View source for Chibcha language

{{Short description|Language of Colombia, spoken by the Muisca}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Cleanup lang|iso=chb|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Chibcha
| altname          = Muisca, Muysca
| nativename       = {{Transliteration|chb|Muysc cubun}}
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|*[mʷɨsk kuβun]}}
| region           = [[Altiplano Cundiboyacense]]
| state            = [[Colombia]]
| map              = Chibcha lang.png
| mapcaption       = Chibchan languages. Chibcha itself is spoken in the southernmost area, in central Colombia
| ethnicity        = [[Muisca people|Muisca]]
| extinct          = 18th century<ref>{{cite book|last=Ardila|first=Olga|year=2016|title=El muysca y la muerte de las lenguas|publisher=en 'Muysca: Memoria y presencia'. Universidad Nacional de Colombia|quote=Finally, in the 18th century, a new linguistic policy prohibited the use of indigenous languages and imposed the use of Spanish, according to a royal decree of 1770 from Charles III. This policy sought to achieve "that the different languages used in all domains become extinct and only Spanish is spoken. '''By this time, Muysca was already considered an extinct language'''}} (Ardila, 2016:264) 
:"...the languages with a higher level of contact and greater recognition are more vulnerable, as was the case of the Muysca language, with a significant population at the arrival of the Spanish, and '''which has been extinct since the 18th century''', despite having been recognized and taught as a general language." (Ardila, 2016: 274-275) (Original text in Spanish).</ref>
| speakers         = No known native speakers<ref>{{cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/chib1270|title=According to Glotolog it is an extinct language}} Linguists Adolfo Constenla (1984), María González (1987, 2006) and Adelaar (2007) also consider it an extinct language.</ref>
| ref              = linglist
| familycolor      = American
| fam1             = [[Chibchan languages|Chibchan]]
| fam2             = Kuna-Colombian
| fam3             = 
| dialects         = [[Duit language|Duit]]
| script           = only [[Muisca numerals|numerals]]
| iso2             = chb
| iso3             = chb
| glotto           = chib1270
| glottorefname    = Chibcha
| notice           = IPA
| revived          = at least 150 speakers {{citation needed|date=April 2025}}
}}
'''<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=2008 |title=Proceso de revitalización lingüística de la Lengua Muisca de la comunidad de Cota |url=https://repository.javeriana.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10554/52000/Proceso%20de%20revitalización%20lingüística%20de%20la%20Lengua%20Muisca%20de%20la%20comunidad%20de%20Cota%20%281%29.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=repository.javeriana.edu.co}}</ref>Chibcha''', '''Mosca''', '''Muisca''',{{sfn|Uricoechea|1854}} '''Muysca''' (*/ˈmɨska/ *[ˈmʷɨska]{{sfn|González de Pérez|2006|pages=63}}), or '''Muysca de Bogotá'''{{sfn|Gómez|2020|pages=}} is a language spoken by the [[Muisca]] people, one of the many [[Indigenous peoples in Colombia|indigenous]] [[List of pre-Columbian cultures|cultures of the Americas]]. The Muisca inhabit the [[Altiplano Cundiboyacense]] of what today is the country of [[Colombia]].

The name of the language '''''Muysc cubun''''' in its own language means "language of the people", from ''muysca'' ("people") and ''cubun'' ("language" or "word"). Despite the disappearance of the language in the 17th century (approximately), several language revitalization processes are underway within the current Muisca communities. The Muisca people remain ethnically distinct and their communities are recognized by the Colombian state.<ref>[https://www.radionacional.co/cultura/las-raices-muiscas-que-sobreviven-en-suba Las raíces muiscas que sobreviven en Suba]. Radio Nacional de Colombia.</ref>

Important [[List of Muisca scholars|scholars]] who have contributed to the knowledge of the Muisca language include [[Juan de Castellanos]], [[Bernardo de Lugo]], [[José Domingo Duquesne]] and [[Ezequiel Uricoechea]].

== Classification ==
{{Expand section|date=February 2025}}{{Main|Chibchan languages}}
The Muysca language is part of the [[Chibchan languages|Chibcha linguistic family]], which in turn belongs to the macro-Chibchan group. The Chibcha linguistic family includes several indigenous languages of Central America and Northwestern South America.

=== Comparison to other Chibchan languages ===<!--languages sorted from close to Muisca territories to farthest away, refs added for Muisca, others from en: and es:wiki-->
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | {{Transliteration|chb|Muysc cubun}}
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | [[Duit language|Duit]]<br><small>[[Boyacá Department|Boyacá]]</small>
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | [[Uwa language|Uwa]]<br><small>[[Boyacá Department|Boyacá]]<br>[[Norte de Santander|N. de Santander]]<br>[[Arauca Department|Arauca]]</small>
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | [[Barí language|Barí]]<br><small>[[Norte de Santander|N. de Santander]]</small>
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | [[Chimila language|Chimila]]<br><small>[[Cesar Department|Cesar]]<br>[[Magdalena Department|Magdalena]]</small>
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | [[Kogi language|Kogui]]<br><small>[[Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta|S.N. de<br>Santa Marta]]</small>
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | [[Guna language|Guna]]<br><small>[[Darién Gap]]</small>
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | [[Guaymí language|Guaymí]]<br><small>[[Panama]]<br>[[Costa Rica]]</small>
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | [[Boruca language|Boruca]]<br><small>[[Costa Rica]]</small>
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | [[Maléku language|Maléku]]<br><small>[[Costa Rica]]</small>
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | [[Rama language|Rama]]<br><small>[[Nicaragua]]</small>
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | English
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" | {{small|Notes}}
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{Transliteration|chb|chie}}
| style="text-align:center" | tia
| style="text-align:center" | siʔ
| style="text-align:center" | chibai
| style="text-align:center" | má
| style="text-align:center" | saka
| style="text-align:center" | sö
| style="text-align:center" | sö
| style="text-align:center" | tebej
| style="text-align:center" | tlijii
| style="text-align:center" | tukan
| style="text-align:center" | Moon
| style="text-align:center" | {{small|<ref>{{in lang|es}} ''Diccionario muysca – español''. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 [http://muysca.cubun.org/chie(2) Muysccubun: ''chie'']</ref><ref>Casimilas Rojas, 2005, p. 250</ref><ref>Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 30</ref><ref>Quesada & Rojas, 1999, p. 93</ref>}}
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{Transliteration|chb|ata}}
| style="text-align:center" | atia
| style="text-align:center" | úbistia
| style="text-align:center" | intok
| style="text-align:center" | ti-tasu/nyé
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | kwati
| style="text-align:center" | éˇxi
| style="text-align:center" | dooka
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | one
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{in lang|es}} ''Diccionario muysca – español''. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 [http://muysca.cubun.org/ata Muysccubun: ''ata'']</ref><ref>Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 38</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{Transliteration|chb|muysca}}
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | dary
| style="text-align:center" | tsá
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | ngäbe
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | ochápaká
| style="text-align:center" | nkiikna
| style="text-align:center" | person<br>man<br>people
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{in lang|es}} ''Diccionario muysca – español''. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 [http://muysca.cubun.org/muysca Muysccubun: ''muysca'']</ref><ref>Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 25</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{Transliteration|chb|aba}}
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | eba
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | á
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | maize
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{in lang|es}} ''Diccionario muysca – español''. Gómez, Diego F. 2009-2017 [http://muysca.cubun.org/aba Muysccubun: ''aba'']</ref><ref>Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 37</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{Transliteration|chb|pquyquy}}
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | tò
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | heart
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{in lang|es}} ''Diccionario muysca – español''. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 [http://muysca.cubun.org/pquyquy Muysccubun: ''pquyquy'']</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{Transliteration|chb|bcasqua}}
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | yút
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | purkwe
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | to die
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{in lang|es}} ''Diccionario muysca – español''. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 [http://muysca.cubun.org/bcasqua Muysccubun: ''bcasqua'']</ref><ref name="Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 36">Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 36</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{Transliteration|chb|uê}}
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | háta
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | ju
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | uu
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | house
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{in lang|es}} ''Diccionario muysca – español''. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 [http://muysca.cubun.org/u%C3%AA Muysccubun: ''uê'']</ref><ref>Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 31</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{Transliteration|chb|cho}}
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | mex
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | morén
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | good
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{in lang|es}} ''Diccionario muysca – español''. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 [http://muysca.cubun.org/cho Muysccubun: ''cho'']</ref><ref>Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 18</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{Transliteration|chb|zihita}}
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | yén
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | pek-pen
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | frog
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 36" /><ref>{{in lang|es}} ''Diccionario muysca – español''. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 [http://muysca.cubun.org/zihita Muysccubun: ''zihita'']</ref>
|-
|}

== History ==
[[File:Chibchan languages distribution.png|thumb|right|500px|Distribution of Chibchan languages across southern Central and northwestern South America]]
In prehistorical times, in the [[Andean civilization]]s called [[Andean preceramic|preceramic]], the population of northwestern South America migrated through the [[Darién Gap]] between the [[isthmus of Panama]] and Colombia. Other [[Chibchan languages]] are spoken in southern Central America and the Muisca and related indigenous groups took their language with them into the heart of Colombia where they comprised the [[Muisca Confederation]], a cultural grouping.

===Spanish colonization===
{{main|Spanish conquest of the Muisca}}
{{see also|Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations}}
As early as 1580 the authorities in Charcas, [[Quito]], and [[Bogotá|Santa Fe de Bogotá]] mandated the establishment of schools in native languages and required that priests study these languages before ordination. In 1606 the entire clergy was ordered to provide religious instruction in Chibcha. The Chibcha language declined in the 18th century.<ref name="wdl">{{Cite web | title = Chibcha Dictionary and Grammar | work = [[World Digital Library]] | access-date = 2013-05-23 | url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8988/ }}</ref>

In 1770, King [[Charles III of Spain]] officially banned use of the language in the region <ref name="wdl" /> as part of a [[De-Indigenization|de-indigenization]] project. The ban remained in law until Colombia passed its [[Colombian Constitution of 1991|constitution of 1991]].

===Modern history===
Modern [[List of Muisca scholars|Muisca scholars]] as Diego Gómez{{sfn|Gómez|2013}} have claimed that the variety of languages was much larger than previously thought and 
that in fact there was a Chibcha [[dialect continuum]] that extended throughout the Cordillera Oriental from the [[Sierra Nevada del Cocuy]] to the [[Sumapaz Páramo]].{{sfn|Gómez|2013}} The quick colonization of the Spanish and the improvised use of traveling translators reduced the differences between the versions of Chibcha over time.<ref>Gamboa Mendoza, Jorge. (2016) El cacicazgo muisca en los años posteriores a la Conquista: del psihipqua al cacique colonial. instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia.</ref>

Since 2008 a Spanish–Muyscubun dictionary containing more than 3000 words has been published online. The project was partly financed by the [[University of Bergen]], Norway.{{sfn|Gómez|2008–2022}}

== Modern uses ==

=== Education ===
The only public school in [[Colombia]] currently teaching Chibcha (to about 150 children) is in the town of [[Cota, Cundinamarca|Cota]], about {{convert|30|km|mi}} by road from Bogotá. The school is named ''Jizcamox'' (healing with the hands) in Chibcha.<ref name=":0" />

=== Constructed languages ===
{{split|Myska language|date=May 2024}}

The '''Myska''' '''language''' is a [[constructed language]] based on colonial [[Chibcha]], created by the Argentine Facundo Saravia. The pronunciation is based on the phonological proposal by María González for chibcha, although it has several innovations. 
Its spelling is also based on the ''Aproximación al sistema fonético-fonológico de la lengua muisca''{{sfn|González de Pérez|2006|pages=}} and a free adaptation of the spelling of Fray Bernardo de Lugo.

This language has received several criticisms from the chibcha cabildos and sectors of academia.

==== Structure and grammar ====

===== Subject =====
The subjects in Chibcha do not have genders or plurals. '''to''' thus can mean "male dog", "male dogs", "female dog" or "female dogs". To solve this, the Myska used the numbers and the word for "man", '''cha''', and "woman", '''fuhuchá''', to specify gender and plural:<ref name="Saravia 2015 p14">Saravia, 2015, p. 14</ref>
* ''to cha ata'' – "one male dog" (literally: "dog" "male" "one")
* ''to cha mika'' – "three male dogs" ("dog male three")
* ''to fuhuchá myhyká'' – "four female dogs"

===== Personal pronoun =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Myska !! English
|-
| ''hycha'' || I
|-
| ''mwe'' || thou / you (singular) – informal and formal use
|-
| ''asy'' || he / she / it / they
|-
| ''chié'' || we
|-
| ''mié'' || you (plural)
|}

===== Possessive pronoun =====
The [[possessive]] pronoun is placed before the word it refers to.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Myska<ref name="Saravia 2015 p14" /><ref name="Saravia 2015 p15">Saravia, 2015, p. 15</ref>!! English
|-
| ''zhy-'' / ''i-'' || my
|-
| ''um-'' || your
|-
| ''a-'' || his / her / its / their
|-
| ''chi-'' || our
|-
| ''mi-'' || your (plural)
|-
|}
* '''''i-''''' is only used in combination with '''ch''', '''n''', '''s''', '''t''' or '''zh'''; '''''i-to''''' = '''ito''' ("my dog")
* '''''zh-''''' becomes '''''zhy-''''' when followed by a consonant (except '''ï'''); '''''zh-paba''''' = '''zhypaba''' ("my father")
* in case of a '''ï''', the letter is lost: '''''zh-ïohozhá''''' = '''zhohozhá''' ("my buttocks")
* '''''m-''''' becomes '''''um-''''' when followed by a consonant; '''''m-ïoky''''' = '''umïoky''' ("your book")
* '''''zhy-''''' and '''''um-''''' are shortened when the word starts with '''w'''; '''''zhy-waïá''''' & '''''um-waïá''''' = '''zhwaïá''' & '''mwaïá''' ("mi mother" & "your mother")
* when the word starts with '''h''', '''''zhy-''''' and '''''um-''''' are shortened and the vowel following '''h''' repeated; '''''zhy-hué''''' & '''''um-hué''''' = '''zhuhué''' & '''muhué''' ("my sir" & "your sir")

===== Verbs =====
The Myska uses two types of verbs, ending on '''-skwá''' and '''-suká'''; '''bkyskwá''' ("to do") and '''guitysuká''' ("to whip") which have different forms in their [[grammatical conjugation]]s. '''bkyskwá''' is shown below, for verbs ending on '''-suká'''.

====== Conjugations ======
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Myska !! English
|-
| ''kyka'' || to do
|}

====== [[Present tense]] or [[imperfect]] ======
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Myska !! English
|-
| ''zhybkyskwá'' || I do or did
|-
| ''umbkyskwá'' || you (singular) do or did
|-
| ''abkyskwá'' || he / she / it does or did
|-
| ''chibkyskwá'' || we do/did
|-
| ''mibkyskwá'' || you do/did
|-
| ''abkyskwá'' || they do/did
|}

====== [[Perfect (grammar)|Perfect]] and [[pluperfect]] ======
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Myska !! English
|-
| ''zhybky'' || I did or have done
|-
| ''umbky'' || you (singular) did or " "
|-
| ''abky'' || he / she / it did or has done
|-
| ''chibky'' || we did or have done
|-
| ''mibky'' || you did or " "
|-
| ''abky'' || they did or " "
|}

====== [[Future tense]] ======
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Myska !! English
|-
| ''zhybkyngá'' || I shall do
|-
| ''umbkyngá'' || you will do
|-
| ''abkyngá'' || he / she / it " "
|-
| ''chibkyngá'' || we shall do
|-
| ''mibkyngá'' || you will do 
|-
| ''abkyngá'' || they " "
|}

====== [[Imperative mood|Imperatives]] ======
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Myska !! English
|-
| ''kyû'' || do (singular)
|-
| ''kyuua'' || do (plural)
|}

====== [[Volitive modality]] ======
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Myska !! English
|-
| ''chakyia'' || may I do
|-
| ''makyia'' || may you do
|-
| ''kyia'' || may he / she / it do
|-
| ''chikyia'' || may we do
|-
| ''mikyia'' || may you do
|-
| ''kyia'' || may they do
|}

=== Criticism from the Chibcha town councils ===
This constructed language has raised several concerns on the part of the Chibcha groups recognized by the Colombian State due to accusations of cultural appropriation and for displaying itself as a living native language despite the fact that the Chibchas lost their language perhaps since the 18th century, so that there are no native speakers today. Another concern of the Chibcha councils is the commercialization of their linguistic heritage through courses or talks at public events, schools, squares and other places, whose members present themselves as legitimate representatives of the current Chibchas, or as their direct descendants. With these and other activities they raise money, including from national institutions and international organizations on behalf of the Chibcha and their revitalization, using the constructed language as an instrument to demonstrate their progress and legitimacy.<ref>[https://www.onic.org.co/noticias/4695-mandato-del-pueblo-indigena-muysca-y-comunicado-a-la-opinion-publica Mandato del Pueblo Indígena Muysca y comunicado a la opinión pública]</ref> On the other hand, the use of Mysca in social networks and public events has generated the feeling that Chibcha has been a language that has survived uninterruptedly since pre-Hispanic times, ignoring the historical process of acculturation and the struggle ancestral of the cabildos for the communal ownership of their lands, for the recognition of their identity by the State and against the exclusion and poverty to which the members and ancestors of the Chibcha cabildos have been subject.

=== Criticism from academia ===
This neo-language has also been involved in different academic controversies because on many occasions Myska is presented to the public as a natural language or, in the best of cases, as the closest approximation to the language spoken by the Chibchas, despite that its phonology, spelling, grammar, and even vocabulary, have not developed naturally but rather based on ancient writings, which is why its consistency and distance from the spelling of known linguistic sources is questioned. The presentation of this reconstructed language as an almost faithful approximation to the original or equivalent to the colony's Chibcha has aroused the following criticism:

*  The creation of alternative vocabularies and grammars to the colonial sources distances the unsuspecting public from the true colonial linguistic sources, the main source of chibcha.
* It is a personalist proposal that does not allow criticism and from which other positions have been denigrated.<ref>[https://www.zaquenzipa.org/ewExternalFiles/Lengua%20Baculo%20final.pdf Saravia, Facundo. '''Análisis de la teoría de la ‘Lengua Báculo’ (muisca) de Mariana Escribano''']</ref>
* The new spelling reveals an obvious contradiction, how can a spelling be created if it cannot be contrasted or verified with native speakers or audio records that support it.
* One of the biggest controversies is the prosody of the language. Academics such as Diego Gómez have stated that the pronunciation of several Myska words do not correspond in almost any case to the reconstructions carried out by him and his team based on the comparative method. Furthermore, the muisquisms, words of Chibcha origin that were adapted to the Spanish of the area, are reinterpreted and pronounced differently than they have been traditionally pronounced. For example, the Muisquism 'cuba' (youngest son), is written kuhubá and pronounced [kuhu'baa], even though the inhabitants of Cundinamarca and Boyacá have traditionally pronounced it ['kuba].
* The use of this artificial language is part of a political agenda that seeks to highlight the relationship between oppressor and oppressed, although its disseminators are mostly privileged white-mestizo people with a high level of education, who have undertaken a process of re-ethnicization, ignoring the traditional authorities and organizations of the indigenous cabildos recognized by the Colombian State.

== Documentation ==
The sources of the Muysca language are seven documents prepared in the first decade of the 17th century and are considered a legitimate and reliable documentary set of the language.

=== RM 158 ===
Manuscript 158 of the [[National Library of Colombia]] has a Grammar, an annex called "Modos de hablar en la lengua Mosca o Chipcha" {{sic}}, a Spanish-Muysca vocabulary and a "Catheçismo en la lengua Mosca o Chipcha" {{sic}}. It was transcribed by María Stella González and published by the [[Caro y Cuervo Institute]] in 1987. According to the researcher, this manuscript "was written at times when the language was still spoken.<ref>González de Pérez, María Stella. ''Trayectoria de los estudios sobre la lengua chibcha o muisca''. Bogotá 1980. Instituto Caro y Cuervo.</ref>" González's transcription has been one of the most consulted works by modern linguists interested in the language.

=== Manuscripts from the Biblioteca Real de Palacio ===
Three documents from the Biblioteca Real de Palacio are compendiums of the Muysca language and are part of the so-called Mutis Collection, a set of linguistic-missionary documents of several indigenous languages of the [[New Kingdom of Granada]] and the [[Captaincy General of Venezuela]], collected by [[José Celestino Mutis|Mutis]], due to the initial wishes of the Tsarina of Russia [[Catherine the Great]], who wanted to create a dictionary of all the languages of the world<ref name="giraldo&gomez">Gómez & Giraldo. Transcription of the Moscow Vocabulary of 1612. Manuscript II/2924 from the Royal Library of the Royal Palace of Madrid. ICANH. 2011.</ref>

==== Manuscript II/2922 ====
This manuscript is made up of three books: the first titled "De la gramática breve de la lengua Mosca"; the second contains three titles: "Confesionarios en la Lengua Mosca chibcha" {{sic}}, "Oraciones en Lengua Mosca chibcha" {{sic}} and "Catecismo breve en Lengua Mosca chibcha" {{sic}}; The third book is titled "Bocabulario de la Lengua Chibcha o Mosca" {{sic}}. It was transcribed by Diego Gómez and Diana Girlado between 2012 and 2013.<ref>Gómez & Giraldo (2012-2013). Gramática, confesionario, catecismo breve y vocabulario de la lengua mosca-chibcha. Anonymous. ICANH.</ref>

==== Manuscript II/2923 and Manuscript II/2924 ====
These manuscripts are actually a single vocabulary, one copies the other. The first was transcribed by Quesada Pacheco in 1991 and the second by Gómez y Giraldo between 2012 and 2013<ref>Gómez & Giraldo (2012-2013). Vocabulario mosco - 1612. Anonymous. ICANH.</ref>

=== Lugo Grammar ===
[[File:Gramatica de lugo pag 9.jpg|thumb|alt=Lugo grammar|Folio 9 recto of ''Gramática en la lengua general del Nuevo Reino, llamada Mosca'', by fray Bernardo de Lugo, printed in Madrid, Spain, in 1619.]]

It was published in Madrid, Spain, in the year 1619. It consists of a grammar, a confessional in Spanish and a confessional in Muysca. For the elaboration of his work, Lugo devised a sort or type in order to express a vowel that was not part of the phonetic inventory of Spanish and that was necessary to capture if a correct pronunciation was wanted, he called it "Inverse Ipsilon" and today we know it as "The Lugo's y". In other sources it appears simply expressed with the grapheme ''y''.

=== The Bodleian Library pamphlets ===
Recently, a couple of doctrinal texts of the Muysca language were discovered in the Bodleian Library, which were sewn into the final part of an anonymous grammar of the Quechua language, published in Seville in 1603. The first of them is a brief Grammar, and the second a brief Christian Doctrine. These pamphlets are considered the earliest known texts of the General Language of the [[New Kingdom of Granada]] and although their orthography is inconsistent and a little different from the known ones, these pamphlets are associated with the variety spoken in [[Santafé de Bogotá|Santafé]] and its surroundings<ref>Gómez, Diego F. ''Los folletos muyscas de la Biblioteca Bodleiana (1603): los textos más tempranos de la lengua general del Nuevo Reino de Granada.'' en Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana: 36, 2, 2020.</ref>

== Phonology ==
=== Phonology ===
Because Muysc Cubun is an extinct language, various scholars as [[Adolfo Constenla Umaña|Adolfo Constenla]] (1984), González de Pérez (2006) and [[Willem Adelaar]] with the collaboration of Pieter Muysken (2007) have formulated different phonological systems taking into account linguistic documents from the 17th century and comparative linguistics. Myska did not have a lateral phoneme.

==== Proposal by Adolfo Constenla ====
The proposal of [[Adolfo Constenla]],{{sfn|Constenla Umaña|1984|pages=65-111}} Costa Rican teacher of the Chibcha languages, has been the basis of the other proposals and his appreciations are still valid, even more so because they were the result of the use of the comparative method with other Chibcha languages and lexicostatistics. In fact, Constenla's classification of the Chibcha languages remains the most accepted.

===== Consonants =====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Labialized velar consonant|Labiovelar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Plosive]] 
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|{{IPA link|tʲ}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|{{IPA link|p͡kʷ}} / {{IPA link|k͡p|p͡k}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Affricate]]
|
|{{IPA link|ts}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|{{IPA link|β}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɣ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Vibrant]]
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|}

===== Vowels =====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|{{IPA link|ɨ}}
|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|
|{{IPA link|o}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA link|a}}
|
|}

==== Proposal by Adelaar & Muysken ====
In ''The languages of the Andes'' they present a phonologic chart based on the orthography developed during the colonial period, which diverges in some aspects from that used in Spanish according to the needs of the language.{{sfn|Adelaar & Muysken|2007|pages=83-90}}

===== Consonants =====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Labialized velar consonant|Labiovelar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Plosive]] 
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|{{IPA link|tʲ}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|{{IPA link|p͡kʷ}} / {{IPA link|k͡p|p͡k}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Affricate]]
|
|{{IPA link|ts}}
|{{IPA link|tʃ}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|{{IPA link|ɸ}}
|{{IPA link|s}}
|{{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|{{IPA link|β}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɣ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Vibrant]]
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|}

===== Vowels =====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|{{IPA link|ɨ}}
|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|
|{{IPA link|o}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA link|a}}
|
|}

==== Proposal by González ====

In his book ''Aproximación al sistema fonológico de la lengua muisca'', González presents the following phonological table (González, 2006:57, 65, 122).

===== Consonants =====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Plosive]] 
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Affricate]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|tʂ}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|{{IPA link|ʂ}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|{{IPA link|β}}
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɣ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]]
|
|
|
|({{IPA link|j}})
|({{IPA link|w}})
|
|}

González does not present approximants, although she considers [w] as a semivocalic extension of bilabial consonants, as Adolfo Constenla presented it at the time, for example in {{Transliteration|chb|cusmuy}} *[kusmʷɨ], */kusmɨ/, she considers it a phonetic characteristic and not a phonological one.

===== Vowels =====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|{{IPA link|ɨ}}
|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|
|{{IPA link|o}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA link|a}}
|
|}

== Alphabet ==
[[file:Homenaje_a_María_Stella_González_en_lengua_muisca_por_Pukem_Swa_Saravia_Castillo.webm|thumb|Saravia's son speaking '''Myska'''.]]
{{Self-published|date=October 2016}}

{| class="wikitable floatright"
|-
! Phoneme !! Letter
|-
| /i/ || i
|-
| /ɨ/ || y
|-
| /u/ || u
|-
| /e/ || e
|-
| /o/ || o
|-
| /a/ || a
|-
| /p/ || p
|-
| /t/ || t
|-
| /k/ || k
|-
| /b~β/ || b
|-
| /g~ɣ/ || g
|-
| /ɸ/ || f
|-
| /s/ || s
|-
| /ʂ/ || ch
|-
| /h/ || h
|-
| /tʂ/ || zh
|-
| /m/ || m
|-
| /n/ || n
|-
| /w/ || w
|-
| /j/ || ï
|-
|}

The Myska alphabet consists of around 20 letters. The letters are pronounced more or less as follows:<ref name="Saravia 2015 p10">Saravia, 2015, p. 10</ref><ref name="Saravia 2015 p11">Saravia, 2015, p. 11</ref>{{sfn|González de Pérez|2006|pages=57–100}}

'''a''' – as in Spanish "casa"; '''ka''' –  "enclosure" or "fence"<br>
'''e''' – as in "'''''a'''''ction"; '''izhe''' – "street"<br>
'''i''' – open "i" as in "''''''i'''''nca" – '''sié''' – "water" or "river"<br>
'''o''' – short "o" as in "b'''''o'''''x" – '''to''' – "dog"<br>
'''u''' – "ou" as in "y'''''ou'''''" – '''uba''' – "face"<br>
'''y''' – between "i" and "e"; "a" in action – '''ty''' – "singing"<br>
'''b''' – as in "'''''b'''''ed", or as in Spanish "ha'''''b'''''a"; – '''bohozhá''' – "with"<br>
:between the vowels "y" it is pronounced [βw] – '''kyby''' – "to sleep"
'''ch''' – "sh" as in "'''''sh'''''ine", but with the tongue pushed backwards – '''chuta''' – "son" or "daughter"<br>
'''f''' – between a "b" and "w" using both lips without producing sound, a short whistle – '''foï''' – "mantle"<br>
:before a "y" it is pronounced [ɸw] – '''fyzha''' – "everything"
'''g''' – "gh" as in "'''''g'''''ood", or as in Spanish "abo'''''g'''''ado"; – '''gata''' – "fire"<br>
'''h''' – as in "'''''h'''''ello" – '''huïá''' – "inwards"<br>
'''ï''' – "i-e" as in Beelzebub – '''ïe''' – "road" or "prayer"<br>
'''k''' – "c" as in "'''''c'''''old" – '''kony''' – "wheel"<br>
'''m''' – "m" as in "'''''m'''''an" – '''mika''' – "three"<br>
:before "y" it is pronounced [mw], as in "Muisca" – '''myska''' – "person" or "people"
:in first position before a consonant it's pronounced [im] – '''mpkwaká''' – "thanks to"
'''n''' – "n" as in "'''''n'''''ice" – '''nyky''' – "brother" or "sister"<br>
:in first position followed by a consonant it's pronounced [in] – '''ngá''' – "and"
'''p''' – "p" as in "'''''p'''''eople" – '''paba''' – "father"<br>
:before "y" it is pronounced [pw] as in Spanish "'''''pue'''''nte" – '''{{Transliteration|chb|italic=no|pyky}}''' – "heart"
'''s''' – "s" as in "'''''s'''''orry" – '''sahawá''' – "husband"<br>
:before "i" changes a little to "sh"; [ʃ] – '''sié''' – "water" or "river"
'''t''' – "t" as in "'''''t'''''ext" – '''yta''' – "hand"<br>
'''w''' – "w" as in "'''''w'''''ow!" – '''we''' – "house"<br>
'''zh''' – as in "'''''ch'''''orizo", but with the tongue to the back – '''zhysky''' – "head"

The accentuation of the words is like in Spanish on the second-last syllable except when an accent is shown: '''''Bacata''''' is Ba-CA-ta and '''''Bacatá''''' is Ba-ca-TA.

In case of repetition of the same vowel, the word can be shortened: '''fuhuchá''' ~ '''fuchá''' – "woman".<ref name="Saravia 2015 p11" />

In Chibcha, words are made of combinations where sometimes vowels are in front of the word. When this happens in front of another vowel, the vowel changes as follows:<ref name="Saravia 2015 p12">Saravia, 2015, p. 12</ref>
'''a'''-'''uba''' becomes '''oba''' – "his (or her, its) face"<br>
'''a'''-'''ita''' becomes '''eta''' – "his base"<br>
'''a'''-'''yta''' becomes '''ata''' – "his hand" (note: '''ata''' also means "one")

Sometimes this combination is not performed and the words are written with the prefix plus the new vowel:
'''a-ita''' would become '''eta''' but can be written as '''aeta''', '''a-uba''' as '''aoba''' and '''a-yta''' as '''ayta'''

== Grammar ==
Muysca is an [[agglutinative language]], characterized by roots that are usually monosyllabic or bisyllabic (to a lesser extent longer), which combine to form extensive expressions. Typologically, it is a final core language. In addition, it is an [[inflectional language]], which means that the roots receive prefixes and suffixes. The closest living language to Muysca is [[uwa language|Uwa]]. Compared to other northern Chibcha languages, Muysca presents more recent innovations.

=== Greetings in Muysc cubun ===
The following greetings have been taken directly from written sources from the 17th century when the language was alive.

* {{Transliteration|chb|choâ}} - Hello, {{Transliteration|chb|choâ mzone}} – how are you?
* {{Transliteration|chb|choâ mibizine}} - To greet several people
* {{Transliteration|chb|chogue}} – Fine!
* {{Transliteration|chb|mua,z, choa umzone}} – What about you? (And you are well?)
* {{Transliteration|chb|haspqua sihipquaco}} – Greetings!

=== Nouns ===
In Muysca, the noun lacks morphemes of gender, number and case. In nouns denoting sex, it is necessary to add the corresponding name "fucha~fuhucha" or "cha".

{{interlinear
| style1 = font-size:120%
| number = (1a)
| indent = 3
| top = (Lugo, 1619:3r)|fulano muysca cha cho guy|fulano person male good COP|So-and-so is a good male
}}

{{interlinear
| style1 = font-size:120%
| number = (1b)
| indent = 3
| top = (Lugo, 1619:3r)|muysca fuhucha cho|person woman good|Good woman
}}

=== Adjective  ===
The adjective muysca does not agree in gender or number with the noun. According to its form, it can be basic, derived or periphrastic.

The periphrastic form uses the ''3rd person + verbal root/name (+n) + ma-gue'':

{{interlinear
| style1 = font-size:120%
| number = (2)
| indent = 3
| top = (Ms. II/2923; fol. 29v)|a-taba-n ma-gue|3-meanness-FOC 2-COP|he/she/it is stingy
}}

=== Verbs ===
{{Expand Spanish|Conjugación de verbos muiscas|section=yes|date=April 2025}}

== Vocabulary ==

=== Numbers ===
[[File:Numeracion Muisca.jpg|thumb|right|120px|Numbers 1-10 and 20 in Chibcha]]
{{main|Muisca numerals}}

Counting 1 to 10 in Chibcha is {{lang|chb|ata}}, {{lang|chb|boza}}, {{lang|chb|mica}}, {{lang|chb|muyhyca}}, {{lang|chb|hyzca}}, {{lang|chb|taa}}, {{lang|chb|cuhupqua}}, {{lang|chb|suhuza}}, {{lang|chb|aca}}, {{lang|chb|hubchihica}}.{{sfn|Gómez|2008–2022}} The Muisca only had numbers one to ten and the number 20: {{Transliteration|chb|gueta}}, used extensively in their complex [[lunisolar calendar|lunisolar]] [[Muisca calendar]]. For numbers higher than 10 they used additions; {{lang|chb|quihicha ata}} ("ten plus one") for eleven. Higher numbers were multiplications of twenty; {{lang|chb|guehyzca}} would be "five times twenty"; 100.

=== Words ===
This list is a selection from the online dictionary and is sortable. Note the different [[potato]]es and types of [[maize]] and their meaning.{{sfn|Gómez|2008–2022}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Muysccubun !! English
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|aba}} || "maize"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|aso}} || "parrot"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|ba}} || "finger" or "finger tip"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|bhosioiomy}} || "potato [black inside]" (''species unknown'')
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|chihiza}} || "vein" (of blood) or "root"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|cho}} || "good"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|chyscamuy}} || "maize [dark]" (''species unknown'')
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|chysquyco}} || "green" or "blue"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|coca}} || "finger nail"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|fo}} || "fox"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|foaba}} || ''[[Phytolacca bogotensis]]'', plant used as soap
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|fun}} || "bread"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|funzaiomy}} || "potato [black]" (''species unknown'')
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|fusuamuy}} || "maize [not very coloured]" (''species unknown'')
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|gaca}} || "feather"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|gaxie}} || "small"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|gazaiomy}} || "potato [wide]" (''species unknown'')
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|guahaia}} || "dead body"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|guexica}} || "grandfather" and "grandmother"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|guia}} || "bear" or "older brother/sister"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|hichuamuy}} || "maize [of rice]" (''species and meaning unknown'')
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|hosca}} || "tobacco"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|iome}} || "potato" (''[[Solanum tuberosum]]'')
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|iomgy}} || "flower of potato plant"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|iomza}} || "potato" (''species unknown'')
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|iomzaga}} || "potato [small]" (''species unknown'')
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|muyhyza}} || "flea" (''[[Tunga penetrans]]'')
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|muyhyzyso}} || "lizard"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|nygua}} || "salt"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|nyia}} || "gold" or "money"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|phochuba}} || "maize [soft and red]" (''species and meaning unknown'')
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|pquaca}} || "arm"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|pquihiza}} || "lightning"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|quye}} || "tree" or "leaf"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|quyecho}} || "arrow"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|quyhysaiomy}} || "potato [floury]" (''species unknown'')
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|quyiomy}} || "potato [long]" (''species unknown'')
|-
| '{{Transliteration|chb|saca}} || "nose"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|sasamuy}} || "maize [reddish]" (''species unknown'')
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|simte}} || "owl [white]"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|soche}} || "white-tailed deer"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|suque}} || "soup"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|tyba}} || "hi!" (to a friend)
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|tybaiomy}} || "potato [yellow]" (''species unknown'')
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|xiua}} || "rain" or "lake"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|usua}} || "white river clay"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|uamuyhyca}} || "fish"; ''[[Eremophilus mutisii]]''
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|xieiomy}} || "potato [white]" (''species unknown'')
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|xui}} || "broth"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|ysy}} || "that", "those"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|zihita}} || "frog"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|zoia}} || "pot"
|-
| {{Transliteration|chb|zysquy}} || "head" or "skull"
|}

=== Usage today ===
Words of {{Transliteration|chb|Muysc cubun}} origin are still used in the department of [[Cundinamarca Department|Cundinamarca]], of which [[Bogotá]] is the capital, and the department of [[Boyacá Department|Boyacá]], with capital [[Tunja]]. These include ''curuba'' (Colombian fruit [[banana passionfruit]]), ''toche'' ([[yellow oriole]]), ''guadua'' (a large bamboo used in construction) and ''tatacoa'' ("snake"). The Muisca descendants continue many traditional ways, such as the use of certain foods, use of ''[[coca]]'' for teas and healing rituals, and other aspects of natural ways, which are a respected part of culture in Colombia.

As the Muisca did not have words for imported technology or items in early colonial times, they borrowed them from Spanish, such as "shoe"; ''çapato'',<ref>{{in lang|es}} ''Diccionario muysca – español''. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 [http://muysca.cubun.org/zapato "Shoe" in ''muysccubun'']</ref> "sword"; ''espada'',<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://muysca.cubun.org/espada "Sword" in ''muysccubun'']</ref> "knife"; ''cuchillo''<ref>{{in lang|es}} ''Diccionario muysca – español''. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 [http://muysca.cubun.org/cuchillo "Knife" in ''muysccubun'']</ref> and other words.

== Toponyms ==
{{main|List of Muisca toponyms}}

Most of the original Muisca names of the villages, rivers and national parks and some of the provinces in the central highlands of the Colombian [[Andes]] are kept or slightly altered. Usually the names refer to farmfields ({{Transliteration|chb|ta}}), the Moon goddess [[Chía (goddess)|Chía]], her husband [[Sué]], names of ''[[cacique]]s'', the [[topography]] of the region, built enclosures ({{Transliteration|chb|''ca''}}) and animals of the region.<ref name="excelsio">{{in lang|es}} [http://www.excelsio.net/2011/11/sabe-el-origen-del-nombre-de-su.html Etymology Municipalities Boyacá] – Excelsio.net</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Colombia|Language}}
*[[Quechuan languages]]
*[[Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations]]
*[[Muisca numerals]], [[Muisca calendar]]

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Adelaar & Muysken|year=2007|title=The languages of the Andes|publisher= Cambriage University Press}}
* {{cite journal |last=Casilimas Rojas |first=Clara Inés |year=2005 |title=Expresión de la modalidad en la lengua uwa |url=https://www.vjf.cnrs.fr/sedyl/amerindia/articles/pdf/A_29-30_13.pdf |journal=Amerindia |volume=29/30 |pages=247–262 |language=es |access-date=2016-07-11}}
* {{cite journal |last=Constenla Umaña |first=Adolfo |date=1984 |title=Los fonemas del muisca |journal=Estudios de lingüística chibcha |volume=3 |pages=65–111}}
* {{cite AV media |last=[[Jorge Gamboa Mendoza|Gamboa Mendoza]] |first=Jorge |year=2016 |title=Los muiscas, grupos indígenas del Nuevo Reino de Granada. Una nueva propuesta sobre su organizacíon socio-política y su evolucíon en el siglo XVI |language=es |trans-title=The Muisca, indigenous groups of the New Kingdom of Granada. A new proposal on their social-political organization and their evolution in the 16th century |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NAJ-EM5h4N0  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/NAJ-EM5h4N0 |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Gold Museum, Bogotá|Museo del Oro]] |format=video |access-date=2016-07-11}}{{cbignore}}
* {{cite book |last=Gamboa Mendoza |first=Gamboa |year=2013 |title=El cacicazgo muisca en los años posteriores a la Conquista: del psihipqua al cacique colonial |publisher= Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia }}
* {{cite web |last=Gómez |first=Diego F |year=2008–2022 |title=Diccionario muysca – español |publisher=muysca.cubun.org |language=es |url=http://muysca.cubun.org/Categor%C3%ADa:Diccionario}}
* {{cite book |last=Gómez |first=Diego F |year=2013 |title=Comparación léxica entre el muysca de Bogotá y el uwa central. Muysca: memoria y presencia. Bogotá |publisher=Universidad Nacional de Colombia |language=es}}
* {{cite journal |last=Gómez |first=Diego F |year=2020 |title=Los folletos muyscas de la Biblioteca Bodleiana (1603): los textos más tempranos de la lengua general del Nuevo Reino de Granada |journal= Revista internacional de lingüística iberoamericana |volume=18 |issue=36 |pages=195–216 |publisher=Iberoamericana Editorial Vervuert |doi=10.31819/rili-2020-183610 |s2cid=256616900 |language=es }}
* {{cite book |last=González de Pérez |first=María Stella |year=2006 |title=Aproximación al sistema fonético-fonológico de la lengua muisca |publisher=Bogotá Instituto Caro y Cuervo |pages=53–119 |language=es}}
* {{cite book |last1=Quesada Pacheco |first1=Miguel Ángel |last2=Rojas Chaves |first2=Carmen |year=1999 |title=Diccionario boruca – español, español – boruca |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xOuCfzqoX-0C&q=boruca++idioma+luna |publisher=[[Universidad de Costa Rica]] |pages=1–207 |isbn=9789977675480 |language=es |access-date=2016-07-11}}
* {{cite journal |last=[[Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff|Reichel-Dolmatoff]] |first=Gerardo |year=1947 |title=La lengua chimila |trans-title=The Chimila language |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/jsa_0037-9174_1947_num_36_1_2358 |journal=Journal de la Société des Américanistes |volume=36 |pages=15–50 |doi=10.3406/jsa.1947.2358 |language=es |access-date=2016-07-11}}
* {{cite book |last=Uricoechea |first=Ezequiel |title=Memoria sobre las antigüedades neo granadinas |year=1854 |publisher=Librería de F. Schneider |language=es}}
* {{cite book |last=Saravia |first=Facundo Manuel |year=2015 |title=Curso de aproximación a la lengua chibcha o muisca - Nivel 1 |trans-title=Introduction course to the Chibcha or Muisca language - Level 1 |url=https://www.zaquenzipa.org/ewExternalFiles/06%20Nivel%20I.pdf|publisher=Fundación Zaquenzipa |pages=1–81 |language=es |access-date=2016-07-11}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Arango |first=Teresa |year=1954 |title=Precolombia: Introducción al estudio del indígena colombiano |language=es |trans-title=PreColombia: Introduction to the Study of Colombian Indigenous People |location=Madrid |publisher=Sucesores de Rivadeneyra}}
* {{cite web |last1=Botiva Contreras |first1=Álvaro |last2=Herrera |first2=Leonor |author3-link=Ana María Groot |last3=Groot |first3=Ana Maria |last4=Mora |first4=Santiago |year=1989 |title=Colombia prehispánica: regiones arqueológicas |language=es |trans-title=Pre-Hispanic Colombia: Archeological Regions |url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/arqueologia/prehisp/apendice.htm |publisher=Instituto colombiano de Antropología [[Colcultura]] |access-date=2016-07-11}}
* {{cite book |last1=Martín |first1=Rafael |last2=Puentes |first2=José |year=2008 |title=Culturas indígenas colombianas |trans-title=Indigenous Cultures of Colombia}}
* {{cite book |last=Triana |first=Miguel |author-link=Miguel Triana |year=1922 |title=La civilización Chibcha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-uVlAAAAMAAJ |pages=1–222 |language=es |access-date=2016-07-11}}
* {{cite journal |last=Wiesner García |first=Luis Eduardo |year=2014 |title=Etnografía muisca |trans-title=Muisca Ethnography |url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/geografia/geohum2/muisca1.htm |journal=Central Andean Region |volume=IV |location=Bogotá |publisher=Instituto Colombiano de Cultura Hispánica |pages=2 |language=es |access-date=2016-07-11}}

== External links ==
{{Incubator|chb}}
* {{in lang|es}} [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8988/ ''Diccionario y gramática chibcha''] – [[World Digital Library]]
* {{in lang|es}} [http://muysca.cubun.org Muysc cubun Project] – with Muysc cubun–Spanish dictionary
* {{in lang|es}} [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Chibcha Archives and sources on the Chibcha language] – [[Rosetta Project]]
* {{in lang|es}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDdtcYz_ME8 Animated video about the last Muisca rulers] – '''''Muysccubun''''' is spoken with Spanish subtitles
* [https://ids.clld.org/contributions/243 Muisca] ([[Intercontinental Dictionary Series]])

{{Chibchan languages}}
{{Pre-Columbian}}
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[[Category:Chibcha language| ]]
[[Category:Chibchan languages]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of South America]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples in Colombia]]
[[Category:Languages of Colombia]]