] Online |isbn=978-9004161214 |edition=2nd}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[https://www.unfpa.org/child-marriage UN Population Fund on Child Marriage]

{{Child marriage in Africa}}
{{Types of marriages|state=autocollapse}}{{Pedophilia}}{{Sexual ethics}}
{{Abuse}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Child Marriage}}
[[Category:Child marriage| ]]
[[Category:Child sexual abuse]]
[[Category:Arranged marriage]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]