View source for Charlie Hebdo

{{short description|French satirical weekly newspaper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{use British English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Charlie Hebdo
| image = Charlie Hebdo logo.svg
| caption =
| type = Satirical weekly news magazine
| format = [[Berliner (format)|Berliner]]
| foundation = 1970<ref name="McNab 2006 26">{{Harvnb|McNab|2006|p=26}}: "Georges Bernier, the real name of 'Professor Choron', [... was] cofounder and director of the satirical magazine ''Hara Kiri'', whose title was changed (to circumvent a ban, it seems!) to ''Charlie Hebdo'' in 1970."</ref>
| ceased publication = 1981
| relaunched = 1992
| owners = [[Laurent "Riss" Sourisseau]] (70%), Éric Portheault (30%)<ref name="telerama.fr">{{cite web |last=Robert |first=Denis |author-link=Denis Robert |title=L'histoire de ''Charlie Hebdo'' est shakespearienne |trans-title=The story of ''Charlie Hebdo'' is Shakespearian |website=Télérama |date=8 January 2016 |url=http://www.telerama.fr/medias/denis-robert-l-histoire-de-charlie-hebdo-est-shakespearienne,136555.php}}</ref>
| political = [[Left-libertarianism|Left-libertarian]]
| headquarters = Paris, France
| editor = [[Gérard Biard]]
| website = {{URL|charliehebdo.fr|CharlieHebdo.fr}}
| circulation = ~55,000
| circulation_date = September 2020
| circulation_ref = <ref>{{citation|first1=Elizabeth|last1=Pineau|first2=Christian|last2=Lowe|editor=Raissa Kasolowsky|title=Charlie Hebdo uncowed after attacks – but now with bodyguards|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-charliehebdo-idUSKBN25Y1AG|work=Reuters|date=7 September 2020|access-date=30 September 2020|quote=Anticipating strong sales, the magazine said it printed 200,000 copies of last week's issue. While before it struggled to stay afloat with weekly sales of 30,000, the first edition after the attacks sold 8 million copies. Weekly sales have now settled back to around 55,000, the magazine said.}}</ref>
| ISSN = 1240-0068
}}

'''''Charlie Hebdo''''' ({{IPA|fr|ʃaʁli ɛbdo}}; {{langnf|fr||Charlie Weekly}}) is a French [[satirical]] weekly magazine,<ref>{{cite news |title=''Charlie Hebdo'': First cover since terror attack depicts prophet Muhammad |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=13 January 2015 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/jan/13/charlie-hebdo-cover-magazine-prophet-muhammad |access-date=13 January 2015}}</ref> featuring cartoons,<ref>{{cite news |title=2&nbsp;vendors arrested for selling newspaper with ''Hebdo'' cartoon |website=[[Mid-Day]] |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/update-2-vendors-arrested-for-selling-newspaper-with-hebdo-cartoon/15965172 |access-date=5 February 2015}}</ref> reports, polemics, and jokes. The publication has been described as [[anti-racist]],<ref>{{cite news |author=Charb (Stéphane Charbonnier) |author-link=Charb |date=20 November 2013 |title=Non, "Charlie Hebdo" n'est pas raciste! |language=fr |trans-title=No, ''Charlie Hebdo'' is not racist! |newspaper=[[Le Monde]]|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2013/11/20/non-charlie-hebdo-n-est-pas-raciste_3516646_3232.html |access-date=4 March 2014}}</ref> [[sceptical]],<ref>{{cite news |title=The ''Charlie Hebdo'' conspiracy too crazy, even for Alex Jones |date=14 January 2015 |newspaper=[[The Daily Beast]] |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/01/14/the-charlie-hebdo-conspiracy-too-crazy-even-for-alex-jones.html |access-date=20 January 2015 |last1=Nuzzi |first1=Olivia |author-link1=Olivia Nuzzi }}</ref> [[secular]], [[libertarian]],<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://jacobin.com/2017/01/charlie-hebdo-satire-islamophobia-laicite-terrorism-free-speech |title=Charlie Hebdo: The Poverty of Satire |last=McGrogan |first=Manus |magazine=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]] |date=7 January 2017 |access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref> and within the tradition of [[left-wing]] radicalism,<ref>{{cite news |title=''Charlie Hebdo'' and its place in French journalism |work=BBC News |date=8 January 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-15551998 |access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Charlie Hebdo: Gun attack on French magazine kills&nbsp;12 |work=BBC News |date=7 January 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30710883 |access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref> publishing articles about the [[History of far-right movements in France|far-right]] (especially the French nationalist [[National Rally]] party),<ref>{{cite web |title=Charlie Hebdo: They're not racist just because you're offended |website=[[HuffPost]]|date=13 January 2015|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/lliana-bird/charlie-hebdo_b_6461030.html |access-date=22 January 2015}}</ref> religion ([[Christianity]], [[Islam in France|Islam]], and [[Judaism in France|Judaism]]), [[Politics of France|politics]] and [[Culture of France|culture]].

The magazine has been the target of three terrorist attacks: in 2011, 2015, and 2020. All of them were presumed to be in response to a number of cartoons that it published controversially [[Depictions of Muhammad|depicting Muhammad]]. In [[Charlie Hebdo shooting|the second of these attacks]], 12 people were killed, including publishing director [[Charb]] and several other prominent cartoonists. In the aftermath, Charlie Hebdo and [[Charlie Hebdo issue No. 1011|its publications]] became internationally recognized as symbols of [[Freedom of speech|free speech]], culminating in the "[[Je suis Charlie|Je Suis Charlie]]" ("I am Charlie") movement, which underscored the global defense of freedom of expression and opposition to [[censorship]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Penketh |first=Anne |last2=Branigan |first2=Tania |date=8 January 2015 |title=Media condemn Charlie Hebdo attack as assault on freedom of expression |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/08/media-charlie-hebdo-attack-freedom-of-expression |access-date=2 January 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2016 |title=How the world was changed by the slogan 'Je Suis Charlie' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-35108339 |access-date=2 January 2025 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Since its founding, Charlie Hebdo has been a vocal advocate for free expression and [[secularism]], using [[satire]] to critique organized religion, political movements, and other centers of power. ''Charlie Hebdo'' first appeared in 1970 after the monthly ''[[Hara-Kiri (magazine)|Hara-Kiri]]'' magazine was banned for mocking the death of former French president [[Charles de Gaulle]].<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Megan |last=Gibson |title=The provocative history of French weekly newspaper ''Charlie Hebdo'' |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=https://time.com/3657256/charlie-hebdo-paris-attack/ |access-date=11 January 2015}}</ref> In 1981, publication ceased, but the magazine was resurrected in 1992. The magazine is published every Wednesday, with special editions issued on an unscheduled basis. [[Gérard Biard]] is the [[editor-in-chief]] of ''Charlie Hebdo''.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Adam |last1=Withnall |first2=John |last2=Lichfield |name-list-style=amp |title=''Charlie Hebdo'' shooting: At least 12&nbsp;killed as shots fired at satirical magazine's Paris office |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=7 January 2015 |location=London, UK |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/charlie-hebdo-shooting-10-killed-as-shots-fired-at-satirical-magazine-headquarters-according-to-reports-9962337.html |access-date=11 January 2015}}</ref> The previous editors were [[François Cavanna]] (1970–1981) and [[Philippe Val]] (1992–2009).

== History ==
=== Origins in ''Hara-Kiri'' ===
[[File:François Cavanna.jpg|thumb|300px|[[François Cavanna]] (1923–2014), one of the founders of the first ''Charlie Hebdo'' title]]

In 1960, [[Professeur Choron|Georges "Professeur Choron" Bernier]] and [[François Cavanna]] launched a monthly magazine entitled ''[[Hara-Kiri (magazine)|Hara-Kiri]]''.<ref name="Lemonnier 2008 50">{{Harvnb|Lemonnier|2008|p=50}}</ref> Choron acted as the director of publication and Cavanna as its editor. Eventually Cavanna gathered together a team which included [[Roland Topor]], [[Fred Aristidès|Fred]], [[Jean-Marc Reiser]], [[Georges Wolinski]], [[Gébé]], and [[Cabu]]. After an early reader's letter accused them of being "dumb and nasty" ("''bête et méchant''"), the phrase became an official slogan for the magazine and made it into everyday language in France.

''Hara-Kiri'' was briefly banned in 1961, and again for six months in 1966. A few contributors did not return along with the newspaper, such as Gébé, Cabu, Topor, and Fred. New members of the team included {{Interlanguage link multi|Delfeil de Ton|fr}}, {{Interlanguage link multi|Pierre Fournier (journalist)|lt=Pierre Fournier|fr|Pierre Fournier (journaliste)|it|Pierre Fournier (giornalista)|pms|Pierre Fournier}}, and [[Bernard Willem Holtrop|Willem]]. In 1969, the ''Hara-Kiri'' team decided to produce a weekly publication – on top of the existing monthly magazine – which would focus more on current affairs. This was launched in February as ''Hara-Kiri Hebdo'' and renamed ''L'Hebdo Hara-Kiri'' in May of the same year.<ref>{{cite news |title=What is ''Charlie Hebdo''? A magazine banned and resurrected but always in the grand tradition of Gallic satire |last=Sherwin |first=Adam |author-link=Adam Sherwin |date=16 January 2015 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/press/what-is-charlie-hebdo-banned-and-resurrected-but-always-in-the-grand-tradition-of-gallic-satire-9963721.html |access-date=16 January 2015 |archive-date=16 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116130007/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/press/what-is-charlie-hebdo-banned-and-resurrected-but-always-in-the-grand-tradition-of-gallic-satire-9963721.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> (''Hebdo'' is short for ''hebdomadaire'' – "weekly")

=== Launch of ''Charlie Hebdo'' ===
In November 1970, the former French president [[Charles de Gaulle]] died in his home village of [[Colombey-les-Deux-Églises]], eight days after a disaster in a nightclub, the [[Club Cinq-Sept fire]], which had caused the death of 146&nbsp;people. The magazine released a cover spoofing the popular press's coverage of this disaster, headlined "Tragic Ball at Colombey, one dead".<ref name="Lemonnier 2008 50"/> As a result, the weekly was banned.

In order to sidestep the ban, the editorial team decided to change its title, and used ''Charlie Hebdo''.<ref name="McNab 2006 26"/> The new name was derived from a monthly comics magazine called ''Charlie'' (later renamed ''[[Charlie Mensuel]]'', meaning ''Charlie Monthly''), which had been started by Bernier and Delfeil de&nbsp;Ton in 1969. The monthly ''Charlie'' took its name from the lead character of one of the comics it originally published, ''[[Peanuts]]''{{'s}} [[Charlie Brown]]. Using that title for the new weekly magazine was also an inside joke about Charles de&nbsp;Gaulle.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cavanna et 'les cons' |date=14 February 2006 |newspaper=[[Le Monde]] |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2006/02/14/cavanna-et-les-cons_741216_3260.html |access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Quelle est l'origine du nom ''Charlie Hebdo''? |newspaper=Lyon Capitale |date=12 January 2015 |url=http://www.lyoncapitale.fr/Journal/France-monde/Culture/Vie-et-politique-culturelle/Quelle-est-l-origine-du-nom-Charlie-Hebdo}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pourquoi ''Charlie Hebdo'' s'appelle ''Charlie Hebdo'' |newspaper=Direct Matin |date=8 January 2015 |url=http://www.directmatin.fr/bd/2015-01-08/pourquoi-charlie-hebdo-sappelle-charlie-hebdo-697511}}</ref> The first issue featured a ''Peanuts'' strip, as the editors were fans of the series.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wolinski L'ex-rédacteur en chef de "Charlie mensuel", se souvient de "Peanuts" "Ça serait bien de renouer avec ce genre de BD" |newspaper=Libération |date=14 February 2000 |url=http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/2000/02/14/wolinski-ex-redacteur-en-chef-de-charlie-mensuel-se-souvient-de-peanuts-ca-serait-bien-de-renouer-av_315824}}</ref> In December 1981, the publication ceased.<ref name="mashable">{{cite web |last=Abbruzzese |first=Jason |date=7 January 2015 |title=What is ''Charlie Hebdo''? Behind the covers of the French satirical magazine targeted in deadly attack |website=Mashable.com |url=http://mashable.com/2015/01/07/charlie-hebdo-magazine/ |access-date=16 February 2015}}</ref>

=== Rebirth ===
In 1991, Gébé, Cabu, and others were reunited to work for ''[[La Grosse Bertha]]'', a new weekly magazine resembling ''Charlie Hebdo'', created in reaction to the [[Gulf War|First Gulf War]] and edited by singer and comedian [[Philippe Val]]. However, the following year, Val clashed with the publisher, who wanted apolitical humour, and was fired. Gébé and Cabu walked out with him and decided to launch their own paper again. The three called upon Cavanna, Delfeil de&nbsp;Ton, and Wolinski, requesting their help and input. After much searching for a new name, the obvious idea of resurrecting ''Charlie Hebdo'' was agreed on. The new magazine was owned by Val, Gébé, Cabu, and singer [[Renaud]]. Val was editor; Gébé was publication director.

The publication of the new ''Charlie Hebdo'' began in July 1992 amidst much publicity. The first issue under the new publication sold 100,000&nbsp;copies. Choron, who had fallen out with his former colleagues, tried to restart a weekly ''Hara-Kiri'' but its publication was short-lived, and Choron died in January 2005. On 26 April 1996, [[François Cavanna]], [[Charb]] and Philippe Val filed 173,704 signatures, obtained in eight months, with the aim of [[ban (law)|banning]] the political party [[National Rally (France)|Front National]], since it would have contravened the articles 1, 2, 4, 6, and 7 of the [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Antoine |last=Guiral |title=Les 173704&nbsp;signatures de ''Charlie Hebdo'' |newspaper=[[Libération]] |date=12 September 1996 |url=http://ecrans.liberation.fr/ecrans/1996/09/12/les-173-704-signatures-de-charlie-hebdo_183854 |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711191115/http://ecrans.liberation.fr/ecrans/1996/09/12/les-173-704-signatures-de-charlie-hebdo_183854 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2000, journalist [[Mona Chollet]] was sacked after she had protested against a Philippe Val article which called [[Palestinian people|Palestinians]] "non-civilised".<ref>{{cite web |title=L'opinion du patron |website=Les Mots Sont Importants |date=4 March 2006 |url=http://lmsi.net/L-opinion-du-Patron}}</ref> In 2004, following the death of Gébé, Val succeeded him as director of publication, while still holding his position as editor.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chabert |first1=Chrystel |title=Philippe Val : "Il ne faut pas que mes amis soient morts pour rien" |website=France Info |publisher=France TV Info|url=http://culturebox.francetvinfo.fr/livres/evenements/philippe-val-il-ne-faut-pas-que-mes-amis-soient-morts-pour-rien-209001 |access-date=16 February 2015}}</ref> In 2008, controversy broke over a column by veteran cartoonist [[Siné]] which led to accusations of antisemitism and Siné's sacking by Val. Siné successfully sued the newspaper for unfair dismissal and ''Charlie Hebdo'' was ordered to pay him €90,000 in damages.<ref name="libe-17-12-12">{{cite news |title=''Charlie Hebdo'' doit verser 90000&nbsp;euros à Siné |newspaper=Libération |date=17 December 2012 |url=http://www.liberation.fr/medias/2012/12/17/charlie-hebdo-doit-verser-90-000-euros-a-sine_868176}}</ref> Siné launched a rival paper called ''{{Interlanguage link|Siné Hebdo|ca||es||fr}}'' which later became ''{{Interlanguage link multi|Siné Mensuel|fr}}''. In 2009, Philippe Val resigned after being appointed director of [[France Inter]], a public radio station to which he has contributed since the early 1990s. His functions were split between two cartoonists, Charb and [[Riss (cartoonist)|Riss]]. Val gave away his shares in 2011.

== Controversy ==
[[File:Paris 2006-02-11 anti-caricature protest bannieres dsc07473.jpg|thumb|right|Muslims march in Paris on 11 February 2006 against the publication of caricatures of Muhammad. A sign with "Charlie Hebdo" circled and crossed out is held aloft in the picture's upper middle.]]
[[File:Charliehebdo.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Image of 3 November 2011 cover of ''Charlie Hebdo'', renamed ''[[Charia Hebdo]]'' ("[[Sharia]] Hebdo"). The [[word balloon]] shows [[Muhammad]] saying, "100 lashes if you don't die laughing!"]]

=== 2006 publication ===
Controversy arose over the publication's edition of 9 February 2006. Under the title "''Mahomet débordé par les intégristes''" ("Muhammad overwhelmed by fundamentalists"), the front page showed a cartoon of a weeping [[Muhammad]] saying "''C'est dur d'être aimé par des cons''" ("it's hard being loved by jerks"). The newspaper reprinted the twelve cartoons of the [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|''Jyllands-Posten'' Muhammad cartoons controversy]] and added some of their own. Compared to a regular circulation of 100,000&nbsp;sold copies, this edition enjoyed great commercial success. 160,000&nbsp;copies were sold and another 150,000 were in print later that day.

In response, French President [[Jacques Chirac]] condemned "overt provocations" which could inflame passions. "Anything that can hurt the convictions of someone else, in particular religious convictions, should be avoided," Chirac said. The [[Grand Mosque of Paris]], the [[Muslim World League]] and the [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France|Union of French Islamic Organisations]] (UOIF) sued, claiming the cartoon edition included racist cartoons.<ref>{{cite web |title=Culte Musulman et Islam de France |publisher=CFCM TV |date=22 March 2007 |url=http://www.cfcm.tv/2007/03/22/caricatures-charlie-hebdo-relaxe/ |access-date=21 December 2011 |archive-date=11 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111103757/http://www.cfcm.tv/2007/03/22/caricatures-charlie-hebdo-relaxe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A later edition contained a statement by a group of twelve writers warning against [[Islamism]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Writers' statement on cartoons |date=1 March 2006 |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4764730.stm |access-date=21 December 2011}}</ref>

The suit by the Grand Mosque and the UOIF reached the courts in February 2007. Publisher [[Philippe Val]] contended "[i]t is racist to imagine that they can't understand a joke", while [[Francis Szpiner]], the lawyer for the Grand Mosque, explained the suit: "Two of those caricatures make a link between Muslims and Muslim terrorists. That has a name and it's called racism."<ref>{{cite news |last=Heneghan |first=Tom |date=2 February 2007 |title=Cartoon row goes to French court |website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]] |place=South Africa |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/world/cartoon-row-goes-to-french-court-1.313615}}</ref>

Future president [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] sent a letter to be read in court expressing his support for the ancient French tradition of satire.<ref>{{cite news |title=Caricatures: Le soutien de Sarkozy à ''Charlie Hebdo'' fâche le CFCM |website=TF1 News |date=15 December 2011 |url=http://lci.tf1.fr/france/societe/2007-02/soutien-sarkozy-charlie-hebdo-fache-cfcm-4889140.html |access-date=21 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205220532/http://lci.tf1.fr/france/societe/2007-02/soutien-sarkozy-charlie-hebdo-fache-cfcm-4889140.html |archive-date=5 December 2011}}</ref> [[François Bayrou]] and future president [[François Hollande]] also expressed their support for [[Freedom of speech|freedom of expression]]. The [[French Council of the Muslim Faith]] (CFCM) criticised the expression of these sentiments, claiming that they were politicising a court case.<ref>{{cite news |title=''Charlie Hebdo'': Sarkozy accusé de politiser le procès |newspaper=[[L'Express]] |url=http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/sarkozy-accuse-de-politiser-le-proces_462776.html |access-date=21 December 2011}}</ref>

On 22 March 2007, executive editor Val was acquitted by the court.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 March 2007 |title=French cartoons editor acquitted |website=BBC News |publisher=[[BBC]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6479673.stm}}</ref> The court followed the state attorney's reasoning that two of the three cartoons were not an attack on Islam, but on Muslim terrorists, and that the third cartoon with Muhammad with a bomb in his turban should be seen in the context of the magazine in question, which attacked religious fundamentalism.<ref>{{cite web |title=French satirical newspaper ''Charlie Hebdo'' wins second trial over controversial cartoon ban request |agency=Newswire |website=NewsWireToday.com |url=http://www.newswiretoday.com/news/13842/}}</ref>

[[File:20111102 Incendie Charlie Hebdo Paris XXe 07.jpg|thumb|left|Debris outside the paper's offices following the November 2011 attack]]

=== 2011 firebombing ===
In November 2011, the newspaper's office in the [[20th arrondissement of Paris|20th arrondissement]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Schofield |first=Hugh |date=3 November 2011 |title=''Charlie Hebdo'' and its place in French journalism |publisher=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15551998}}</ref><ref name=FT01>{{cite news |first=James |last=Boxel |date=2 November 2011 |title=Firebomb attack on satirical French magazine |newspaper=Financial Times |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/75f87b24-0541-11e1-a3d1-00144feabdc0.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211231243/https://www.ft.com/content/75f87b24-0541-11e1-a3d1-00144feabdc0 |archive-date=11 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=19 September 2012 }}</ref> was fire-bombed and its website hacked. The attacks were presumed to be linked to its decision to rename the edition of 3 November 2011 "[[Charia Hebdo]]", with Muhammad listed as the "editor-in-chief".<ref>{{cite web |title=Attack on French satirical paper Charlie Hebdo |publisher=BBC |date=2 November 2011 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15550350 |access-date=21 December 2011}}</ref> The cover, featuring a cartoon of Muhammad saying: "100&nbsp;lashes of the whip if you don't die laughing" by [[Luz (cartoonist)|Luz]] (Rénald Luzier), had circulated on social media for a couple of days.

The "Charia Hebdo" issue had been a response to recent news of the post-election introduction of sharia law in [[Libya]] and the victory of the [[Islamism|Islamist]] party in [[Tunisia]].<ref name=BBC1Nov11>{{cite news |work=BBC News |date=1 November 2011 |title=Satirical French magazine names 'Muhammad' as editor |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-15536684 |access-date=19 January 2015}}</ref> It especially focuses on oppression of women under [[sharia]], taking aim at [[domestic violence]], mandatory [[Hijab|veiling]], [[Burqa|burqas]], restrictions on freedom, [[forced marriage]], and [[stoning]] of those accused of [[adultery]]. It also targeted oppression of [[Gay|gays]] and dissenters, and practices such as stoning, flogging, hand/foot/tongue amputations, [[polygamy]], forced marriage, and early indoctrination of children. "Guest editor" Muhammad is portrayed as a good-humoured voice of reason, decrying the recent elections and calling for a separation between politics and religion, while stating that Islam is compatible with humour.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gardiner |first=Bo |date=18 January 2015 |title=A closer look at 'Sharia Hebdo', for which Charlie Hebdo was firebombed in 2011 |type=blog |url=https://bogardiner.wordpress.com/2015/01/18/a-closer-look-at-sharia-hebdo-for-which-charlie-hebdo-offices-were-firebombed-in-2011/}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2020}} The magazine responded to the bombing by distributing some four times the usual number of copies.<ref name="Reuters 2011">{{cite news |work=Reuters |date=3 November 2011 |title=French paper reprints Mohammad cartoon after fire-bomb |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-fire-magazine-idUSTRE7A26MO20111103 |access-date=19 January 2015 |archive-date=19 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119191513/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/03/us-france-fire-magazine-idUSTRE7A26MO20111103 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Charb]] was quoted by [[Associated Press]] stating that the attack might have been carried out by "stupid people who don't know what Islam is" and that they are "idiots who betray their own religion". [[Mohammed Moussaoui]], head of the [[French Council of the Muslim Faith]], said his organisation deplores "the very mocking tone of the paper toward Islam and its prophet but reaffirms with force its total opposition to all acts and all forms of violence."<ref name="Ganley-02.11.11">{{cite news |last=Ganley |first=Elaine |date=2 November 2011 |title=Fire at French newspaper after Muhammad issue |work=Boston Globe |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2011/11/02/fire_at_french_newspaper_after_muhammad_issue/?page=full |access-date=16 February 2015}}</ref> [[François Fillon]] and [[Claude Guéant]], respectively the then French prime minister and interior minister, voiced support for ''Charlie Hebdo'',<ref name=FT01/> as did feminist writer [[Ayaan Hirsi Ali]], who criticised calls for self-censorship.<ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Worthington |author-link=Peter Worthington |date=9 November 2011 |title=Extremists hurt non-militant Muslims the most |agency=QMI |newspaper=Toronto Sun |url=http://www.torontosun.com/2011/11/09/extremists-hurt-non-militant-muslims-the-most}}</ref>

=== 2012 cartoons depicting Muhammad ===
In September 2012, the newspaper published a series of satirical cartoons of Muhammad.<ref>{{cite web |title=Charlie Hebdo publie des caricatures de Mahomet |publisher=BMFTV |language=fr |url=http://www.bfmtv.com/societe/charlie-hebdo-publie-pages-interieures-caricatures-mahomet-338598.html |access-date=19 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="TNPR">{{cite news |date=19 September 2012 |author=Vinocur, Nicholas |title=Magazine's nude Mohammad cartoons prompt France to shut embassies, schools in 20&nbsp;countries |agency=Reuters |newspaper=National Post |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/09/19/magazines-nude-mohammad-cartoons-prompt-france-to-shut-embassies-schools-in-20-countries/ |access-date=19 September 2012}}</ref> One cartoon depicted Muhammad as a nude man on all fours with a star covering his [[anus]].<ref>{{cite news |title=What is ''Charlie Hebdo'' and why was it a target?/ |newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]] |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/magazine-attacked-in-paris-skirted-controversy-with-cartoons-of-prophet/article22330111 |quote=When the anti-Islamic movie trailer "Innocence of Muslims" became a controversy, Charlie Hebdo's cartoons including one titled "Mohammed, a star is born!" It showed a bearded man on all fours, wearing nothing but a turban and a star covering his anus.}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Defend ''Charlie Hebdo''{{'s}} publishing disgusting cartoons about Muslims? Yes. Give them an award for it? No. |magazine=[[The Nation (magazine)|The Nation]] |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/defend-charlie-hebdos-publishing-disgusting-cartoons-about-muslims-yes-give-them-award-i/ |quote=...&nbsp;shows the Prophet naked on his hands and knees with his ass in the air, inviting anal sex; the cartoonist has drawn a star over his anus, and the caption says "a star is born". In a second cartoon, an ugly naked Mohammed figure in the same pose is asking the director filming him, "Do you like my ass?"}}</ref> Another shows Muhammad bending over naked and begging to be admired.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The ''Charlie Hebdo'' affair: Laughing at blasphemy |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-charlie-hebdo-affair-laughing-at-blasphemy |quote=Muhammad, labelled as such, is shown naked and bending over, begging to be admired. Then the Prophet is crouched on all fours, with genitals bared.}}</ref> Given that this issue came days after a [[2012 diplomatic missions attacks|series of attacks on US embassies]] in the Middle East, purportedly in response to the anti-Islamic film ''[[Innocence of Muslims]]'', the [[French government]] decided to increase security at certain French embassies, as well as to close the French embassies, consulates, cultural centres, and international schools in about 20&nbsp;[[Muslim countries]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Samuel |first=Henry |date=19 September 2012 |title=France to close schools and embassies fearing Mohammed cartoon reaction |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/9553722/France-to-close-schools-and-embassies-fearing-Mohammed-cartoon-reaction.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/9553722/France-to-close-schools-and-embassies-fearing-Mohammed-cartoon-reaction.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=20 September 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In addition, [[Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité|riot police]] surrounded the offices of the magazine to protect it against possible attacks.<ref name="TNPR" /><ref name="Olga">{{cite news |author=Khazan, Olga |date=19 September 2012 |title=''Charlie Hebdo'' cartoons spark debate over free speech and Islamophobia |type=blog |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/charlie-hebdo-cartoons-spark-debate-over-free-speech-and-islamophobia/2012/09/19/4b3ba988-026b-11e2-9b24-ff730c7f6312_blog.html |access-date=19 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="HuffOlga">{{cite web |author1=Keller, Greg |author2=Hinnant, Lori |date=19 September 2012 |title=''Charlie Hebdo'' Mohammed cartoons: France ups embassy security after prophet cartoons |website=[[HuffPost]] |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/19/charlie-hebdo-mohammed-cartoons_n_1896244.html |access-date=19 September 2012}}</ref>

Foreign Minister [[Laurent Fabius]] criticised the magazine's decision, saying, "In France, there is a principle of freedom of expression, which should not be undermined. In the present context, given this absurd video that has been aired, strong emotions have been awakened in many Muslim countries. Is it really sensible or intelligent to pour oil on the fire?"<ref name="clark">{{cite news |last=Clark |first=Nicola |title=French magazine publishes cartoons mocking Muhammad |newspaper= [[The New York Times]] |date=19 September 2012 |access-date=19 September 2012 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/20/world/europe/french-magazine-publishes-cartoons-mocking-muhammad.html}}</ref> The US White House said "a French magazine published cartoons featuring a figure resembling the Prophet Muhammad, and obviously, we have questions about the judgment of publishing something like this."<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/09/19/press-briefing-press-secretary-jay-carney-91912 |title=Press briefing by press secretary Jay Carney |date=19 September 2012 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |place=Washington, DC}}</ref> When speaking before the United Nations later in the month, President Obama remarked more broadly that "The future must not belong to those who slander the prophet of Islam. But to be credible, those who condemn that slander must also condemn the hate we see in the images of Jesus Christ that are desecrated, or churches that are destroyed, or the Holocaust that is denied."<ref>{{cite web |author=President Obama |date=25 September 2012 |title=Remarks by the President to the UN General Assembly |type=speech |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/09/25/remarks-president-un-general-assembly |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> The newspaper's editor defended publication of the cartoons, saying, "We do caricatures of everyone, and above all every week, and when we do it with the Prophet, it's called provocation."<ref>{{cite news |title=French leaders sound alarm over planned Mohammad cartoons |work=[[Reuters]] |date=18 September 2012 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-protests-france-cartoons-idUSBRE88H1CX20120918 |access-date=18 September 2012 |archive-date=19 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919013548/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/18/us-protests-france-cartoons-idUSBRE88H1CX20120918 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=''Charlie Hebdo'' editor in chief: 'A drawing has never killed anyone' |newspaper=[[Der Spiegel]] |author=Stefan Simons |date=20 September 2012 |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/charlie-hebdo-editor-in-chief-on-muhammad-cartoons-a-856891.html}}</ref>

=== 2015 attack ===
{{Main|Charlie Hebdo shooting}}
[[File:Charlie-Hebdo-2015-11.JPG|thumb|right|Journalists, police and emergency services in the street of the shooting, a few hours after the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting|January 2015 attack]]]]
[[File:Je suis Charlie.svg|thumb|right|The ''[[Je suis Charlie]]'' ("I am Charlie") slogan became an endorsement of freedom of speech and press.]]
[[File:Candles Against Terror.jpg|thumb|Indian journalists expressed solidarity with the victims of attack at New Delhi on 9 January 2015. Displayed cartoon by [[Shekhar Gurera]].]]

On 7 January 2015, two [[Islamist]] gunmen<ref name=Bremner /> forced their way into the Paris headquarters of ''Charlie Hebdo'' and opened fire, killing twelve: staff cartoonists [[Charb]], [[Cabu]], [[Philippe Honoré (cartoonist)|Honoré]], [[Tignous]] and [[Georges Wolinski|Wolinski]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2015/01/07/les-dessinateurs-et-journalistes-tues_4550767_3224.html |title=Attentat contre " Charlie Hebdo " : Charb, Cabu, Wolinski et les autres, assassinés dans leur rédaction |work=Le Monde|date=7 January 2015 |language=fr}}</ref> economist [[Bernard Maris]], editors [[Elsa Cayat]] and [[Mustapha Ourrad]], guest Michel Renaud, maintenance worker Frédéric Boisseau and police officers Brinsolaro and Merabet, and wounding eleven, four of them seriously.<ref name="BBC report" /><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-30708237 "Charlie Hebdo attack: What we know so far"], BBC News, 8 January 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/en-direct-fusillade-a-charlie-hebdo-selon-i-tele-et-20-minutes-07-01-2015-1894629_23.php|title=EN DIRECT. Massacre chez "Charlie Hebdo" : 12 morts, dont Charb et Cabu|work=Le Point.fr|date=7 January 2015| language=fr}}</ref><ref name="lessentiel-cabu-mort">{{cite news |url=http://www.lessentiel.lu/fr/news/france/story/22976860 |title=Les dessinateurs Charb et Cabu seraient morts |language=fr|work=L'Essentiel|location=France |date=7 January 2015|access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/3657246/paris-charlie-hebdo-shooting/|title=Paris Police Say 12 Dead After Shooting at Charlie Hebdo|quote=Witnesses said that the gunmen had called out the names of individual from the magazine. French media report that Charb, the ''Charlie Hebdo'' cartoonist who was on al-Qaeda's most wanted list in 2013, was seriously injured.|author=Conal Urquhart|magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11330505/Murdered-Charlie-Hebdo-cartoonist-was-on-al-Qaeda-wanted-list.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11330505/Murdered-Charlie-Hebdo-cartoonist-was-on-al-Qaeda-wanted-list.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Murdered Charlie Hebdo cartoonist was on al Qaeda wanted list|author=Victoria Ward|work=The Telegraph|date=7 January 2015 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

During the attack, the gunmen shouted "''[[Allahu akbar]]''" ("God is great" in [[Arabic]]) and also "the Prophet is avenged".<ref name= Bremner /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/deadly-shooting-at-french-satirical-newspaper-report/article22329480/|title=The Globe in Paris: Police identify three suspects|work=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> President [[François Hollande]] described it as a "terrorist attack of the most extreme barbarity".<ref>Adam Withnall, John Lichfield, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/charlie-hebdo-shooting-10-killed-as-shots-fired-at-satirical-magazine-headquarters-according-to-reports-9962337.html "Charlie Hebdo shooting: At least 12 killed as shots fired at satirical magazine's Paris office"], ''The Independent'', 7 January 2015.</ref> The two gunmen were identified as [[Saïd Kouachi|Saïd]] and [[Chérif Kouachi]], French Muslim brothers of Algerian descent.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last1=Higgins|first1=Andrew|last2=de la Baume |first2= Maïa|title=Two Brothers Suspected in Killings Were Known to French Intelligence Services|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/08/world/two-brothers-suspected-in-killings-were-known-to-french-intelligence-services.html|access-date=8 January 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-shooting-two-police-officers-injured-in-assault-rifle-attack-hours-after-charlie-hebdo-killings-9964143.html|title=Paris shooting: Female police officer dead following assault rifle attack morning after Charlie Hebdo killings|work=The Independent|access-date=9 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="liberation1">{{cite web|url=http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2015/01/07/un-commando-organise-et-prepare_1175841|title=Un commando organisé|work=Libération|access-date=8 January 2015|archive-date=21 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921063040/http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2015/01/07/un-commando-organise-et-prepare_1175841|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="nbc20140107">{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/paris-magazine-attack/three-suspects-named-paris-terror-attack-n281761|title=Paris Attack Suspect Dead, Two in Custody, U.S. Officials Say|work=NBC News|date=8 January 2015 |access-date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup|title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup|access-date=23 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup|archive-date=26 October 2015|url-status=dead}} JournalistsResource.org. Retrieved 23 January 2015.</ref>

==== {{anchor|Survivors' issue}}The "survivors' issue" ====
{{Main|Charlie Hebdo issue No. 1178}}
The day after the attack, the remaining staff of ''Charlie Hebdo'' announced that publication would continue, with the following week's edition of the newspaper to be published according to the usual schedule with a [[print run]] of one million copies, up significantly from its usual 60,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/Charlie-Hebdo-will-come-out-next-week-despite-bloodbath/articleshow/45809563.cms|title=Charlie Hebdo will come out next week, despite bloodbath|date=8 January 2015|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Charlie Hebdo Attack: Magazine to publish next week|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-30724863|work=BBC News|date=8 January 2015|access-date=9 January 2015}}</ref> On 13 January 2015, the news came on BBC that the [[Charlie Hebdo "Survivors' issue"|first issue after the massacre]] would come out in three million copies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Defiant Charlie Hebdo depicts Prophet Muhammad on cover|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30790409|work=BBC News|date=13 January 2015|access-date=13 January 2015}}</ref> On Wednesday itself it was announced that with a huge demand in France, the print run would be raised from three to five million copies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Charlie Hebdo Attack: Magazine to publish next week |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-30724863|work=BBC News |date=8 January 2015 |access-date=9 January 2015}}</ref> The newspaper announced the revenue from the issue would go towards the families of the victims.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30808284|title=Charlie Hebdo attack: Print run for new issue expanded|date=14 January 2015|work=BBC News|access-date=14 January 2014}}</ref>

The French government granted nearly €1 million to support the magazine.<ref>{{cite news |title=Charlie Hebdo: Pellerin veut débloquer un million d'euros |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-eco/2015/01/08/97002-20150108FILWWW00371-charlie-hebdo-pellerin-veut-debloquer-un-million-d-euros.php |access-date=9 January 2015 |work=Le Figaro|date=8 January 2015 |language=fr}}</ref> The [[Digital Innovation Press Fund]] (French: ''Fonds Google–AIPG pour l'Innovation Numérique de la presse''), partially funded by [[Google]], donated €250,000,<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/1/8/7514251/charlie-hebdo-will-publish-one-million-copies-next-week-with-help |title=''Charlie Hebdo'' will publish one million copies next week |first=Russell |last=Brandom |date=8 January 2015 |work=The Verge}}</ref> matching a donation by the French Press and Pluralism Fund.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/french-media-raises-500000-to-keep-satirical-magazine-charlie-hebdo-open-9965576.html |title=French media raises €500,000 to keep satirical magazine ''Charlie Hebdo'' open |work=The Independent |date=8 January 2015|author=Jon Stone}}</ref> The [[Guardian Media Group]] pledged a donation of £100,000.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Mike |last1=McPhate |first2=Robert |last2=MacKey |date=8 January 2015 |title=Updates on the 2nd day of search for suspects in ''Charlie Hebdo'' shooting |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=http://news.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/01/08/updates-on-charlie-hebdo-shooting/}}</ref>

==== ''Je suis Charlie'' ====
{{Main|Je suis Charlie|l1=''Je suis Charlie''}}
After the attacks, the phrase ''{{lang|fr|Je suis Charlie}}'', French for "I am Charlie", was adopted by supporters of Charlie Hebdo. Many journalists embraced the expression as a rallying cry for freedom of expression and freedom of the press.<ref>{{cite web |title="Je suis Charlie" image |website=Enis Yavuz |url=http://enisyavuz.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/jesuis05.png |access-date=8 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109002354/http://enisyavuz.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/jesuis05.png |archive-date=9 January 2015}}</ref> The slogan was first used on [[Twitter]] and spread to the Internet at large. The Twitter account and the original "Je suis Charlie" picture bearing the phrase in white ''Charlie Hebdo'' style font on black background were created by French journalist and artist {{interlanguage link|Joachim Roncin|fr}} just after the massacre.<ref>{{cite web|title=#JeSuisCharlie creator: Phrase cannot be a trademark |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-30797059|work=BBC News|date=14 January 2015|access-date=14 January 2015}}</ref>

The website of ''Charlie Hebdo'' went offline shortly after the shooting, and when it returned it bore the legend ''Je Suis Charlie'' on a black background.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.charliehebdo.fr |title=Charlie Hedbo |date=7 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107120424/http://www.charliehebdo.fr/ |archive-date=7 January 2015}}</ref> The statement was used as the [[hashtag]] #jesuischarlie on Twitter,<ref>{{cite news |first=Richard |last=Booth |date=7 January 2015 |newspaper=[[Daily Mirror]] |title='Je suis Charlie' trends as people refuse to be silenced by Charlie Hebdo gunmen |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/je-suis-charlie-trends-people-4935086}}</ref> as computer-printed or hand-made placards and stickers, and displayed on mobile phones at vigils, and on many websites, particularly media sites. While other symbols were used, notably holding pens in the air, the phrase "Not Afraid", and tweeting certain images, "''Je Suis Charlie''" became more widespread.<ref>{{cite news |title=Charlies' installe à "Libé"&nbsp;: Bon, on fait le journal? |first=Isabelle |last=Hanne |magazine=Libération |url=http://ecrans.liberation.fr/ecrans/2015/01/09/charlie-s-installe-a-libe-bon-on-fait-le-journal_1177043 |access-date=9 January 2015 |language=Fr |archive-date=15 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815123910/http://ecrans.liberation.fr/ecrans/2015/01/09/charlie-s-installe-a-libe-bon-on-fait-le-journal_1177043 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Republican marches ====
{{Main|Republican marches}}

A series of rallies took place in cities across France on 10–11 January 2015 to honour the victims of the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting|''Charlie Hebdo'' shooting]], and also to voice support for [[freedom of speech]].<ref name="BB9JAN">{{cite news |title=Paris terror suspects killed in twin French police raids |publisher=Bloomberg |date=9 January 2014 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2015-01-09/shots-fired-hostages-taken-in-town-northeast-of-paris.html |access-date=11 January 2015}}</ref> [[Luz (cartoonist)|Luz]], one of the survivors of the attack, welcomed the show of support for the magazine, but criticized the use of symbols contrary to its values. He noted: "People sang ''[[La Marseillaise]]''. We're speaking about the memory of Charb, Tignous, Cabu, Honoré, Wolinski: they would all have abhorred that kind of attitude."<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Luz: le soutien à Charlie Hebdo est à "contre-sens" de ses dessins |magazine=Le Point |via=Le Point.fr |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/culture/luz-le-soutien-a-charlie-hebdo-est-a-contre-sens-de-ses-dessins-10-01-2015-1895437_3.php}}</ref> [[Bernard Willem Holtrop|Willem]], another surviving cartoonist, declared support of free expression would be "naturally a good thing" but rejected that of far-right figures such as [[Geert Wilders]] and [[Marine Le Pen]], saying: "We vomit on those who suddenly declared that they were our friends."<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Willem : "Nous vomissons sur ceux qui, subitement, disent être nos amis" |magazine=Le Point |via=Le Point.fr |url=http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/willem-vomit-sur-ceux-qui-subitement-disent-etre-nos-amis-10-01-2015-1895408_23.php}}</ref>

==== Other reactions ====
Unrest in [[Niger]] following the publication of the post-attack issue of ''Charlie Hebdo'' resulted in ten deaths,<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news |title=Five killed in second day of Charlie Hebdo protests in Niger |date=17 January 2015 |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-shooting-niger-idUSKBN0KQ0BP20150117 |access-date=18 January 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924212450/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/01/17/us-france-shooting-niger-idUSKBN0KQ0BP20150117 |url-status=live }}</ref> dozens injured, and at least nine churches burned.<ref name="emmagraham-harrison">{{cite news |first=Emma |last=Graham-Harrison |date=17 January 2015 |title=Niger rioters torch churches and attack French firms in ''Charlie Hebdo'' protest |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/17/niger-protesters-burn-churches-charlie-hebdo-protest |access-date=18 January 2015}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' reported seven churches burned in [[Niamey]] alone. Churches were also reported to be on fire in eastern [[Maradi, Niger|Maradi]] and [[Goure]]. Violent demonstrations also were prevalent in [[Zinder]], where some burned French flags. There were violent demonstrations in Karachi in [[Pakistan]], where Asif Hassan, a photographer working for the [[Agence France-Presse]], was seriously injured by a shot to the chest. In Algiers and Jordan, protesters clashed with police, while peaceful demonstrations were held in Khartoum, Sudan, Russia, Mali, Senegal, and [[Mauritania]].<ref name="emmagraham-harrison"/>

Chechen leader [[Ramzan Kadyrov]] declared a regional holiday and denounced "people without spiritual and moral values" in front of an audience estimated to range between 600,000 and a million people in a demonstration in [[Grozny]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Davidzon |first=Vladislav |date=23 January 2015 |title=Why Russia is no place to be Charlie |website=Tablet |url=http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/188502/why-russia-is-no-place-to-be-charlie |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> One week after the murders, [[Donald Trump]] mocked ''Charlie Hebdo'', saying the magazine reminded him of another "nasty and dishonest" satirical publication and that the magazine was on the verge of financial collapse.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Twitter|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/555366353985495040|access-date=31 October 2020|website=mobile.twitter.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Twitter|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/555367040907612160|access-date=31 October 2020|website=mobile.twitter.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Donald Trump's mocking tweets about ''Charlie Hebdo'' resurface after President criticises terrorism coverage |date=8 February 2017 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |place=London, UK |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/donald-trump-charlie-hebdo-tweets-twitter-president-terrorism-coverage-islamic-state-a7569586.html}}</ref>

The [[Islamic Human Rights Commission]],  a British [[NGO]], gave their 2015 international "Islamophobe of the Year" award to ''Charlie Hebdo'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Richards |first=Victoria |date=11 March 2015 |title=Charlie Hebdo: Murdered staff given 'Islamophobe of the Year' award |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |place=London, UK |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/charlie-hebdo-murdered-staff-given-islamophobe-of-the-year-award-10100317.html |access-date=11 March 2015 |archive-date=12 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312112929/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/charlie-hebdo-murdered-staff-given-islamophobe-of-the-year-award-10100317.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> whereas another British organisation, the [[National Secular Society]], awarded the ''Charlie Hebdo'' staff with [[Secularist of the Year]] 2015 "for their courageous response to the terror attack". The magazine said it would donate the associated £5,000 prize money to the fund that supports the families of the murdered cartoonists.<ref>{{cite press release |title=''Charlie Hebdo'' staff awarded ''Secularist of the Year'' prize for their response to Paris attacks |date=28 March 2015 |publisher=NSS |url=http://www.secularism.org.uk/news/2015/03/charlie-hebdo-staff-awarded-secularist-of-the-year-prize-for-their-response-to-paris-attacks |access-date=28 March 2015 }}</ref>[[File:Global Debout - Place de la République, 2016.05.15 (4).jpg|thumb|upright|Place de la République, 2016.05.15]]

=== 2020 republication of Muhammad caricatures ===
On 1 September 2020, ''Charlie Hebdo'' announced that it would republish caricatures depicting Muhammad that sparked violent protests, ahead of a trial of suspected perpetrators of the mass shooting in January 2015 scheduled the following day.<ref>{{cite news |title=''Charlie Hebdo'' republishes cartoons depicting prophet Mohammed |newspaper=[[The Brussels Times]] |date=1 September 2020 |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/news/art-culture/129406/charlie-hebdo-republishes-cartoons-depicting-prophet-mohammed/}}</ref> Instagram suspended two accounts belonging to two ''Charlie Hebdo'' employees for several hours after they had published the caricatures of Muhammad. The accounts were reinstated after Instagram found they had been targeted by a reporting campaign by those who wished to censor the caricatures.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sautreuil |first=Pierre |date=6 September 2020 |title=Instagram suspend brièvement les comptes de journalistes de "Charlie Hebdo" ayant publié des caricatures de Mahomet |website=Le Figaro|language=fr |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/instagram-suspend-les-comptes-de-journalistes-de-charlie-hebdo-ayant-publie-des-caricatures-de-mahomet-20200906 |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref>

=== 2020 attack ===
{{main|2020 Paris stabbing attack}}

On 25 September 2020, weeks after the Muhammad caricature republications, two people were critically injured by an assailant during a stabbing attack outside the magazine's former headquarters. The building is now used by a television production company, and the two wounded victims were workers of the company. The perpetrator fled the scene but was arrested nearby. Six other people were arrested in connection to the attack.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Charlie Hebdo'': Stabbing attacks leave two wounded near magazine's former offices in Paris |publisher=Sky News |date=25 September 2020 |url=https://news.sky.com/story/four-wounded-in-knife-attack-near-former-charlie-hebdo-offices-in-paris-1208122}}</ref>

A day later, the perpetrator was identified as Zaheer Hassan Mehmood,<ref>{{cite news|title=Attaque devant les ex-locaux de " Charlie " : le suspect mis en examen pour " tentatives d'assassinats " terroristes|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2020/09/29/attaque-a-paris-l-assaillant-admet-une-autre-identite-il-va-etre-presente-a-un-juge-d-instruction_6054083_3224.html|newspaper=Le Monde.fr|date=29 September 2020|language=fr-FR|access-date=30 September 2020}}</ref> a 25-year-old allegedly from [[Pakistan]], who claimed to have arrived as an [[unaccompanied minor]] [[refugee]] in France in 2018. He confessed to his actions and said he had acted in vengeance for the Muhammad caricature republications. He also reported that "he didn't know that the headquarters moved to another location".<ref>{{cite web |title=Il "assume" son acte : qui est Ali H., l'auteur présumé de l'attaque à Paris? |date=26 September 2020 |url=https://www.lci.fr/police/il-assume-son-acte-qui-est-ali-h-l-auteur-presume-de-l-attaque-a-paris-pres-des-anciens-locaux-de-charlie-hebdo-2165577.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Abrahamsson |first1=Samuel |last2=Nordlund |first2=Felicia |date=25 September 2020 |title=Flera gripna efter knivattacken i Paris |language=sv |work=SVT Nyheter |url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/utrikes/fyra-skadade-i-knivattack-i-paris |access-date=26 September 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Chief suspect in Paris stabbing was angered by ''Charlie Hebdo'' cartoons |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |language=en |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/chief-suspect-in-paris-stabbing-was-angered-by-charlie-hebdo-cartoons-1.4365554 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=29 September 2020|title=Attaque à Paris : l'assaillant a reconnu être âgé de 25 ans et non 18|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/attaque-a-paris-l-assaillant-a-reconnu-etre-age-de-25-ans-et-non-18-20200929|access-date=30 September 2020|website=Le Figaro.fr|language=fr}}</ref>

Interior minister of France [[Gérald Darmanin]] called the attack "fundamentally an act of Islamist terrorism".<ref>{{cite web |title=Attaque à Paris: "manifestement c'est un acte de terrorisme islamiste" pour Gérald Darmanin |publisher=BFMTV |language=fr |url=https://www.bfmtv.com/police-justice/attaque-a-paris-manifestement-c-est-un-acte-de-terrorisme-islamiste-pour-gerald-darmanin_AN-202009250320.html |access-date=26 September 2020}}</ref> [[Jean Castex]],  the then French prime minister, said "the enemies of the republic will not win" and pledged to escalate the fight against terrorism.<ref name=":0" /> Emmanuel Macron faced backlash when he defended the caricatures. Many Muslims called for French products to be [[boycott]]ed in their countries, while European leaders supported his remarks. Supermarkets in [[Kuwait]] and [[Qatar]] boycotted French goods.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/26/europe/france-boycott-muslim-countries-macron-intl/index.html|title=Calls to boycott French products grow in Muslim world after Macron backs Mohammed cartoons|author=Mostafa Salem, Pierre Bairin, Chris Liakos, Nadine Schmidt and Sarah Dean|website=CNN|date=26 October 2020 }}</ref>

=== 2020 publication of Erdoğan cartoon ===
Turkish president [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] condemned ''Charlie Hebdo'' after he found out that he was mocked in a front-page caricature. In the said cartoon, Erdoğan was portrayed wearing his underwear, drinking alcohol, and lifting the skirt of a woman dressed in a hijab to reveal her buttocks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/28/turkey-threatens-legal-action-over-charlie-hebdos-caricature-of-president |title=Turkey threatens legal action over Charlie Hebdo's caricature of president |website=The Guardian |date=28 October 2020 |access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> Accompanying it was a caption that read "Erdogan: He's very funny in private".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/erdogan-slams-scoundrels-over-charlie-hebdo-cartoon/a-55421236 |title=Erdogan slams 'scoundrels' over Charlie Hebdo cartoon |website=DW News |date=28 October 2020 |access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> This came as tensions between Erdoğan and French president [[Emmanuel Macron]] rose over Macron's earlier comments on the Muhammad caricature republications, which were responded to by France recalling its ambassador to Ankara, as well as [[Protests against Emmanuel Macron|protests against France]] and calls for a boycott of French goods in several Muslim-majority countries,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/28/anger-towards-emmanuel-macron-grows-in-muslim-world |title=Anger towards Emmanuel Macron grows in Muslim world |website=The Guardian |date=28 October 2020 |access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> including Turkey, where Erdoğan himself called for such a boycott.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=[[AFP News]] |date=29 October 2020 |title=Erdogan vows action over 'disgusting' Charlie Hebdo cartoon |language=en |work=[[Bangkok Post]] |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/2009971/erdogan-vows-action-over-disgusting-charlie-hebdo-cartoon |access-date=10 February 2023}}</ref> The tensions were, in turn, caused by the [[Murder of Samuel Paty|beheading of schoolteacher Samuel Paty]] in France after he showed caricatures of [[Muhammad]], which were published by ''Charlie Hebdo'', to his students as part of a lesson on free speech.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/10/28/928669164/france-turkey-and-the-charlie-hebdo-cartoons-whats-behind-the-dispute |title=France, Turkey And The Charlie Hebdo Cartoons: What's Behind The Dispute? |website=NPR |date=28 October 2020 |access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref>

While he admitted to have not yet seen the cartoon, Erdoğan called the images "despicable", "insulting", and "disgusting", and accused ''Charlie Hebdo'' of "cultural racism" and sowing "the seeds of hatred and animosity".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/3107335/charlie-hebdo-sparks-turkish-fury-cartoon-president-erdogan|title=Charlie Hebdo sparks fury with cartoon of Turkey's President Erdogan in underpants|website=South China Morning Post|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=28 October 2020 |access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> The Turkish government was also reported to take legal and diplomatic action. The state-run [[Anadolu Agency]] stated that the Ankara Chief Prosecutor's Office had already launched an investigation into the directors of ''Charlie Hebdo''. In response Macron promised to defend the right to freedom of expression and freedom of publication.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7427079/turkey-condemns-charlie-hebdo-erdogan/ |title=Turkish leaders condemn Charlie Hebdo magazine over cartoon mocking Erdogan |website=Global News |date=28 October 2020 |access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> Leaders of other Muslim-majority countries, such as Iranian supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] and Pakistani prime minister [[Imran Khan]] also criticised Macron and called for action against [[Islamophobia]].<ref name=":1" /> On the contrary, Indian prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] and other European leaders, such as Danish foreign minister [[Jeppe Kofod]], defended Macron.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/10/29/erdogan-vows-action-over-charlie-hebdo-cartoon-.html |title=Erdogan vows action over Charlie Hebdo Cartoon |website=The Jakarta Post |date=28 October 2020 |access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref>

=== Other controversies ===
[[File:Charlie_Hebdo_September_14_cover.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Coco (cartoonist)|Coco]]'s artwork on the front cover of ''Charlie Hebdo'' on 14 September 2015 illustrates a parody of racist attitudes that proclaim that migrants are "welcome" but are treated as footstools. The speech balloon, "This [land] is your home", is a reference to a famous nationalist phrase, "This is our home".]]

Since January 2015, ''Charlie Hebdo'' has continued to be embroiled in controversy. [[Daniel Schneidermann]] argues that the 2015 attack raised the profile of the paper internationally with non-Francophone audiences, meaning that only parts of the paper are selectively translated into English, making it easy to misrepresent the editorial stance of the publication and the purpose of provocative work.<ref>{{cite web |title=Charlie Hebdo de nouveau victime de son paradoxal succès |work=Slate |language=fr |date=14 January 2016 |url=http://www.slate.fr/story/112747/charlie-hebdo-nouveau-victime-paradoxal-succes}}</ref> In February 2015, ''Charlie Hebdo'' was accused of attacking freedom of press when its lawyer Richard Malka tried to prevent the publication of the magazine ''Charpie Hebdo'', a pastiche of ''Charlie Hebdo'' (In this context, ''charpie'' may translate to ''shredded'').<ref>{{cite web |title=Quand 'Charlie Hebdo' veut faire interdire "Charpie Hebdo" |website=France TV info |date=18 February 2015 |url=http://www.francetvinfo.fr/economie/medias/charlie-hebdo/quand-charlie-hebdo-veut-faire-interdire-charpie-hebdo_828099.html}}</ref>

In October 2015, [[Nadine Morano]] was depicted as a baby with [[Down syndrome]] in the arms of [[General de Gaulle]] after making remarks supporting the [[National Rally (France)|National Front]]. This was criticized as a reference to de Gaulle's daughter, [[Anne de Gaulle|Anne]], and as disparaging to people with disabilities. A response from a reader, a mother with a Down syndrome daughter, commented "The stupidity is racism, it's intolerance, it's Morano. The stupidity isn't trisomy [Down's syndrome]".{{efn|"[L]a bêtise, c'est le racisme, c'est l'intolérance, c'est Morano. La bêtise, ce n'est pas la trisomie."}}<ref>{{cite web |first=Elise |last=Lambert |title="Charlie Hebdo": "On se moque de Nadine Morano, pas des handicapés", explique la dessinatrice Coco |website=France TV info |date=8 October 2015 |url=http://www.francetvinfo.fr/economie/medias/charlie-hebdo/charlie-hebdo-on-se-moque-de-nadine-morano-pas-des-handicapes-explique-la-dessinatrice-coco_1118621.html}}</ref>

The 14 September 2015 edition's cover cartoon by [[Coco (cartoonist)|Coco]] depicted a migrant being maltreated by a man who proclaims "welcome to refugees" – in order to parody European claims about compassion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Charlie Hebdo mocks Europe's response to migrant crisis with cartoons of dead Syrian boy |date=16 September 2015 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/16/world/europe/charlie-hebdo-mocks-europes-response-to-migrant-crisis-with-cartoons-of-dead-syrian-boy.html}}</ref> Riss wrote an editorial on the [[European migrant crisis]], arguing that it was hypocritical for Hungarian politicians to declare themselves compassionate because of their Christian beliefs, but at the same time reject [[European migrant crisis#CITEREFCantat2020|migrants from Syria]]. Riss parodied anti-immigrant attitudes by featuring a cartoon with a caricature of Jesus walking on water next to a drowning Muslim boy, with the caption "this is how we know Europe is Christian". The cartoons were widely seen as [[gallows humour]] in France, but prompted another wave of controversy abroad.<ref>{{cite web |title=Les dessins de 'Charlie Hebdo' sur la mort du petit Aylan scandalisent les internautes à l'étranger |date=15 September 2015 |website=Le Huffington Post |language=fr |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2015/09/15/dessins-charlie-hebdo-migrants-aylan-internautes-scandalises_n_8137844.html}}</ref> That issue also included a caricature of the dead body of Syrian Kurdish refugee child [[Alan Kurdi]] next to a McDonald's sign with the caption, "So close to the goal".<ref name="europe.newsweek.com">{{cite magazine |title=''Charlie Hebdo'' cartoon depicts drowned toddler Aylan Kurdi as future sexual harasser |magazine=[[Newsweek]] |url=http://europe.newsweek.com/charlie-hebdo-aylan-kurdi-cologne-cartoon-415358?rm=eu |access-date=14 January 2016}}</ref> In response to criticism, Coco said that she was criticising the consumerist society that was being sold to migrants like a dream.<ref name="Mackey">{{cite news |first=Robert |last=MacKey |date=15 September 2015 |title=Charlie Hebdo mocks Europe's response to migrant crisis with cartoons of dead Syrian boy |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/16/world/europe/charlie-hebdo-mocks-europes-response-to-migrant-crisis-with-cartoons-of-dead-syrian-boy.html |access-date=14 January 2016}}</ref> After the [[New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany]], a January 2016 edition included a cartoon by Riss about Kurdi, reflecting fickle sentiment towards refugees by including a caption questioning whether the boy would have grown up to be an "ass groper in Germany".<ref>{{cite news |first=Jessica |last=Brown |date=14 January 2016 |title=The ''Charlie Hebdo'' cartoon about Aylan Kurdi and sex attackers is one of its most powerful |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/the-charlie-hebdo-cartoon-about-aylan-kurdi-and-sex-attackers-is-one-of-its-most-powerful-and-a6812346.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Charlie Hebdo cartoon depicts grown-up Aylan Kurdi as 'ass groper in Germany' |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=13 January 2016 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/charlie-hebdo-sparks-new-controversy-with-cartoon-depicting-aylan-kurdi-as-an-ass-groper-in-germany-a6810331.html |access-date=14 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=''Charlie Hebdo'' cartoon depicting drowned child Alan Kurdi sparks racism debate |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 January 2016 |issn=0261-3077 |language=en-GB |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/jan/14/charlie-hebdo-cartoon-depicting-drowned-child-alan-kurdi-sparks-racism-debate |access-date=14 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Charlie Hebdo backlash over 'racist' Alan Kurdi cartoon |work=BBC News |date=13 January 2016 |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35306906 |access-date=14 January 2016}}</ref>

Following the crash of [[Metrojet Flight 9268]] in October 2015, which killed 224&nbsp;civilians, mostly [[Russia]]ns, and was seen by UK and US authorities as a probable [[List of terrorist incidents in October 2015|terrorist bombing]], ''Charlie Hebdo'' published cartoons which were perceived in Russia as mocking the victims of the tragedy.<ref name="BBC061115">{{cite news |title=Russia hits out at Charlie Hebdo over crash cartoon |work=BBC News |date=6 November 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34747432 |access-date=23 November 2019}}</ref> One of the cartoons showed a victim's blue-eyed skull and a burned-out plane on the ground, with the caption: "The dangers of Russian low cost" flights.<ref name=Moscow-Times-2016-12-28/> The other showed pieces of the plane falling on an [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] (ISIS) fighter with the caption: "Russia's air force intensifies its bombing". A spokesman for [[Vladimir Putin]] called the artwork "sacrilege", and members of the [[State Duma]] called for the magazine to be banned as extremist literature and demanded an apology from France.<ref name="BBC061115"/>

In March 2016, one year after the attack, the weekly featured a caricature of [[Yahweh]] with a [[Kalashnikov rifle]]. The Vatican and Jewish groups said they were offended,<ref>{{cite web |title=Vatican newspaper denounces 'woeful' ''Charlie Hebdo'' cover |date=6 January 2016 |website=Yahoo News |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/vatican-newspaper-denounces-woeful-charlie-hebdo-cover-102419477.html |access-date=26 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chief Rabbi Ephraim Mirvis says ''Charlie Hebdo'' 'God' cartoon is insulting to believers |website=The Jewish Chronicle |url=http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/152125/chief-rabbi-ephraim-mirvis-says-charlie-hebdo-god-cartoon-insulting-believers |access-date=26 March 2016}}</ref> and the [[Associated Press]] censored images of the cover.<ref>{{cite news |first=Erik |last=Wemple |author-link=Erik Wemple |date=7 January 2016 |title=AP removes images of God-as-terrorist ''Charlie Hebdo'' cover |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2016/01/07/ap-removes-images-of-god-as-terrorist-charlie-hebdo-cover/ |access-date=26 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Associated Press self-censors anniversary ''Charlie Hebdo'' cover |date=7 January 2016 |website=Reason |url=http://reason.com/blog/2016/01/07/associated-press-self-censors-anniversar |access-date=26 March 2016}}</ref> In the same month, ''Charlie Hebdo'' published a front page following the [[2016 Brussels bombings]], parodying the Belgian singer [[Stromae|Stromae's]] song [[Papaoutai]], in which Stromae asks "''Papa où t'es?''" (Where are you dad?) and dismembered body parts reply "here". The cover upset the Belgian public and it particularly upset Stromae's family, because his father was murdered in the [[Rwandan genocide]].<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=La Depeche |date=31 March 2016 |title="Papa où t'es ?": la famille de Stromae et les Belges répondent à Charlie-Hebdo |language=Fr |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2016/03/31/2315402-papa-es-famille-stromae-belges-repondent-charlie-hebdo.html |access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[Le Monde]]|title="Papa où t'es ?" Le dessin en "une" de "Charlie Hebdo" blesse la Belgique |date=30 March 2016 |language=Fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/big-browser/article/2016/03/30/papa-ou-t-es-le-dessin-en-une-de-charlie-hebdo-blesse-la-belgique_5991948_4832693.html |access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title="Charlie Hebdo": La une qui choque les proches de Stromae |work=20&nbsp;minutes |date=31 March 2016 |language=Fr |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/medias/1816895-20160331-charlie-hebdo-choque-proches-stromae |access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref>

On 2 September 2016, following a [[August 2016 Central Italy earthquake|major earthquake in Italy]] which caused 294&nbsp;deaths, the magazine published a cartoon in which the earthquake victims are depicted as pasta dishes, under the title "''Séisme à l'italienne''".<ref>{{cite news |title=Charlie Hebdo draws Italian anger with cartoon portraying earthquake victims as pasta |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/02/charlie-hebdo-draws-italian-anger-with-cartoon-portraying-earthq/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/02/charlie-hebdo-draws-italian-anger-with-cartoon-portraying-earthq/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=5 September 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In response to the reaction of Italians unleashed on social networks, the cartoonist [[Coco (cartoonist)|Coco]] pointed out with another cartoon on the official [[Facebook]] page of the magazine, "Italians ... it's not ''Charlie Hebdo'' who builds your houses, it's the [[Mafia]]!"<ref>{{cite web |title=The drawing of the day, by coco |via=Facebook |publisher=Charlie Hebdo |author=[[Coco (cartoonist)]] |url=https://www.facebook.com/CharlieHebdoOfficiel/photos/a.106706332685847/1236792179677251/?type=3 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/106626879360459/1236792179677251 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |url-access=limited|access-date=2 March 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=October 2020}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Italian minister tells Charlie Hebdo to 'stick it' after earthquake cartoons |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/europe/20160904-italian-minister-tells-charlie-hebdo-stick-it-after-earthquake-cartoons |website=Radio France International RFI|date=4 September 2016 }}</ref> The French ambassador in Rome responded that the French government's position on the Italian earthquake is not that expressed by ''Charlie Hebdo''.<ref>{{cite web |title=French embassy disowns ''Charlie Hebdo'' cartoons |website=[[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata|ANSA]] |date=2 September 2016 |url=http://www.ansa.it/english/news/2016/09/02/french-embassy-disowns-charlie-hebdo-cartoons_d716f1a1-075e-4212-b087-c14f61678b84.html |access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref>

On 29 December 2016, Russia accused ''Charlie Hebdo'' of 'mocking' the [[2016 Russian Defence Ministry Tupolev Tu-154 crash|Black Sea plane crash]] after publishing 'inhuman' cartoons about the disaster. In one reference to the crash, which claimed 92&nbsp;lives, including 64&nbsp;members of the [[Alexandrov Ensemble]] choir,<ref name="Moscow-Times-2016-12-28">{{cite news |title=French Satirists at ''Charlie Hebdo'' infuriate Russians with mockery of 25 Dec. plane crash |newspaper=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=28 December 2016 |url=https://themoscowtimes.com/news/french-satirists-at-charlie-hebdo-infuriate-russians-with-mockery-of-dec-25-plane-crash-56685}}</ref> the French magazine depicted a jet hurtling downwards along with words translated as "Bad news ... Putin wasn't on board". Russian defence spokesman called cartoons "a poorly-created abomination".<ref>{{cite news |title=Russian military irked by ''Charlie Hebdo'' cartoons mocking plane crash |newspaper=[[CTVNews]] |language=en-CA |url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/russian-military-irked-by-charlie-hebdo-cartoons-mocking-plane-crash-1.3220557 |access-date=29 December 2016}}</ref> A Russian Defense Ministry spokesman said: "If such, I dare say, 'artistry' is the real manifestation of 'Western values', then those who hold and support them are doomed,"<ref>{{cite news |title=''Charlie Hebdo'' cover: Russia angered by cartoon of TU-154 plane crash |magazine=[[International Business Times]] |date=28 December 2016 |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/charlie-hebdo-cover-russia-angered-cartoon-tu-154-plane-crash-2466716}}</ref>

On 13 March 2021, ''Charlie Hebdo'' featured a controversial cartoon titled "Why I Left Buckingham Palace" on its front page.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magazine cover showing Queen Elizabeth II kneeling on Meghan's neck sparks outrage |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/cover-showing-queen-elizabeth-ii-kneeling-meghan-s-neck-sparks-n1261047 |access-date=14 March 2021 |website=NBC News |date=13 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The illustration depicted [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] kneeling on the neck of [[Meghan, Duchess of Sussex]], whose head was next to a quote bubble that read "Because I couldn't breathe". It was published following [[Oprah Winfrey]]'s [[Oprah with Meghan and Harry|interview]] of the Duchess and her partner, [[Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex]], in which the couple accused the royal family of making racist hassles. The cartoon drew backlash from many social media users, as it satirically paralleled the incidents within the royal family with the [[murder of George Floyd]] by Minneapolis police officer [[Derek Chauvin]].

On 7 February 2023, one day after severe [[2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake|earthquakes in Turkey and Syria]], ''Charlie Hebdo'' published a caricature of the event via its Twitter account.<ref name="olhoop">{{cite news|author=Olivia Hooper |title=French Magazine Mocks Turkiye-Syria Earthquake in Insensitive Drawing|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/02/353919/french-magazine-mocks-turkiye-syria-earthquake-in-insensitive-drawing|access-date=7 February 2023|work=Morocco World News|date=7 February 2023}}</ref> It was drawn by Juin,<ref name="alba" /> and read as follows: "Earthquake in Turkey. No need to send in tanks!" ({{langx|fr|Séisme en Turquie. Même pas besoin d'envoyer de chars!}}).<ref>{{cite news |date=7 February 2023 |work=[[20 minutes (Switzerland)|20 minutes]] |title=«Immonde», «à gerber», «honteux»: Charlie Hebdo embrase le web |url=https://www.20min.ch/fr/story/immonde-a-gerber-honteux-charlie-hebdo-embrase-le-web-439142402942 |language=French}}</ref> The cartoon was controversial on social media,<ref>{{Cite web |last=郭肖 |date=7 February 2023 |title=连坦克都不用派", 《查理周刊》用这图嘲笑土耳其地震引众怒 |trans-title=You don't even need to send tanks." Charlie Hebdo used this picture to mock the earthquake in Turkey, causing public outrage |url=https://www.guancha.cn/internation/2023_02_07_678959.shtml |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=[[Guancha.cn]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 February 2023 |title=Outrage as French magazine Charlie Hebdo mocks Turkey-Syria earthquake |work=[[The New Arab]] |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/outrage-charlie-hebdo-mocks-turkey-syria-earthquake |access-date=7 February 2023}}</ref> and was criticised by ''[[Al Bawaba]]'' journalist Sally Shakkour as racist.<ref name="alba">{{cite news|title=Charlie Hebdo shares racist cartoon on Turkey's earthquake|url=https://www.albawaba.com/node/charlie-habido-shares-racist-cartoon-turkeys-earthquake-1508179|access-date=7 February 2023|work=Al Bawaba|date=7 February 2023}}</ref>

The September 2024 issue which featured the [[Mazan rapes]] earned outrage from women's rights activists.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lejdd.fr/societe/abominable-degueulasse-hideux-charlie-hebdo-critique-apres-une-caricature-liant-les-consultations-de-matignon-au-proces-de-mazan-149131 |title=«Abominable», «dégueulasse», «hideux» : Charlie Hebdo critiqué après une caricature liant les consultations de Matignon au procès de Mazan |date=5 September 2024 |publisher=lejdd}}</ref> In October 2024, the French magazine published another sketch about the case of the rape of Giselle Pelicot (Mazan rape case) in France, which sparked significant public reaction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charlie Hebdo: Αισχρό σκίτσο για τους βιασμούς της Ζιζέλ Πελικό |date=22 October 2024 |url=https://www.newsit.gr/kosmos/Charlie-Hebdo-aisxro-skitso-gia-tous-viasmous-tis-zizel-peliko/4213470/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Γαλλία: Χαμός με το σκίτσο του Charlie Hebdo για τη Ζιζέλ Πελικό – «Καμία αξιοπρέπεια και ήθος» |date=22 October 2024 |url=https://www.koutipandoras.gr/article/gallia-chamos-me-to-skitso-tou-charlie-hebdo-gia-ti-zizel-peliko-kamia-axioprepeia-kai-ithos/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ζιζέλ Πελικό: Σάλος από το «αηδιαστικό» σκίτσο του Charlie Hebdo |date=22 October 2024 |url=https://www.tanea.gr/2024/10/22/world/zizel-peliko-salos-apo-to-aidiastiko-skitso-tou-charlie-hebdo/}}</ref>

== Legal issues ==

=== ''Mosque of Paris v. Val'' (2007) ===
In 2007 the [[Grand Mosque of Paris]] began criminal proceedings against the chief-editor of ''Charlie Hebdo'', Philipe Val, under [[Hate speech laws in France|France's hate speech laws]] for publicly abusing a group on the ground of their religion. The lawsuit was limited to three specific cartoons, including one depicting Muhammad carrying a bomb in his turban. In March 2007 a Paris court acquitted Val, finding that it was fundamentalists, rather than Muslims, who were being ridiculed in the cartoons.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Janssen |first=Esther |orig-year=2009 |title=Limits to expression on religion in France |date=8 March 2012 |series=Agama & Religiusitas di Eropa |journal=Journal of European Studies |volume=V |issue=1 |pages=22–45 |quote=Produced in cooperation between the University of Indonesia and the Delegation of the European Commission}}; {{cite report |publisher=Amsterdam Law School |title=Research Paper No. 2012–45}}; {{cite report |publisher=Institute for Information Law Research |title=Paper No. 2012–39 |date=8 March 2012 |via=SSRN |url=http://ssrn.com/abstract=2018277|last1=Janssen |first1=Esther }}</ref>

=== Siné sacking (2008) ===
On 2 July 2008, a column by the cartoonist [[Siné]] (Maurice Sinet) appeared in ''Charlie Hebdo'' citing a rumour that [[Jean Sarkozy]], son of [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], had announced his intention to convert to [[Judaism]] before marrying his fiancée, Jewish heiress Jessica Sebaoun-[[Darty]]. Siné added, "he'll go far, this lad!"<ref>{{cite news |last=Leprince |first=Chloé |title=L'Affaire Siné 2008-09-17 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/sep/17/religion.france |access-date=9 May 2015}}</ref> This led to complaints of antisemitism. The magazine's editor, [[Philippe Val]], ordered Siné to write a letter of apology or face termination. The cartoonist said he would rather "cut his own balls off", and was promptly fired. Both sides subsequently filed lawsuits, and in December 2010, Siné won a €40,000 court judgment against his former publisher for [[wrongful termination]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Le Tribunal de Grande Instance donne raison à Siné contre ''Charlie Hebdo'' |date=11 December 2010 |website=ActuaBD |url=http://www.actuabd.com/+Le-Tribunal-de-Grande-Instance+}}</ref>

=== ''Amatrice v. Charlie Hebdo'' (2016) ===
In October 2016, the town council and municipality of the Italian town [[Amatrice]], which was [[August 2016 Central Italy earthquake|hit by an earthquake with hundreds dead]] and was previously known primarily for the ''[[Amatriciana sauce|sugo all'amatriciana]]'' pasta sauce, led a lawsuit against ''Charlie Hebdo'' for "aggravated defamation", following publication of a series of cartoons titled 'Earthquake Italian style'. It depicted victims of the earthquake as Italian dishes and their blood as sauce.<ref>{{citation|title=No longer Charlie: Amatrice to sue Charlie Hebdo over cartoon|date=12 October 2016|work=Euronews|url=https://www.euronews.com/2016/09/12/no-longer-charlie-amatrice-to-sue-charlie-hebdo-over-cartoon}}</ref> The trial of this case opened on 9 October 2020 at the Paris court.<ref>{{citation|first=Julien|last=Lemaignen|title= A l'autre procès " Charlie Hebdo " : " Cette plainte, c'est open-bar "|date=9 October 2020|work=Le Monde|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2020/10/09/a-l-autre-proces-charlie-hebdo-cette-plainte-c-est-open-bar_6055488_3224.html|language=fr}}</ref>

=== Complaint in Turkey (2020) ===
In October 2020, prosecutors in the [[judicial system of Turkey]] began legal investigations into a criminal complaint filed by Turkish president [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], whose lawyers argued that the cartoon depicting their client should be considered "libel" and was "not covered by freedom of expression".<ref>{{citation|first=Diego|last=Cupolo|title=Erdogan sues Charlie Hebdo over caricature|date=28 October 2020|work=Al-Monitor|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/10/turkey-investigates-charlie-hebdo-erdogan-caricature.html}}</ref> In Turkey, [[insulting the president]] is punishable by four years in prison.<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkish leaders condemn "immoral" Charlie Hebdo cartoon mocking Erdogan |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/turkey-condemns-charlie-hebdo-cartoon-mocking-president-erdogan/ |access-date=4 December 2020 |work=www.cbsnews.com}}</ref>

== Financial issues ==
''Charlie Hebdo'' had struggled financially since its establishment until 2015. As the magazine was facing a loss of €100,000 by the end of 2014, it sought donations from readers to no avail.<ref name="Clark"/> The international attention to the magazine following the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting|2015 attack]] revived the publication, bringing some €4 million in donations from individuals, corporations and institutions, as well as a revenue of €15 million from subscriptions and newsstands between January and October 2015.<ref name="Clark">{{citation|first=Nicola|last=Clark|title=Charlie Hebdo's Recovery From Attacks Opens New Wounds for Staff|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/25/business/media/charlie-hebdos-recovery-from-attacks-opens-new-wounds-for-staff.html|work=The New York Times|date=24 October 2015}}</ref> According to figures confirmed by the magazine, it gained more than €60 million in 2015, which declined to €19.4 million in 2016.<ref name="France24"/> As of 2018 it was spending €1–1.5 million annually for security services, according to Riss.<ref name="France24">{{citation|title=Paris commemorates victims of Charlie Hebdo, Hyper Cacher attacks|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20180107-live-paris-commemorates-victims-charlie-hebdo-attack|work=France24|date=7 January 2018}}</ref>

== Ownership ==
As of March 2011, ''Charlie Hebdo'' was owned by Charb (600&nbsp;shares), Riss (599&nbsp;shares), finance director Éric Portheault (299&nbsp;shares), and Cabu and Bernard Maris with one share each.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cabu reste actionnaire de ''Charlie Hebdo'' |website=Charlie Enchaîné |url=http://charlieenchaine.free.fr/?+Cabu-reste-actionnaire-de-Charlie+ |access-date=18 January 2015}}</ref> Since 2016, cartoonist [[Riss (cartoonist)|Riss]] has been the publishing director of the magazine, and he owns 70% of the shares. The remaining 30% is owned by [[Éric Portheault]].<ref name="telerama.fr" /> Following the 2015 attack,<ref>{{cite news |last=Picquard |first=Alexandre |date=18 May 2015 |title=La vie à "Charlie" n'a jamais été un fleuve tranquille |newspaper=[[Le Monde]]|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/actualite-medias/article/2015/05/18/la-vie-a-charlie-n-a-jamais-ete-un-fleuve-tranquille_4634998_3236.html |access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> Charb's 40% stake in ''Charlie Hebdo'' was purchased from his parents by Riss and Eric Portheault, who were as of July 2015 sole shareholders in the paper. ''Charlie Hebdo'' switched to a new legal press publisher status which requires 70% of profits to be reinvested.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Charlie Hebdo'' devient la première 'entreprise solidaire de presse' |date=17 July 2015 |newspaper=[[Le Monde]]|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/actualite-medias/article/2015/07/17/charlie-hebdo-devient-la-premiere-entreprise-solidaire-de-presse_4687647_3236.html |access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>

== Staff ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Gérard Biard]], editor
* [[Sylvie Coma]]
* [[Laurent Sourisseau|Riss]], cartoonist, managing editor, director of publication
* [[Catherine Meurisse]], cartoonist
* [[Coco (cartoonist)|Coco]], cartoonist
* [[Bernard Willem Holtrop|Willem]], cartoonist
* {{Interlanguage link|Walter Foolz|fr}}, cartoonist
* [[Babouse]], cartoonist
* {{Interlanguage link multi|Antonio Fischetti|fr}}, journalist
* [[Zineb El Rhazoui]], journalist
* [[Philippe Lançon]], critic
* [[Fabrice Nicolino]], journalist
* [[Sigolène Vinson]], journalist
* {{Interlanguage link multi|Laurent Léger|fr}}, journalist
* {{Interlanguage link|Jean-Baptiste Thoret|es||fr}}, critic
* [[Mathieu Madénian]], columnist
* [[Simon Fieschi]], webmaster († 2024)
* [[Richard Malka]], lawyer
* [[Eric Portheault]], finance manager
}}

== Accolades ==
On 5 May 2015, ''Charlie Hebdo'' was awarded the PEN/Toni and James C. Goodale Freedom of Expression Courage Award at the [[PEN American Center]] Literary Gala in New York City.<ref name=Susman>{{cite news |last=Susman |first=Tina |author-link=Tina Susman |date=5 May 2015 |title=At PEN Gala, ''Charlie Hebdo'' editor calls for free expression and debate |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/nationnow/la-na-pen-awards-20150505-story.html |access-date=22 November 2015}}</ref> Granting the prize to ''Charlie Hebdo'' sparked vast controversy among writers,<ref>{{cite news|date=6 May 2015|title=PEN gala honours Charlie Hebdo despite uproar|work=France24|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20150506-usa-pen-charlie-hebdo-award-new-york-rushdie-gopnik|access-date=22 November 2015}}</ref> and 175 prominent authors boycotted the event due to "cultural intolerance" of the magazine.<ref>{{cite news|date=15 May 2015|title=Charlie Hebdo slammed as 'hypocrites' over staff dispute|work=France24|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20150515-charlie-hebdo-journalist-hypocrisy-je-suis-punie|access-date=22 November 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[Le Canard enchaîné]]'', a French satirical weekly newspaper
* ''[[Private Eye]]'', a British satirical fortnightly magazine
* ''[[MAD Magazine]]'', an American satirical bi-monthly magazine

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|25em|refs=
<ref name="BBC report">
{{cite news
 |title=Deadly attack on office of French magazine ''Charlie Hebdo''
 |website=BBC News
 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-europe-30710777
}}</ref>
<ref name=Bremner>
{{cite news
 |last=Bremner |first=Charles
 |date=7 January 2015
|title=Islamists kill&nbsp;12 in attack on French satirical magazine ''Charlie Hebdo''
 |newspaper=[[The Times]]
 |place=London, UK
 |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/crime/article/islamists-kill-12-in-attack-on-french-satirical-magazine-charlie-hebdo-rkg8mmjfrwt?region=global
}}</ref>

}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Egen |first=Jean
 |year=1976
 |title=La Bande à Charlie
 |publisher=Stock |isbn=9782234005532
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YPBxHAAACAAJ
}}
* {{cite journal
 |last=Lemonnier |first=Bertrand
 |year=2008
 |title=L'entrée en dérision
 |journal=Vingtième Siècle: Revue d'histoire
 |volume=98 |issue=2
 |pages=43–55
 |doi=10.3917/ving.098.0043
 |jstor=20475319
|doi-access=free
 }}
* {{cite journal
 |last=McNab |first=James P.
 |year=2006
 |title=Bloc-notes Culturel: l'année 2005
 |journal=[[The French Review]]
 |volume=80 |number=1 |pages=16–29
 |jstor=25480584
}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Charlie Hebdo}}
* {{official website}}{{in lang|fr}}
* {{cite web
 |title=Un historique d'Hara-Kiri / Charlie Hebdo
 |publisher=L'Université du Québec
 |place=Quebec, Canada
 |language=Fr
 |url=http://www.uqac.uquebec.ca/zone30/Classiques_des_sciences_sociales/contemporains/mazurier_stephane/hebdo_hara_kiri/hara_kiri_intro.html
 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070324043758/http://classiques.uqac.ca/contemporains/mazurier_stephane/hebdo_hara_kiri/hara_kiri_intro.html
 |archive-date=24 March 2007
}}

{{January 2015 France attacks}}
{{Depictions of Muhammad|state=autocollapse}}
{{Newspapers in France}}
{{Portal bar|Comics|France|Journalism|Politics}}
{{Authority control}}

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