View source for Cheonmachong

{{Short description|Tomb in Gyeongju, South Korea}}
{{Infobox historic site
|name=Cheonmachong
|image=Korea-Gyeongju-Cheonmachong-Entrance-01.jpg
|caption=The entrance (2007)
|coordinates={{coord|35|50|16|N|129|12|45|E|region:KR-47_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=title,inline}}
|mapframe=yes
|mapframe-zoom=13
|designation1=WHS
|designation1_partof=[[Gyeongju Historic Areas]]
|designation1_date=2000
|designation1_number=976
|embedded={{Infobox Korean name     
|hangul=천마총
|hanja=天馬塚
|rr=Cheonmachong
|mr=Ch'ŏnmach'ong
|child=yes
}}
}}
'''Cheonmachong''' ({{Korean|hangul=천마총|lit=sky horse tomb}}<ref name=":0" />), formerly '''Tomb No. 155''', is a [[tumulus]] located in [[Gyeongju]], South Korea. It is located inside the tomb complex [[Daereungwon]].<ref>{{Citation |script-title=ko:천마총 (天馬塚) |work=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0055857 |access-date=2025-02-12 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref>

== History ==
This tomb was built in the style of [[Silla]]. Excavation of the tomb began on April 16,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|script-title=ko:천마총|url=https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?cid=40942&docId=1146150&categoryId=33686|access-date=2021-06-08|website=terms.naver.com|language=ko}}</ref> 1973 and is believed to date probably from the fifth century but perhaps from the sixth century CE. The tomb was for an unknown king of the Silla Kingdom.<ref name="Kipfer, p. 232">Barbara Ann Kipfer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=XneTstDbcC0C&dq=heavenly+horse+tomb&pg=PA232 ''Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology'', p. 232]</ref> There is a strong view that this tomb is the tomb of [[Jijeung of Silla|King Jijeung]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1973-09-19 |script-title=ko:백55호 고분은 지증왕릉 |url=https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/1357610#home |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=[[JoongAng Ilbo]]보|language=ko}}</ref> The deceased is estimated to be around 5 feet 3 inches (160&nbsp;cm) tall.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1973-07-29 |title="慶州(경주) 155號(호) 古墳(고분) 金冠(금관) 「榮華(영화)의 主人(주인)」은 누구" |url=https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.naver?articleId=1973072900239107006&editNo=1&printCount=1&publishDate=1973-07-29&officeId=00023&pageNo=7&printNo=16096&publishType=00010 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=[[The Chosun Ilbo]] |language=ko}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The tomb, in typical Silla style, is a wood-lined chamber running east to west and is covered in a mound of boulders and earth.<ref name="Nelson, p. 250">[[Sarah Milledge Nelson]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=sANORB_MSRUC&q=heavenly+horse+tomb&pg=PA250 ''The Archaeology of Korea'', p. 250]</ref> This kind of tomb is said to follow the pattern of a [[Scytho-Iranian]] tomb in [[Ukok Plateau|Pazyryk]], [[Russia]].<ref name="Rutt & Pratt, p. 165">Richard Rutt, Keith L. Pratt, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vj8ShHzUxrYC&dq=heavenly+horse+tomb&pg=PA165 ''Korea: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary'', p. 165]</ref> The tomb is 47 metres in diameter, 157 metres in circumference, and 12.7 metres in height.

=== Chamber ===
The chamber of the tomb contained a lacquered wooden coffin which had burial goods placed around it.<ref name="Kipfer, p. 232" /> A total of 11,500 artifacts were recovered from the tomb. The name of the tomb derives from a famous painting of a white horse which is depicted on a birch bark saddle flap, also referred to as a mud-guard.<ref name="Rutt & Pratt, p. 165" /> The horse, a ''Cheonma'' ([[Korean language|Korean]] [[Flying horse]]), has eight legs and is depicted with wings on its feet. This painting is a rare example of extant Silla painting and indicates a strong influence by the Korean [[Goguryeo]] Kingdom.<ref name="orientalarchitecture.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/|title=Asian Historical Architecture: A Photographic Survey|last=orientalarchitecture.com|website=www.orientalarchitecture.com}}</ref> The burial of horse trappings and the sacrifice of a horse with the king shows the importance of horse culture in Silla society and indicates the central role of the king in [[shamanism]] practiced by the people.<ref name="Rutt & Pratt, p. 165" /> The other side of the saddle flaps depict horsemen and the phoenix. The tomb also yielded many other treasures including a [[Crown of Silla|gold crown]] and a gold girdle, both replete with [[jade]] [[gogok|comma-shaped beads]]. These trappings of royalty indicate that a king was buried in the tomb. Additionally, the fact that the girdle in the Heavenly Horse Tomb is similar to a girdle found in the [[Gold Crown Tomb]] and the use of the dragon motif in gold plates which matches treasures in the [[Baekje]] [[Muryeong of Baekje|King Muryeong]] also indicate a royal king was interred in the tomb.<ref name="Rutt & Pratt, p. 165" /> Besides the crown and girdle, the chamber also held gold bracelets and gold rings for every finger of the buried king.<ref name="Nelson, p. 250" /> The tomb also contained a chest full of burial goods which including the aforementioned painted saddle flap, and also iron kettles, pottery, bronze vessels, lacquerware, saddles, and a 98 centimeter long sword.<ref name="Nelson, p. 250" /><ref name="orientalarchitecture.com" />

=== Crown ===
The crown is considered one of the most valuable gold crowns in Silla. It features a large cluster with three branch shaped ornaments and two deer horn shaped ornaments, and it is full of jade and spangles. The crown and cap was made by combining four gold plates decorated with bore patterns. It is believed to have been placed on top of a hat made of birch bark. Various types of patterns were precisely drilled into it to make it beautiful, including the T-charge pattern, the diamond-shaped pattern, and the twisted dragon pattern.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1632424&cid=42665&categoryId=42666|title=천마총|publisher=}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160">
File:Korea-Silla-Cheonmado-01.jpg|''Cheonmado'' (Painting of the Heavenly Horse), [[National Treasures of South Korea|National Treasure]] No. 207
File:Gold_crown_from_Cheonmachong.jpg|[[Crown of Silla|Gold crown of Silla]], National Treasure No. 188
File:Korea-Silla Kingdom-Golden hat-01.jpg|Gold hat. National Treasure No. 189
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[History of Korea]]
*[[Silla]]
*[[Korean art]]
*[[Crown of Silla]]
*[[Gold girdle of Korea]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*Kim, Jeong-gi et al.
:1974 ''Cheonmachong Balguljosa Bogoseo'' [Cheonmachong Excavation Site Report]. Office of Cultural Properties, Seoul.

==External links==
{{commons category|Cheonmachong}}
*[https://www.worldhistory.org/Cheonmachong/ Cheonmachong - World History Encyclopedia] 
*[http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/koreasouth/gyeongju/heavenly.php Asian Historical Architecture: Heavenly Horse Tomb]

[[Category:Tombs of Silla monarchs]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in South Korea]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Gyeongju]]
[[Category:Tumuli in Gyeongju]]
[[Category:Gyeongju Historic Areas]]