View source for Chauvet Cave

{{short description|French cave with prehistoric paintings}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| WHS         = Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc Cave
| location    = [[Ardèche]], France
| image       = Paintings from the Chauvet cave (museum replica).jpg
| caption = Replica of paintings in the Chauvet Cave
| criteria    = Cultural: i, iii
| ID          = 1426
| year        = 2014
| area        = 9 ha
| buffer_zone = 1,353 ha
| website     = {{URL|http://archeologie.culture.fr/chauvet/en}}
| locmapin    = France
| map_caption = Location in France
| relief      = 1
| coordinates = {{coord|44|23|15|N|4|24|51|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
}}

The '''Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc Cave''' ({{langx|fr|Grotte Chauvet-Pont d'Arc}} {{IPA|fr|ɡʁɔt ʃovɛ pɔ̃ daʁk|}}) in the [[Ardèche]] department of southeastern France is a cave that contains some of the best-preserved figurative [[cave paintings]] in the world,<ref>UNESCO. [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1426], June 2014.</ref> as well as other evidence of [[Upper Paleolithic]] life.<ref name="Clottes214">Clottes (2003b), p. 214.</ref> It is located near the commune of [[Vallon-Pont-d'Arc]] on a [[limestone]] cliff above the former bed of the river [[Ardèche (river)|Ardèche]], in the [[Gorges de l'Ardèche]].

Discovered on December 18, 1994, it is considered one of the most significant [[prehistoric art]] sites and the UN's cultural agency [[UNESCO]] granted it [[World Heritage]] status on June 22, 2014.<ref>France 24. [http://www.france24.com/en/20140622-unesco-france-heritage-status-prehistoric-cave-grotte-chauvet/ "UNESCO grants heritage status to prehistoric French cave"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107172600/http://www.france24.com/en/20140622-unesco-france-heritage-status-prehistoric-cave-grotte-chauvet/ |date=2018-01-07 }}, June 2014.</ref> The cave was first explored by a group of three [[speleology|speleologists]]: Eliette Brunel-Deschamps, Christian Hillaire, and Jean-Marie Chauvet (for whom the cave was named) six months after an aperture now known as "Le Trou de Baba" ('Baba's Hole') was discovered by Michel Rosa (Baba).<ref name="Hammer">{{cite web |last1=Hammer |first1=Joshua |title=Finally, the Beauty of France's Chauvet Cave Makes its Grand Public Debut |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/france-chauvet-cave-makes-grand-debut-180954582/ |website=Smithsonian |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |access-date=20 August 2018 |language=en |date=April 2015}}</ref> At a later date the group returned to the cave. Another member of this group, Michel Chabaud, along with two others, travelled further into the cave and discovered the Gallery of the Lions, the End Chamber. Chauvet has his own detailed account of the discovery.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Chauvet |first1= Jean-Marie |last2= Deschamps |first2= Eliette Brunel |last3= Hillaire |first3= Christian |last4= Clottes |first4= Jean |last5= Bahn |first5=Paul |title= Dawn of art : the Chauvet Cave : the oldest known paintings in the world |url= https://archive.org/details/dawnofartchauvet0000chau |date=1996 |publisher= H.N. Abrams |location= New York |isbn= 0-8109-3232-6}}</ref> In addition to the paintings and other human evidence, they also discovered [[fossilized]] remains, prints, and markings from a variety of animals, some of which are now extinct.

Further study by French archaeologist [[Jean Clottes]] has revealed much about the site. The dates have been a matter of dispute, but a study published in 2012 supports placing the art in the [[Aurignacian]] period, approximately 32,000–30,000 years ago. A study published in 2016 using an additional 88 [[radiocarbon dates]] showed two periods of habitation, one 37,000 to 33,500 years ago and the second from 31,000 to 28,000 years ago, with most of the black drawings dating to the earlier period.

== Features ==
The cave is situated above the previous course of the [[Ardèche (river)|Ardèche]] before the [[Pont d'Arc]] opened up. The gorges of the Ardèche region are the site of numerous caves, many of them having some geological or archaeological importance.

Based on [[radiocarbon dating]], the cave appears to have been used by humans during two distinct periods: the [[Aurignacian]] and the [[Gravettian]]. Most of the artwork dates to the earlier, Aurignacian, era (32,000 to 30,000 years ago). The later Gravettian occupation, which occurred 27,000 to 25,000 years ago, left little but a child's footprints, the charred remains of ancient [[hearth]]s,<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Ferrier | first1=Catherine | last2=Debard | first2=Évelyne | last3=Kervazo | first3=Bertrand | last4=Brodard | first4=Aurélie | last5=Guibert | first5=Pierre | last6=Baffier | first6=Dominique | last7=Feruglio | first7=Valérie | last8=Gély | first8=Bernard | last9=Geneste | first9=Jean-Michel | last10=Maksud | first10=Frédéric | title=Heated walls of the cave Chauvet-Pont d'Arc (Ardèche, France): characterization and chronology | journal=PALEO. Revue d'archéologie préhistorique | issue=25 | date=2014-12-28 | issn=1145-3370 | pages=59–78 | doi=10.4000/paleo.3009 | url=http://journals.openedition.org/paleo/3009 | access-date=2019-10-25| doi-access=free }}</ref> and carbon smoke stains from torches that lit the caves. The footprints may be the oldest human footprints that can be accurately dated. After the child's visit to the cave, evidence suggests that due to a landslide that covered its historical entrance, the cave remained untouched until it was discovered in 1994.<ref>Curtis, Gregory (2006). ''The Cave Painters: Probing the Mysteries of the World's First Artists''.  New York: Knopf, pp. 215–16.</ref>

The soft, clay-like floor of the cave retains the paw prints of [[cave bear]]s along with large, rounded depressions that are believed to be the "nests" where the bears slept. Fossilised bones are abundant and include the skulls of cave bears and the horned skull of an [[ibex]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Fate-of-the-Cave-Bear.html |title=Smithsonian Magazine, December 2010 |publisher=Smithsonianmag.com |date=2017-06-21 |access-date=2018-01-31 |archive-date=2013-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102031302/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Fate-of-the-Cave-Bear.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Paw-prints dated to 26,000 YBP are suggested as being those of a dog; however, these have been challenged as being left by a wolf.<ref name=thalmann2013>{{cite journal | last1=Thalmann | first1=O. | last2=Shapiro | first2=B. | last3=Cui | first3=P. | last4=Schuenemann | first4=V.J. | last5=Sawyer | first5=S.K. | last6=Greenfield  | first6=D.L. | last7=Germonpré  | first7=M.B. | last8=Sablin  | first8=M.V. | last9=López-Giráldez  | first9=F. | last10=Domingo-Roura | first10=X. | last11=Napierala | first11=H. | last12=Uerpmann | first12=H-P. | last13=Loponte | first13=D.M. | last14=Acosta | first14=A.A. | last15=Giemsch | first15=L. | last16=Schmitz  | first16=R.W. | last17=Worthington | first17=B. | last18=Buikstra | first18=J.E. | last19=Druzhkova | first19=A.S. | last20=Graphodatsky | first20=A.S. | last21=Ovodov | first21=N.D. | last22=Wahlberg | first22=N. | last23=Freedman | first23=A.H. | last24=Schweizer | first24=R.M. | last25=Koepfli | first25=K.-P. | last26=Leonard | first26=J.A. | last27=Meyer | first27=M. | last28=Krause | first28=J. | last29=Pääbo | first29=S. | last30=Green | first30=R.E. |last31=Wayne | first31=Robert K. | date=15 November 2013 | title=Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Ancient Canids Suggest a European Origin of Domestic Dogs | journal=Science | volume=342 | issue=6160 | pages=871–874 | doi=10.1126/science.1243650 | pmid=24233726 | bibcode=2013Sci...342..871T | s2cid=1526260 }} refer Supplementary material Page 27 Table S1</ref>

== Paintings ==
[[File:Romania stamp 2001 2400L Steppe Wisent Chauvet Cave.jpg|thumb|Image of [[steppe wisent]] (''Bison priscus''). Paintings in the Chauvet Cave on [[post stamp]] of [[Romania]] 2001]]
[[File:Lions painting, Chauvet Cave (museum replica).jpg|thumb|Replica of painting of lions]]
[[File:Rhinos Chauvet Cave.jpg|thumb|A group of rhinos]]
[[File:Deer Chauvet Cave.jpg|thumb|Painting of deer]]

Hundreds of animal paintings have been catalogued, depicting at least 13 different species, including some rarely or never found in other [[ice age]] paintings. Rather than depicting only the familiar herbivores that predominate in Paleolithic cave art, i.e. [[Wild horse|horses]], [[aurochs]], [[mammoth]]s, etc., the walls of the Chauvet Cave feature many [[predator]]y animals, e.g., [[Panthera leo spelaea|cave lions]], [[leopard]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Diedrich |first=Cajus G. |date=15 September 2013 |title=Late Pleistocene leopards across Europe – northernmost European German population, highest elevated records in the Swiss Alps, complete skeletons in the Bosnia Herzegowina Dinarids and comparison to the Ice Age cave art |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379113001716 |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |volume=76 |pages=167–193 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.05.009 |issn=0277-3791 |access-date=11 February 2024 |via=Elsevier Science Direct|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Cave bear|bears]], and [[cave hyena]]s. There are also paintings of [[Woolly rhinoceros|rhinoceroses]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Adams|first1=Laurie|title=Art Across Time|date=2011|publisher=Mc-Graw Hill|page=34|edition=4th}}</ref>

Typical of most cave art, there are no paintings of complete human figures, although there are two partial "Venus" figures: one within a niche or vestibule of the End Chamber, and the other on a roughly conical or dental-shaped pendant several meters away; both are composed of what appears to be a [[vulva]] attached to an incomplete pair of legs. Above the pendant Venus, and in contact with it, is a bison head, which has led some to describe the composite drawing as a [[Minotaur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/06/23/first-impressions|work=The New Yorker Magazine|date= 23 June 2008|author=Thurman, Judith|title=First Impressions: What does the world's oldest art say about us?}}</ref> There are a few panels of [[red ochre]] hand prints and [[hand stencil]]s made by blowing [[pigment]] over hands pressed against the cave surface. [[Abstract art|Abstract]] markings—lines and dots—are found throughout the cave. There are also two unidentifiable images that have a vaguely butterfly or avian shape to them. This combination of subjects has led some students of prehistoric art and cultures to believe that there was a ritual, shamanic, or magical aspect to these paintings.<ref>See, for example, Lewis-Williams (2002).</ref>

One drawing, later overlaid with a sketch of a deer, is reminiscent of a volcano spewing lava, similar to the regional volcanoes that were active at the time. If confirmed, this would represent the earliest known drawing of a volcanic eruption.<ref>{{cite journal|title = 'Cave of forgotten dreams' may hold earliest painting of volcanic eruption|url = http://www.nature.com/news/cave-of-forgotten-dreams-may-hold-earliest-painting-of-volcanic-eruption-1.19177?WT.mc_id=TWT_NatureNews|journal = Nature|date = 15 January 2016|doi = 10.1038/nature.2016.19177|last1 = Callaway|first1 = Ewen|s2cid = 189976837|url-access = subscription|doi-access = free}}</ref>

The artists who produced these paintings used techniques rarely found in other cave art. Many of the paintings appear to have been made only after the walls were scraped clear of debris and concretions, leaving a smoother and noticeably lighter area upon which the artists worked. Similarly, a three-dimensional quality and the suggestion of movement are achieved by incising or [[etching]] around the outlines of certain figures. The art is also exceptional for its time for including "scenes", e.g., animals interacting with each other; a pair of [[woolly rhinoceros]]es, for example, are seen butting horns in an apparent contest for territory or mating rights.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Fritz | first1=Carole | last2=Tosello | first2=Gilles | title=The Hidden Meaning of Forms: Methods of Recording Paleolithic Parietal Art | journal=Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=14 | issue=1 | date=2007-02-21 | issn=1072-5369 | doi=10.1007/s10816-007-9027-3 | pages=48–80 | s2cid=144998541 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Chauvet-Cave-Ardeche-France-The-Panel-of-the-Horses-An-analysis-of-the-superposition_fig16_225322460}}</ref>

== Dating ==
The cave contains some of the oldest known [[cave painting]]s, based on [[radiocarbon dating]] of "black from drawings, from torch marks and from the floors", according to Jean Clottes. Clottes concludes that the "dates fall into two groups, one centred around 27,000–26,000&nbsp;[[Before Present|BP]] and the other around 32,000–30,000&nbsp;BP."<ref name="Clottes214" /> As of 1999, the dates of 31 samples from the cave had been reported. The earliest, sample Gifa 99776 from "zone 10", dates to 32,900&nbsp;±&nbsp;490&nbsp;BP.<ref>Clottes (2003b), p. 33. See also Chauvet (1996), p. 131, for a chronology of dates from various caves. Bahn's foreword and Clottes' epilogue to Chauvet (1996) discuss dating.</ref>

Some archaeologists have questioned these dates. Christian Züchner, relying on stylistic comparisons with similar paintings at other well-dated sites, expressed the opinion that the red paintings are from the [[Gravettian]] period (c. 28,000–23,000&nbsp;BP) and the black paintings are from the Early [[Magdalenian]] period (early part of c. 18,000{{ndash}}10,000&nbsp;BP).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rupestre.net/tracce/?p=2812 |title=Grotte Chauvet Archaeologically Dated |access-date=2014-12-05 |last=Züchner |first=Christian |date=September 1998 |work=Communication at the International Rock Art Congress IRAC ´98 }} Clottes (2003b), pp. 213–14, has a response by Clottes.</ref> Pettitt and Bahn also contended that the dating is inconsistent with the traditional stylistic sequence and that there is uncertainty about the source of the charcoal used in the drawings and the extent of surface contamination on the exposed rock surfaces.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pettitt |first=Paul |author2=Paul Bahn |date=March 2003 |title=Current problems in dating Palaeolithic cave art: Candamo and Chauvet |journal=Antiquity |volume=77 |issue=295 |pages=134–41 |url=http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/ant/077/Ant0770134.htm |doi=10.1017/s0003598x00061421|s2cid=161903280 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>Pettitt, P. (2008). "Art and the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition in Europe: Comments on the archaeological arguments for an early Upper Paleolithic antiquity of the Grotte Chauvet art". ''Journal of Human Evolution'', 2008 Aug 2. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=18678392 (abstract)]</ref><ref>Bahn, P., P. Pettitt and C. Züchner, "The Chauvet Conundrum: Are claims for the 'birthplace of art' premature?" in ''An Enquiring Mind: Studies in Honor of Alexander Marshack'' (ed. P. Bahn), Oxford 2009, pp. 253–78.</ref> Stylistic studies showed that some Gravettian engravings are superimposed on black paintings proving the paintings' older origins.<ref>Guy, Emmanuel (2004). [http://www.paleoesthetique.com/eng/la-grotte-chauvet-un-art-totalement-homogene/ ''The Grotte Chauvet: a completely homogeneous art?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730031506/http://www.paleoesthetique.com/eng/la-grotte-chauvet-un-art-totalement-homogene/ |date=2014-07-30 }}, paleoesthetique.com, February 2004.</ref>

By 2011, more than 80 radiocarbon dates had been taken, with samples from torch marks and from the paintings themselves, as well as from animal bones and charcoal found on the cave floor. The radiocarbon dates from these samples suggest that there were two periods of creation in Chauvet: 35,000 years ago and 30,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A Chauvet Primer |journal=[[Archaeology (magazine)|Archaeology]] |volume=64 |issue=2 |date=March–April 2011 |page=39|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/archaeology/20110304/index.php?startid=39}}</ref> This would place the occupation and painting of the cave within the [[Aurignacian]] period.

A research article published in ''[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]'' in May 2012 by scientists from the [[University of Savoy]], [[Aix-Marseille University]] and the Centre National de Prehistoire confirmed that the paintings were created by people in the [[Aurignacian]] era, between 30,000 and 32,000 years ago. The researchers' findings are based on the analysis using geomorphological and {{chem|36|Cl|link=Chlorine-36}} dating of the rock slide surfaces around what is believed to be the cave's only entrance. Their analysis showed that the entrance was sealed by a collapsing cliff some 29,000 years ago. Their findings put the date of human presence in the cave and the paintings in line with that deduced from radiocarbon dating, i.e., between 32,000 and 30,000 years&nbsp;BP.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/france-cave-art-gives-glimpse-into-human-life-40000-years-ago|title=France cave art gives glimpse into human life 40,000 years ago|author=Agence France-Presse|publisher=[[National Post]]|date=May 7, 2012|access-date=May 8, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sadier|first1=Benjamin|last2=Delannoy|first2=Jean-Jacques|last3=Benedetti|first3=Lucilla|last4=Bourles|first4=Didier|last5=Jaillet|first5=Stephane|last6=Geneste|first6=Jean-Michel|last7=Lebatard|first7=Anne-Elisabeth|last8=Arnold|first8=Maurice|title=Further constraints on the Chauvet cave artwork elaboration|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|year=2012|doi=10.1073/pnas.1118593109|volume=109|issue=21|pages=8002–6|pmid=22566649|pmc=3361430|bibcode=2012PNAS..109.8002S |doi-access=free}}</ref>

A 2016 study in the same journal examining 259 radiocarbon dates, some unpublished before, concluded that there were two phases of human occupation, one running from 37,000 to 33,500 years ago and the second from 31,000 to 28,000 years ago. All but two of the dates for the black drawings were from the earlier phase. The authors believe that the first phase ended with a rockfall that sealed the cave, with two more rockfalls at the end of the second occupation phase after which no humans or large animals entered the cave until it was rediscovered.<ref>Anita Quiles, Hélène Valladas, Hervé Bocherens, Emmanuelle Delqué-Kolic, Evelyne Kaltnecker, Johannes van der Plicht, Jean-Jacques Delannoy, Valérie Feruglio, Carole Fritz, Julien Monney, Michel Philippe, Gilles Tosello, Jean Clottes, and Jean-Michel Geneste
"A high-precision chronological model for the decorated Upper Paleolithic cave of Chauvet-Pont d'Arc, Ardèche, France" PNAS 2016 113 (17) 4670–75;  {{doi|10.1073/pnas.1523158113}} [http://www.pnas.org/content/113/17/4670.full]</ref> In an email to the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' two of the authors explained,
{{Blockquote
|text=A human group (band or tribe) visited the Chauvet cave during the first period around 36,000 years ago for cultural purposes. They produced black drawings of huge mammals. Then, several thousands of years after, another group from another place with another culture visited the cave.<ref name="Netburn">{{cite news|last1=Netburn|first1=Deborah|title=Chauvet cave: The most accurate timeline yet of who used the cave and when|url=https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-chauvet-caves-timeline-20160412-story.html|access-date=22 December 2016|work=Los Angeles Times|date=December 2016}}</ref>
| style=font-size:0.8rem
}}

In 2020, researchers used the new IntCal20 radiocarbon calibration curve to estimate that the oldest painting in the cave was created 36,500 years ago.<ref name="Turney">{{cite web |last1=Turney |first1=Chris |last2=Hogg |first2=Alan |last3=Reimer |first3=Paula J. |last4=Heaton |first4=Tim |title=From cave art to climate chaos: How a new carbon dating timeline is changing our view of history |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-08-cave-art-climate-chaos-carbon.html |website=Phys.org |access-date=13 August 2020 |language=en |date=13 August 2020}}</ref>

In parallel with the dating carried out in Chauvet cave itself, from 2008 onwards, several members of the scientific team in charge of studying the cave undertook chronological research in other rock art sites along the Ardèche river gorges under the direction of Julien Monney.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Monney|first=Julien|date=2018|title=La grotte aux Points d'Aiguèze, petite soeur de la grotte Chauvet et les recherches menées dans le cadre du projet "Datation Grottes Ornées"|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329772023|journal=Karstologia|volume=72|pages=1–12|issn=0751-7688}}</ref> It took place at Points cave (Aiguèze; Gard; France), which presents flagrant iconographic similarities with Chauvet cave,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Monney|first=Julien|date=2018|title=L'art pariétal paléolithique de la grotte aux Points d'Aiguèze : définition d'un dispositif pariétal singulier et discussion de ses implications|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329771821|journal=Karstologia|volume=72|pages=45–60|issn=0751-7688}}</ref> but also at Deux-Ouvertures cave.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Monney|first=Julien|date=2010|title=La grotte des Deux-Ouvertures : Le regard et la mémoire|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281474811|journal=Ardèche Archéologie|volume=27|pages=3–12}}</ref> Under the name of "Datation Grottes Ornées" (or DGO) project, this research is intended to determine the context in which the rock art caves of the region were visited. The DGO project proposes to discuss the apparent chronological and iconographic exceptionality of Chauvet cave "from the outside" by placing it within a regional ensemble. This research is still in progress (2020). However, it has already produced many results indirectly concerning the chronology of Chauvet cave.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Monney|first=Julien|date=2014|title=Nouveaux éléments de discussion chronologique dans le paysage des grottes ornées de l'Ardèche: Oulen, Chabot et Tête-du-Lion|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333488921|journal=Paléo|pages=271–283|issn=1145-3370}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Monney|first=Julien|date=2014|title=La grotte des Deux-Ouvertures à Saint-Martin-d'Ardèche: approches chronométriques croisées de la mise en place du massif stalagmitique (U/Th et 14C AMS): implications quant aux fréquentations humaines de la cavité et à la présence ursine dans la région|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278621780|journal=Paléo|pages=41–50|issn=1145-3370}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2017-06-01|title=Les restes humains de la grotte ornée paléolithique des Deux-Ouvertures (Ardèche, France)|journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol|language=en|volume=16|issue=4|pages=452–461|doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2017.02.001|issn=1631-0683|doi-access=free|last1=Condemi|first1=Silvana|last2=Voisin|first2=Jean-Luc|last3=Puymérail|first3=Laurent|last4=Monney|first4=Julien|last5=Philippe|first5=Michel}}</ref>

== Preservation ==
[[File:Replica of Prehistoric Cave Opens in Franc.webm|right|thumb|[[VOA]] report about the cave and its replica]]
The cave has been sealed off to the public since 1994. Access is severely restricted owing to the experience with decorated caves such as [[Cave of Altamira|Altamira]] and [[Lascaux]] found in the 19th and 20th century, where the admission of visitors on a large scale led to the growth of mold on the walls that damaged the art in places. In 2000 the archaeologist and expert on cave paintings [[Dominique Baffier]] was appointed to oversee conservation and management of the cave. She was followed in 2014 by Marie Bardisa.

[[Caverne du Pont-d'Arc]] (''Grotte Chauvet 2''), a [[facsimile]] of Chauvet Cave on the model of the so-called "Faux Lascaux", was opened to the general public on 25 April 2015.<ref name="opening of cave replica site">{{cite news|title=Replik der Grotte Chauvet mit Höhlenmalereien|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/kunst/replik-der-grotte-chauvet-mit-hoehlenmalereien-13557202.html|newspaper=faz.net|access-date=25 April 2015|last1=Rauchhaupt |first1=Ulf von }}</ref> It is the largest cave replica ever built worldwide, ten times bigger than the Lascaux facsimile. The art is reproduced full-size in a condensed replica of the underground environment, in a circular building above ground, a few kilometres from the actual cave.<ref name=chauvetgrandopening>{{cite web|title=Chauvet-Pont d'Arc cave, grand opening!| date=7 February 2015 |url=http://www.rupestre.net/tracce/?p=9260|publisher=TRACCE Online Rock Art Bulletin|access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref> Visitors' senses are stimulated by the same sensations of silence, darkness, temperature, humidity, and acoustics, carefully reproduced.<ref>"Conservation of prehistoric caves and stability of their inner climate: lessons from Chauvet and other French caves". Bourges F., Genthon P.,  Genty D., Lorblanchet M., Mauduit E., D'Hulst D. ''Science of the Total Environment''. Vol. 493, 15 Sept. 2014, pp. 79–91 {{doi|10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.137}}.</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Painting}}
* [[Art of the Upper Paleolithic]]
* ''[[Cave of Forgotten Dreams]]'', a 2010 documentary film about Chauvet Cave by [[Werner Herzog]]
* [[Coliboaia Cave]] in Romania, where 35–32,000-year-old figures were drawn using a similar technique<ref>{{cite web |title= Drawing Paleolithic Romania |url= http://archive.archaeology.org/1201/trenches/coliboaia_cave_romania_charcoal_drawings.html}}</ref>
* [[List of Stone Age art]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |last=Chauvet |first=Jean-Marie |author2=Eliette Brunel Deschamps |author3=Christian Hillaire  |others=Paul G. Bahn (Foreword), Jean Clottes (Epilogue) |title=Dawn of Art: The Chauvet Cave |url=https://archive.org/details/dawnofartchauvet0000chau |year=1996 |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |location=New York |isbn=0-8109-3232-6 }} English translation by Paul G. Bahn from the French edition ''La Grotte Chauvet''
* {{cite book
  | last = Clottes
  | first = Jean
  | author-link = Jean Clottes
  | title = Return To Chauvet Cave, Excavating the Birthplace of Art: The First Full Report
  | publisher = Thames & Hudson
  | date = 2003a
  | page = 232
  | isbn = 0-500-51119-5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Clottes |first=Jean |others=Paul G. Bahn (translator) |title=Chauvet Cave: The Art of Earliest Times |year=2003b |publisher=University of Utah Press |isbn=0-87480-758-1 }} Translation of ''La Grotte Chauvet, l'art des origins'', Éditions du Seuil, 2001.
* {{cite book |last=Lewis-Williams |first=David |title=The Mind in the Cave |year=2002 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London |isbn=978-0-500-28465-0}}
* {{Cite journal
  | last = Clottes
  | first = Jean
  | title = France's Magical Ice Age Art
  | journal = National Geographic
  | volume = 200
  | issue = 2
  | date = August 2001
  | url = http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/08/01/html/ft_20010801.6.html
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080203123206/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/08/01/html/ft_20010801.6.html
  | url-status = dead
  | archive-date = February 3, 2008
  }} (article includes many photographs)

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Chauvet Cave}}
* [https://archeologie.culture.gouv.fr/chauvet/en The Cave of Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc] French Ministry of Culture information site; includes an interactive map with photos.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101003031246/http://www.time.com/time/europe/wonder/chauvet.html Ancient Grand Masters: Chauvet Cave, France] A brief article by Jean Clottes of the French Ministry of Culture, responsible for overseeing the authentication of the contents and art of the cave
* [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/chav/hd_chav.htm Chauvet Cave (ca. 30,000 b.c.)] on the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]'s Timeline of Art History
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101206141951/http://www.wernerherzog.com/index.php?id=64 Cave of Forgotten Dreams] a film by Werner Herzog using 3D technology
{{Navbox prehistoric caves}}
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{{World Heritage Sites in France}}
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[[Category:Prehistoric sites in France]]
[[Category:Landforms of Ardèche]]
[[Category:History of Ardèche]]
[[Category:Caves of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes]]
[[Category:Caves containing pictograms in France]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Ardèche]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in France]]
[[Category:1994 archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:Rock shelters]]
[[Category:Cave paintings]]