View source for Chen Sheng

{{Short description|Qin Dynasty rebel}}
{{more footnotes|date=February 2013}}
{{for|the Taiwanese singer|Bobby Chen}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Chen (surname)|Chen]]|lang=Chinese}}
{{Chinese|t=陳勝|s=陈胜|p=Chén Shèng|w=Ch'en Sheng|j=Can4 Sing3|oc-zz=*l'iŋ hljɯŋ|altname=Chen She|t2=陳涉|s2=陈涉|p2=Chén Shè|w2=Ch'en She|j2=Can4 Sip3|oc-zz2=*l'iŋ djeb}}
{{anchor|History|Biography}}
'''Chen Sheng''' (died {{circa}}January 208 BC<ref>According to volume 48 of ''Records of the Grand Historian'', Chen Sheng died in the 12th month of the 1st year of the reign of Qin Er Shi. This corresponds to 4 Jan to 1 Feb 208 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar. ([二世元年]腊月，陈王之汝阴，还至下城父，其御庄贾杀以降秦.）''Shiji'', vol.48</ref>), also known as '''Chen She''' ("She" being his [[courtesy name]]<ref>(陈胜者，阳城人也，字涉。) ''Shiji'', vol.48</ref>), posthumously known as '''King Yin''',<ref>(陈胜葬砀，谥曰隐王。) ''Shiji'', vol.48</ref> was the leader of the [[Dazexiang Uprising]], the first rebellion against the [[Qin dynasty]]. It occurred during the reign of the [[Qin Er Shi|Second Qin Emperor]].

==Life==
Chen Sheng was born in Yangcheng (陽城; in present-day [[Fangcheng County]], [[Henan]]). In August or September 209 BC,<ref>Volume 48 of ''Records of the Grand Historian'' dated the incident to the 7th month of the 1st year of the reign of Qin Er Shi. This corresponds to 9 Aug to 7 Sep 209 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar. (二世元年七月，发闾左适戍渔阳，九百人屯大泽乡。...) ''Shiji'', vol.48</ref> he was a military captain along with [[Wu Guang]] when the two of them were ordered to lead 900 soldiers to [[Yuyang Commandery|Yuyang]] (漁陽; southwest of present-day [[Miyun County]], [[Beijing]]) to help defend the northern border against [[Xiongnu]]. Due to storms, it became clear that they could not get to Yuyang by the deadline, and according to law, if soldiers could not get to their posts on time, they would be executed. Chen Sheng and Wu Guang, believing that they were doomed, led their soldiers to start a rebellion. They announced that [[Fusu]], the crown prince of Qin, who had wrongly been forced to commit suicide, and [[Xiang Yan]], a general of [[Chu (state)|Chu]], had not died and were joining their cause. They also declared the reestablishment of Chu.
[[File:Qin Uprisings.png|thumb|Uprisings of Qin dynasty, locations of Dazexiang and Yuyang are shown.]]

Using 900 men to resist an empire seemed to be a suicidal move, but the people, who had felt deeply oppressed by the Qin regime, joined Chen Sheng and Wu Guang's cause quickly. More than 20,000 men joined. Soon, there were people asking Chen Sheng to declare himself "King of [[Chu (state)|Chu]]". Acting against the advice of Zhang Er and [[Chen Yu of Dai|Chen Yu]], Chen Sheng declared himself "King of Rising Chu" ({{lang|zh-hant|張楚王}}).

Chen Sheng, setting his capital at Chen County (陳縣; in present-day [[Huaiyang County|Huaiyang]], [[Henan]]), then commissioned various generals to advance in all directions to conquer Qin territory. Among these were: Wu Guang, whom he created acting "King of Chu"; [[Zhou Wen (Qin Dynasty)|Zhou Wen]] ({{lang|zh|周文}}), whom he ordered to head west toward Qin proper; his friend [[Wu Chen (Qin Dynasty)|Wu Chen]] ({{lang|zh|武臣}}), whom he ordered to head north toward the old territory of [[Zhao (state)|Zhao]]; [[Zhou Fu (Qin Dynasty)|Zhou Fu]] ({{lang|zh|周敷}}), whom he ordered to head northeast toward the old territory of [[Wei (state)|Wei]]. However, none of these generals returned. After initial defeats Qin forces regrouped under general [[Zhang Han (Qin dynasty)|Zhang Han]]. Wu Guang was assassinated by generals under him; Zhou Wen was defeated by Qin forces; Wu Chen was initially successful but then declared himself the King of [[Zhao (state)|Zhao]] and became independent of Chu; and Zhou Fu supported a descendant of the royal house of Wei to be the King of Wei, also independent of Chu. A major reason why Wu Chen and the generals who assassinated Wu Guang broke away was that Chen Sheng was paranoid as a king: generals were executed at any sign of infidelity, even by rumours. Chen Sheng's ruthlessness and constant defeats in battle made it harder and harder for him to gather followers. Chen Sheng was greatly weakened, and as he suffered losses at the hands of the Qin army, he personally led a force to try to gather reinforcements, but he was assassinated by his guard [[Zhuang Jia (rebel)|Zhuang Jia]] in {{circa}}January 208 BC. He died just five months after his rebellion began. However, his act of defiance provided the spark of inspiration which eventually led to the fall of the Qin dynasty.

==Legacy==
Chen Sheng was often idealized by versions of history promulgated by Chinese historians as a great leader of the peasants against intolerable oppression of the Qin nobility and [[bourgeois]]. Chen Sheng's decisions, while motivated by his desire to overthrow Qin, were often driven by self-interest and an illusory sense of superiority; as a result he often failed to act on good advice. As the [[Song dynasty]] historian [[Sima Guang]] wrote in the ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'':<ref>(初，陈涉既为王，其故人皆往依之。妻之父亦往焉，陈王以众宾待之，长揖不拜。妻之父怒曰：“怙乱僭号，而傲长者，不能久矣！”不辞而去。陈王跪谢，遂不为顾。客出入愈益发舒，言陈王故情。或说陈王曰：“客愚无知，颛妄言，轻威。”陈王斩之。诸故人皆自引去，由是无亲陈王者。陈王以朱防为中正，胡武为司过，主司群臣。诸将徇地至，令之不是，辄系而罪之。以苛察为忠，其所不善者，弗下吏，辄自治之。诸将以其故不亲附，此其所以败也。) ''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol.08</ref>

{{blockquote|
When Chen Sheng first became the King of Chu, his relatives and friends all arrived to join him, as did his father-in-law. But when his father-in-law arrived, Chen treated him as an ordinary guest and only made a slight bow and did not kneel to him. His father-in-law became angry and stated, "You are leading a rebellion and falsely claiming the title of a king, but you are arrogant toward your elders: You surely cannot last." He turned to leave without further discussion, and even though Chen knelt to ask for his forgiveness, he ignored Chen. Later, when there were more and more relatives and friends arriving, they were discussing the stories when Chen was young. Someone suggested, "The old friends and guests of Your Royal Highness are foolish and often liked to talk in vain; they will damage your image and hurt your reputation." Chen executed a good number of his old friends, and therefore his friends began to leave him and not follow him. Chen made Zhou Fang to be his examination minister and Hu Wu to be the head of his guard, to be in charge of intelligence and security. When the generals conquered cities and returned, the two of them often criticized and nit-picked on the commands issued by those generals or their acts; often, if they felt the commands or the acts were not lawful, they would arrest the generals. Chen considered those who are strict to be the most faithful ones. The ones that Chen did not like were either given over to courts martial or personally punished by him. The generals had no affection for Chen, and this led to his downfall. 
}}

Chen claimed the title of king only months after the start of his rebellion, without a sufficient foundation. Once he did, he effectively became stuck in Chen County and could not firmly hold territories that were conquered, because the people in the territories did not view him with great affection{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}.

According to ''Shiji'',<ref>Sima Qian. ''Records of the Grand Historian'', Volume 48.</ref> Chen Sheng was the person who coined the Chinese proverb, "How can a little songbird understand the ambitions of a grand swan!" ([[wikt:燕雀安知鴻鵠志|燕雀安知鴻鵠志]]), a saying that figures prominently in the ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]''.<ref>[[:s:Romance of the Three Kingdoms/Chapter 4#24|''Romance of the Three Kingdoms'', Ch. IV]].</ref>

He sometimes appears as a [[door god]] in [[Chinese temple|Chinese]] and [[Taoist temple]]s, usually paired with [[Wu Guang]].

The pattern of an impostor and his general, founded by Chen Sheng, was closely followed by [[Han Shantong]] and Liu Futong in the end of [[Yuan dynasty]].

==See also==
* [[Dazexiang Uprising]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* [[Sima Qian]]. ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]''.

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{{S-vac|recreated|last=[[Lord Changping of Chu|Lord Changping]]|reason=[[Dazexiang Uprising]]}}
{{S-tul|title=[[Chu (state)|King of Chu]]|years=210 BC &ndash; 209 BC}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Jing Ju]]<!--景駒-->}}
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{{Qin Dynasty insurgent states|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chen, Sheng}}
[[Category:Generals from Henan]]
[[Category:Chinese nobility]]
[[Category:Qin dynasty people]]
[[Category:208 BC deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC murdered monarchs]]
[[Category:Assassinated Chinese people]]
[[Category:People from Nanyang, Henan]]
[[Category:Deified Chinese men]]
[[Category:Qin dynasty rebels]]