View source for Charles N. Haskell

{{short description|American politician and 1st Governor of Oklahoma}}
{{for|the namesake of Haskell County, Texas|Charles Ready Haskell}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2011}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name= Charles Nathaniel Haskell
|image= HASKELL, C.N. GOVERNOR LCCN2016858937 (cropped).jpg
|caption=
|order=1st
|office= Governor of Oklahoma
|term_start= November 16, 1907
|term_end= January 9, 1911
|lieutenant= [[George W. Bellamy]]
|predecessor= {{Plainlist|
* [[Frank Frantz]]
* <small>as Territorial Governor</small>
}}
|successor= [[Lee Cruce]]
|office2= Treasurer of the [[Democratic National Committee]]
|term_start2= July 25, 1908
|term_end2= September 27, 1908
|predecessor2= William H. O'Brien
|successor2= [[Herman Ridder]]
|birth_date= {{Birth date|1860|3|13|mf=y}}
|birth_place= [[Leipsic, Ohio]], US
|death_date= {{death date and age|1933|7|5|1860|3|13|mf=y}}
|death_place= [[Oklahoma City]], Oklahoma, US
|resting_place=[[Muskogee, Oklahoma]], US
|spouse=Lucie Pomeroy Haskell<br />[[Lillian Gallup Haskell]]
|profession=[[Teacher]], [[lawyer]]
|party= [[United States Democratic Party|Democrat]]
|signature = Signature of Charles Nathaniel Haskell.png
}}
'''Charles Nathaniel Haskell''' (March 13, 1860 – July 5, 1933) was an American lawyer, oilman, and politician who was the first [[governor of Oklahoma]]. As a delegate to Oklahoma's constitutional convention in 1906, he played a crucial role in drafting the [[Oklahoma Constitution]] and gaining [[Oklahoma]]'s admission into the United States as the 46th state in 1907. A prominent businessman in [[Muskogee, Oklahoma|Muskogee]], he helped the city grow in importance. He represented the city as a delegate in both the 1906 Oklahoma convention and an earlier convention in 1905 that was a failed attempt to create a [[U.S. state]] of [[State of Sequoyah|Sequoyah]].

During Oklahoma's constitutional convention, Haskell succeeded in pushing for the inclusion of [[prohibition]] and blocking the inclusion of [[Women's suffrage in the United States|women's suffrage]] in the Oklahoma Constitution. As governor, he was responsible for moving the state capital to [[Oklahoma City]], establishing schools and state agencies, reforming the territorial prison system, and enforcing prohibition. The constitution prohibited persons from having successive terms in the governor's office. [[Lee Cruce]] succeeded Haskell, who returned to his law practice and related business activities. Haskell died of a stroke in 1933.

==Early life and education==
Born in [[West Leipsic, Ohio]] on March 13, 1860, Charles Haskell was the son of George R. Haskell, a [[cooper (profession)|cooper]], who died when the boy was three years old. His widowed mother, Jane H.  Haskell ({{nee}} Reeves), worked for the local Methodist church as a bell ringer and custodian to support her six children.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last1=Compton |first1=J. J. |title=Haskell, Charles Nathaniel (1860–1933). |url=https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=HA048 |website=okhistory.org |publisher=[[The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture]] |access-date=2 October 2024 |date=January 15, 2010}}</ref>

At the age of 10, Haskell started working as a farm boy for a farmer named Miller in [[Putnam County, Ohio]]. He lived and worked there for eight years as he grew into adulthood. Miller was a school teacher, but the young Haskell did not have time to attend school because of his work. Instead, Miller's wife taught him at home, and Haskell earned a teaching certificate at age 17.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

==Private career==
Haskell became a schoolteacher at age 18 and taught for three years in Putnam County. After "reading the law" as an apprentice with an established firm, on December 6, 1880, he passed the [[bar exam]]. He became a practicing attorney at age 20, setting up his practice in the village of [[Ottawa, Ohio]]. In his work as an attorney in Ottawa, he became one of the most successful lawyers in the county seat. He also became prominent in the [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]] in northwestern [[Ohio]]. In 1888, Haskell started work as a [[general contractor]]; for the next 16 years, his business career gave him an understanding of American industrialism. During this time, he lived part of the time in New York City and in [[San Antonio, Texas]].<ref name=":0" />

==Marriage and family==
Haskell married Lucie Pomeroy, daughter of a prominent [[Ottawa, Ohio|Ottawa]] family, on October 11, 1881. Their children were Norman, who became a lawyer in [[Muskogee, Oklahoma]] (where the family moved in 1901); Murray, who worked as a bank cashier; and daughter Lucie.<ref name=":0" />

Lucie Pomeroy Haskell died in March 1888. Her widower remarried in 1889, to Lillie Elizabeth Gallup. They also had three children together: Frances, Jane and Joseph.<ref name=":0" />

==Move to Muskogee==
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2022}}
[[Image:Seal of muskogee.JPG|thumb|left|Haskell moved to [[Muskogee, Oklahoma]], where he would become a prominent resident.]]
Following the [[Land Run of 1889]] and passage of the [[Organic Act]] in 1890, migration of European Americans to [[Oklahoma Territory]] increased dramatically, raising the territory's status on the national scene. Haskell moved his family to [[Muskogee, Oklahoma|Muskogee]], the capital of the [[Creek Nation]], in March 1901. When he arrived, Haskell found Muskogee a "dry"<!-- related to prohibition of alcohol? -->, sleepy village of some 4,500 people. He built the first five-story business block in the town and in Indian Territory.

Haskell organized and built most of the railroads running into Muskogee. He is said to have built and owned 14 brick buildings in the city. Through his influence, Muskogee developed as a center of business and industry, and its population grew to more than 20,000 inhabitants. He often recounted that he hoped Muskogee would become the "Queen City of the Southwest".

Haskell gained increasing influence in the politics of [[Indian Territory]] and drew the attention of the leaders of the Creek Nation. During this time, the Native American nations in Indian Territory were talking of creating a state and joining the Union under the name of the State of Sequoyah. The Creek selected Haskell as their official representative to the conventions, in the position of vice-president for the [[Five Civilized Tribes]], held in [[Eufaula, Oklahoma]] in 1902 and Muskogee in 1905.

Of the six delegates at the Muskogee convention, only Haskell and [[William H. Murray]] were not of Native American descent. U.S. President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] blocked the attempt to create Sequoyah, as he opposed the potential of another Democratic-majority state.

Haskell wrote a large portion of the proposed state's constitution. Although he had publicly worked for a separate state for Indian Territory, privately, he was thrilled to see the Sequoyah proposal defeated. Haskell believed it would force the Indian leaders to join in statehood with [[Oklahoma Territory]].

The [[United States Congress]] and President Roosevelt agreed that the Oklahoma and Indian territories had to combine to enter the Union as one state, the State of Oklahoma. After congressional passage of the [[Enabling Act in 1906]], Haskell was elected as a delegate by the largest margin in the new state, representing the seventy-sixth district, which included Muskogee. Traveling to [[Guthrie, Oklahoma|Guthrie]] and the Oklahoma Constitutional convention on November 20, 1906, Haskell would meet [[William H. Murray]] from the Muskogee convention and [[Robert L. Williams]]. Due to their presence at both conventions, Haskell and Murray became lifelong friends.

The delegates to the Guthrie convention included many who had served in the Sequoyah convention. Numerous elements proposed for the new constitution were based upon the Sequoyah constitution. Haskell owned the ''[[New State Tribune]]'', and through its editorial columns advocated for the elements he wanted in the new constitution. Most were incorporated, in substance if not in form. While Murray served as the convention's president, delegates recognized Haskell's power in the body. A local newspaper during the time, the ''Guthrie Report'', called Haskell "the power behind the throne".

Haskell had a perfect attendance and voting record during the session. He advocated for provisions that affected both territories’ labor problems, and advocated for representatives of organized labor. Haskell also drafted a report drawing up county boundaries, led the crusade for state [[prohibition]], introduced [[Jim Crow laws]], as were prevalent among Southern states to restrict African Americans to second-class status; and successfully kept female [[suffrage]] out of the state constitution.

==Gubernatorial campaign==
{{Main|1907 Oklahoma gubernatorial election}}
[[File:William Jennings Bryan.JPG|thumb|left|[[William Jennings Bryan]] supported Haskell in his 1907 campaign.]]
At [[Tulsa]] on March 26, 1907, during the recess before the final adoption of the constitution by the convention, Haskell held a large Democratic Party banquet at the [[Brady Hotel (Tulsa)|Brady Hotel]], attended by between 500 and 600 of the leading Democrats of the new state. During this banquet, the first campaigns for governor were formally inaugurated. During this evening, his friends proposed Haskell for the Democratic gubernatorial candidacy. Among the other potential candidates were Thomas Doyle of [[Perry, Oklahoma|Perry]] and [[Lee Cruce]] of [[Ardmore, Oklahoma|Ardmore]]. Haskell, like other prominent Democrats at the time, had the strong support of labor and agriculture leaders.<ref name=":0" />

The party primaries for governor were set for June 8, and Doyle and Cruce had already been campaigning; Haskell had little time. During his campaign, Haskell made 88 speeches in 45 days, and reached nearly every county. The lieutenants of the respective candidates were vigorously working in the school districts and securing support in every community. Haskell's hard-working nature led him to win the Democratic nomination. Haskell won the Democratic primary by a more than 4,000-vote majority. [[Frank Frantz]], the Republican [[Governors of Oklahoma Territory|territorial governor]], was nominated as the Republican candidate at their caucus at Tulsa.

Frantz was a former [[Rough Riders|Rough Rider]] and a friend of U.S. President [[Theodore Roosevelt]], who had appointed him. He was a very strong candidate for the Republican party. Haskell challenged Frantz to joint public discussions throughout the state; they discussed every problem facing administration of the new state during the campaign.

In addition, two nationally prominent figures spoke at various locations: Republican presidential nominee [[William Howard Taft]] and Democratic presidential nominee [[William Jennings Bryan]]. Taft's disapproval of Oklahoma's proposed constitution <!-- tell why -->and his recommendation that the people vote against it seemed to increase support for the Democrats. Haskell won the gubernatorial race by more than 30,000 votes on September 17, 1907.<ref name=":0" /> On the same day, the voters ratified the new [[Oklahoma Constitution]].

==Governor of Oklahoma==
[[File:Charles Haskell.jpg|thumb|right|Governor Haskell as he appeared upon entering office]]
On November 16, 1907, five minutes after it was known that Oklahoma had officially become a state, ''Guthrie Leader'' editor Leslie G. Niblack administered the [[oath of office]] to Haskell. The ceremony took place privately in Haskell's hotel apartments in the presence of his immediate family, [[Robert Latham Owen]], United States Senator-elect, and Thomas Owen of Muskogee, Haskell's former political manager. Haskell's inaugural address at Guthrie, delivered on the south steps of the Carnegie Library, quickly lifted him into national prominence.

Haskell's old friends [[William H. Murray]] and [[Robert L. Williams]] also came into power with the state's founding; with Murray as the state's first [[Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives]] and Williams appointed, by Haskell, as the first [[Oklahoma Supreme Court]] chief justice. Haskell set the precedents for the use of [[executive power]].

During the [[1st Oklahoma Legislature]], Haskell delivered a message creating a commission charged with sending a message to the U.S. Congress: amending the United States Constitution to provide for the election of U.S. senators by a direct vote of the people. Although it did not occur until after he left office, his efforts, as well as the works of the Progressive-era leaders, provided for the passage of the [[Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] in 1912.

Though Guthrie was the official capital of the state, Haskell set up his administration from [[Oklahoma City]]. Oklahoma City quickly grew in industry and prominence, with a booming population of 64,000, shadowing the smaller city of Guthrie, which was located just miles from the growing city. Haskell personally led the move to change the capital from Guthrie to Oklahoma City. First, he moved the official home of the Great Seal of Oklahoma and Oklahoma Constitution. Slowly, all government functions moved to the Oklahoma City area.

[[File:President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904.jpg|thumb|left|[[Theodore Roosevelt]] would be one of Haskell's fiercest political opponents during his Governorship.]]

In the state legislature's first session, under Haskell's leadership, Oklahoma carried out various reforms<ref>[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_History_of_Oklahoma/WVt9vQ7QSqMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oklahoma+The+First+Legislature+also+adopted+a+series+of+laws+designed&pg=PA131&printsec=frontcover The History of Oklahoma By Arrell Morgan Gibson, 1984, P.131]</ref><ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951002583566l&seq=13 The Oklahoma red book v.2 P.366]</ref> including laws regulating banking in the state, while the old territorial prison system was reformed and the public protected from exploitative railroads, public utilities, trusts and monopolies. Haskell also initiated a law insuring deposits in case of a bank failure, a landmark piece of legislation in the nation. Haskell also rigidly enforced prohibition through the Alcohol Control Act. Though following progressive dogma at every turn, such as the introduction of child labor laws, factory inspection codes, safety codes for mines, health and sanitary laws, and employer's liability for workers, Haskell's legislative schedule also included Jim Crow laws for Oklahoma. Haskell's other significant contributions while governor included establishing the Oklahoma Geological Survey, the [[Oklahoma School for the Blind]], the [[Oklahoma College for Women]] and the [[Oklahoma State Department of Health]]. In addition, he helped to create the [[Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals]] in 1908. Haskell selected the first judges of the [[Government of Oklahoma#The Court of Criminal Appeals|Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals]].<ref>[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v011/v011p0890.html Enrolled House Concurrent Resolution No. 25] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902070021/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v011/v011p0890.html |date=September 2, 2006 }}, Chronicles of Oklahoma Vol. 11, No. 3, September, 1933. (accessed July 14, 2013)</ref>

Prior to statehood, Kansas officials imprisoned individuals convicted of crimes in Oklahoma Territory. [[Oklahoma Commissioner of Charities and Corrections]] [[Kate Barnard]], Oklahoma's first female state official, visited the Kansas prisons and reported to Governor Haskell on the horrible conditions. In response, in 1908, Haskell pushed a bill through the state legislature that transferred 50 Oklahoma prisoners detained in the [[Kansas]] penitentiary at [[Lansing, Kansas|Lansing]] to [[McAlester, Oklahoma]]. When the [[Oklahoma National Guard|Oklahoma state militia]] marched the prisoners down to McAlester, they found no prison. Under military supervision, the prisoners built [[Oklahoma State Penitentiary]], the state's first correctional facility (still in use today). The militia housed the prisoners in a tent city and were authorized by Haskell to use lethal force against any prisoner that tried to escape.

A [[grandfather clause]] was also enacted by the [[2nd Oklahoma Legislature]] by the state's Democratic leaders, effectively excluding blacks from voting. Haskell would spend the remainder of his term enforcing prohibition, regulation of railroads and other trusts, and the moving of the state capital to Oklahoma City. Haskell's dream came true on June 11, 1910, when Oklahoma City became the state's official capital.

Throughout his term as governor, Haskell remained free from corruption. Though he was the leader in the deliberations of the committee on county lines and county seats, when hundreds of towns had committees attending the sessions with heavy purses, he left these deliberations lean and poor, and by the time he retired from the governor's office he had become utterly impoverished. In debate he ignored the graces of oratory and instead marshaled facts, arrayed statistics and piled up figures, using his cutting wit and grim humor to carry his point.

At the end of his term as governor in 1911, Haskell stepped down from the governorship, happy to see his 1907 Democratic primary challenger [[Lee Cruce]] inaugurated as the second governor of Oklahoma. In 1912, Haskell unsuccessfully challenged incumbent U.S. Senator [[Robert Latham Owen]] in a hard-fought Democratic primary for his U.S. Senate seat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/chronicles/v031/v031p361.pdf |title=Political Leadership of Robert L. Owen |author=Belcher, Wyatt W |publisher=Chronicles of Oklahoma Vol. 31 (Winter 1953–54) - Oklahoma Historical Society |pages=361–371 |access-date=May 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006035830/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v031/v031p361.pdf |archive-date=October 6, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==National politics==
Not only a powerful figure in Oklahoma politics, Haskell's progressive roots and populist nature granted him national clout. In 1908, Haskell headed the Oklahoma delegation to the National Democratic Convention at Denver where he was appointed treasurer of the Democratic National Committee.<ref name=ES-19080726>{{Cite news |title=Mack Is The Choice |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/330863312/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Star|The Sunday Star]] |date=July 26, 1908 |page=1 |volume=173 |issue=17471 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> He was the spokesman for William Jennings Bryan in writing the platform of the convention. Two months later, he was forced to resign his treasurer position after allegations were leveled against him of taking illegal contributions from the [[Standard Oil Company]].<ref name=STJ19080927>{{Cite news |title=Ridder Is New Man |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/334831908/ |newspaper=[[The Sunday State Journal]] |date=September 27, 1908 |page=1 |volume=39 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref name=BOH-19081008-1>{{Cite news |title=Gov. Haskell Resigns as Bryan's Treasurer |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/424266107/ |newspaper=The Burr Oak Herald |publication-place=[[Burr Oak, Kansas]] |date=October 8, 1908 |page=2 |volume=XXIX |issue=42 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> In 1920, he again headed the Oklahoma delegation at the National Convention, which in that year met at San Francisco, and was committed to and faithfully labored for United States Senator [[Robert Latham Owen]], of Oklahoma, for the United States presidential nomination. Haskell would serve in this post two more times: a third in 1928 to the National Democratic Convention at Houston, and a fourth time in 1932 to the National Democratic Convention at Chicago.

At each convention and in his speeches and in articles appearing in the public press he disclosed an intimate understanding of the big money masters of America and ruthlessly exposed many of their venal practices and their corrupt usage of the public funds in their own interest to the detriment of the people.

==Later life, death and legacy==
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Haskell tomb.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Grave stone in Muskogee]] -->Haskell entered the oil business after finishing his term as governor,<ref name="okgov">[http://www.ok.gov/governor/govlist.htm Oklahoma Governors] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914000324/http://www.ok.gov/governor/govlist.htm |date=September 14, 2012 }}, Ok.gov. (accessed July 14, 2013)</ref> a profession he would stay in until the end of his life. In 1933, Haskell suffered a major stroke, from which he would never recover. Three months later, Haskell would die from [[pneumonia]]. Haskell lost consciousness on July 4th that same year, and died the next day, in the [[Skirvin Hotel]] in Oklahoma City at the age of 73. He is buried in [[Muskogee, Oklahoma]].<ref name="okgov"/>

Charles Haskell Elementary in [[Edmond, Oklahoma]], and Charles N. Haskell Middle School in [[Broken Arrow, Oklahoma]] are named in his honor. [[Haskell County, Oklahoma]] and the city of [[Haskell, Oklahoma]] are also named after him.

== Electoral history ==
{{Election box begin | title=1907 Oklahoma gubernatorial election<ref name="1907&1912 Results">{{cite web |title=1907-1912 Results |url=https://oklahoma.gov/content/dam/ok/en/elections/election-results/results-prior-to-1980/1907-1912-results.pdf |website=oklahoma.gov |publisher=[[Oklahoma State Election Board]] |access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
 |party = Democratic Party (United States)
 |candidate = Charles N. Haskell
 |votes = 134,162
 |percentage = 53.5
 |change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party = Republican Party (United States)
 |candidate = [[Frank Frantz]]
 |votes = 106,507
 |percentage = 42.5
 |change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
 |party = Socialist Party of America
 |candidate = C.C. Ross
 |votes = 9,740
 |percentage = 3.8
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
 |winner = Democratic Party (United States)
 |swing = N/A
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change
| title= Oklahoma Democratic primary (August 6, 1912)<ref name="1907&1912 Results" />
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate  = [[Robert Latham Owen|Robert L. Owen]] (Incumbent)
| party      = Democratic Party (US)
| votes      = 80,204
| percentage = 64.3%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate  = Charles N. Haskell
| party      = Democratic Party (US)
| votes      = 44,483
| percentage = 35.6%
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
| votes      = 124,687
}}
{{Election box end}}

==State of the State Speeches==
*[http://www.odl.state.ok.us/oar/governors/addresses/haskell1907.pdf First State of the State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204055243/http://www.odl.state.ok.us/oar/governors/addresses/haskell1907.pdf |date=February 4, 2012 }}
*[http://www.odl.state.ok.us/oar/governors/addresses/haskell1909.pdf Second State of the State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204055248/http://www.odl.state.ok.us/oar/governors/addresses/haskell1909.pdf |date=February 4, 2012 }}
*[http://www.odl.state.ok.us/oar/governors/addresses/haskell1910.pdf Third State of the State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204055254/http://www.odl.state.ok.us/oar/governors/addresses/haskell1910.pdf |date=February 4, 2012 }}
*[http://www.odl.state.ok.us/oar/governors/addresses/haskell1911.pdf Fourth and final State of the State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060624060916/http://www.odl.state.ok.us/oar/governors/addresses/haskell1911.pdf |date=June 24, 2006 }}

==Sources==
* [http://www.odl.state.ok.us/oar/governors/bios/haskell.pdf Short biography of Charles N Haskell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414200912/http://www.odl.state.ok.us/oar/governors/bios/haskell.pdf |date=April 14, 2011 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060427125451/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v010/v010p464.html Address of Haskell from the Chronicles of Oklahoma]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060902070021/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v011/v011p0890.html Tribute to Haskell from the Chronicles of Oklahoma]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Find a Grave|6301283|name=Charles Nathaniel Haskell|date=Mar 31, 2002|accessdate=May 5, 2013|work=Oklahoma Governor}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_oklahoma/col2-content/main-content-list/title_haskell_charles.html |title=Oklahoma Governor Charles Nathaniel Haskell |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=5 May 2013}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-new|first}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee for [[Governor of Oklahoma]]|years=[[1907 Oklahoma gubernatorial election|1907]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Lee Cruce]]}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box |title=[[Governor of Oklahoma]]| before=[[Frank Frantz]]<br>Territorial Governor| after=[[Lee Cruce]] | years=1907–1911}}
{{s-ref|The position of Governor of Oklahoma was created under the new [[Oklahoma Constitution]]. It replaced the office of [[Governor of Oklahoma Territory]].}}

{{Governors of Oklahoma}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haskell, Charles}}
[[Category:1860 births]]
[[Category:1933 deaths]]
[[Category:Democratic Party governors of Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Ohio lawyers]]
[[Category:Oklahoma lawyers]]
[[Category:Politicians from Muskogee, Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Methodists from Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Temperance activists from Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Ohio Democrats]]
[[Category:New York (state) Democrats]]
[[Category:Texas Democrats]]
[[Category:People from Ottawa, Ohio]]
[[Category:People from Leipsic, Ohio]]
[[Category:Schoolteachers from Ohio]]
[[Category:Methodists from Ohio]]
[[Category:Democratic National Committee treasurers]]
[[Category:19th-century American educators]]
[[Category:19th-century American lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Oklahoma politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention]]