View source for Chester Roman Amphitheatre

{{Short description|Roman amphitheatre in Cheshire, England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name           = Chester Roman Amphitheatre
| native_name    = 
| alternate_name = 
| image          = Chester amphitheatre.jpg
| alt   = 
| caption        = The amphitheatre seen from the [[Chester city walls|city walls]], with archaeological digs in progress (2006)
| map_type       = England
| map_alt        = 
| map_size       = 
| relief         = 
| coordinates    = {{coord|53|11|21|N|2|53|13|W|display=inline,title}}
| location       = [[Chester]], Cheshire, England
| region         = [[Roman Britain|Brittania]]
| type           = [[Amphitheatre]]
| part_of        = [[Deva Victrix]]
| length         = {{convert|320|ft}}
| width          = {{convert|286|ft}}
| area           = {{convert|91520|sqft|ha|2}}
| height         = {{convert|40|ft}}
| builder        = 
| material       = 
| built          = Late 70's
| abandoned      = Around 350
| epochs         = [[Roman Empire]]
| cultures       = 
| dependency_of  = 
| occupants      = 
| event          = 
| excavations    = 
| archaeologists = 
| condition      = 
| ownership      = 
| management     = [[English Heritage]]
| public_access  = 
| website        = [https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/chester-roman-amphitheatre/ Chester Roman Amphitheatre]
| notes          = 
}}

'''Chester Amphitheatre''' is a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] [[amphitheatre]] in [[Chester]], [[Cheshire]]. The site is managed by [[English Heritage]]; it is designated as a Grade&nbsp;I [[listed building]],<ref name="images">{{NHLE |num= 1375863|desc= Remains of Roman amphitheatre, Chester|access-date= 5 July 2013|mode=cs2}}</ref> and a [[scheduled monument]].<ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=69224 | mname= Roman Amphitheatre | accessdate = 31 March 2009 |mode=cs2 }}</ref><ref>{{NHLE |num= 1004638|desc= Roman amphitheatre (southern part), Chester |access-date= 5 July 2013|mode=cs2 |fewer-links=yes}}</ref>  The ruins currently exposed are those of a large stone amphitheatre, similar to those found in [[Continental Europe]], and although it was long believed that a smaller wooden amphitheatre existed on the site beforehand, excavations since 1999 have shown that the wooden grillage is the base of the seating. Today, only the northern half of the structure is exposed; the southern half is covered by buildings, some of which are themselves listed.<ref name="BW">{{Citation |url=http://www.chesterwalls.info/amphitheatre.html|title=The Chester Amphitheatre|publisher=B&W Pics|access-date=30 July 2007}}</ref>

The amphitheatre is the largest so far uncovered in Britain, and dates from the 1st&nbsp;century, when the [[castra|Roman fort]] of [[Deva Victrix]] was founded. It is a peculiarly English myth that the amphitheatre would have been primarily for military training and [[Military parade|drill]]; all the evidence recovered from excavation shows that it was used for [[cock fighting]], [[bull baiting]] and [[combat sports]], including [[Ancient Greek Boxing|classical boxing]], [[Roman Wrestling|wrestling]] and, probably most importantly, [[gladiatorial combat]].<ref name="BW"/> The poet [[Oppian]] wrote that the Romans inherited the Greek passion for the cockfight, which was held "on anniversaries&nbsp;... as a solemn rite", a [[consecration]], in effect a [[Cockfight (Sacred)|sacred cockfight]], to remind men that they should be "perpetual imitators of the cock".<ref>{{cite book |title=The Chicken Book |first1=Page |last1=Smith |first2=Charles |last2=Daniel |publisher=University of Georgia Press |date=27 April 2000 |pages=72–73 |isbn=9780820322131 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVtZrdAWOCUC&dq=the+agon+of+Paul,+%22the+'struggle'+cockfight&pg=PT85}}</ref>

In use through much of the [[Roman Britain|Roman occupation of Britain]], the amphitheatre fell into disuse around the year 350. The amphitheatre was only rediscovered in 1929, when one of the pit walls was discovered during construction work. Between 2000 and 2006, excavation of the amphitheatre took place for Chester City Council and, after 2004, English Heritage.<ref>{{Citation|title=Amphitheatre project |url=http://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/residents/leisure,_parks_and_events/history_and_heritage/archaeology/chester_amphitheatre.aspx |publisher=Chester.gov.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416000501/http://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/residents/leisure%2C_parks_and_events/history_and_heritage/archaeology/chester_amphitheatre.aspx |archive-date=16 April 2013 }} Retrieved on 14&nbsp;August 2012.</ref>

==Construction==
[[File:Romanamphitheatre.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|right|The retaining wall surrounding the central pit]]
The first amphitheatre is believed to have been a simple structure built by [[Legio II Adiutrix|Legio&nbsp;II ''Adiutrix'']] during their brief posting in Chester at some point in the late 70s, but was soon rebuilt by [[Legio XX Valeria Victrix|Legio&nbsp;XX ''Valeria Victrix'']] when Legio&nbsp;II ''Adiutrix'' were reposted to the Danube region in 86. This amphitheatre fell into disuse when Legio&nbsp;XX were assigned to the construction of [[Hadrian's Wall]], and upon their return around 275, the amphitheatre was once again rebuilt.<ref name="BW"/>

The newer structure consisted of a {{convert|40|ft}} high stone [[ellipse]], {{convert|320|ft}} along the [[major axis]] by {{convert|286|ft}} along the [[minor axis|minor]]. The major axis lines up approximately along the north-south line, and exits are placed at all four points of the compass; in keeping with most Roman forts of the era, the amphitheatre was placed at the south east corner of the fort. The amphitheatre could easily seat 8,000&nbsp;people, and around it, a sprawling complex of dungeons, stables and [[food booth|food stand]]s were built to support the contests, while a shrine to [[Nemesis (mythology)|Nemesis]], goddess of retribution, was built at the north entrance to the arena. The unusually large and developed amphitheatre complex has led historians to speculate that Chester might have become capital of [[Roman Britain]] had the Romans successfully captured Ireland (though no such attempt was ever made).<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.culture24.org.uk/history+%2526+heritage/time/roman/art42592 |title=Revealed – new discoveries at Chester's Roman Amphitheatre|first=Graham|last=Spicer|publisher=Culture24|date=9 January 2007|access-date=27 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite episode |title=Britain's Lost Colosseum|network=[[BBC]]|series=[[Timewatch]] |station=[[BBC Two]] |airdate=20 May 2005}}</ref>

==Dereliction==

Following the [[End of Roman rule in Britain|Roman departure from Britain]], the amphitheatre once again fell derelict, and the masonry was scavenged from the site leaving only a small depression at the centre of the site, which was used to stage bear fights and [[public execution]]s, and was eventually completely filled in by [[erosion]] and refuse dumping. A [[Georgian era|Georgian]] house complex known as "[[Dee House]]" were built over the south end of the arena, while a [[Georgian era|Georgian]] [[townhouse]] called "St. John's House" was built over the north end. Although all records of the amphitheatre were lost, the unfavourable contours of the filled-in amphitheatre prevented roads from passing through the site, preserving the underground remains and allowing the site to later be excavated without the need for extensive demolition.<ref name="BW"/>

==Rediscovery==
[[File:ChesterAmphitheatreAerialOutline.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|left|An aerial view of the amphitheatre, showing the outline of the buried half]]
Although the existence of an amphitheatre in Chester had been speculated for years, the first evidence for it was discovered in 1929 when gardening works at Dee House revealed a long curved wall. Further works revealed that the structure was largely intact underneath the ground. However, the site of the amphitheatre was covered by buildings and lay in the way of a new planned road, designed to bypass the narrow curved lane that skirted the perimeter.<ref name="BW"/>

Nevertheless, the Chester Archaeological Society agreed to raise enough money to divert the new road and excavate the arena. Progress was initially slow; the council refused to change the course of the road unless money was raised to fund the substantial demolition work that would be required, and it was not until 1933 that the route of the road was finally changed. In order to fund the excavations, Chester Archaeological Society purchased St.&nbsp;John's House and leased it to the council to fund the dig. The dig was initially scheduled for 1939, but was postponed indefinitely with the outbreak of [[World War II|World War&nbsp;II]].<ref name="BW"/>

Work resumed in 1957, when the council vacated St.&nbsp;John's House and the [[Ministry of Works (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Works]] offered a substantial subsidy for excavation. As Dee House was still in use, only the northern half could be excavated. A small area was dug up, and the rest redeveloped as a short-lived park, which was quickly removed to allow further excavation. The badly pillaged and damaged supporting walls were removed and marked with concrete trim and the arena wall was propped up with concrete panels.

{| style="float:right;width:355px;margin:0 0 0.5em 1em;" class=wikitable
|-
|
{{Text-superimpose
  | base_img = OpenStreetMapCentralChester.png
  | base_width = 350px
  | caption = Location within Chester
  | float_text = [[File:Locator Dot.svg|10px]] <small>Arena</small>
  | x = 215
  | y = 210
}}
|-
|<small>The location of the amphitheatre within Chester, showing the curved road that surrounds the perimeter</small>
|}
The amphitheatre remained in this state until 2000, when archaeological work was resumed on the site. Among the finds were the remains of the earlier amphitheatres and of an even older Roman building existing on the site. A number of cooked animal bones and cheaply-made Roman pots showing images of gladiator combat were also found, leading a number of historians to suggest that the site was one of the first places to develop [[souvenir]]s for spectators to buy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/05/18/nampi18.xml&sSheet=/news/2005/05/18/ixnewstop.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227143144/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/05/18/nampi18.xml&sSheet=/news/2005/05/18/ixnewstop.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 December 2005| title= They came, they saw, they bought the souvenir|first=Nic|last=Fleming|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London|date=18 March 2005|access-date=30 July 2007}}</ref>

The amphitheatre's central, river-side location is very valuable. [[Cheshire County Council]] purchased an area to the south of the exposed area for Chester's new [[County Court]], the northern wing and car park of which were built over the south-western corner of the arena. Despite the council's insistence that the court cover as little of the arena as possible, the work was widely unpopular with residents and the press, especially following the Council's previous support of excavation projects.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.chesterwalls.info/amphitheatre2.html|title=The Chester Amphitheatre 2|publisher=B&W Pics|access-date=30 July 2007}}</ref> In 2007 the southern half of the amphitheatre remained covered by Dee House and the County Court.

==Chester Amphitheatre Project==
In January 2004 a partnership between Chester City Council and [[English Heritage]] established the Chester Amphitheatre Project with the  aims of undertaking a new survey of the site, opening a research centre and hosting an international amphitheatre conference in 2007.<ref name=archaeologyuk>{{cite web |url=http://www.archaeologyuk.org/ba/ba93/feat1.shtml |title=Feature: British Archaeology 93, March/April 2007 |access-date=31 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923173751/http://www.archaeologyuk.org/ba/ba93/feat1.shtml |archive-date=23 September 2015  }}</ref> Between 2004-2006 the survey, co-directed by Dan Garner of the council and Tony Wilmott of English Heritage, addressed three areas of the site:
*Area A: on the north-west quadrant of the amphitheatre's seating bank, partially excavated in the 1960s by Thompson;
*Area B: south of the eastern entrance in an unexcavated area of the southeastern quadrant of the seating bank;
*Area C: in the centre of the unexcavated area of the arena.<ref name=archaeologyuk/>

The work was the subject of an episode of the [[BBC Four]] series ''[[Timewatch]]''. The survey indicated that, contrary to the conclusion drawn by Thompson in the 1960s that the original amphitheatre had been built of wood, two separate stone amphitheatres had been built.<ref name=timewatch>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0078wrs|title=BBC Two - Timewatch, 2005-2006, Britain's Lost Colosseum}}</ref> In the decades around 200AD the amphitheatre appeared to have been largely rebuilt, doubling the seating capacity. A large new outer wall, with foundations 2.7m wide and 1.3m deep was built.<ref name=archaeologyuk/> Excavation finds included a [[Roman currency|coin]] from the time of [[Vespasian]], a [[Gladius]] hilt and [[Terra sigillata|Samian ware]] with hunting and battle scenes.<ref name=timewatch/>

Following further discoveries at the site in 2010, some writers suggested that the amphitheatre was the prototype for [[King Arthur]]'s [[Round Table]],<ref>{{Citation | last = Evans| first = Martin | date = 11 July 2010| title = Historians locate King Arthur's Round Table| periodical =[[The Daily Telegraph]]| url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/7883874/Historians-locate-King-Arthurs-Round-Table.html| access-date =15 July 2010}}</ref> but English Heritage, acting as consultants to a [[History (U.S. TV channel)|History Channel]] documentary in which the claim was made, declared that there was no archaeological basis to the story.<ref>{{citation|last=Pitts|first=Mike|date=November 2010|title=Britain in Archaeology|journal=British Archaeology|publisher=Council for British Archaeology|location=York, England|issue=115|page=8|issn=1357-4442|quote=The claims...have no basis whatever in the archaeological evidence}}</ref>

==Amphitheatre mural==
[[File:Roman amphitheatre mural chester 1.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Chester's [[trompe-l'œil]] Amphitheatre Mural by [[Gary Drostle]]]]

A ''[[trompe-l'œil]]'' [[mural]] was commissioned in August 2010 by Chester Renaissance to enable visitors to experience the illusion of a complete amphitheatre as well as showing how the original structure may have looked. Archaeologists advised artist [[Gary Drostle]] on the original construction and found artefacts from the site.

The artist designed an image that spanned the 50&nbsp;metre walkway wall, starting with a continuation of the current amphitheatre edges that merged seamlessly into the recreation of the original walls and seating towards the centre. The painted ellipsis of the sand covered ground and depiction of the central tethering stone allow a viewer to experience a full immersion in the amphitheatre that was not possible with the previous, blank wall. Details such as the red, marble covered arena wall, position of the doorways and [[vomitorium]]s and outside walls were all carefully recreated as the evidence suggested.

Taking over 6 weeks to complete with two, six metre scaffolding towers and five painters, the public and tourist groups could watch the progression of the mural and interact with the artist and his assistants, the British weather dictating working hours.

The mural will be a permanent feature of the amphitheatre. The artist used Keim Mineral Paints, invented in 1878. The system is a liquid [[silicate]] paint comprising a [[potassium silicate]] binder with inorganic fillers ([[feldspar]]) and natural earth oxide colour pigments. When applied onto a mineral substrate the binder is absorbed and forms a micro-crystalline silicate structure. This crystalline structure allows the substrate to breathe but prevents the ingress of driven rain.<ref>{{Citation|title=About Us |publisher=Keim Mineral Paints |url=http://www.keimpaints.co.uk/about/ |access-date=19 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104094745/http://www.keimpaints.co.uk/about/ |archive-date=4 January 2011 }}</ref>

{{wide image|Roman amphitheatre mural chester 2.jpg|1440px|Chester's Amphitheatre Mural by Gary Drostle – panorama view|center|dir=rtl}}

==See also==
{{portal|Cheshire}}
* [[List of Scheduled Monuments in Cheshire dated to before 1066]]
* [[List of Roman amphitheatres]]

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Roman amphitheatre, Chester}}
* [https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/chester-roman-amphitheatre/ Official website]
* [http://www.cheshirenow.co.uk/ampitheatre.htm The Roman amphitheatre at Chester]
* [http://www.chesterwalls.info/amphitheatre.html The amphitheatre on 'Chester: a Virtual Stroll Around the Walls']

{{Roman visitor sites in the UK}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 1st century]]
[[Category:English Heritage sites in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Roman sites in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Chester]]
[[Category:Ruins in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Amphitheatres in Roman Britain]]
[[Category:History of Chester]]
[[Category:Scheduled monuments in Cheshire]]