View source for Chanyu

{{short description|Emperor title of the Xiongnu}}
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{{More citations needed|date=May 2007}}
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[[File:Reconstruction of a Xiongnu chief warrior, 2nd century BCE-1st century CE.jpg|thumb|Reconstruction of a [[Xiongnu]] chief warrior, 2nd century BC – 1st century AD, by archaeologist [[A.N. Podushkin]]. [[Central State Museum of Kazakhstan]].<ref>[[:File:Xiongnu museum label.jpg|Museum notice]]</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kradin |first1=Nikolay N. |chapter=Some Aspects of Xiongnu History in Archaeological Perspective |title=Competing Narratives between Nomadic People and their Sedentary Neighbours |journal=7thInternational Conference on the Medieval History of the Eurasian Steppe |date=23 January 2020 |volume=53 |pages=149–165 |doi=10.14232/sua.2019.53.149-165 |isbn=978-963-306-708-6 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350175936 |quote=Nonetheless, among archaeologists, there are many supporters of the Xiongnu migration to the West. In recent years, S. Botalov (2009) constructed a broad picture of the migration of the Xiongnu to the Urals, and then Europe. In Kazakhstan, A.N. Podushkin discovered the Arysskaya culture with a distinct stage of Xiongnu influence (2009). Russian archaeologists are actively studying the Hun sites in the Caucasus (Gmyrya 1993; 1995)<br>Podushkin, A.A. 2009. Xiongnu v Yuznom Kazakhstane. In: Nomady kazakhstanskikh stepey: etnosociokulturnye protsessy i kontakty v Evrazii skifo sakskoy epokhi: Edited by Z. Samashev, Astana: Ministry of Culture and Information of the Kazakhstan Republic: 147‒154}}</ref>]]
'''Chanyu''' ({{lang-zh|t=單于|s=单于|p=Chányú}}) or '''Shanyu''' ({{lang-zh|t=善于}}), short for '''Chengli Gutu Chanyu''' ({{lang-zh|t=撐犁孤塗單于|p=Chēnglí Gūtu Chányú}}), was the [[title]] used by the supreme rulers of [[Inner Asia]]n [[nomad]]s for eight centuries  until superseded by the title "''[[Khagan]]''" in 402 AD.<ref>Taskin V.S. ''"Materials on history of Dunhu group nomadic tribes"'', Moscow, 1984, p. 305,306, (Таскин В.С. ''"Mатериалы по истории древних кочевых народов группы Дунху"'') {{in lang|ru}}</ref>  The title was most famously used by the ruling [[Luandi]] clan of the [[Xiongnu]] during the [[Qin dynasty]] (221–206 BC) and [[Han dynasty]] (206 BC – 220 AD).  It was later also used infrequently by the Chinese as a reference to [[Tujue]] leaders.

==Etymology==
[[File:Inner Mongolia Museum pottery tile end (chanyu tianxiang).jpg|thumb|"Chanyu from Heaven" Tiles, [[Inner Mongolia Museum]]]]
According to the ''[[Book of Han]]'', "the Xiongnu called the [[Tian|Heaven]] (天) {{'}}''[[Tengri|Chēnglí]]''{{'}} (撐犁) and they called a child (子) ''gūtú'' (孤塗).  As for ''Chányú'' (單于), it is a "vast [and] great appearance" (廣大之貌).".<ref>''[[Book of Han]]'', [[:zh:s:漢書/卷094上|Vol. 94-I]], 匈奴謂天為「撐犁」，謂子為「孤塗」，單于者，廣大之貌也.</ref>

L. Rogers and [[Edwin G. Pulleyblank]] argue that the title ''chanyu'' may be equivalent to the later attested title ''[[tarkhan]]'', suggesting that the Chinese pronunciation was originally ''dān-ĥwāĥ'', an approximation for ''*darxan''.<ref name="Universität Bonn.">Universität Bonn. Seminar für Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft Zentralasiens: Zentralasiatische Studien, Vol. 24–26, p.21</ref> Linguist [[Alexander Vovin]] tentatively proposes a [[Yeniseian languages|Yeniseian]] etymology for 撐犁孤塗單于, in Old Chinese pronunciation ''*treng-ri k<sup>w</sup>a-la dar-ɢ<sup>w</sup>ā'', from four roots: *''*tɨŋgɨr-'' "heaven",<ref>Georg, Stefan (2001): Türkisch/Mongolisch tengri "Himmel/Gott" und seine Herkunft. Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 6: 83–100.</ref><ref>Starostin, Sergei A., and Merritt Ruhlen. (1994). Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions, with Extra-Yeniseian Comparisons. In M. Ruhlen, ''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237452482_Proto-Yeniseian_Reconstructions_with_Extra-Yeniseian_Comparisons On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy]''. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 70–92. [Partial translation of Starostin 1982, with additional comparisons by Ruhlen.]</ref> *''k<sup>w</sup>ala-'' "son, child", *''dar'' "lower reaches of the [[Yenisei river|Yenisei]]" or "north", and *''qʌ̄j'' ~ *''χʌ̄j'' "prince"; as a whole "Son of Heaven, Ruler of the North".<ref>"Once again on the Etymology of the title qaɣan", in ''Studia Etyologica Crocoviensia'', (2007) vol. 12, p. 177-185</ref><ref>"Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language? Part 2: Vocabulary", in ''Altaica Budapestinensia MMII, Proceedings of the 45th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Budapest'', June 23–28, pp. 389–394.</ref>

== List of Xiongnu Chanyus ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Title
!Reconstructed [[Han dynasty|Han period]]'s late [[Old Chinese]] and [[Later Han Chinese]] pronunciations<ref>Schuessler, Axel (2014). "Phonological Notes on Hàn Period Transcriptions of Foreign Names and Words". ''Studies in Chinese and Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Dialect, Phonology, Transcription and Text''. Language and Linguistics Monograph Series. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica (53).</ref>
!Personal Name
!Reign
|-
|[[Touman]] (頭曼單于/头曼单于)
|*do-mɑnᴬ<!--What language is this?? Old Chinese (220 B.C.E.): *do-mɑnᴬ. is this IPA?? It is based on IPA & used by Axel Schuessler to represent LHC's sounds-->
|
|220–209 BC
|-
|[[Modu Chanyu]] (冒頓單于/冒顿单于)
|*mouᴴ-tuən/mək-tuən < *mûh-tûn/mə̂k-tûn{{efn|a.k.a. Batur < Baγatur <ref>Hirth F. Sinologische Beitrage zur Geschichte der Turk-Volker. Die Ahnentafel Attila's nach Johannes von Thurocz. Bull. Imp. Acad, series V, vol. XIII, 1900, No 2, pp. 221–261.</ref>}}
|
|209–174 BC
|-
|[[Laoshang Chanyu]] (老上單于/老上单于)
|*lou<sup>B</sup>-dźaŋ<sup>C</sup>
|Jiyu (稽鬻)
|174–161 BC
|-
|[[Junchen Chanyu]] (軍臣單于/军臣单于)
|*kun-gin
|
|161–126 BC
|-
|[[Yizhixie Chanyu]] (伊稚斜單于/伊稚斜单于)
|*ʔi-ḍiᴴ-ja
|
|126–114 BC
|-
|[[Wuwei Chanyu]] (烏維/乌维)
|*ʔɑ-wi
|
|114–105 BC
|-
|[[Er Chanyu]] (兒{{efn|"underage"<ref name=bichurin>{{cite book|author=Bichurin N.Ya.|title=Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times|year=1851|volume=1}} p. 46</ref>}}單于/儿单于)
|*ńe
|Wushilu (烏師廬/乌师庐)
|105–102/101 BC
|-
|[[Xulihu Chanyu]] (呴犛湖/呴犁湖) / Goulihu (句犁湖)
|*hɨo-li-gɑ / *ko-li-ga
|
|102/101–101/100 BC
|-
|[[Qiedihou]] (且鞮侯){{efn|a.k.a. Chedihou}}
|*tsiɑ-te-go
|
|101/100–96 BC
|-
|[[Hulugu Chanyu]] (狐鹿姑單于/狐鹿姑单于)
|*ɣuɑ-lok-kɑ
|
|96–85 BC
|-
|[[Huyandi Chanyu]] (壺衍鞮單于/壺衍鞮单于)
|*ɣɑ-jan<sup>B/H</sup>-te
|
|85–68 BC
|-
|[[Xulüquanqu Chanyu]] (虛閭權渠單于/虚闾权渠单于)
|*hɨɑ-liɑ-gyan-gɨɑ
|
|68–60 BC
|-
|[[Woyanqudi Chanyu]] (握衍朐鞮單于/握衍朐鞮单于)
|*ʔɔk-jan<sup>B/H</sup>-hɨo-te
|Tuqitang (屠耆堂/ 屠耆堂)
|60–58 BC
|-
|[[Huhanye Chanyu]] (呼韓邪單于/呼韩邪单于)
|*hɑ-gɑn-ja
|Jihoushan<ref name="bichurin" />{{rp|59}}<br>( 稽侯狦)
|58 – 31 BC <br> Tuqi 屠耆單于, 58–56 BC <br> Hujie 呼揭單于, 57 BC <br> Juli 車犂單于, 57–56 BC <br> Wuji 烏籍單于, 57 BC <br> Runzhen 閏振單于, 56–54 BC <br> [[Zhizhi Chanyu]] 郅支單于, 55 – 36 BC<br /> Yilimu 伊利目單于, 49 BC
|-
|[[Fuzhulei Ruodi|Fuzhulei Ruodi Chanyu]]<ref name="bichurin" />{{rp|86}}<br>(復株纍若鞮{{efn|若鞮 ([[pinyin]] ''ruòdī''), glossed as "respectful to parents;<ref name=bichurin />{{rp|107}} filial piety"<ref>Pulleyblank, E. G. "Chinese and Indo-Europeans." ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland'', no. 1/2 (1966): 9–39. www.jstor.org/stable/25202896.</ref> in [[Book of Han|Hànshū]]; [[Edwin G. Pulleyblank|Pulleyblank]] reconstructs 若鞮's [[Middle Chinese|Early Middle Chinese]] pronunciation as *''njak-tei'' & instead compares this to [[Tocharian languages|Tocharian]] A ''ñäkci'' or Toch. B ''ñäkc(i)ye'' "godly, heavenly"}}單于/复株累若鞮单于)
|*ńak-te
|Diaotaomogao (彫陶莫皋/雕陶莫皋)<ref name="bichurin" />{{rp|86}}
|31–20 BC
|-
|[[Souxie Chanyu]]<ref name="bichurin" />{{rp|86}}<br>(搜諧若鞮單于/搜谐若鞮单于)
|*so-gɛi / *ṣu-gɛi
|Jumixu<ref name="bichurin" />{{rp|86}}<br>(且麋胥)
|20–12 BC
|-
|[[Juya Chanyu]]<ref name="bichurin" />{{rp|87}}<br>(車牙若鞮單于/车牙若鞮单于)
|*kɨɑ-ŋa
|Jumoju<ref name="bichurin" />{{rp|87}}<br>(且莫車/攣鞮且莫車)
|12–8 BC
|-
|[[Wuzhuliu Chanyu]]<ref name="bichurin" />{{rp|p. 87}} (烏珠留若鞮單于/乌珠留若鞮单于)
|*ʔɑ-tśo-liu
|Nangzhiyasi/Zhi <ref name="crespigny">R. de Crespigny, ''"Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire"'', Australian National University Faculty of Asian Studies Monographs, New Series No.4, Canberra 1984, {{cite web |title=The Division and Destruction of the Xiongnu Confederacy, Rafe de Crespigny, Publications, Faculty of Asian Studies, ANU |url=http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/decrespigny/han_xiongnu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101174028/http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/decrespigny/han_xiongnu.html |archive-date=2011-01-01 |access-date=2010-12-17}}</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2021}}<br>(囊知牙斯)
|8 BC – 13 AD
|-
|[[Wulei Chanyu]]<ref name="bichurin" />{{rp|105–107}} (烏累若鞮單于/乌累若鞮单于)
|*ʔɑ-lui
|Xian (鹹/挛鞮咸)
|13–18 AD
|-
|[[Huduershidaogao Chanyu]]<ref name="bichurin" />{{rp|108–109}}  (呼都而屍道皋若鞮單于/呼都而尸道皋若鞮单于)
|*hɑ-tɑ-ńɨ-śi-dou<sup>H</sup>-kou
|Yu (輿/挛鞮舆)
|18–46 AD
|-
|[[Wudadihou]] (烏達鞮侯/乌达鞮侯)<ref name="crespigny" />{{rp|878}}
|*ʔɑ-dɑt-te-ɡo
|
|46 AD
|}

=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

===Northern Xiongnu===
{| class="wikitable"
!Chinese name
!Reign
|-
|[[Punu Chanyu]] (蒲奴)
|46–? AD
|-
|[[Youliu]]<ref name="crespigny" />{{page needed|date=May 2021}} (優留)
| ?–87 AD
|-
|[[Northern Chanyu]] (北單于)
|88–? AD
|-
|[[Yuchujian]]<ref name="crespigny" />{{page needed|date=May 2021}} (於除鞬單于)
|91–93 AD
|-
|[[Feng Shanyu|Feng]]-hou (逢侯)
|94–118 AD
|}

===Southern Xiongnu===
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Notes
!Reign
|-
|[[Sutuhu]]/Bi (蘇屠胡/比)<br>Huhanxie the Second (呼韓邪第二)<br>Xiluo Shizhu Ti (醯落尸逐鞮)
|Brought the southern Xiongnu into tributary relations with Han China in AD 50
|48–56/55 AD
|-
|[[Qiufu Youti]]/Mo<br>(丘浮尤提)
|
|55/56–56/57 AD
|-
|[[Yifa Yulüti]]/Han<br>(伊伐於慮提)
|
|56/57–59 AD
|-
|[[Xitong Shizhu Houti]]/Shi<br>(醯僮尸逐侯提)
|
|59–63 AD
|-
|[[Qiuchu Julinti]]/Su <br>丘除車林提
|
|63 AD
|-
|[[Huxie Shizhu Houti]]/Chang<br>(湖邪尸逐侯提)
|
|63–85 AD
|-
|[[Yitu Yulüti]]/Xuan<br>(伊屠於閭提/宣)
|
|85–88 AD
|-
|[[Tuntuhe]]<ref name="crespigny" />{{page needed|date=May 2021}} Shulan<ref name="bichurin" />{{rp|130–134}}<br>Xiulan Shizhu Houti (休蘭尸逐侯提)
|
|88–93 AD
|-
|[[Anguo Chanyu|Anguo]]<ref name="crespigny" />{{page needed|date=May 2021}} (安國)
|Started a large scale rebellion against the Han
|93–94 AD
|-
|[[Shizi (chanyu)|Shizi]]<ref name="crespigny" />{{page needed|date=May 2021}} (師子)<br>Tingdu Shizhu Houti (亭獨尸逐侯提)
|
|94–98 AD
|-
|[[Wanshishizhudi]]/Tan (萬氏尸逐侯提/檀)
|Opposed by Feng Shanyu
|98-124AD <br>98–118 AD
|-
|[[Wujihoushizhudi]]/Ba<br>(烏稽尸逐侯提/拔)
|
|124–127/128 AD
|-
|[[Xiuli]] (休利)<br>Qute Ruoshi Zhujiu (去特若尸逐就)<ref name="crespigny" />{{page needed|date=May 2021}}
|Committed suicide under Chinese pressure
|127/128–140/142?
|-
|[[Cheniu]]<ref name="crespigny" />{{page needed|date=May 2021}}
|Popularly elected
|140–143 AD
|-
|[[Toulouchu]] (兜樓儲)<ref name="bichurin" />{{rp|144}}<br>Hulan Ruoshi Zhujiu(呼蘭若尸逐就)
|Appointed puppet at the Chinese court
|143–147 AD
|-
|[[Jucheer]] (居車兒)<ref name="crespigny" />{{page needed|date=May 2021}}<br>Yiling Ruoshi Zhujiu (伊陵若尸逐就)
|Puppet Chinese appointee that escaped Chinese control; incarcerated by Chinese in 158 AD
|147–158 AD (d. 172 AD)
|-
|[[Tute Ruoshi Zhujiu]] (屠特若尸逐就)<ref name="bichurin" />{{rp|145}} (''True name unknown; the Chinese moniker has negative connotation; confirmed by Chinese Court as Chanyu in 172 AD'')
|
|158–178 AD
|-
|[[Huzheng]]<ref name="bichurin" />{{rp|145}} (呼徵)
|
|178–179 AD
|-
|[[Qiangqu]]<br>(羌渠)
|Jiangqu;<ref name="crespigny" />{{page needed|date=May 2021}} killed in [[Chuge|Xiuchuge]] Xiongnu rebellion
|179–188 AD
|-
|[[Yufuluo]]<br>(於扶羅)
Chizhi Shizhuhou (特至尸逐侯){{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}
|Exiled puppet ''chanyu'', overthrown in the Ordos by the Southern Xiongnu rebels led by the Xiuchuge and Xiluo clans. Led dozens of refugee Xiongnu tribes to Pingyang in Shanxi.
|188–195 AD
|-
|[[Marquis of Xubu]] (須卜骨都侯) (''True name unknown'')
|Installed by the Xiuchuge and rebel faction after they ousted Yufuluo. After his death, his followers abolished the chanyu title and replaced him with a nominal king, but Yufuluo continued to claim the chanyu title in exile.
|188–189 AD
|-
|[[Huchuquan Chanyu|Huchuquan]] (呼廚泉)
|Yufuluo's brother,<ref name="crespigny" />{{page needed|date=May 2021}} he ruled over the Pingyang Xiongnu. After Yufuluo died, After he was detained at [[Ye (Hebei)|Ye]]. In 216, the Chinese court formally abolished the ''chanyu'' office.
|195–216 AD
|}

==Da Chanyu==
{| class="wikitable"
!Chinese name
!Data
!Personal Name
!Reign
|-
|[[Liu Yuan (Han Zhao)|Liu Yuan]] (劉淵)
|Founder of the [[Han-Zhao]] state, a.k.a. Emperor Guangwen (光文)<ref>[http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/China/V/Zsinschi/frametext10.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130072113/http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/China/V/Zsinschi/frametext10.htm#|date=2011-11-30}} note 208</ref>
|Yuanhai (元海)
|304–?
|-
|[[Liu Cong (Han Zhao)|Liu Cong]] (劉聰)
|Han-Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Zhaowu (昭武)
|Xuanming (玄明)
|310–?
|-
|[[Liu Can]] (劉粲)
|Han-Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Yin (隱)
|Shiguang (士光)
|?–?
|-
|[[Liu Yin (Han-Zhao)|Liu Yin]] (劉胤)
|Han-Zhao state imperial prince
|Yisun (義孫)
|325–?
|-
|[[Helian Bobo]] 
(赫連勃勃)
|Founder of the [[Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)|Helian Xia]] state, a.k.a. Emperor Wulie (武烈)
|Qujie (屈孑)
|407–?
|}

==Chanyu family trees==

{{chart top|width=100%|Chanyu Xiongnu rulers family trees}}
{{tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:110%;|summary=Boxes and lines diagram with 70 boxes}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Bx   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Bx=[[Xiongnu|Southern Xiongnu]]  南匈奴|boxstyle_Bx=border-color: #FF4500;}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Nx   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Nx=[[Xiongnu|Northern Xiongnu]] 北匈奴|boxstyle_Nx=border-color: #00FF00;}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Tm  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Tm='''[[Touman]]'''<br />头曼单于<br><small>r.220–209BC</small>}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Md  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Md='''[[Modu Chanyu]]'''<br />冒顿单于<br><small>r.209–174BC</small>}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ls  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Ls='''[[Laoshang Chanyu|Laoshang]]'''<br>老上单于<br /><small>r.174–161BC</small>}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | Jc  | | | | | | Zx  | | Yz  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Jc='''[[Junchen]]'''<br />军臣单于<br><small>r.161-126BC</small>|Zx=''daughter''<br />Wife of <br />[[Zhao Xin (general)|Zhao Xin]]<br />赵信|Yz='''[[Yizhixie]]'''<br />伊稚斜单于<br><small>r.126-114BC</small>}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | Yd  | | Ww  | | Gl  | | Qt  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Yd=涉安侯<br>於單|Ww='''[[Wuwei Chanyu]]'''<br />烏維单于<br><small>r.114-105BC</small>|Gl='''[[Xulihu]]''' <br />呴犁湖单于<br><small>r.102/101–<br />101/100 BC</small>|Qt='''[[Qiedihou]]'''<br />且鞮侯<br><small>r.101-96/99?BC</small>}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Er  | | | | | | Hl  | | Ll  | | Zd  | | Zw  | | Yg  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Er='''[[Er Chanyu|Er]]'''<br />儿单于<br><small>r.104-102/101BC</small>|Hl='''[[Hulugu Chanyu|Hulugu]]''' <br />狐鹿姑单于<br><small>r.96-85BC</small>|Ll=''daughter''<br />Wife of <br />[[Li Ling]] 李陵<br /><small>d.74 BC</small>|Zd=左大将|Zw=左大都尉|Yg=右谷蠡王}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hy  | | Zg  | | Xl  | | Gl2 | | Wc  | | Cl  | | Xx  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Hy='''[[Huyandi]]'''<br />壺衍鞮单于<br><small>r.85-68BC</small>|Zg=左谷蠡王|Xl='''[[Xulüquanqu]]'''<br />虚闾权渠单于<br><small>r.68-60BC</small>|Gl2=''daughter''<br />Wife of <br />[[Li Guangli]] 李廣利<br /><small>d.88BC</small>|Wc=''daughter''<br />Wife of <br /> 乌禅幕|Cl='''Cheli'''<br />車犂單于<br><small>r.57-56BC</small>|Xx=先贤掸}}
{{tree chart| |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart| Zz  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hh  | | Yg2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Zz='''[[Zhizhi Chanyu|Zhizhi]]'''<br />郅支单于<br><small>r.56-36BC</small>|Hh='''[[Huhanye]]''' <br />呼韩邪单于<br /><small>r.58-31BC</small>|Yg2=右谷蠡王}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | }}
{{tree chart| Jy  | | Fz  | | | | | | | | | | Sx  | | Cy  | | Lh  | | | | | | Wz  | | Zl  | | Yt  | | Wl  | | Le  | | | | | | Hd  | | | | |Jy=驹于利受|Fz='''[[Fuzhulei Ruoti]]'''<br />搜谐若鞮单于<br /><small>r.31–20BC</small>|Sx='''[[Souxie]]'''<br />搜谐若鞮单于<br><small>r.20-12BC</small>|Cy='''[[Juya]]'''<br />车牙若鞮单于<br><small>r.12-8BC</small>|Lh=右贤王<br>卢浑|Wz='''[[Wuzhuliu]]'''<br />乌珠留若鞮单于<br><small>r.8-13AD</small>|Zl=右贤王<br>铢娄渠堂|Yt=右谷蠡王<br>伊屠智牙师|Wl='''[[Wulei]]'''<br />乌累若鞮单于<br><small>r.13-18AD</small>|Le=左贤王<br>乐|Hd='''[[Huduershidaogao]]'''<br />呼都而尸道皋若鞮單于<br><small>r.18-46AD</small>}}
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{{tree chart| Xx2 | | Ym  |~| Xb  | | Dy  | | Ql  | | Wu  | | Du  | | Yd2 | | |!| | | Jl  | | Jj  | | De  | | Zh  | | Ji  | | Wa  | |Pn   |Xx2=醯諧屠奴侯|Ym=须卜居次<br>云|Xb='''须卜单于'''<br>当<br><small>r.18-21AD</small>|Dy=当于居次|Ql=左祝都韩王<br>朐留斯侯|Wu=右於塗仇撣王<br>乌夷当|Du=左日逐王<br>都|Yd2=右大且<br>方|Jl=左於駼仇掸王<br>稽留昆|Jj=斩将王|De='''Shun'''<br />顺单于 登<br>'''r.11–12'''|Zh='''Shun'''<br />顺单于 助<br>r.11|Ji=角|Wa='''[[Wudadihou]]''' <br />乌达鞮侯<br><small>r.46</small>|Pn='''[[Punu Chanyu]]'''<br />蒲奴<br><small>r.46-?</small>|boxstyle_Pn=border-color: #00FF00;}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Xl2  | | Wd  | | | | | |Qf   | |Yf   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Xl2='''[[Sutuhu]]/Huhanxie''' <br />呼韓邪<br><small>r.48-56/55</small>|boxstyle_Xl2=border-color: #FF4500;|Wd=右股奴王<br>乌鞮牙斯|Qf='''[[Qiufu Youti]]'''<br />丘浮尤提<br><small>r.55/56-56/57</small>|boxstyle_Qf=border-color: #FF4500;|Yf='''[[Yifa Yulüti]]''' 伊伐於慮提<br><small>r.56/57-59</small>|boxstyle_Yf=border-color: #FF4500;}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |Xt   | | | | | | | | | |Hx   | | | | | |Xl3  | |Qc   | |Yt2  | |Ag   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Xt='''[[Xitong Shizhu Houti]]''' <br />醢僮尸逐侯提<br><small>r.59–63</small>|boxstyle_Xt=border-color: #FF4500;|Hx='''[[Huxie Shizhu Houti]]'''<br />湖邪尸逐侯提<br><small>r.63–85</small>|boxstyle_Hx=border-color: #FF4500;|Xl3='''[[Tuntuhe]]'''/ '''Siuan'''<br />休兰尸逐侯鞮单于<br><small>r.88–93</small>|boxstyle_Xl3=border-color: #FF4500;|Qc='''[[Qiuchu Julinti]]<br>丘除车林鞮单于'''<br><small>r.63</small>|boxstyle_Qc=border-color: #FF4500;|Yt2='''[[Yitu Yulüti]]'''<br />伊屠於閭鞮單于<br><small>r.85–88</small>|boxstyle_Yt2=border-color: #FF4500;|Ag='''[[Anguo Chanyu|Anguo]]'''<br />安国<br><small>r.93–94</small>|boxstyle_Ag=border-color: #FF4500;}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |Td   | |Ws   | |Wj   | |Qt2  | | Zx2 | |Fh   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Td='''[[Shizi (chanyu)|Shizi]]'''<br />尸逐<br><small>r.94–98'</small>|boxstyle_Td=border-color: #FF4500;|Ws='''[[Wanshishizhudi]]'''<br />萬氏尸逐侯提<br><small>r.98–124</small>|boxstyle_Ws=border-color: #FF4500;|Wj='''[[Wujihoushizhudi]]'''<br />烏稽尸逐侯提<br><small>r.124–128</small>|boxstyle_Wj=border-color: #FF4500;|Qt2='''[[Xiuli]]'''<br />去特若尸逐就<br><small>r.127/128–<br />140/142?</small>|boxstyle_Qt2=border-color: #FF4500;|Zx2=左贤王|Fh=Feng-hou<br />逢侯<br><small>r.94–118</small>|boxstyle_Fh=border-color: #00FF00;}}
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{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | Mo  | | | | | | | | | | | | |Mo=□}}
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{{tree chart| Mo  | | | | | | Mo  | | Mo  | | | | | | | | |Mo=□}}
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{{tree chart| Tq  | | Yl  | | Rz  | | Wy  | | Sz  | | Yx  |Tq='''Tuqi Chanyu'''<br />屠耆單于<br /><small>r.58–56BC</small>|Yl='''Yilimu Chanyu'''<br />伊利目單于<br><small>r.49BC</small>|Rz='''Runzhen Chanyu'''<br />閏振單于<br><small>r.56-54BC</small>|Wy='''Huyan Qudi'''<br />握衍朐鞮單于<br><small>r.60-58BC</small>|Sz=Shengzhi<br />胜之|Yx=You Xian wáng<br />右贤王}}
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{{tree chart| Dt  | | Gm  | | | | | | Aj  | | | | | | | | |Dt=都涂吾西|Gm=姑瞀楼头|Aj=Aojian wang<br />奥鞬王}}
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{{tree chart| | | | | Mo  | | | | |Mo=□}}
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{{tree chart|Be   | |Yl   | |Yc   |Be='''[[Northern Chanyu]]'''<br />北單于<br><small>r.89–91AD?</small>|boxstyle_Be=border-color: #00FF00;|Yl='''[[Youliu]]''' 優留<br><small>r.?–87 AD</small>|boxstyle_Yl=border-color: #00FF00;|Yc='''[[Yuchujian]]''' 於除鞬單于<br /><small>r.91–93AD</small>|boxstyle_Yc=border-color: #00FF00;}}
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{{tree chart|Yl   |Yl='''[[Jucheer]]'''<br />伊陵尸逐就單于<br><small>r.147-158/172; d.172</small>|boxstyle_Yl=border-color: #FF4500;}}
{{tree chart| |!| }}
{{tree chart|Tt   |Tt='''[[Tute Ruoshi Zhujiu]]'''<br />屠特若尸逐就單于<br /><small>r.158/172–178AD</small>|boxstyle_Tt=border-color: #FF4500;}}
{{tree chart| |!| }}
{{tree chart|Hz   |Hz='''[[Huzheng]]'''<br />呼徵<br><small>r.178–179</small>|boxstyle_Hz=border-color: #FF4500;}}
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{{tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:110%;|summary=Boxes and lines diagram with 13 boxes}}
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{{tree chart|border=2| | |!| | | |!| | | |!|}}
{{tree chart|border=2| |Qq   | | Qb  | | Pl  |Qq='''[[Qiangqu]]'''<br />羌渠<br><small>r.179–188CE</small>|boxstyle_Qq=border-color: #FF4500;|Qb=[[Qubei]]<br />去卑|Pl=Panliuxi<br>潘六奚}}
{{tree chart|border=2| | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|.| }}
{{tree chart|border=2| | |!| | | Lm | |Lg| | | |Lm=[[Liu Meng (Xiongnu)|Liu Meng]]<br />劉猛|Lg=[[Liu Gaoshengyuan]]<br>劉誥升爰}}
{{tree chart|border=2| | |)|-|-|-|.| | | |!| }}
{{tree chart|border=2| |Cz   | |Hc | |UN| | | | | UN=''[[Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)|Tiefu/Xia]]''<br />state|boxstyle_UN=border-width:0px|Cz='''[[Chizhi Shizhu Hou]]'''<br />持至尸逐侯单于<br /><small>b.150–d.196; r.188–195</small>|boxstyle_Cz=border-color: #FF4500;|Hc='''[[Huchuquan]]'''<br />呼厨泉<br><small>r.195–216</small>|boxstyle_Hc=border-color: #FF4500;}}
{{tree chart|border=2| | |!| | | | | | | |!| }}
{{tree chart|border=2| |Ba| | | | | |Lh| | | |Ba='''[[Liu Bao]]'''<br />劉豹|Lh=[[Liu Hu (Tiefu)|Liu Hu]]<br />劉虎}}
{{tree chart|border=2| | |!| | | | | | | |!| }}
{{tree chart|border=2| |HZ| | | | | |TXT| | |HZ=''[[Han-Zhao]]<br />state''|boxstyle_HZ=border-width:0px|TXT=[[Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)#Rulers family tree|Tiefu/Xia state <br />rulers family tree]]|boxstyle_TXT=border-width:0px}}
{{tree chart|border=2| | |!| | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart|border=2| | Yu  | | | | | | |Yu=<small>Liu Yuan 劉淵 d.310</small><br />'''[[Liu Yuan (Han Zhao)|Guangwen of Han (Zhao)]]'''<br />漢(趙)光文帝 r.304–310|TXT=[[Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)#Rulers family tree|Tiefu/Xia state <br />rulers family tree]]|boxstyle_TXT=border-width:0px}}
{{tree chart|border=2| | |!| | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart|border=2| |HZT  | | | | | | | | |HZT=[[Han Zhao#Rulers family tree|''Han-Zhao rulers <br />family tree'']]|boxstyle_HZT=border-width:0px}}
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== See also ==
* [[List of Disney's Mulan characters#Shan Yu|Shan Yu]]
*[[Mulan]]
*[[Khan (title)|Khan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Yap, Joseph P. (2019). The Western Regions, Xiongnu and Han, from the Shiji, Hanshu and Hou Hanshu. {{ISBN|978-1792829154}}.

[[Category:Heads of state]]
[[Category:Royal titles]]
[[Category:Noble titles]]
[[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]]
[[Category:Chanyus| ]]
[[Category:Chinese royal titles]]