View source for Chakma script

{{Short description|Writing system used for Chakma language}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2017}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox writing system
| name        = Chakma
| altname     = Changmha Ajhapat<br />𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦 𑄃𑄧𑄏𑄛𑄖𑄴
| type        = [[Abugida]]
| languages   = [[Chakma language]], [[Pali]]<ref name="Scheuren">{{cite web |first=Zachary |last=Scheuren |title=Proposal to encode CHAKMA LETTER VAA for Pali |date=2019-04-22 |website=The Unicode Consortium |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19143-chakma-letter-vaa.pdf}}</ref>
| sample      = Shukla Chakma I.svg
| caption     = The word 'Changmha Ajhapat' in Chakma script
| imagesize   = 200px
| time        = {{nowrap|{{circa|600&nbsp;CE}}{{snd}}present}}
| fam1        = [[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet]]
| footnotes   = 
| fam2        = [[Phoenician alphabet]]
| fam3        = [[Aramaic alphabet]]
| fam4        = [[Brahmi script]]
| fam5        = [[Tamil-Brahmi]]<ref>{{cite book |editor-first1=R. Malatesha |editor-last1=Joshi |editor-first2=Catherine |editor-last2=McBride |title=Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography |series=Literacy Studies |volume=17 |year=2019 |page=28 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-05977-4 |isbn=978-3-030-05976-7}}</ref>
| fam6        = [[Pallava script]]
| fam7        = [[Mon–Burmese script]]<ref name="Talukdar">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGHfVGV5A5wC&q=chakma+script+burmese%2Cp214&pg=PA214 |title=Genesis of Indigenous Chakma Buddhists and Their Pulverization Worldwide |isbn=9788178357584 |last1=Talukdar |first1=S. P. |year=2010 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House }}</ref><ref name="BraunsLöffler">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jWP0BwAAQBAJ&q=chakma+script+burmese&pg=PA28|title = Mru: Hill People on the Border of Bangladesh|date = 11 November 2013| publisher=Birkhäuser |isbn = 9783034856942 |first1=Claus-Dieter |last1=Brauns |first2=Lorenz G. |last2=Löffler}}</ref><ref name="EversonHosken">{{cite web |first1=Michael |last1=Everson |first2=Martin |last2=Hosken |title=Proposal for encoding the Chakma script in the UCS |url=http://unicode.org/L2/L2009/09187r-n3645r-chakma.pdf |date=2009-07-28}}</ref>
| unicode     = U+11100&ndash;U+1114F<ref>{{cite web |title=Chakma block chart |publisher=The Unicode Consortium |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11100.pdf}}</ref>
| sisters     = {{ubl| [[Burmese script]] | [[Mon script]] | [[S'gaw Karen alphabet]] | [[Khmer script]] | [[Ahom alphabet]]|[[Tanchangya script]]}}
| iso15924    = Cakm
}}
{{Chakma Sidebar}}
{{brahmic}}
The '''Chakma Script''' ({{Langx|ccp|𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦 𑄃𑄧𑄏𑄛𑄖𑄴|rtl=yes|italic=yes|size=100%}}), also called '''Ajha Path''', is an [[abugida]] used for the [[Chakma language]], and recently for the [[Pali]] language.<ref name="Scheuren"/>

==History==
The Chakma script is an [[abugida]] that belongs to the [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic family of scripts]]. Chakma evolved from the [[Burmese script]], which was ultimately derived from [[Pallava script|Pallava]].<ref name="Talukdar"/><ref name="BraunsLöffler"/><ref name="EversonHosken"/> Proto Chakma developed around the 6th century CE. Old Chakma developed in the 8th century CE. Classical Literary Chakma was used in the 11th to 15th centuries and the current Standard Chakma was developed and revived in the 20th century.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

The script, along with the [[Chakma language]], has been introduced to non-government schools in [[Bangladesh]], and as well as schools in [[Mizoram]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brandt |first1=Carmen |chapter=Script as a potential demarcator and stabilizer of languages in South Asia |date=2014 |editor-last=Cardoso |editor-first=Hugo C. |title=Language Endangerment and Preservation in South Asia |location=Honolulu |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |page=86 |hdl=10125/4602|isbn=9780985621148 }}</ref>

==Structure==
[[File:Chakma Letter-Biplob Rahman.jpg|thumb|Chakma Letters]]
Chakma is of the Brahmic type: the consonant letters contain an inherent vowel. Unusually for [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]], the inherent vowel in Chakma is a long 'ā' ([[Open central unrounded vowel|a]]) as opposed to short 'a' ([[open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]). Consonant clusters are written with conjunct characters, and a visible vowel killer shows the deletion of the inherent vowel when there is no conjunct.

===Independent vowels===
Four independent vowels exist:
{| class="wikitable letters-table"
|- 
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄃|iso=ā|ipa=[[Open central unrounded vowel|aː]]}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄄|iso=i|ipa=[[Close front unrounded vowel|i]]}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄅|iso=u|ipa=[[Close back rounded vowel|u]]}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄆|iso=e|ipa=[[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]}}
|-
|}

Other vowels in initial position are formed by adding the vowel sign to {{Script/Chakma|𑄃}} ā, as in {{Script/Chakma|𑄃𑄩}} ī, {{Script/Chakma|𑄃𑄫}} ū, {{Script/Chakma|𑄃𑄭}} ai, {{Script/Chakma|𑄃𑄰}} oi. Some modern writers are generalizing this spelling in {{Script/Chakma|𑄃𑄨}} i, {{Script/Chakma|𑄃𑄪}} u, and {{Script/Chakma|𑄃𑄬}} e.

=== Dependent vowels ===
{| class="wikitable letters-table"
|- 
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄧|iso=a|ipa=[ɔ]}} 
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑅅|iso=aa|ipa=[a]}} 
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄨|iso=i|ipa=[i]}} 
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄩|iso=ii|ipa=[i]}} 
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄪|iso=u|ipa=[u]}} 
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄫|iso=uu|ipa=[u]}} 
|-
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄬|iso=e|ipa=[e/ɛ]}} 
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄭|iso=ai|ipa=[aḭ]}} 
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄮|iso=o|ipa=[o]}} 
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄯|iso=au|ipa=[ou̯]}} 
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄰|iso=oi|ipa=[ɔi̯]}} 
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄱|iso=o|ipa=[o]}} 
|-
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄲|iso=au|ipa=[ou̯]}} 
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑅆|iso=ei|ipa=[ei]}} 
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄀|iso=candrabindu|ipa=[ -̃ ]}} 
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄁|iso=anusvara|ipa=[ŋ]}} 
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄂|iso=visarga|ipa=[h]}}
|-
|}

One of the interesting features of Chakma writing is that candrabindu 𑄀 (cānaphudā) can be used together with anusvara 𑄁 (ekaphudā) and visarga 𑄂 (dviphudā):

{{Script/Chakma|𑄃𑄂𑄀}}  aḥṃ = {{Script/Chakma|𑄃}} ā +  {{Script/Chakma|𑄂 h +  𑄀ṃ}}

{{Script/Chakma|𑄃𑄁𑄀}}  aṃṃ = {{Script/Chakma|𑄃}} ā +  {{Script/Chakma|𑄁 ṃ +  𑄀ṃ}}

{{Script/Chakma|𑄅𑄁𑄀}}  uṃṃ = {{Script/Chakma|𑄅}} u +  {{Script/Chakma|𑄁 ṃ +  𑄀ṃ}}

{{Script/Chakma|𑄟𑄪𑄀}}  muṃ = {{Script/Chakma|𑄟}} mā + {{Script/Chakma|𑄪 u +  𑄀ṃ}}

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable letters-table"
|- 
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄇|iso=kā}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄈|iso=khā}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄉|iso=gā}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄊|iso=ghā}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄋|iso=ṅā}}
|- 
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄌|iso=cā}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄍|iso=chā}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄎|iso=jā}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄏|iso=jhā}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄐|iso=ñā}}
|- 
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄑|iso=ṭā}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄒|iso=ṭhā}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄓|iso=ḍā}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄔|iso=ḍhā}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄕|iso=ṇā}}
|- 
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄖|iso=tā}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄗|iso=thā}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄘|iso=dā}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄙|iso=dhā}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄚|iso=nā}}
|- 
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄛|iso=pā}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄜|iso=phā}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄝|iso=bā}} 
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄞|iso=bhā}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄟|iso=mā}}
|- 
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄠|iso=yyā}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄡|iso=yā}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄢|iso=rā}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄣|iso=lā}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch1=𑄤 | ch2=𑅇 |iso=wā / vā}}
|- 
|
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄥|iso=sā}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄦|iso=hā}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑅄|iso=ḷā}}
|
|-
|}

====Vowel-killer====
Like other Brahmic scripts, Chakma makes use of the ''maayyaa'' (killer) to invoke conjoined consonants. In the past, practice was much more common than it is today. Like the Myanmar script, Chakma is encoded with two vowel-killing characters in order to conform to modern user expectations. As shown above, most letters have their vowels killed with the use of the explicit ''maayyaa'':

𑄇𑄴 k = 𑄇 kā +  𑄴 MAAYYAA

====Conjucts====
In 2001 an orthographic reform was recommended in the book ''Cāṅmā pattham pāt'' which would limit the standard repertoire of conjuncts to those composed with the five letters 𑄠 yā, 𑄢 rā, 𑄣 lā, 𑄤 wā, and 𑄚 nā. The four here are the most widely accepted repertoire of conjuncts. No separate conjunct forms of subjoined full-form -yā or -rā appear to exist. The fifth of these conjuncts, the -na conjunct, is exemplary of the orthographic shift which has taken place in the Chakma language.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Consonant
!'''𑄳'''𑄠
- yyā
!'''𑄳'''𑄢 
- rā
!'''𑄳'''𑄣
- lā
!'''𑄳'''𑄤
- wā
!'''𑄳'''𑄚
- nā
|-
!'''𑄇 k'''
|𑄇𑄳𑄠
|𑄇𑄳𑄢 
|𑄇𑄳𑄣
|𑄇𑄳𑄤
|𑄇𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄈 kh'''
|𑄈𑄳𑄠
|𑄈𑄳𑄢
|𑄈𑄳𑄣
|𑄈𑄳𑄤
|𑄈𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄉 g'''
|𑄉𑄳𑄠
|𑄉𑄳𑄢
|𑄉𑄳𑄣
|𑄉𑄳𑄤
|𑄉𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄊 gh'''
|𑄊𑄳𑄠
|𑄊𑄳𑄢
|𑄊𑄳𑄣
|𑄊𑄳𑄤
|𑄊𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄋 ṅ'''
|𑄋𑄳𑄠
|𑄋𑄳𑄢
|𑄋𑄳𑄣
|𑄋𑄳𑄤
|𑄋𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄌 c'''
|𑄌𑄳𑄠
|𑄌𑄳𑄢
|𑄌𑄳𑄣
|𑄌𑄳𑄤
|𑄌𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄍 ch'''
|𑄍𑄳𑄠
|𑄍𑄳𑄢
|𑄍𑄳𑄣
|𑄍𑄳𑄤
|𑄍𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄎 j'''
|𑄎𑄳𑄠
|𑄎𑄳𑄢
|𑄎𑄳𑄣
|𑄎𑄳𑄤
|𑄎𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄏 jh'''
|𑄏𑄳𑄠
|𑄏𑄳𑄢
|𑄏𑄳𑄣
|𑄏𑄳𑄤
|𑄏𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄐 ñ'''
|𑄐𑄳𑄠
|𑄐𑄳𑄢
|𑄐𑄳𑄣
|𑄐𑄳𑄤
|𑄐𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄑 ṭ'''
|𑄑𑄳𑄠
|𑄑𑄳𑄢
|𑄑𑄳𑄣
|𑄑𑄳𑄤
|𑄑𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄒 ṭh'''
|𑄒𑄳𑄠
|𑄒𑄳𑄢
|𑄒𑄳𑄣
|𑄒𑄳𑄤
|𑄒𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄓 ḍ'''
|𑄓𑄳𑄠
|𑄓𑄳𑄢
|𑄓𑄳𑄣
|𑄓𑄳𑄤
|𑄓𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄔 ḍh'''
|𑄔𑄳𑄠
|𑄔𑄳𑄢
|𑄔𑄳𑄣
|𑄔𑄳𑄤
|𑄔𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄕 ṇ'''
|𑄕𑄳𑄠
|𑄕𑄳𑄢
|𑄕𑄳𑄣
|𑄕𑄳𑄤
|𑄕𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄖 t'''
|𑄖𑄳𑄠
|𑄖𑄳𑄢
|𑄖𑄳𑄣
|𑄖𑄳𑄤
|𑄖𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄗 th'''
|𑄗𑄳𑄠
|𑄗𑄳𑄢
|𑄗𑄳𑄣
|𑄗𑄳𑄤
|𑄗𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄘 d'''
|𑄘𑄳𑄠
|𑄘𑄳𑄢
|𑄘𑄳𑄣
|𑄘𑄳𑄤
|𑄘𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄙 dh'''
|𑄙𑄳𑄠
|𑄙𑄳𑄢
|𑄙𑄳𑄣
|𑄙𑄳𑄤
|𑄙𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄚 n'''
|𑄚𑄳𑄠
|𑄚𑄳𑄢
|𑄚𑄳𑄣
|𑄚𑄳𑄤
|𑄚𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄛 p'''
|𑄛𑄳𑄠
|𑄛𑄳𑄢
|𑄛𑄳𑄣
|𑄛𑄳𑄤
|𑄛𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄜 ph'''
|𑄜𑄳𑄠
|𑄜𑄳𑄢
|𑄜𑄳𑄣
|𑄜𑄳𑄤
|𑄜𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄝 b'''
|𑄝𑄳𑄠
|𑄝𑄳𑄢
|𑄝𑄳𑄣
|𑄝𑄳𑄤
|𑄝𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄞 bh'''
|𑄞𑄳𑄠 
|𑄞𑄳𑄢
|𑄞𑄳𑄣
|𑄞𑄳𑄤
|𑄞𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄟 m'''
|𑄟𑄳𑄠
|𑄟𑄳𑄢
|𑄟𑄳𑄣
|𑄟𑄳𑄤
|𑄟𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄠 yy'''
|𑄠𑄳𑄠
|𑄠𑄳𑄢
|𑄠𑄳𑄣
|𑄠𑄳𑄤
|𑄠𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄡 y'''
|𑄡𑄳𑄠
|𑄡𑄳𑄢
|𑄡𑄳𑄣
|𑄡𑄳𑄤
|𑄡𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄢 r'''
|𑄢𑄳𑄠
|𑄢𑄳𑄢
|𑄢𑄳𑄣
|𑄢𑄳𑄤
|𑄢𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄤 w'''
|𑄤𑄳𑄠
|𑄤𑄳𑄢
|𑄤𑄳𑄣
|𑄤𑄳𑄤
|𑄤𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄥 s'''
|𑄥𑄳𑄠
|𑄥𑄳𑄢
|𑄥𑄳𑄣
|𑄥𑄳𑄤
|𑄥𑄳𑄚
|-
!'''𑄦 h'''
|𑄦𑄳𑄠     
|𑄦𑄳𑄢
|𑄦𑄳𑄣
|𑄦𑄳𑄤
|𑄦𑄳𑄚
|}
While some writers would indeed write {{Transliteration|ccp|kakna}} (in ligating style) as 𑄇𑄇𑄳𑄚 or (in subjoining style) as 𑄇𑄇𑄳𑄚, most now would probably expect it to be written as 𑄇𑄇𑄴𑄚. The ligating style of glyphs is now considered old-fashioned. Thus, taking the letter 𑄟 mā as the second element, while the glyph shapes 𑄇𑄳𑄟  kmā, 𑄖𑄳𑄟 tmā, 𑄚𑄳𑄟 nmā, 𑄝𑄳𑄝 bbā, 𑄟𑄳𑄟 mmā, 𑄣𑄳𑄣 llā, 𑄥𑄳𑄟 smā, and 𑄦𑄳𑄟 hmā are attested, most users now prefer the glyph shapes 𑄇𑄳𑄟 kmā, 𑄖𑄳𑄟 tmā, 𑄚𑄳𑄟 nmā, 𑄝𑄳𑄝 bbā, 𑄟𑄳𑄟 mmā, 𑄣𑄳𑄣 llā, 𑄥𑄳𑄟 smā, and 𑄦𑄳𑄟 hmā. Again, this distinction is stylistic and not orthographic.

The 2004 book ''Phadagaṅ'' shows examples of the five conjuncts above together alongside conjuncts formed with 𑄝 bā, 𑄟 mā, and 𑄦 hā. These are all formed by simple subjoining.
{| class="wikitable"
!Consonant
!'''𑄳𑄝'''
- bā
!'''𑄳𑄟'''
- mā
!'''𑄳'''𑄦
- hā
|-
!'''𑄇 k'''
|𑄇𑄳𑄝
|𑄇𑄳𑄟
|𑄇𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄈 kh'''
|𑄈𑄳𑄝
|𑄈𑄳𑄟
|𑄈𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄉 g'''
|𑄉𑄳𑄝
|𑄉𑄳𑄟
|𑄉𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄊 gh'''
|𑄊𑄳𑄝
|𑄊𑄳𑄟
|𑄊𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄋 ṅ'''
|𑄋𑄳𑄝
|𑄋𑄳𑄟
|𑄋𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄌 c'''
|𑄌𑄳𑄝
|𑄌𑄳𑄟
|𑄌𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄍 ch'''
|𑄍𑄳𑄝
|𑄍𑄳𑄟
|𑄍𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄎 j'''
|𑄎𑄳𑄝
|𑄎𑄳𑄟
|𑄎𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄏 jh'''
|𑄏𑄳𑄝
|𑄏𑄳𑄟
|𑄏𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄐 ñ'''
|𑄐𑄳𑄝
|𑄐𑄳𑄟
|𑄐𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄑 ṭ'''
|𑄑𑄳𑄝
|𑄑𑄳𑄟
|𑄑𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄒 ṭh'''
|𑄒𑄳𑄝
|𑄒𑄳𑄟
|𑄒𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄓 ḍ'''
|𑄓𑄳𑄝
|𑄓𑄳𑄟
|𑄓𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄔 ḍh'''
|𑄔𑄳𑄝
|𑄔𑄳𑄟
|𑄔𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄕 ṇ'''
|𑄕𑄳𑄝
|𑄕𑄳𑄟
|𑄕𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄖 t'''
|𑄖𑄳𑄝
|𑄖𑄳𑄟
|𑄖𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄗 th'''
|𑄗𑄳𑄝
|𑄗𑄳𑄟
|𑄗𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄘 d'''
|𑄘𑄳𑄝
|𑄘𑄳𑄟
|𑄘𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄙 dh'''
|𑄙𑄳𑄝
|𑄙𑄳𑄟
|𑄙𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄚 n'''
|𑄚𑄳𑄝
|𑄚𑄳𑄟
|𑄚𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄛 p'''
|𑄛𑄳𑄝
|𑄛𑄳𑄟
|𑄛𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄜 ph'''
|𑄜𑄳𑄝
|𑄜𑄳𑄟
|𑄜𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄝 b'''
|𑄝𑄳𑄝
|𑄝𑄳𑄟
|𑄝𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄞 bh'''
|𑄞𑄳𑄝
|𑄞𑄳𑄟
|𑄞𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄟 m'''
|𑄟𑄳𑄝
|𑄟𑄳𑄟
|𑄟𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄠 yy'''
|𑄠𑄳𑄝
|𑄠𑄳𑄟
|𑄠𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄡 y'''
|𑄡𑄳𑄝
|𑄡𑄳𑄟
|𑄡𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄢 r'''
|𑄢𑄳𑄝
|𑄢𑄳𑄟
|𑄢𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄤 w'''
|𑄤𑄳𑄝
|𑄤𑄳𑄟
|𑄤𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄥 s'''
|𑄥𑄳𑄝
|𑄥𑄳𑄟
|𑄥𑄳𑄦
|-
!'''𑄦 h'''
|𑄦𑄳𑄝
|𑄦𑄳𑄟
|𑄦𑄳𑄦
|}
In the 1982 book ''Cāṅmār āg pudhi'' a much wider range of conjunct pairs is shown, some of them with fairly complicated glyphs:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Note:

Spaces left blank do not have a combination
!<small>Consonant</small>
!'''<small>𑄳𑄇</small>'''
'''<small>- k</small>'''
!'''<small>𑄳𑄉</small>'''
'''<small>- g</small>'''
!'''<small>𑄳𑄌</small>'''
'''<small>- c</small>'''
!'''<small>𑄳𑄍</small>'''
'''<small>- ch</small>'''
!'''<small>𑄳𑄎</small>'''
'''<small>- j</small>'''
!'''<small>𑄳𑄏</small>'''
'''<small>- jh</small>'''
!'''<small>𑄳𑄑</small>'''
'''<small>- ṭ</small>'''
!'''<small>𑄳𑄖</small>'''
'''<small>- t</small>'''
!'''<small>𑄳𑄗</small>'''
'''<small>- th</small>'''
!'''<small>𑄳𑄘</small>'''
'''<small>- d</small>'''
!'''<small>𑄳𑄙</small>'''
'''<small>- dh</small>'''
!'''<small>𑄳𑄛</small>'''
'''<small>- p</small>'''
!'''<small>𑄳𑄝</small>'''
'''<small>- b</small>'''
!'''<small>𑄳𑄟</small>'''
'''<small>- m</small>'''
!'''<small>𑄳𑄦</small>'''
'''<small>- l</small>'''
|-
!'''<small>𑄇 k</small>'''
|<small>𑄇𑄳𑄇</small>
|
|<small>𑄇𑄳𑄌</small>
|
|
|
|<small>𑄇𑄳𑄑</small>
|<small>𑄇𑄳𑄖</small>
|
|
|
|
|
|<small>𑄇𑄳𑄟</small>
|
|-
!'''<small>𑄋 ṅ</small>'''
|<small>𑄋𑄳𑄇</small>
|<small>𑄋𑄳𑄉</small>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''<small>𑄌 c</small>'''
|
|
|<small>𑄌𑄳𑄌</small>
|<small>𑄌𑄳𑄍</small>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''<small>𑄎 j</small>'''
|
|
|
|
|<small>𑄎𑄳𑄎</small>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''<small>𑄐 ñ</small>'''
|
|
|<small>𑄐𑄳𑄌</small>
|
|<small>𑄐𑄳𑄎</small>
|<small>𑄐𑄳𑄏</small>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''<small>𑄑 ṭ</small>'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|<small>𑄑𑄳𑄑</small>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''<small>𑄖 t</small>'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|<small>𑄖𑄳𑄖</small>
|<small>𑄖𑄳𑄗</small>
|
|
|
|
|<small>𑄖𑄳𑄟</small>
|
|-
!'''<small>𑄘 d</small>'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|<small>𑄘𑄳𑄘</small>
|<small>𑄘𑄳𑄙</small>
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''<small>𑄚 n</small>'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|<small>𑄚𑄳𑄖</small>
|<small>𑄚𑄳𑄗</small>
|
|
|
|
|<small>𑄚𑄳𑄟</small>
|
|-
!'''<small>𑄛 p</small>'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|<small>𑄛𑄳𑄛</small>
|
|
|
|-
!'''<small>𑄝 b</small>'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|<small>𑄝𑄳𑄝</small>
|
|
|-
!'''<small>𑄟 m</small>'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|<small>𑄟𑄳𑄟</small>
|
|-
!'''<small>𑄣 l</small>'''
|<small>𑄦𑄳𑄇</small>
|<small>𑄦𑄳𑄉</small>
|
|<small>𑄦𑄳𑄍</small>
|
|
|<small>𑄦𑄳𑄑</small>
|
|
|
|
|<small>𑄦𑄳𑄛</small>
|
|
|<small>𑄣𑄳𑄦</small>
|-
!'''<small>𑄥 s</small>'''
|<small>𑄥𑄳𑄇</small>
|
|
|
|
|
|<small>𑄥𑄳𑄑</small>
|
|
|
|
|<small>𑄥𑄳𑄛</small>
|
|<small>𑄥𑄳𑄟</small>
|
|-
!<small>𑄦 h</small>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|<small>𑄦𑄳𑄟</small>
|
|}

==Letter names and punctuation==
Chakma letters have a descriptive name followed by a traditional Brahmic consonant. These are given in annotations to the character names. Alongside a single (𑅁) and double (𑅂) danda punctuation, Chakma has a unique question mark (𑅃), and a section sign, ''Phulacihna''. There is some variation in the glyphs for the ''Phulacihna (𑅀)'', some looking like flowers or leaves.

==Numerals==
The Chakma script contains its own set of numerals, although [[Bengali numerals]] are also used.

{| class="wikitable letters-table"
|-
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄶|top=0}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄷|top=1}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄸|top=2}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄹|top=3}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄺|top=4}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄻|top=5}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄼|top=6}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄽|top=7}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄾|top=8}}
| {{letter|l=ccp|s=Cakm|ch=𑄿|top=9}}
|}

==Unicode==
{{Main|Chakma (Unicode block)}}
Chakma script was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in January 2012 with the release of version 6.1.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unicode 6.1.0 |website=The Unicode Consortium |date=2012-01-31 |url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.1.0/ |archive-date=2012-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202014742/http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.1.0/ |access-date=2023-12-31}}</ref>

The Unicode block for Chakma script is U+11100&ndash;U+1114F. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points:

{{Unicode chart Chakma}}

==Educational Institutions==
The Chakma language is being taught in many Government and private schools in India (Tripura, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh) and Bangladesh. The Chakma language was officially introduced in primary schools by the Govt. of Tripura under The Directorate of Kokborok & Other Minority Languages in 2004 through Bengali Script and since 2013 through Chakma script (also known as '''Ajhā Pāṭh'''). Presently,{{when|date=January 2024}} the Chakma language is being taught in 87 schools.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kokborokoml.tripura.gov.in/chakma |title=Chakma Language |department=The Directorate of Kokborok & Other Minority Languages |website=Government of Tripura, India}}</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://uni.hilledu.com RibengUni (First Chakma Unicode Font)]
*[http://hilledu.com Chakma Script] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115054019/https://hilledu.com/ |date=2020-01-15 }}
*[http://hillbd.com Chakma Bangla Blog]
*[https://languagetools-153419.appspot.com/ccp/ Chakma Prototype Keyboard]
*[https://languagetools-153419.appspot.com/ccp/convertUI/ Chakma Unicode Converter]
*[https://languagetools-153419.appspot.com/ccp/downloads/ Available Chakma Unicode Fonts]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160122103909/https://github.com/zenideas/chakma-keylayout-osx Chakma Keyboard Layout for Mac OSX]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111209003042/http://dictionary.chakma.info/ Chakma Open Dictionary]
*{{Cite web
| title = Chakma alphabet, pronunciation and language
| work = Omniglot
| access-date = 2012-09-02
| url = http://www.omniglot.com/writing/chakma.htm
}}
*{{Cite web
| title = Tribal Languages - Banglapedia
| work = Banglapedia
| access-date = 2018-09-01
| url = http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tribal_Languages
}}

{{list of writing systems}}
{{Language orthographies}}

[[Category:Alphabets]]
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Writing systems of Asia]]